Spatial distribution of mosquitoes in Golestan province, Northern Iran: A faunistic survey with public health relevance

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A survey of mosquito diversity in the eastern region of the Hyrcanian forests of Northern Iran was conducted, collecting data from nine counties in Golestan Province between April and December 2024. Methods Various methods were used to capture adult mosquitoes for identification. Dominance levels of mosquito species were assessed, and biodiversity indices were calculated for species richness and diversity. Results A total of 819 adult mosquitoes were collected, including 491 identified females, 70 unidentified, 23 males, and 235 non-biting midges. Six species were identified, with Culex tritaeniorhynchus being the most abundant, followed by Anopheles hyrcanus. Distribution maps were prepared for all collected species. The biodiversity analysis indicated an evenness of 33.4%, suggesting unequal species abundances. The high Simpson Dominance Index value (0.73) points to Culex tritaeniorhynchus as the eudominant species in the studied area. Conclusions The study in Golestan Province identified key vectors impacting humans and animals. This dataset serves as a foundational asset for implementing efficient management approaches against mosquito-borne diseases. Understanding mosquito fauna and diversity is crucial for managing diseases they transmit, and the taxonomy of Culicidae is an important area of research for medical and veterinary purposes. 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F1000Research 2025, 14 :708 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.164346.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Spatial distribution of mosquitoes in Golestan province, Northern Iran: A faunistic survey with public health relevance [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review] Fatemeh Askari 1 , Aioub Sofizadeh 2 , Shahin Saeedi 1 , Masoumeh Amin 3 , Aboozar Soltani https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0717-2561 4 Fatemeh Askari 1 , Aioub Sofizadeh 2 , [...] Shahin Saeedi 1 , Masoumeh Amin 3 , Aboozar Soltani https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0717-2561 4 PUBLISHED 18 Jul 2025 Author details Author details 1 Student research committee, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars Province, Iran 2 Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Golestan Province, Iran 3 Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 4 Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Fatemeh Askari Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Aioub Sofizadeh Roles: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology Shahin Saeedi Roles: Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Masoumeh Amin Roles: Investigation, Software, Validation, Visualization Aboozar Soltani Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW REVIEWER STATUS AWAITING PEER REVIEW This article is included in the Neglected Tropical Diseases collection. Abstract Background Mosquitoes are key vectors of diseases. A survey of mosquito diversity in the eastern region of the Hyrcanian forests of Northern Iran was conducted, collecting data from nine counties in Golestan Province between April and December 2024. Methods Various methods were used to capture adult mosquitoes for identification. Dominance levels of mosquito species were assessed, and biodiversity indices were calculated for species richness and diversity. Results A total of 819 adult mosquitoes were collected, including 491 identified females, 70 unidentified, 23 males, and 235 non-biting midges. Six species were identified, with Culex tritaeniorhynchus being the most abundant, followed by Anopheles hyrcanus. Distribution maps were prepared for all collected species. The biodiversity analysis indicated an evenness of 33.4%, suggesting unequal species abundances. The high Simpson Dominance Index value (0.73) points to Culex tritaeniorhynchus as the eudominant species in the studied area. Conclusions The study in Golestan Province identified key vectors impacting humans and animals. This dataset serves as a foundational asset for implementing efficient management approaches against mosquito-borne diseases. Understanding mosquito fauna and diversity is crucial for managing diseases they transmit, and the taxonomy of Culicidae is an important area of research for medical and veterinary purposes. