Analysis of Ethnographic Philosophy of Indian Gulf Diaspora under Vision of Viksit Bharat@ 2047

Analysis of Ethnographic Philosophy of Indian Gulf Diaspora under Vision of Viksit Bharat@ 2047 | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Analysis of Ethnographic Philosophy of Indian Gulf Diaspora under Vision of Viksit Bharat@ 2047 Mohammed Taukeer This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8122341/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract There is the richest history of Indian Diaspora in Gulf countries in the context of globalization of Indian migration in Gulf countries in the form of the existence of different trajectories of migration from Kerala to the Gulf and the shifting of the paradigm of migration from Kerala to North India in the twenty-first century. In these consequences, the major statement of the research problem of this research paper is based on trying to give questions proposed for the solution under a holistic approach. Therefore, the objective of this research paper is based on trying to find out the journey of the Indian Diaspora in Gulf countries and its identity-based discourse, and the challenges of India connect. In these perspectives, the methodology of this research paper is based on ethnographic field surveys in both United Arab Emirates and India in 2019 and 2023 respectively. The findings of the study show that there is a form of diversified Indian Diaspora in Gulf countries by North Indian Diaspora and South Indian Diaspora. These perspectives led to the identity-based discourse between North Indian and South Indian Diaspora through Hindi and Malayali languages because languages are major tools for the measurement of the identity of the Indian Diaspora. Both the North Indian and South Indian Diaspora were connected with India with their ethnographic-based discourse through Diaspora philanthropy in India on a micro level. They gave a new cultural dimension to the Indian Diaspora in the United Arab Emirates with the formation of building capacity of the journey of Indian Diaspora philanthropy by contradiction, discrimination and challenges. Therefore, the major relevance of this study is focused on the role of the Indian Diaspora in achieving the vision of Viksit Bharat @ 2047 through Diaspora philanthropy under the agenda of sustainable development goals (SDGs) 2030 of the United Nations. Indian Diaspora North India South India Diaspora Philanthrophy Viksit Bharat @2047 Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 1. Introduction Stock of Indian migrants in states of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) There were a total of 30.0 million migrants in GCC states in 2019 and it continuously increased from 1990 to 2019 due to a huge trend of migration from the rest of the world to GCC states. Among the South Asian countries, it is notable that there are a total of 18.1 million South Asian migrants in Gulf countries which accounted for 60.4 per cent of the total stock of 30.01 million stocks of migrants in GCC states. In the context of India, India is the largest origin of migrants for GCC states because there are total stocks of 9.3 million stocks of Indian migrants in GCC states which account for 31.08 per cent of the total stock of migrants in GCC states (Table 1 and Fig. 1 ). Table 1 Trends of stock of south Asian migrants in GCC states Origin Countries 1990 2000 2010 2019 South Asian Countries Number Per Cent of Total Number Per Cent of Total Number Per Cent of Total Number Per Cent of Total Afghanistan 169818 2.1 179601 1.8 290985 1.5 482513 1.6 Bangladesh 868071 10.6 1102772 11.0 2345627 11.8 3346430 11.1 India 1955742 23.9 2739058 27.2 6441256 32.3 9326699 31.08 Nepal 181494 2.2 191943 1.9 392998 2.0 800779 2.6 Pakistan 902311 11.0 1128309 11.2 2306422 11.6 3314910 11.04 Sri Lanka 302154 3.7 293588 2.9 517340 2.6 868821 2.8 Sub Total of South Asian in GCC States 4379590 53.6 5635271 56.0 12294628 61.7 18140152 60.4 Sub Total of Rest of World in GCC States 3786785 46.4 4425097 44.0 7618208 38.3 11861362 39.6 Total 8166375 100.0 100,60,368 100.0 19912836 100.0 30001514 100.0 Source : Compiled and analysed by Author from United Nation Migrant Stock by Origin and Destination, 1990–2019 Source Compiled and Analysed by Author from United Nation Migrant Stock by Origin and Destination, 1990–2019 Country wise analysis of South Asian migrants in Gulf countries Proportion of Indian migrants is leading in GCC states where Indian migrants accounted 58.0 per cent in total stock of migrants in Oman followed by 43.0 per cent in Bahrain, 39.8 per cent in UAE, 37.0 per cent in Kuwait, 31.3 per cent in Kuwait and 18.6 per cent in Saudi Arabia. Nationalization policies of Saudi Arabia declined the trend of Indian migrants with rest of South Asian migrants (Table 2 and Fig. 2). Table 2 Regional wise stock of migrants of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh in GCC states in 2020 (In per cent of total number of migrants) Origin Countries Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia UAE India 43.0 37.0 58.0 31.3 18.6 39.8 Pakistan 10.6 10.9 10.5 10.6 11.0 11.4 Bangladesh 11.1 12.2 13.3 11.8 9.5 12.6 Combined Total of Above three 64.7 60.2 81.9 53.7 39.1 63.8 Total Per Cent of Rest of World 35.3 39.8 18.1 46.3 60.9 36.2 Total Numbers of Migrants 741161 3034845 2286226 2229688 13122338 8587256 Source : Compiled and analyzed by author from United Nation Migrant Stock by origin and destination, 2020 1.1 Recent phenomena of Indian migration to Gulf According of Overseas employment Division, Ministry of External Affairs, government of India (2014), initial phase of migration from India to Gulf countries was led by Kerala but recent phenomena of labour migration from India to Gulf countries is being led by North Indian states namely- Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in the consequence of globalization of migration in twenty first century (Table 3 ). Table 3 Trends of labour migration from top five states Year Total Emigration Clearances of Migrant Labourers 1st rank 2nd rank 3rd rank 4th rank 5th rank States States States States States 2019 353126 U.P. (31.9) Bihar (15.09) Rajasthan ( 8.1) West Bengal (7.2) Tamil Nadu (7.01) 2020 90602 U.P. (31.1) Bihar (14.6) Kerala (9.3) West Bengal (7.2) Tamil Nadu (6.43) 2021 129442 U.P (25.9) Bihar (18.1 ) Rajasthan ( 8.7) Kerala (8.0) West Bengal ( 7.5) 2022 356383 U.P (33.7) Bihar ( 16.3) Rajasthan ( 8.0) West Bengal (7.7) Tamilnadu (5.4 ) 2023 380012 U.P. ( 36.9) Bihar ( 17.3) West Bengal (7.5) Rajasthan ( 6.4) Tamilnadu (5.0) Source : Computed by author from emigration clearance data of labour migration from India to Gulf countries. Accessed from http//: www.emigrate.gov.in There is richest history of labour migration from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in colonial indentured labour migration to European colonies and consequence of experiences of colonial indentured labour migration is reflected in the form of contract labour migration from rural North India to Gulf countries due to function of well developed social network system of migration ( Taukeer, 2022 ,pp.61–74). Mechanism of migration from North India to Gulf countries is being functioned by wage differential between India and Gulf countries. Apart, social network system of migration also plays a crucial role in migration because North Indian migrant labourers migrate through a well developed pathway of migration from rural North India to Gulf ( Sasikumar & Thimothy, 2015 ). In the case of migration from rural North India to Gulf countries is led by internal migration because migrant labourers first migrate to Mumbai for employment and later then migrate to Gulf countries due to availability of the better jobs with higher wages in Gulf countries compared to low wages in Mumbai ( Majumder & Taukeer, 2019 ,pp. 162–174). North Indian migrant labourers are engaged as unskilled and semi-skilled migrant labourers in bottom segmentation of labour market due to huge demand of Indian migrant labourers in Gulf countries ( Khadria, 2010). Huge stock of Indian migrant labourers ensured the huge inflow of remittances from Gulf countries to Uttar Pradesh and Bihar (Rajan et al., 2017 ,pp. 85–94). GCC states are major remittances sending countries due to huge numbers of unskilled and semi-skilled migrant labourers that work as temporary migrant labourers in the bottom segmentation of the labour market in Gulf countries ( Naufal & Ali, 2010 ). 1.2 Inflow of remittances from GCC states to India According to Naufal & Ali ( 2010 ), GCC states are major remittances sending countries due to huge numbers of unskilled and semi-skilled migrant labourers that work as temporary migrant labourers in the bottom segmentation of the labour market in Gulf countries. GCC states are major remittances-sending countries to India due to the huge stock of Indian migrants in GCC states. In 2021, India received 89375 million US $ as remittances from the rest of the world countries, among them proportion of GCC states was 58.0 per cent. Therefore, it can be analyzed that GCC states are major remittances sending countries for Indian remittances building (Table 4 & Fig. 3). Table 4 Inflow of remittances in India in 2021 Sending Countries Remittances in Million US $ Per cent of Total Saudi Arabia 13052 14.6 Oman 6413 7.1 Bahrain 1833 2.0 UAE 19821 22.1 Kuwait 6356 7.1 Qatar 4432 4.9 Subtotal from GCC States 51907 58.0 Rest of World 37468 42.0 Total 89375 100.0 Source: Compiled by author from World Bank remittances matrix data 2021.Accessed from: www.worldbank.org Source: Compiled by author from World Bank remittances matrix data 2021.Accessed from: www.worldbank.org According to Rajan et al. ( 2017 ), Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan received huge remittances from GCC states due to huge stock of unskilled and semi-skilled migrant labourers of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan in GCC states (Table 5 ). Table 5 Stock of remittances in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan Remittances receiving states Remittances in crores ( INR) Uttar Pradesh 92104 Bihar 41429 Rajasthan 31421 Source: Rajan et al. ( 2017 ). 