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Culicidae, Forested areas, Biodiversity, Golestan Province, Iran, Diptera, biogeography, bionomics, faunistics Corresponding Author(s) Aboozar Soltani ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Aboozar Soltani Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: his research was supported by the Vice-chancellor for Research and Technology Affairs of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (Grant number: 29439), Shiraz, Iran. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Copyright: © 2025 Askari F et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Askari F, Sofizadeh A, Saeedi S et al. Spatial distribution of mosquitoes in Golestan province, Northern Iran: A faunistic survey with public health relevance [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :708 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.164346.1 ) First published: 18 Jul 2025, 14 :708 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.164346.1 ) Latest published: 18 Jul 2025, 14 :708 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.164346.1 ) Introduction Mosquitoes belong to the Diptera order, Nematocera suborder, and Culicidae family. The Culicidae family is among the largest and most important families in the Nematocera suborder. Their bites have the potential to induce skin allergies in susceptible individuals, especially children, resulting in localized discomfort, secondary skin infections, and general unease ( Abai et al., 2007 ). Furthermore, mosquito bites have the capacity to disturb rest, triggering mental discomfort and nervous irritations ( Wilkerson et al., 2021 , Berlov and Kuberskaya, 2023 ). They are known as one of the most significant groups of arthropods concerning human health, as they serve as vectors for various pathogenic agents such as viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and nematodes. Mosquitoes are capable of transmitting numerous pathogens, including malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, chikungunya, encephalitis, and filariasis. There are more than 3,500 species of mosquitoes categorized into 112 genera globally. The Culicidae family is traditionally divided into two subfamilies: Anophelinae and Culicinae. Anophelinae includes about 500 species, mostly within the Anopheles genus, while Culicinae includes over 3,500 species across its 110 genera ( Cannet et al., 2023 , Santos et al., 2017 ). The Anopheles , Culex , along with the Aedes , are significant genera of mosquito worldwide ( Knols, 2021 ). Out of 3578 mosquito species, 88 are known to transmit 78 different pathogens that cause diseases in humans. An additional 243 species are also identified as potential or likely vectors, making a total of 331 species that are associated with human diseases. ( Yee et al., 2022 ). In southwestern Asia, there are seven genera and over 98 species of mosquitoes belonging to the Culicidae family. The most recent checklist of Iranian mosquitoes includes species from both subfamilies, totaling 70 species representing 8 or 12 genera, depending on the classification of aedines ( Jaberhashemi et al., 2022 , Azari-Hamidian et al., 2019 ). In Iran, the transmission of West Nile virus by mosquitoes has been documented in various regions of the country, including the western areas of the Hyrcanian forests (Gilan province). Previous reports have also mentioned the possible transmission of Japanese encephalitis ( Azari Hamidian et al., 2011 ) and dengue fever ( Heydarifard et al., 2024 ) in Iran. Additionally, cases of Dirofilaria Immitis and D. repens Railliet transmission by these mosquitoes have been reported within the country ( Kartman, 1953 , Pampiglione and Rivasi, 1997 , Azari-Hamidian et al., 2009 ). In southeastern Iran, the primary malaria vectors are Anopheles fluviatilis , An. dthali , An. stephensi , An. culicifacies , and An. superpictus. While Anopheles hyrcanus is not a significant malaria vector in Iran, a related species is noted in Afghanistan, where An. hyrcanus serves as the vector instead of An. dthali ( Moin-Vaziri et al., 2022 ). There is limited data on the mosquito species present in the eastern regions of the Hyrcanian forests, specifically in Golestan Province. To date, 10 species of Anopheles and 14 species of Culicinae have been identified through their morphological traits and egg surface patterns. Earlier studies have primarily concentrated on other areas in northeastern Iran, such as Mazandaran and North Khorasan Provinces ( Sofizadeh et al., 2017 ). Studying mosquitoes in a systematic way is crucial for understanding their biology and