2. Review of literature Diaspora is a philosophy of studying migration in the context of transnational studies of migration where the transnational community plays an important role in the formation of building capacity of “Diaspora” through geography, culture, and politics (Gazso, 2017, pp. 65–87). Definition Diaspora study may be defined in the way of philosophy in the context of reflection of wishes and abilities of migrants in an organized way in the form of cultural reflection of the mindset set up of migrants about host and home countries (Gazso, 2015, pp. 161–182). In the context of cultural reflection, the role of geography is so crucial in the periphery of the design of the definition of Diaspora because geographical boundary gives a direction to the cultural dimension of Diaspora ( Hatami, 2017 , pp. 65–81). Consequences of Diaspora are positively associated with migration and transnationalism where migrants establish a form of socio-economic and cultural linkage across the transnational borders through philosophical way by norms, values, beliefs and attitudes about their existence in host and home countries (Vertovac, 1999). The philosophical perspective of meaning, concept and definition of global Diaspora, can be realized as a global cultural transnational phenomenon where the role of Diaspora philanthropy works positively for the socio-economic and cultural development of home countries as well as gives a soft message about their culture in host countries. These consequences developed a form of philosophical ethnographic linkages between host and migrants through a reciprocal relationship where migration and culture lead to each other in the context of linear sequences (Cohen, 2022). Consequences of linear sequences may be measured in the context of the nexus between migration and culture because migration creates culture and culture leads migration in the context of globalization of migration from India to Gulf countries in the twenty-first century (Taukeer, 2022 , pp. 292–305). Based on the above concise description of the meaning, concept and definition of Diaspora, it can be discussed that there are long historical sequences of the journey of the Indian Diaspora in the Gulf in different existing ways of trajectories of migration. Therefore, the Indian Diaspora in the Gulf can be considered a form of “labour Diaspora” from the perspective of economic and cultural migration from India to Gulf countries (Cohen, 2022). Discussion of the role of philosophy in migration can be examined in the context of the role of culture in migration because the Gulf-based Indian Diaspora is moving within the specific well-developed cultural boundaries of migration from India to the Middle East by its geography, economics, culture and politics ( Taukeer, 2023). Gulf based Indian Diaspora is defined as form of cultural Diaspora because Indian migrant labourers developed Indian culture in the environment of Arabic culture in Dubai and these consequences developed a form of modern Indian Diaspora in Gulf countries (Taukeer, 2024,pp. 442–452). In these consequences, nexus of depth penetration of culture of migration and globalization developed a form of safe zone of migration where exchange of cultural values from India to Gulf countries and Gulf countries to India developed a environment of Hybrid Indo- Arabian Diaspora in Dubai (Taukeer, 2024,pp. 71–87). Therefore, it can be conceptualized that the modern definition of “Diaspora” may be defined as cultural labour Diaspora in the context of transnational migration from India to Gulf countries with hopes of a better life and enjoyment in the glamour of Dubai. In these consequences, the modern Gulf-based Indian Diaspora is based on the function of globalization of transnational migration by languages, dialects, music, dance, folk, and cuisines. These consequences play an important role in the formation of building capacity for the enlargement of Indian culture in Gulf countries and promoting the agenda of sustainable development goals (SDGs) 2030. These perspectives may be helpful in the way of achieving the vision of Viksit Bharat@2047. In the context of Viksit Bharat@2047, role of Gulf based Indian Diaspora is so crucial in the perspective of achieve of vision of Vikist Bharat @2047. It is also important to discuss that Indian receive huge remittances from Gulf countries and these consequences developed remittances building in India. Consequence of inflow of remittances is creating a pathway of “Diaspora Philanthropy” in rural India in the context of socio-economic and cultural development of migration based communities and migrant households. Therefore, present research paper advocates the better enhancement of role of Diaspora Philanthropy in development under the vision of Viksit Bharat @2047 with approach of safe, regular migration and multiplier impact of Gulf migration. These consequences promoted the cultural enlargement through Gulf based Indian Diaspora in twenty first century. 3. Methodology Based on the above concise introduction and review of literature, the major argument of this research paper can be argued that there is little information package about the role of Gulf-based Indian Diaspora and Diaspora philanthropy in socio-economic and cultural development in achieving the visions of Viksit Bharat@2047. Therefore, the statement of the research problem is focused on the study of contradictions, discriminations and challenges of Gulf-based India Diaspora and Diaspora philanthropy in development practices of India. In these consequences, the objective of this research paper is focused on exploring the role of the Indian Diaspora and Diaspora Philanthropy for achieve the visions of Viksit Bharat @ 2047. The methodology of the research paper is based on ethnographic field surveys in purposively selected North Indian states namely- Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan in 2023 and a destination-based field survey was conducted in purposively selected destinations in Gulf countries in 2019. Qualitative data was collected among stratified randomly selected 1500 return migrant labourers in North Indian states and 180 stratified randomly selected migrant labourers in UAE. The procedure of the collection of qualitative data is based on the saturation stage of information of qualitative study design where qualitative data was collected by passive observation, informal interviews, and focus group discussion (FGDs), and it was analyzed by case studies, narratives and description technique for better justification and interpretation of the objectives. 4. Result and Discussion Meaning and concept of Indian diaspora in the Gulf The concept of Gulf-based Indian Diaspora can be defined as the philosophical “labour Diaspora” because the huge tendency of migration from India to Gulf countries is being led by the nexus of depth penetration of culture of migration and globalization of Indian low-skilled labour Diaspora in the Gulf countries. These consequences developed a form of cultural Diaspora by reflection of the wishes and abilities of migrant labourers concerning the Gulf-based Indian migration. It is also realized that consequences of labour Diaspora were replacing the traditional concept of Diaspora where Diaspora is considered in panic form but the recent form of Gulf-based Indian labour Diaspora is being considered as amusement because Indian migrant labourers used to enjoy their life in the glamour of Dubai. Therefore, it can be conceptualized that the Gulf-based Indian labour Diaspora is based on the phenomena of globalization of Gulf migration in rural North India where migration is considered part of culture and economy. Therefore, it is realised that the Indian labour Diaspora is being given new sharpness and dimension due to the culture of Gulf migration among rural migrants in North India in the context of reflection of colonial indentured labour migration in the form of modern contract-based labour migration from rural North India to Gulf countries in the twenty-first century. Therefore, the traditional concept of Diaspora is based on the phenomena of indentured labour Diaspora where the meaning of Diaspora is considered psychological panic Diaspora because there are lots of painful stories with passion of enjoyment in colonial literature but recent Gulf-based Indian Diaspora is different in the context of amusement Diaspora with pain of low skilled migrant labourers in Dubai. It is a case study of 50-year-old migrant labourer named Ram Virxa, who was from the Kushinagar district of Uttar Pradesh. He was so happy and confused about their travelling on the flight of Air India from Indira Gandhi international airport to Dubai. He worked as a carpenter in Jalandhar, Punjab India and earned INR 20,000 per month. He was eating Samosa in a very decent manner way in flight with a serious smile of thanks to the air hostess. He also said that he was taking his travelling in Flight with curiosity about airplane and he was also so excited about their future in Dubai where he worked as a carpenter with his relatives. These consequences can be analyzed as phenomena of globalization of Gulf migration being led by amusement and curiosity with the expectation of a better life in Dubai where migrant labourers did intend to return to India with a bag of happiness. Therefore, the modern concept of Gulf-based Indian labour Diaspora is based on cyclic migration compared to the way colonial indentured labour Diaspora in the British colonial period where a vast majority of the indentured labourers permanently settled in European colonies in distressed conditions. Therefore, the modern concept of Gulf-based Indian labour Diaspora can be defined in the following way: Gulf-based Indian labour Diaspora is positively associated with the nexus of the historical consequence of the culture of migration and globalization of migration among rural migrants in rural North India. It is a cyclic labour Diaspora where migrant labourers are involved in “ cyclic migration” with the exchange of cultural ideas from root to destination and destination to root systematically. These consequences developed a form of Diaspora philanthropy through the inflow of economic and social remittances from Gulf countries to Dubai. These consequences developed a form of the cultural function of Gulf-based Indian labour Diaspora in development practices in rural north India. Function of Indian diaspora in the Gulf The function of the Indian Diaspora can be considered by the positive role of the Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy in socio-economic and cultural transformation in the homeland through the investment of both economic and social remittances. It is observed that there was a crucial role in the inflow of economic remittances in migrant households in rural North India because rural migrants considered Gulf migration as part of their social status by reflection of social values and norms in the context of Arabian-based Gulf migration. From the perspective of the nexus of migration, population and development, it was realized that young Muslims were getting the benefit of Gulf migration as a symbol of cultural status through the explicit impact of Arabian-based Gulf migration on the psychological behaviour of Muslim migrants and their family members in rural north India. Therefore, the function of the Indian Diaspora worked as a cultural investment of social and economic remittances in Muslim migrant households and the same phenomenon occurred for Hindu migrant households due to the impact