effectively managing diseases they transmit. The taxonomy of Culicidae has been a focus of attention due to their role in spreading diseases, making it an important area of research for medical and veterinary purposes ( Foster and Walker, 2019 ). Investigating the fauna and diversity of species allows for studying their distribution in the environment and providing recommendations for controlling medically significant species. Golestan province is home to 8 of the 13 recognized climate zones worldwide ( Raziei, 2022 ). Our study aimed to examine the diversity, richness, and distribution of adult mosquitoes in the eastern regions of the Hyrcanian forests in northern Iran. Given the area’s significant species richness, we analyzed ecological indicators to assess the varying habitat conditions within the regions. This investigation enhances our understanding of mosquito populations and their ecological dynamics in this vital environment. Materials and methods Study area Golestan Province, located in northeastern Iran along the Caspian Sea, spans an area of roughly 20,437.74 km 2 and consists of 11 districts with a population of about 1.6 million people. The province’s varied landscape results in three distinct climate zones: moderate plains, mountainous, and semi-arid regions. The area receives an average annual rainfall of 556 mm and has a mean temperature of 18.2°C. Golestan’s land is used for various purposes, including agriculture, industry, urban development, forests, rangelands, and uncultivated areas. Key crops grown include wheat, barley, cotton, soybeans, rice, and citrus fruits. Mining operations, such as coal and ballast extraction, are concentrated in the central southern and northeastern parts of the province ( Askari et al., 2024 ). Between April and December 2024, data collection took place across nine different sites in Golestan Province ( Figure 1 ). To ensure the representation of various climatic conditions with distinct ecological influences for entomological research, one or two cities from each major climate zone were selected, with three sampling locations chosen within each city. As a result, samples were collected from the southern areas (Ramiyan and Aliabad), the northern region (Gonbade-Kavus), the western zones (Bandar Gaz, Kordkuy, and Turkman), and the eastern regions (Galikesh, Maraveh Tappeh, and Kalaleh). GPS Status 9.0.183-PRO mobile app was used to determine and record the latitude, longitude, and altitude of the mosquito sampling sites, which were documented on the relevant forms. The altitude, longitude, latitude, and terrain of the sampling stations are provided in Table 1 . Figure 1. Map of Iran, highlighting the position of Golestan Province, northeasthern Iran, and its nine selected counties for sampling during, April–December 2024. Table 1. Collection data for mosquitoes catches at sites in Golestan Province, northeastern Iran, April–December 2024. Locality (County) Topography of sampling location Coordinates Altitude (m) Ramiyan Mountainous 37.01468500°N, 55.14038900°E 226 Kordkuy Foothill 36.7917°N, 54.1133°E 50 Aliabad Foothill 36.941857°N, 54.571879°E 140 Gonbade-Kavus Plain 37.15°N, 55°E 52 Bandar Gaz Coastal 36.7775°N, 53.9489°E -14 Turkman Coastal 36.909722°N, 54.113611°E -20 Galikesh Mountainous 37.2661°N, 55.4367°E 210 Maraveh Tappeh Mountainous 37.90430400°N, 55.95454000°E 206 Kalaleh Foothill 37.38207145°N, 55.49228362°E 160 Sampling methods for mosquitoes Adult mosquitoes were captured using various methods, including hand catches, night and day-landing catches, total catches, and UV light traps. Collection methods were conducted monthly during the mosquito activity season. Hand catch collections involved the use of manual aspirators outdoors and indoors for an average of 20 minutes. A total of 18 UV light traps, with two traps per location at least 2 km apart, were used in this study without attractants. UV light traps were employed every two weeks, and landing catches were conducted using human and animal baits. Written consent was obtained from all participants before the study commenced. Human volunteers were protected by nets, while local baited animals, typically cows, were kept in normal conditions. The collected mosquitoes were then transferred to the entomology laboratory for identification using recommended technique by ( Medlock et al., 2018 ), and detailed geographic characteristics of the sampling sites were recorded ( Jaberhashemi et al., 2022 , Askari et al., 2024 ). The collected mosquitoes were identified using the