of Gulf migration but Hindu migrants’ households were less affected by Arabian-based function of Indian Diaspora due to Islamic based image of Gulf migration. Therefore, the Arabian-based Indian Diaspora worked in a multi-way centred on a Muslim-oriented development approach through the inflow of huge Zakat in Muslim migrant households. Phenomena of inflow of Zakat were positively associated with the Islamic-based function of the Indian Diaspora in the migration-abundant zone in rural North India. These consequences were also functioned by cultural values, norms, attitudes, beliefs and perceptions in the periphery of reflection of wishes and abilities of migrants and their family members, those were found themselves in the “safe cultural zone” of migration due to depth penetration of nexus of the social network system of migration and globalization of Arabian based Gulf migration in rural north India. Therefore, it was observed that there was a crucial role of the phenomena of globalization in the process of the function of globalization of Arabian-based Indian Gulf Diaspora where the exchange of flow of cultural values from India to the Gulf and Gulf to India developed a form of cultural-economic function of role of Arabian based Indian Gulf Diaspora in rural North India. From the perspective of the Indian Diaspora in the United Arab Emirates, it was observed that there was the existence of a diversified Indian Diaspora in Dubai by religion, age, gender, skills, languages and Indian regionalism. These consequences played an important role in the function of the Indian Diaspora in Dubai through their socio-economic and cultural engagement in Dubai because the Arabian-based Indian Gulf Diaspora was a symbol of vibrant India under the vision of sustainable development goals (SDGs) 2030 of the United Nations. Therefore, a consequence of Arabian Indian –Dubai Diaspora was considered India as their Matra Bhumi in the context of Hindu migrant labourers whereas Muslim migrant labourers considered Indians as Vatan , in this perspective, there was a crucial role of the cultural psychology in the function of Indian Diaspora in the periphery of philosophy because these migrant labourers did have a lot of narratives, stories and description about India as “nation” in diversified culture in Dubai. Therefore, it can be conceptualized that the Indian Diaspora was “unified” in the context of the influence of diversified Indian culture in Dubai where Indian migrant labourers were emotionally attached to the fragrance of the soil of India. Therefore, it can be analyzed that the function of the Gulf-based Indian Diaspora was being functioned by the philosophy of cultural liberalism among diversified Indian Diaspora in Gulf, those who were psychologically attached to their nation by the reflection of wishes and abilities about the consciousness of cultural –economic Gulf-based Indian Diaspora. Diaspora philanthropy and its role in Viksit Bharat@2047 There is a crucial role of Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy in the socio-economic development of migration-based communities through the socioeconomic and cultural benefit of migration where migrant labourers not only send economic remittances but also return with cultural values, norms and beliefs of Arabian culture. These consequences were developing a form of “hybrid culturalization” due to the impact of Arabic culture on the culture of migrant labourers and their family members in rural north India. These consequences were reflected in the socio-economic and cultural improvement of migrant households through individual remittances and community-based development through collective remittances. These consequences developed a form of migration-based socio-economic and cultural transformation through the positive role of Diaspora philanthropy. The meaning and concept of Diaspora philanthropy can be considered as Diaspora philosophy because migrant labourers are emotionally attached to their homelands with psychological narratives and discourse of Gulf migration in rural North India. It was also realized that Gulf migration was positively associated with the cultural economy of migrant households because Muslim migrant households were fully dependent on Gulf migration through a function of specific cultural migration within well well-developed cultural route of migration from rural North India to Gulf countries. These consequences developed a way for developing an understanding of Gulf migration as Riyal migration due to the significant impact of the Saudi-based migration among Muslims in rural north India. Therefore, the role of the Gulf-based Indian Diaspora was based on Saudiya migration due to the culture of Saudi-based migration among Muslims in rural North India. From the perspective of religion, it was observed that it was Islamic migration due to the inflow of Islamic-based ideology from Saudi Arabia to the migration-abundant zone in rural North India. These consequences developed a form of religion-based dynamics concerning the role of the Gulf-based Islamic Diaspora in the process of the creation of an Arabian-based Islamic economy in the context of the inflow of Zakat and Fitra from Madina and Makkah to migrant households. These perspectives can be realized as a base for developing thinking about the Islamic-based economy through the positive role of “Islamic Diaspora philanthropy” in the process of structural transformation in micro micro-based economy of Muslim migrant households and its reflection in socio-economic and cultural transformation in community-based development. Therefore, the community-based approach played a crucial role in the function of the Islamic Diaspora in rural North India where poor Muslim households used to get huge amounts of Zakat and Fitra given by Arabian sheikhs and these consequences improved the socio-economic status of poor Muslims and motivated them for engaged in Gulf migration due to explicit impact of Zakat based economy among Muslims in rural North India. Therefore, it can be considered that Zakat-based function of Indian Islamic Diaspora philanthropy in the context of the role of Islamic spirituality about the message of Quran among Muslims, those who were taking migration as part of the cultural economy due to the impact of sacred space of holy land of Saudi Arabia. These consequences are leading to the sustainable function of Diaspora philanthropy under the principle of Islam under the vision of 2030 of Prince Salman of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the dream of vision of Viksit Bharat @2047 of honourable Prime minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi. Therefore, Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy is based on the sustainable development goals (SDGs) 2030 of the United Nation for achieve the achieve the vision of comprehensive development of all through Gulf-based migration. It is a case study of 35 years old migrant labourer, named Nizam, who was from the Azamgarh district of Uttar Pradesh. He said that there was a crucial role of the Saudi-based Islamic scholar among Muslim migrant labourers in the context of spreading Islamic-based ideology for ensuring the better function of Islamic Zakat-based economy in Muslim migrant households under the direct influence of Islamic diaspora philanthropy in rural north India. These consequences can be analyzed by the role of the Islamic economy through the function of Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy in rural North India. Consequences of diaspora philanthropy It is observed that there was a significant impact of the Arabian culture on return migrant labourers in rural North India and Indian migrant labourers, those who worked in Dubai because both followed the Arabian culture due to their socio-economic and cultural engagement in Gulf-based migration. In the context of root-based analysis, it is observed that the inflow of economic remittances created a form of the economic landscape where return migrant labourers and their family members take economic benefit of migration through Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy in economic transformation in migrant households. Consequences of economic transformation increased household expenditure of migrants and enhanced their socio-economic status and living style. Consequences in enhancement in socio-economic status were reflected by the socio-economic and cultural behaviour of return migrant labourers and their family members, who considered a matter of Gulf migration as part of their cultural economy. The function of the cultural economy also enhanced in community development because it was observed that the utilization of Zakat played a crucial role in the socio-economic development of the village. These consequences were reflected by a community-based approach where Muslim migrant households considered the help of Muslim poor people as a mandatory duty according to the principle of Islam. A consequence of Islamic-based tradition in the context of Gulf migration was replaced with the Indian economic system in the periphery of the Islamic economy. Therefore, there was a crucial role of both economic and social remittances through Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy in the structural transformation of the rural-based economy in the context of the political economy of Diaspora philanthropy in rural North India. In the context of the role of Indian Diaspora Philanthropy in Dubai, it is observed that these Indian migrant labourers were exchangers of Indian culture in the environment of Arabic culture in Dubai. These Indian migrant labourers not only send economic remittances but also remitted cultural values and norms of Arabian culture to their roots. Therefore, the inflow of both economic and social remittances created a well-developed economic and cultural region of migration from rural North India to Dubai where migrant labourers migrated to Dubai through depth penetration of the social network system of migration and globalization of Gulf-based Indian Diaspora. A consequence of the globalization of Indian Diaspora philanthropy, created a form of cultural pluralism in the multi-cultural Indian Diaspora in Dubai because the huge presence of the Indian Diaspora was a symbol of incredible India in the context of the culture of philosophy of Indian Diaspora. It was the result of the huge presence of the Indian Diaspora; those celebrated Indian Independence Day before Burj-Khalifa in Dubai. These consequences developed a form of “little India” where Indian migrant labourers developed a nation-based Diaspora in the context of awareness of nationalism among the Indian Diaspora in Dubai. Therefore, it can be analyzed that there was a crucial role of the Indian Diaspora in Dubai in the context of the function of Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy. It is a case study of 28-year-old, Sarfaraz Ahamed Siqdique, who is from the Azamgarh district of Uttar Pradesh, India and worked in Dubai. He said that he considered India as a “nation” due to the positive role of the Indian Diaspora in the multi-culturalism of Dubai. He was also familiar with Arabic culture due to the explicit impact of Arabic culture on the Indian Diaspora in Dubai. In the case Malyali migrant labourer of India is a case study of 34-year-old Madhu, who considered Dubai as “Dream city” for him in the context of the role and function of the Indian Diaspora. These consequences can be analyzed that Indian Diaspora philanthropy enhanced Indian cultural pluralism through Indian migrant labourers in Dubai. Challenges of diaspora philanthropy by contradiction and discrimination It is observed that there are socio-economic and cultural challenges concerning the Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy due to the political economy of globalization of nexus of the impact of Gulf migration and its effects on non-migrant households in rural Uttar Pradesh. In the context of ethnic diversity, it was observed that Muslim migrants’ households had huge remittances from Gulf countries to Muslim migrants’ households. The consequences of the huge inflow of remittances from Gulf countries to India created a form of demonstration impact of Arabian-based Gulf migration in the context of a remittances-based economy and these consequences were being reflected as cultural behavior of Muslim migrant labourers and their family members toward Islamic oriented behavior. These consequences led to the Islamic-based culture in multi-cultural diversity in rural North India where non-migrant households were trapped in the inequality-based function of the Gulf-based remittances economy. Therefore, non-migrant households faced the problem of economic inequality due to the uneven function of Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy among Muslim migrant households. It is also realized that the matter of Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy was based on Islamic-based culture where the spreading of Islamic-based culture created a form of cultural inequality as well as replaced the native “Hindi” based culture in the context of “Arabian” culture. These consequences developed a form of cultural conflict between migrant and non-migrant households where migrant households followed the Arabian culture and non-migrant households followed the “Hindi” culture. Therefore, these perspectives led to the form of cultural pluralism in the context of culturalization of the impact of Arabian culture in the perspective of hybridization of the nexus of “Hindi” and “Arabian” culture where Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy was also facing the problem of cultural existence between Hindi and Arab culture. The matter of cultural existence was moving around the depth penetration of the Gulf-based Indian Diaspora in the context of globalization of Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy on the ground level in rural North India. Therefore, it can be summarized that there are socioeconomic and cultural challenges of the impact of Gulf migration in the context of the cultural function of Indian Diaspora philanthropy through the culturalization of Arabian culture in the context of re-defining of cultural values, norms, beliefs and myths where these consequences were reflected as mute culturalization by inequity in the perspective sociology of Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy. Still, it functioned in the periphery of inequality in the economics of Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy. These consequences created a form of cultural acceptance and cultural rejection in the periphery of replacing Hindi culture with Arabian culture where these consequences developed a scenario of culturalization with its contradictions, discrimination and challenges of Indian Diaspora philanthropy. 5. Concluding remarks and recommended policies Based on the above concise discussion of findings, it can be concluded that gulf based Indian Diaspora played an important role in the function of development economics in the perspective of the political economy of globalization of migration in rural North India under the achieve the vision of Viksit Bharat@2047. These consequences can be also concluded that role of gulf based Indian Diaspora plays an important role in the function of comprehensive development of privileged Muslims, those who are inter-generationally involved in Gulf migration due to the culture of migration from North India to Gulf countries in the context of culturalization of migration. The consequences of the culturalization of migration started a new debate concerning the nexus of Hindi and Arab culture in the framework of assimilation and integration between two different cultures in the form of “hybrid culture”. The perspective of hybrid culture led to the replacement of Hindi culture in the influence of the inflow of Arabian culture in the context of the function of Zakat-based economy among Muslims, who consider Zakat-based economy as part of their cultural economy. These consequences enhanced both the economy of migrant households and the economy of migration-based communities through Diaspora philanthropy. Therefore, the function of Zakat-based remittances of Gulf Diaspora philanthropy is promoting the agenda of Viksit Bharat@2047 in the perspective of comprehensive development of Muslims but it is also reflected in the form of inequality between migrant and non-migrant households because migrant households live in luxurious lifestyle compared to poor living style of non-migrant households. These consequences created a form of complexity in the function of Viksit Bharat @2047 in the perspective of social economy in the context of the political economy of globalization of development economics. Therefore, it can be recommended that there is a need to establish a mechanism for mapping of role of Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy under the vision of Viksit Bharat@2047 for ensuring the comprehensive development of all. Secondly, it is also need to develop a strategy for managing the problem of inequality through economic enlargement by ensuring the participation of non-migrant households in the process of migration under the guidance of the government of India and the United Nations. Declarations A statement of ethics approval This paper is based on findings of a major project of the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) titled “Impact of Migration in North Indian States: A Study of Gulf Migration from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan. Thanks to ICSSR for supporting this project. This project was completed by Professor Anisur Rahman, Centre for West Asian Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India and his project team in 2025. The ICSSR approved this project, and author Mohammed Taukeer worked as a project fellow on this project. Apart from the author, the findings of his submitted D.Phil thesis “Cross-Border Migration: An Analysis of Migration from India to Gulf Countries by Processes and Consequences” was taken with approval number 59/RES/17/870 in G B Pant Social Science Institute, University of Allahabad. A statement on participant consent Both ICSSR projects submitted D. Phil projects were based on human participants, and all the names of participants were changed; no potential conflict of interest was reported by the author, and all the participants gave consent. References Gazsó D (2017) Diaspora Policies in theory and practice. Hung J Minor Stud 1(1):65–87 Gazsó D (2015) An Endnote Definition for Diaspora Studies. Minor Res 18:161–182 Hatami M (2017) Geographical Reviewed throughout the Diaspora. Res letter Int relations 10(37):65–81 Khadria B (2006) India: Skilled migration to developed countries, labour migration to the Gulf. Migración y desarrollo, (7), 4–37 Majumder B, Taukeer M (2019) Dual- Step Migration from a Village in Uttar Pradesh: Causes, Process and Consequences. Productivity, 162–174 Naufal G, Ali T (2010) Remittances from GCC Countries: A Brief Outlook. Migration Gulf:Middle East Inst View points, 37–41 Rajan SI, ’Sami BD, Raj SS (2017) Tamil Nadu Migration Survey 2015. Economic Political Wkly, 85–94 Sasikumar SK, Thimothy R (2015) From India to the Gulf region: Exploring Links between Labour Markets, SkIlls and the Migration cycle. International Orgainsation for Migration, Geneva Taukeer M (2022) Trend, pattern and analysis of internal labour migration in colonial India to post colonial India. IASSI-Quarterly 41(1and2):61–74 Taukeer M (2022) Nexus of Social Remittances and Social Change: An Ethnographic Study of Impact of Gulf Migration on Linguistic Pattern of Migrants in Uttar Pradesh. India Migration Report 2021. Routledge India, pp 292–305 Vertovec S (1999) Migration, diasporas, and transnationalism. Cheltenham/Northampton, MA Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8122341","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":545543261,"identity":"c45bd39a-25a2-4aa9-afc2-99be4418aba8","order_by":0,"name":"Mohammed 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15:35:27","extension":"html","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":82146,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8122341/v1/298a854fc20fcb364aa9cdbd.html"},{"id":96307027,"identity":"83a2489b-8d4e-4bf2-8e6d-c6f4fb0fc732","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 15:35:27","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":348270,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTrend wise analysis of stock of South Asian migrants in GCC states from 1990 to 2020\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource: \u003c/strong\u003eCompiled and Analysed by Author from \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;United Nation Migrant Stock by Origin and Destination, 1990-2019\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8122341/v1/0aa610080663a5e71badfac8.jpg"},{"id":96307032,"identity":"ba6713fa-d671-47e2-b485-a5a3154f4df5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 15:35:27","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":242200,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8122341/v1/2f2e95ecf017a651409aa23c.jpg"},{"id":96365001,"identity":"97b5a61b-b712-43df-9fd3-7a990140b3d8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-20 10:09:53","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":141916,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8122341/v1/520c19a052296ddce73e778f.jpg"},{"id":96452928,"identity":"84ae02c5-8239-49cf-9881-c11944e716fd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-21 09:54:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1727800,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8122341/v1/7e1c25c5-dbf7-4a9f-982b-69e104066576.