classification methods outlined in the works of Azari-Hamidian and Harbach from 2009 ( Azari-Hamidian and Harbach, 2009 ). Assessment of dominance The dominance level of a species is determined by the proportion of specimens of that species within the entire sample. The measure of dominance is categorized into five groups based on the percentage of representation: eudominant species (ED) (>30%), dominant species (D) (10–30%), subdominant species (SD) (5–10%), recedent species (R) (1–5%), and subrecedent species (SR) (<1%) ( Jaberhashemi et al., 2022 ). Data analysis SpadeR (Species-Richness Prediction and Diversity Estimation with R) version 2016 was utilized to compute the species richness and the species similarity index of chosen counties in Golestan Province. The similarity of communities, determined by the Morisita-Horn similarity index, was calculated for all pairwise comparisons of various collecting techniques and locations ( Colwell and Elsensohn, 2014 ). The structural layer of the preliminary geology map was created using ArcGIS software. Biodiversity indices calculations The Shannon-Wiener index (H′) was computed to assess species diversity. Shannon’s index is precisely defined as H′ = –∑ ki=1 piLogpi, wherein pi signifies the proportion of the number of individuals of species i within the total sample number. The maximum potential Shannon’s Diversity was determined as H′ max = Log 10 k, with k representing the number of species collected in the sample. The calculation of Evenness (J′ or E or Pielou’s index) was performed using the formula J′ = H′/H′ max . Species richness (S) is explicitly described as the count of species existing within a community ( Silver, 2008 ). Results A total of 819 adults were collected from nine counties in Golestan Province, Iran between April and December of 2024. From the total collected samples, 491 female mosquitoes were morphologically identified using valid taxonomic key ( Azari-Hamidian and Harbach, 2009 ). In addition, 70 unidentified mosquitoes (due to loss of key identification characteristics during capture and handling), 23 male mosquitoes, and 235 non-biting midges were collected in this study. We identified six species (four species of culicine mosquitoes and two species of anopheline mosquitoes) in all studied locations ( Table 2 ). The most abundant species (eudominat species) of mosquito collected was Cx. Tritaeniorhynchus Giles, 1901, which made up 84.93% of the total number of mosquitoes collected. An. hyrcanus Pallas, 1771 was the second most abundant species (subdominant species), making up 8.55% of the total number of collected mosquitoes. Cx. Theileri Theobald, 190 (1.02%), An. maculipennis Meigen, 1818 (1.83%), and Cx. Pipiens Linnaeus, 1758 (3.46%) were recedent species and made up a smaller percentage of the total number of mosquitoes collected. Furthermore, Cx. territans Walker, 1856 was a subrecedent species with the frequency of 0.20 % of all specimens ( Table 2 ). Table 2. The distribution and abundance of Culicidae family adults collected in nine counties of Golestan Province, northeastern Iran, April–December 2024 (ED = Eudominant, D = Dominant, SD = Subdominant, R = Recedent, SR = Subrecedent). Counties Species (Female) Aliabad Galikesh Ramiyan Kalaleh Bandar Gaz Turkman Gonbade-Kavus Kordkuy Maraveh Tappeh Total Frequency (%) Dominance Cx. tritaeniorhynchus 3 49 180 22 57 28 11 12 55 417 84.93 ED Cx. pipiens 5 2 7 1 1 1 - - - 17 3.46 R Cx. theileri - 4 1 - - - - - - 5 1.02 R Cx. territans - 1 - - - - - - - 1 0.20 SR An. maculipennis - 7 - - 1 1 - - - 9 1.83 R An. hyrcanus - - - 38 - 4 - - - 42 8.55 SD Total 8 63 188 61 59 34 11 12 55 491 100 Frequency (%) 1.63 12.83 38.29 12.42 12.02 6.92 2.24 2.44 11.20 100 Unknown = 70 Male = 23 Non-biting midge = 235 Individual distribution maps and frequencies of all collected mosquito species, including An. hyrcanus ( Figure 2 ), An. maculipennis ( Figure 3 ), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus ( Figure 4 ), Cx. territans ( Figure 5 ), Cx. pipiens ( Figure 6 ), and Cx. theileri ( Figure 7 ), were prepared across Golestan Province using ArcGIS software. Figure 2. Map of Golestan Province (northeasthern Iran), indicating the counties where the An. hyrcanus was collected during, April–December 2024. Figure 3. Map of Golestan Province (northeasthern Iran), indicating the counties where the An. maculipennis was collected during, April–December 2024. Figure 4. Map of Golestan Province (northeasthern Iran), indicating the counties where the Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was