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnalysis of Ethnographic Philosophy of Indian Gulf Diaspora under Vision of Viksit Bharat@ 2047\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStock of Indian migrants in states of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere were a total of 30.0\u0026nbsp;million migrants in GCC states in 2019 and it continuously increased from 1990 to 2019 due to a huge trend of migration from the rest of the world to GCC states. Among the South Asian countries, it is notable that there are a total of 18.1\u0026nbsp;million South Asian migrants in Gulf countries which accounted for 60.4 per cent of the total stock of 30.01\u0026nbsp;million stocks of migrants in GCC states. In the context of India, India is the largest origin of migrants for GCC states because there are total stocks of 9.3\u0026nbsp;million stocks of Indian migrants in GCC states which account for 31.08 per cent of the total stock of migrants in GCC states (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrends of stock of south Asian migrants in GCC states\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrigin Countries\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1990\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSouth Asian Countries\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePer Cent of Total\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePer Cent of Total\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePer Cent of Total\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePer Cent of Total\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfghanistan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e169818\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e179601\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e290985\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e482513\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBangladesh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e868071\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1102772\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2345627\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3346430\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIndia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1955742\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2739058\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6441256\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e32.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9326699\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e31.08\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNepal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e181494\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e191943\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e392998\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e800779\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePakistan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e902311\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1128309\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2306422\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3314910\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSri Lanka\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e302154\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e293588\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e517340\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e868821\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSub Total of South Asian in GCC States\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4379590\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e53.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5635271\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e56.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12294628\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e61.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18140152\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e60.4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSub Total of Rest of World in GCC States\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3786785\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4425097\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7618208\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11861362\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8166375\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100,60,368\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19912836\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30001514\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSource\u003c/b\u003e: Compiled and analysed by Author from United Nation Migrant Stock by Origin and Destination, 1990\u0026ndash;2019\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompiled and Analysed by Author from United Nation Migrant Stock by Origin and Destination, 1990\u0026ndash;2019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCountry wise analysis of South Asian migrants in Gulf countries\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eProportion of Indian migrants is leading in GCC states where Indian migrants accounted 58.0 per cent in total stock of migrants in Oman followed by 43.0 per cent in Bahrain, 39.8 per cent in UAE, 37.0 per cent in Kuwait, 31.3 per cent in Kuwait and 18.6 per cent in Saudi Arabia. Nationalization policies of Saudi Arabia declined the trend of Indian migrants with rest of South Asian migrants (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;2).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegional wise stock of migrants of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh in GCC states in 2020 (In per cent of total number of migrants)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrigin Countries\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBahrain\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKuwait\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOman\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQatar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSaudi Arabia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUAE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePakistan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBangladesh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCombined Total of Above three\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal Per Cent of Rest of World\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal Numbers of Migrants\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e741161\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3034845\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2286226\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2229688\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13122338\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8587256\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSource\u003c/b\u003e: Compiled and analyzed by author from United Nation Migrant Stock by origin and destination, 2020\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e1.1 Recent phenomena of Indian migration to Gulf\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording of Overseas employment Division, Ministry of External Affairs, government of India (2014), initial phase of migration from India to Gulf countries was led by Kerala but recent phenomena of labour migration from India to Gulf countries is being led by North Indian states namely- Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in the consequence of globalization of migration in twenty first century (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrends of labour migration from top five states\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal Emigration Clearances of Migrant Labourers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1st rank\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2nd rank\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3rd rank\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4th rank\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5th rank\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStates\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStates\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStates\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStates\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStates\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e353126\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU.P.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(31.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(15.09)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRajasthan\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e( 8.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(7.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTamil Nadu\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(7.01)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90602\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU.P.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(31.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(14.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKerala\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(9.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(7.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTamil Nadu\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(6.43)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e129442\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU.P\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(25.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(18.1 )\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRajasthan\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e( 8.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKerala\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(8.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e( 7.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e356383\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU.P\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(33.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e( 16.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRajasthan\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e( 8.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTamilnadu\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(5.4 )\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e380012\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eU.P.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e( 36.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e( 17.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWest Bengal\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(7.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRajasthan\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e( 6.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTamilnadu\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSource\u003c/b\u003e: Computed by author from emigration clearance data of labour migration from India to Gulf countries. Accessed from http//: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9075-7223\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ewww.emigrate.gov.in\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.emigrate.gov.in\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere is richest history of labour migration from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in colonial indentured labour migration to European colonies and consequence of experiences of colonial indentured labour migration is reflected in the form of contract labour migration from rural North India to Gulf countries due to function of well developed social network system of migration ( Taukeer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e,pp.61\u0026ndash;74). Mechanism of migration from North India to Gulf countries is being functioned by wage differential between India and Gulf countries. Apart, social network system of migration also plays a crucial role in migration because North Indian migrant labourers migrate through a well developed pathway of migration from rural North India to Gulf ( Sasikumar \u0026amp; Thimothy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). In the case of migration from rural North India to Gulf countries is led by internal migration because migrant labourers first migrate to Mumbai for employment and later then migrate to Gulf countries due to availability of the better jobs with higher wages in Gulf countries compared to low wages in Mumbai ( Majumder \u0026amp; Taukeer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e,pp. 162\u0026ndash;174). North Indian migrant labourers are engaged as unskilled and semi-skilled migrant labourers in bottom segmentation of labour market due to huge demand of Indian migrant labourers in Gulf countries ( Khadria, 2010). Huge stock of Indian migrant labourers ensured the huge inflow of remittances from Gulf countries to Uttar Pradesh and Bihar (Rajan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e,pp. 85\u0026ndash;94). GCC states are major remittances sending countries due to huge numbers of unskilled and semi-skilled migrant labourers that work as temporary migrant labourers in the bottom segmentation of the labour market in Gulf countries ( Naufal \u0026amp; Ali, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e1.2 Inflow of remittances from GCC states to India\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to Naufal \u0026amp; Ali (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), GCC states are major remittances sending countries due to huge numbers of unskilled and semi-skilled migrant labourers that work as temporary migrant labourers in the bottom segmentation of the labour market in Gulf countries. GCC states are major remittances-sending countries to India due to the huge stock of Indian migrants in GCC states. In 2021, India received 89375\u0026nbsp;million US \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e as remittances from the rest of the world countries, among them proportion of GCC states was 58.0 per cent. Therefore, it can be analyzed that GCC states are major remittances sending countries for Indian remittances building (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026amp; Fig.\u0026nbsp;3).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInflow of remittances in India in 2021\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSending Countries\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRemittances in Million US \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePer cent of Total\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSaudi Arabia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13052\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOman\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6413\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBahrain\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1833\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUAE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19821\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKuwait\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6356\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQatar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4432\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSubtotal from GCC States\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e51907\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e58.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRest of World\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37468\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89375\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSource: Compiled by author from World Bank remittances matrix data 2021.Accessed from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9075-7223\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ewww.worldbank.org\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.worldbank.org\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSource: Compiled by author from World Bank remittances matrix data 2021.Accessed from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9075-7223\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ewww.worldbank.org\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.worldbank.org\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to Rajan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan received huge remittances from GCC states due to huge stock of unskilled and semi-skilled migrant labourers of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan in GCC states (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStock of remittances in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRemittances receiving states\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRemittances in crores ( INR)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUttar Pradesh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBihar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41429\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRajasthan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31421\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSource: Rajan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"2. Review of literature","content":"\u003cp\u003eDiaspora is a philosophy of studying migration in the context of transnational studies of migration where the transnational community plays an important role in the formation of building capacity of \u0026ldquo;Diaspora\u0026rdquo; through geography, culture, and politics (Gazso, 2017, pp. 65\u0026ndash;87). Definition Diaspora study may be defined in the way of philosophy in the context of reflection of wishes and abilities of migrants in an organized way in the form of cultural reflection of the mindset set up of migrants about host and home countries (Gazso, 2015, pp. 161\u0026ndash;182). In the context of cultural reflection, the role of geography is so crucial in the periphery of the design of the definition of Diaspora because geographical boundary gives a direction to the cultural dimension of Diaspora ( Hatami, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e, pp. 65\u0026ndash;81). Consequences of Diaspora are positively associated with migration and transnationalism where migrants establish a form of socio-economic and cultural linkage across the transnational borders through philosophical way by norms, values, beliefs and attitudes about their existence in host and home countries (Vertovac, 1999). The philosophical perspective of meaning, concept and definition of global Diaspora, can be realized as a global cultural transnational phenomenon where the role of Diaspora philanthropy works positively for the socio-economic and cultural development of home countries as well as gives a soft message about their culture in host countries. These consequences developed a form of philosophical ethnographic linkages between host and migrants through a reciprocal relationship where migration and culture lead to each other in the context of linear sequences (Cohen, 2022). Consequences of linear sequences may be measured in the context of the nexus between migration and culture because migration creates culture and culture leads migration in the context of globalization of migration from India to Gulf countries in the twenty-first century (Taukeer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e, pp. 292\u0026ndash;305).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on the above concise description of the meaning, concept and definition of Diaspora, it can be discussed that there are long historical sequences of the journey of the Indian Diaspora in the Gulf in different existing ways of trajectories of migration. Therefore, the Indian Diaspora in the Gulf can be considered a form of \u0026ldquo;labour Diaspora\u0026rdquo; from the perspective of economic and cultural migration from India to Gulf countries (Cohen, 2022). Discussion of the role of philosophy in migration can be examined in the context of the role of culture in migration because the Gulf-based Indian Diaspora is moving within the specific well-developed cultural boundaries of migration from India to the Middle East by its geography, economics, culture and politics ( Taukeer, 2023). Gulf based Indian Diaspora is defined as form of cultural Diaspora because Indian migrant labourers developed Indian culture in the environment of Arabic culture in Dubai and these consequences developed a form of modern Indian Diaspora in Gulf countries (Taukeer, 2024,pp. 442\u0026ndash;452). In these consequences, nexus of depth penetration of culture of migration and globalization developed a form of safe zone of migration where exchange of cultural values from India to Gulf countries and Gulf countries to India developed a environment of Hybrid Indo- Arabian Diaspora in Dubai (Taukeer, 2024,pp. 71\u0026ndash;87).