collected during, April–December 2024. Figure 5. Map of Golestan Province (northeasthern Iran), indicating the counties where the Cx. territans was collected during, April–December 2024. Figure 6. Map of Golestan Province (northeasthern Iran), indicating the counties where the Cx. pipiens was collected during, April–December 2024. Figure 7. Map of Golestan Province (northeasthern Iran), indicating the counties where the Cx. theileri was collected during, April–December 2024. The highest species diversity was observed in Galikesh, which had 5 of the 6 collected species, while Turkman recorded 4 species. The highest geographical distribution in the study area was associated with Cx. tritaeniorhynchus , being found in all locations. In second place, Cx. pipiens was present in 6 out of the 9 regions studied. The lowest distribution was attributed to Cx. territans , which was only identified in the Galikesh region. The estimation of species richness (S) and all main calculated diversity indices of adult mosquitoes in nine counties of Golestan Province, northeastern Iran are shown in detail in Table 3 . The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index for the mosquito community in this study was 0.5981. This index is a measure of the diversity of a community, taking into account both the number of species present and their relative abundance ( Table 3 ). The Simpson Dominance Index for the mosquito community in this study was 0.73. This index measures the dominance of the most abundant species in a community ( Table 3 ). Table 3. The diversity indices of adult mosquitoes in nine counties of Golestan Province, northeastern Iran, April–December 2024 (H′ = The Shannon-Wiener Index, H′ max = The maximum possible Shannon’s Diversity, J′ = Evenness or E or Pielou’s index, S = Species richness). Input data No Category Value x x 2 -x ln(x) 1 Cx. tritaeniorhynchus 417 84.9% 0.721 0.139 2 Cx. pipiens 17 3.5% 0.001 0.116 3 Cx. theileri 5 1.0% 0.000 0.047 4 Cx. territans 1 0.2% 0.000 0.013 5 An. maculipennis 9 1.8% 0.000 0.073 6 An. hyrcanus 42 8.6% 0.007 0.210 Results: Diversity Indices Index Value Number of Classes N 6 S = Richness 6 Berger Parker Index p i max 84.9% H′ = Shannon Entropy 1) H (nat) 0.5981 H′ max = Shannon Entropy H (bit) 0.8629 Number Eq. D (True Diversity) 1.8 J′ = Shannon Equitability H /ln N 33.4% Simpson Dominance SD 73.0% SD (unbiased - finite samples) 73.0% True Diversity 2 D (Order 2) 1.4 Gini-Simpson Index 1- SD 27.0% Gini-Simpson Equitability 32.4% 1) sometimes referred to as Shannon-Weaver or Shannon-Wiener Index. Based on the result of the pairwise similarity test for the mosquito fauna of the nine counties, the average pairwise similarity was calculated 0.593. Bandar Gaz – Turkman (3 common species), Gonbade-Kavus-Kordkuy (one common species), Gonbade-Kavus-Maraveh Tappeh (one common species), and Kordkuy-Maraveh Tappeh (one common species) displayed the most similarity (1) and Galikesh- Bandar Gaz (3 common species) placed in the second place with the similarity of 0.841. Moreover, Galikesh - Gonbade-Kavus, Galikesh-Kordkuy, and Galikesh - Maraveh Tappeh showed the least similarity (0.308) with one common species ( Table 4 ). Table 4. The pairwise similarity analysis of adult mosquitoes in nine counties of Golestan Province, northeastern Iran, April–December 2024. * Sampling regions Estimate the percentage of similarity S.E. 95% Confidence Interval (1,2) 0.534 0.13 (0.279, 0.788) (1,3) 0.8 0.113 (0.579, 1.000) (1,4) 0.8 0.151 (0.505, 1.000) (1,5) 0.669 0.085 (0.503, 0.835) (1,6) 0.574 0.107 (0.364, 0.783) (1,7) 0.667 0.114 (0.443, 0.891) (1,8) 0.667 0.114 (0.443, 0.891) (1,9) 0.667 0.067 (0.536, 0.797) (2,3) 0.707 0.155 (0.402, 1.000) (2,4) 0.471 0.114 (0.248, 0.694) (2,5) 0.841 0.133 (0.579, 1.000) (2,6) 0.759 0.117 (0.529, 0.989) (2,7) 0.308 0.08 (0.152, 0.464) (2,8) 0.308 0.082 (0.148, 0.468) (2,9) 0.308 0.07 (0.171, 0.446) (3,4) 0.667 0.143 (0.385, 0.948) (3,5) 0.573 0.063 (0.449, 0.697) (3,6) 0.502 0.095 (0.316, 0.687) (3,7) 0.5 0.083 (0.337, 0.663) (3,8) 0.5 0.079 (0.345, 0.655) (3,9) 0.5 0.081 (0.341, 0.659) (4,5) 0.573 0.072 (0.432, 0.714) (4,6) 0.753 0.129 (0.499, 1.000) (4,7) 0.5 0.079 (0.346, 0.654) (4,8) 0.5 0.079 (0.345, 0.655) (4,9) 0.5 0.079 (0.345, 0.655) (5,6) 1 0.231 (0.547, 1.000) (5,7) 0.401 0.122 (0.162, 0.640) (5,8) 0.401 0.141 (0.126, 0.677) (5,9) 0.401 0.131 (0.144, 0.659) (6,7) 0.335 0.092 (0.154, 0.516) (6,8) 0.335 0.089 (0.160, 0.510) (6,9) 0.335 0.086 (0.166, 0.504) (7,8) 1 0 (1.000, 1.000) (7,9) 1 0 (1.000, 