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTherefore, it can be conceptualized that the modern definition of \u0026ldquo;Diaspora\u0026rdquo; may be defined as cultural labour Diaspora in the context of transnational migration from India to Gulf countries with hopes of a better life and enjoyment in the glamour of Dubai. In these consequences, the modern Gulf-based Indian Diaspora is based on the function of globalization of transnational migration by languages, dialects, music, dance, folk, and cuisines. These consequences play an important role in the formation of building capacity for the enlargement of Indian culture in Gulf countries and promoting the agenda of sustainable development goals (SDGs) 2030. These perspectives may be helpful in the way of achieving the vision of Viksit Bharat@2047. In the context of Viksit Bharat@2047, role of Gulf based Indian Diaspora is so crucial in the perspective of achieve of vision of Vikist Bharat @2047. It is also important to discuss that Indian receive huge remittances from Gulf countries and these consequences developed remittances building in India. Consequence of inflow of remittances is creating a pathway of \u0026ldquo;Diaspora Philanthropy\u0026rdquo; in rural India in the context of socio-economic and cultural development of migration based communities and migrant households. Therefore, present research paper advocates the better enhancement of role of Diaspora Philanthropy in development under the vision of Viksit Bharat @2047 with approach of safe, regular migration and multiplier impact of Gulf migration. These consequences promoted the cultural enlargement through Gulf based Indian Diaspora in twenty first century.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eBased on the above concise introduction and review of literature, the major argument of this research paper can be argued that there is little information package about the role of Gulf-based Indian Diaspora and Diaspora philanthropy in socio-economic and cultural development in achieving the visions of Viksit Bharat@2047. Therefore, the statement of the research problem is focused on the study of contradictions, discriminations and challenges of Gulf-based India Diaspora and Diaspora philanthropy in development practices of India. In these consequences, the objective of this research paper is focused on exploring the role of the Indian Diaspora and Diaspora Philanthropy for achieve the visions of Viksit Bharat @ 2047. The methodology of the research paper is based on ethnographic field surveys in purposively selected North Indian states namely- Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan in 2023 and a destination-based field survey was conducted in purposively selected destinations in Gulf countries in 2019. Qualitative data was collected among stratified randomly selected 1500 return migrant labourers in North Indian states and 180 stratified randomly selected migrant labourers in UAE. The procedure of the collection of qualitative data is based on the saturation stage of information of qualitative study design where qualitative data was collected by passive observation, informal interviews, and focus group discussion (FGDs), and it was analyzed by case studies, narratives and description technique for better justification and interpretation of the objectives.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Result and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMeaning and concept of Indian diaspora in the Gulf\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe concept of Gulf-based Indian Diaspora can be defined as the philosophical \u0026ldquo;labour Diaspora\u0026rdquo; because the huge tendency of migration from India to Gulf countries is being led by the nexus of depth penetration of culture of migration and globalization of Indian low-skilled labour Diaspora in the Gulf countries. These consequences developed a form of cultural Diaspora by reflection of the wishes and abilities of migrant labourers concerning the Gulf-based Indian migration. It is also realized that consequences of labour Diaspora were replacing the traditional concept of Diaspora where Diaspora is considered in panic form but the recent form of Gulf-based Indian labour Diaspora is being considered as amusement because Indian migrant labourers used to enjoy their life in the glamour of Dubai. Therefore, it can be conceptualized that the Gulf-based Indian labour Diaspora is based on the phenomena of globalization of Gulf migration in rural North India where migration is considered part of culture and economy. Therefore, it is realised that the Indian labour Diaspora is being given new sharpness and dimension due to the culture of Gulf migration among rural migrants in North India in the context of reflection of colonial indentured labour migration in the form of modern contract-based labour migration from rural North India to Gulf countries in the twenty-first century.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTherefore, the traditional concept of Diaspora is based on the phenomena of indentured labour Diaspora where the meaning of Diaspora is considered psychological panic Diaspora because there are lots of painful stories with passion of enjoyment in colonial literature but recent Gulf-based Indian Diaspora is different in the context of amusement Diaspora with pain of low skilled migrant labourers in Dubai.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is a case study of 50-year-old migrant labourer named Ram Virxa, who was from the Kushinagar district of Uttar Pradesh. He was so happy and confused about their travelling on the flight of Air India from Indira Gandhi international airport to Dubai. He worked as a carpenter in Jalandhar, Punjab India and earned INR 20,000 per month. He was eating Samosa in a very decent manner way in flight with a serious smile of thanks to the air hostess. He also said that he was taking his travelling in Flight with curiosity about airplane and he was also so excited about their future in Dubai where he worked as a carpenter with his relatives.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese consequences can be analyzed as phenomena of globalization of Gulf migration being led by amusement and curiosity with the expectation of a better life in Dubai where migrant labourers did intend to return to India with a bag of happiness. Therefore, the modern concept of Gulf-based Indian labour Diaspora is based on cyclic migration compared to the way colonial indentured labour Diaspora in the British colonial period where a vast majority of the indentured labourers permanently settled in European colonies in distressed conditions. Therefore, the modern concept of Gulf-based Indian labour Diaspora can be defined in the following way:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eGulf-based Indian labour Diaspora is positively associated with the nexus of the historical consequence of the culture of migration and globalization of migration among rural migrants in rural North India.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is a cyclic labour Diaspora where migrant labourers are involved in \u0026ldquo; cyclic migration\u0026rdquo; with the exchange of cultural ideas from root to destination and destination to root systematically.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese consequences developed a form of Diaspora philanthropy through the inflow of economic and social remittances from Gulf countries to Dubai. These consequences developed a form of the cultural function of Gulf-based Indian labour Diaspora in development practices in rural north India.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFunction of Indian diaspora in the Gulf\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe function of the Indian Diaspora can be considered by the positive role of the Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy in socio-economic and cultural transformation in the homeland through the investment of both economic and social remittances. It is observed that there was a crucial role in the inflow of economic remittances in migrant households in rural North India because rural migrants considered Gulf migration as part of their social status by reflection of social values and norms in the context of Arabian-based Gulf migration. From the perspective of the nexus of migration, population and development, it was realized that young Muslims were getting the benefit of Gulf migration as a symbol of cultural status through the explicit impact of Arabian-based Gulf migration on the psychological behaviour of Muslim migrants and their family members in rural north India. Therefore, the function of the Indian Diaspora worked as a cultural investment of social and economic remittances in Muslim migrant households and the same phenomenon occurred for Hindu migrant households due to the impact of Gulf migration but Hindu migrants\u0026rsquo; households were less affected by Arabian-based function of Indian Diaspora due to Islamic based image of Gulf migration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTherefore, the Arabian-based Indian Diaspora worked in a multi-way centred on a Muslim-oriented development approach through the inflow of huge Zakat in Muslim migrant households. Phenomena of inflow of Zakat were positively associated with the Islamic-based function of the Indian Diaspora in the migration-abundant zone in rural North India. These consequences were also functioned by cultural values, norms, attitudes, beliefs and perceptions in the periphery of reflection of wishes and abilities of migrants and their family members, those were found themselves in the \u0026ldquo;safe cultural zone\u0026rdquo; of migration due to depth penetration of nexus of the social network system of migration and globalization of Arabian based Gulf migration in rural north India. Therefore, it was observed that there was a crucial role of the phenomena of globalization in the process of the function of globalization of Arabian-based Indian Gulf Diaspora where the exchange of flow of cultural values from India to the Gulf and Gulf to India developed a form of cultural-economic function of role of Arabian based Indian Gulf Diaspora in rural North India.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom the perspective of the Indian Diaspora in the United Arab Emirates, it was observed that there was the existence of a diversified Indian Diaspora in Dubai by religion, age, gender, skills, languages and Indian regionalism. These consequences played an important role in the function of the Indian Diaspora in Dubai through their socio-economic and cultural engagement in Dubai because the Arabian-based Indian Gulf Diaspora was a symbol of vibrant India under the vision of sustainable development goals (SDGs) 2030 of the United Nations. Therefore, a consequence of Arabian Indian \u0026ndash;Dubai Diaspora was considered India as their \u003cb\u003eMatra Bhumi\u003c/b\u003e in the context of Hindu migrant labourers whereas Muslim migrant labourers considered Indians as \u003cb\u003eVatan\u003c/b\u003e, in this perspective, there was a crucial role of the cultural psychology in the function of Indian Diaspora in the periphery of philosophy because these migrant labourers did have a lot of narratives, stories and description about India as \u0026ldquo;nation\u0026rdquo; in diversified culture in Dubai. Therefore, it can be conceptualized that the Indian Diaspora was \u0026ldquo;unified\u0026rdquo; in the context of the influence of diversified Indian culture in Dubai where Indian migrant labourers were emotionally attached to the fragrance of the soil of India.