1.000) (8,9) 1 0 (1.000, 1.000) * 1 = Aliabad 2 = Galikesh 3 = Ramiyan 4 = Kalaleh 5 = Bandar Gaz 6 = Turkman 7 = Gonbade-Kavus 8 = Kordkuy 9 = Maraveh Tappeh. Discussion In this study, out of 491 adult mosquitoes identified, two species from the Anopheline subfamily ( An. maculipennis, and An. hyrcanus ) and four from the Culicine subfamily ( Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. pipiens, Cx. theileri, and Cx. territans ) were found. In this study, no mosquitoes of the genus Aedes were collected due to our sampling methods, which focused solely on adult mosquitoes. Additionally, other techniques, such as larval collection and ovitrap installation, were not used, representing another limitation of our research. Almost all species captured in this study are of medical significance and may serve as potential disease vectors for humans and animals ( Soltan-Alinejad et al., 2021 ). The mosquito species An. maculipennis and An. hyrcanus are related to the transmission of malaria, a significant mosquito-borne disease. On the other hand, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. pipiens, Cx. theileri, and Cx. territans are associated with the transmission of Dirofilaria immitis , a parasitic worm that causes heartworm disease in animals ( Azari-Hamidian et al., 2019 ). In this study, no new species were reported; all species had already been documented in various regions of Iran by other researchers. The key focus is on the species composition and dominant species in each region, which vary significantly and will be discussed next. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus is a vector of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), which is a significant mosquito-borne disease affecting feral pigs, native mammals, and humans. This mosquito species plays a crucial role in the transmission of Japanese encephalitis, a viral disease that can lead to encephalitis in humans and other animals ( Lessard et al., 2021 , Longbottom et al., 2017 ). This medical important mosquito species was reported in various cities and provinces of Iran including Yazd City (Golestan Province, Central Iran), Kalaleh County (Golestan Province), Mazandaran Province, and Guilan Province ( Shoraka et al., 2020 , Tong et al., 2023 , Sofizadeh et al., 2017 , Azari, 2007 ). Cx. pipiens is a vector of various diseases, including West Nile virus (WNV), Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), Sindbis virus (SINV), and filarial nematodes that cause filariasis in different parts of the world ( Farajollahi et al., 2011 , Brugman et al., 2018 ). This species was reported in several cities across Iran. The cities where Cx. pipiens was identified include: Tehran (the capital city of Iran), Yazd City in central Iran, Hamadan, Neka (Mazandaran Province), and Mashhad (Khorasan-Razavi Province) in northeast of the country ( Karami et al., 2016 , Azari, 2007 , Salim-Abadi et al., 2016 , Dehghan et al., 2013 ). Cx. theileri is a recognized vector of pathogens responsible for dirofilariasis, Sindbis fever, and West Nile fever in Iran and adjacent regions ( Azari-Hamidian and Omrani, 2022 ). Cx. theileri is prevalent in the Afrotropical, Palearctic, and Oriental Regions, with a primary presence in the southern Palearctic region. In Iran, this mosquito exhibits a broad distribution, spanning across 28 out of the 31 provinces, establishing itself as one of the most plentiful species in the country ( Azari-Hamidian and Omrani, 2022 , Moosa-Kazemi et al., 2021 , Sharifi et al., 2022 , Kayedi et al., 2020 ). Cx. territans is not known to be a vector of any specific diseases to human and is considered a frog-feeding mosquito. This species is known to transmit Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a pathogenic fungus that affects amphibians, particularly frogs. This mosquito species can carry the fungus and potentially transmit it to amphibian hosts, contributing to the spread of Bd and impacting susceptible amphibian populations worldwide ( Reinhold et al., 2023 ). This mosquito was reported from Tehran, and Guilan Provinces in Iran ( Azari, 2007 ). Cx. territans predominantly inhabits natural swamps, ponds, and pools. An. maculipennis and An. hyrcanus are vector of malaria, a significant mosquito-borne disease. These species are known to transmit Plasmodium parasites, which cause malaria in humans and other animals. Malaria is a major public health concern worldwide, with an estimated 229 million cases and 409,000 deaths in 2019 ( Fikadu and Ashenafi, 2023 ). These two main vectors were reported in some northern regions of Iran including Ramsar, Sari, Babolsar, and Chalous (Mazandran Province), and also Astaneh on the border of Guilan and Mazandran Provinces ( Djadid et al., 2007 , Azari-Hamidian et al., 2006 ). In Qom Province, an investigation was carried out on a collection of larvae mosquitoes, revealing 14 species (4 Anophelinae and 10 Culicinae). Cx. hortensis , Cx. theileri were reported as dominant species in their study. Also, Cx. pipiens, Cx. territans, and Cx. theileri were the catch species similar to our study ( Saghafipour et al., 2012 ). Similarly, in Kurdistan Province, a comprehensive study was conducted to identify the mosquito species, which resulted in the collection of four genera and 11 species. An. superpictus was the most abundant and widely distributed species. Furthermore, An. maculipennis , Cx. pipiens , and Cx. theileri were similar reported species to the results of the present study ( Banafshi et al., 2013 ). Seven genera and 15 species of mosquitoes were identified in East Azarbaijan Province. An. hyrcanus, An. maculipennis s.l., Cx. pipiens, Cx. theileri, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were common species with our study. In East Azarbaijan Province, An. sacharovi was dominant species during all collected specimens and Cx. theileri was also the most dominant species between culicinae species ( Abai et al., 2007 ). In Khuzestan Province, several species of culicid mosquitoes are recorded, including An. stephensi, An. pulcherrimus, Aedes caspius, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and Cx. theileri. Similar to the results obtained in our research, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was the dominant species identified in Khuzestan, and also two species similar to our study were reported in this study ( Faraji-Fard et al., 2021 ). Recently 16 culicine species were reported in Hormozgan Province. In that study among adults, Cx. laticinctus was the most prevalent species ( Jaberhashemi et al., 2022 ). Nine species of mosquitoes were identified in Neka, Mazandaran Province. Cx. pipiens with the frequency of 63.99% was the eudominant species among all collected mosquitoes. Although Mazandaran Province neighbors Golestan, the dominant species in that region differs from our study ( Nikookar et al., 2015 ). In two Provinces (Kurdistan and Kermanshah) in the west of Iran, five genera and eleven species of mosquitoes were identified. Culiseta longiareolata and Cs. subochrea were reported as predominant species in larval collection, and Cx. theileri was reported as dominant in Adult stage ( Moosa-Kazemi et al., 2015 ). Five genera and 12 species of mosquitoes were identified in a study conducted in West Azerbaijan Province. Consistent with our own findings, An. maculipennis, Culex pipiens, and Cx. theileri were among the specimens collected in that region ( Khoshdel-Nezamiha et al., 2014 ). In Firouzabad County, located in Fars Province, a total of 6 species of Culicidae were documented. Among these species, the only common species with our results was Cx. theileri. This species also was dominant among collected specimens at Firouzabad ( Soltani et al., 2017 ). Three genera and eight species of mosquitoes were collected in Hamedan County, Hamedan Province. Like the results obtained in our research, Cx. theileri , Cx. pipiens , and An. maculipennis was reported. In Hamadan, Cx. theileri was the most prevalent species among all mosquitoes. Three genera and eight species of mosquitoes were collected in Hamedan County, Hamedan Province. Consistent with our research findings, Cx. theileri, Cx. pipiens , and An. maculipennis were among the reported species. Notably, in Hamadan, Cx. theileri emerged as dominant species among all mosquitoes ( Zahirnia and Zendehfili, 2014 ). A comprehensive faunal study of the mosquitoes was done in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran. Totally, 4 genera and 20 species of mosquitoes were identified and Cx. pipiens was introduced as the eudominant species followed by Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and An. maculipennis ( Nikookar et al., 2018 ). While the dominant species of mosquitoes in Mazandaran differed from our research findings, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus emerged as the second dominant species, consistent with its prevalence in our study. The biodiversity analysis conducted in this study revealed an evenness index (J’) of 33.4%, which indicates a clear disparity in the abundance of different species within the community. This low evenness suggests that the various species present do not share the available resources equally, highlighting an imbalance in their populations. Furthermore, a higher Simpson Dominance Index implies that one species is significantly more prevalent than the others in the sampled areas. Based on our findings, with a Simpson Dominance Index of 0.73, we can confidently conclude that Cx. tritaeniorhynchus has emerged as the predominant mosquito species in the areas we studied. This dominance points to a concerning trend of low overall species diversity among mosquitoes in the Hyrcanian forests. The consistent and stable weather and climate conditions prevalent in this region have created an environment that allows Cx. tritaeniorhynchus to thrive exceptionally well, enabling it to occupy and dominate most of the available ecological niches. Conclusions The distribution of mosquito species varies across different regions of Iran. Although the species identified in our study were not new in the country, the dominant species in the Golestan region differed significantly from other parts of the country. This variation can be attributed to various factors, including distinct sampling methods, the number of sampling locations, climatic variances, and other environmental influences. Moreover, the current study has recognized potential or confirmed vectors of pathogens affecting humans and domesticated animals in Golestan Province, underscoring the significance of exploring the bioecology of these vectors in unexplored regions in Hyrcanian forests. It is important to note that this data is from a single study in a specific location and time period. Therefore, it cannot be used to draw general conclusions about mosquito diversity in other regions or over time. We created distribution maps for each mosquito species in the surveyed areas and identified the dominant species in each community. Conducting faunal studies on mosquitoes across various regions of Iran offers valuable information on the biodiversity and distribution of mosquito species. This data serves as a fundamental resource for implementing effective management strategies against mosquito-borne diseases. The distribution of mosquito species varies across the country, and there is a need for further studies to understand the ecology of these species and their potential impact on public health. Ethics approval and consent to participate All study procedures were conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and were approved by the Iran National Committee for Ethics in Biomedical Research (Approval ID: IR.SUMS.REC.1402.536) on 17 February, 2024. Written consent was obtained from all participants before the study commenced. Availability of data and materials Underlying data Zenodo: Spatial Distribution of Mosquitoes in Golestan Province, Northern Iran: A Faunistic Survey with Public Health Relevance , https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15613599 ( Soltani, 2025 ). 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PubMed Abstract Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 18 Jul 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Student research committee, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars Province, Iran 2 Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Golestan Province, Iran 3 Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 4 Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Fatemeh Askari Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Aioub Sofizadeh Roles: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology Shahin Saeedi Roles: Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Masoumeh Amin Roles: Investigation, Software, Validation, Visualization Aboozar Soltani Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information his research was supported by the Vice-chancellor for Research and Technology Affairs of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (Grant number: 29439), Shiraz, Iran. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 18 Jul 2025, 14:708 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.164346.1 Copyright © 2025 Askari F et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. 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Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 18 Jul 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status AWAITING PEER REVIEW Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. 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