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTherefore, it can be analyzed that the function of the Gulf-based Indian Diaspora was being functioned by the philosophy of cultural liberalism among diversified Indian Diaspora in Gulf, those who were psychologically attached to their nation by the reflection of wishes and abilities about the consciousness of cultural \u0026ndash;economic Gulf-based Indian Diaspora.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiaspora philanthropy and its role in Viksit Bharat@2047\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere is a crucial role of Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy in the socio-economic development of migration-based communities through the socioeconomic and cultural benefit of migration where migrant labourers not only send economic remittances but also return with cultural values, norms and beliefs of Arabian culture. These consequences were developing a form of \u0026ldquo;hybrid culturalization\u0026rdquo; due to the impact of Arabic culture on the culture of migrant labourers and their family members in rural north India. These consequences were reflected in the socio-economic and cultural improvement of migrant households through individual remittances and community-based development through collective remittances. These consequences developed a form of migration-based socio-economic and cultural transformation through the positive role of Diaspora philanthropy. The meaning and concept of Diaspora philanthropy can be considered as Diaspora philosophy because migrant labourers are emotionally attached to their homelands with psychological narratives and discourse of Gulf migration in rural North India.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt was also realized that Gulf migration was positively associated with the cultural economy of migrant households because Muslim migrant households were fully dependent on Gulf migration through a function of specific cultural migration within well well-developed cultural route of migration from rural North India to Gulf countries. These consequences developed a way for developing an understanding of Gulf migration as \u003cem\u003eRiyal migration\u003c/em\u003e due to the significant impact of the Saudi-based migration among Muslims in rural north India. Therefore, the role of the Gulf-based Indian Diaspora was based on \u003cem\u003eSaudiya\u003c/em\u003e migration due to the culture of Saudi-based migration among Muslims in rural North India. From the perspective of religion, it was observed that it was Islamic migration due to the inflow of Islamic-based ideology from Saudi Arabia to the migration-abundant zone in rural North India. These consequences developed a form of religion-based dynamics concerning the role of the Gulf-based Islamic Diaspora in the process of the creation of an Arabian-based Islamic economy in the context of the inflow of \u003cem\u003eZakat and Fitra\u003c/em\u003e from Madina and Makkah to migrant households. These perspectives can be realized as a base for developing thinking about the Islamic-based economy through the positive role of \u0026ldquo;Islamic Diaspora philanthropy\u0026rdquo; in the process of structural transformation in micro micro-based economy of Muslim migrant households and its reflection in socio-economic and cultural transformation in community-based development. Therefore, the community-based approach played a crucial role in the function of the Islamic Diaspora in rural North India where poor Muslim households used to get huge amounts of \u003cem\u003eZakat\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eFitra\u003c/em\u003e given by Arabian sheikhs and these consequences improved the socio-economic status of poor Muslims and motivated them for engaged in Gulf migration due to explicit impact of Zakat based economy among Muslims in rural North India.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTherefore, it can be considered that Zakat-based function of Indian Islamic Diaspora philanthropy in the context of the role of Islamic spirituality about the message of \u003cem\u003eQuran\u003c/em\u003eamong Muslims, those who were taking migration as part of the cultural economy due to the impact of sacred space of holy land of Saudi Arabia. These consequences are leading to the sustainable function of Diaspora philanthropy under the principle of Islam under the vision of 2030 of Prince Salman of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the dream of vision of Viksit Bharat @2047 of honourable Prime minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi. Therefore, Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy is based on the sustainable development goals (SDGs) 2030 of the United Nation for achieve the achieve the vision of comprehensive development of all through Gulf-based migration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is a case study of 35 years old migrant labourer, named Nizam, who was from the Azamgarh district of Uttar Pradesh. He said that there was a crucial role of the Saudi-based Islamic scholar among Muslim migrant labourers in the context of spreading Islamic-based ideology for ensuring the better function of Islamic Zakat-based economy in Muslim migrant households under the direct influence of Islamic diaspora philanthropy in rural north India.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese consequences can be analyzed by the role of the Islamic economy through the function of Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy in rural North India.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConsequences of diaspora philanthropy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is observed that there was a significant impact of the Arabian culture on return migrant labourers in rural North India and Indian migrant labourers, those who worked in Dubai because both followed the Arabian culture due to their socio-economic and cultural engagement in Gulf-based migration. In the context of root-based analysis, it is observed that the inflow of economic remittances created a form of the economic landscape where return migrant labourers and their family members take economic benefit of migration through Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy in economic transformation in migrant households. Consequences of economic transformation increased household expenditure of migrants and enhanced their socio-economic status and living style. Consequences in enhancement in socio-economic status were reflected by the socio-economic and cultural behaviour of return migrant labourers and their family members, who considered a matter of Gulf migration as part of their cultural economy. The function of the cultural economy also enhanced in community development because it was observed that the utilization of Zakat played a crucial role in the socio-economic development of the village. These consequences were reflected by a community-based approach where Muslim migrant households considered the help of Muslim poor people as a mandatory duty according to the principle of Islam. A consequence of Islamic-based tradition in the context of Gulf migration was replaced with the Indian economic system in the periphery of the Islamic economy. Therefore, there was a crucial role of both economic and social remittances through Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy in the structural transformation of the rural-based economy in the context of the political economy of Diaspora philanthropy in rural North India.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the context of the role of Indian Diaspora Philanthropy in Dubai, it is observed that these Indian migrant labourers were exchangers of Indian culture in the environment of Arabic culture in Dubai. These Indian migrant labourers not only send economic remittances but also remitted cultural values and norms of Arabian culture to their roots. Therefore, the inflow of both economic and social remittances created a well-developed economic and cultural region of migration from rural North India to Dubai where migrant labourers migrated to Dubai through depth penetration of the social network system of migration and globalization of Gulf-based Indian Diaspora.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA consequence of the globalization of Indian Diaspora philanthropy, created a form of cultural pluralism in the multi-cultural Indian Diaspora in Dubai because the huge presence of the Indian Diaspora was a symbol of incredible India in the context of the culture of philosophy of Indian Diaspora. It was the result of the huge presence of the Indian Diaspora; those celebrated Indian Independence Day before \u003cem\u003eBurj-Khalifa\u003c/em\u003e in Dubai. These consequences developed a form of \u0026ldquo;little India\u0026rdquo; where Indian migrant labourers developed a nation-based Diaspora in the context of awareness of nationalism among the Indian Diaspora in Dubai. Therefore, it can be analyzed that there was a crucial role of the Indian Diaspora in Dubai in the context of the function of Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is a case study of 28-year-old, Sarfaraz Ahamed Siqdique, who is from the Azamgarh district of Uttar Pradesh, India and worked in Dubai. He said that he considered India as a \u0026ldquo;nation\u0026rdquo; due to the positive role of the Indian Diaspora in the multi-culturalism of Dubai. He was also familiar with Arabic culture due to the explicit impact of Arabic culture on the Indian Diaspora in Dubai. In the case Malyali migrant labourer of India is a case study of 34-year-old Madhu, who considered Dubai as \u0026ldquo;Dream city\u0026rdquo; for him in the context of the role and function of the Indian Diaspora. These consequences can be analyzed that Indian Diaspora philanthropy enhanced Indian cultural pluralism through Indian migrant labourers in Dubai.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChallenges of diaspora philanthropy by contradiction and discrimination\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is observed that there are socio-economic and cultural challenges concerning the Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy due to the political economy of globalization of nexus of the impact of Gulf migration and its effects on non-migrant households in rural Uttar Pradesh. In the context of ethnic diversity, it was observed that Muslim migrants\u0026rsquo; households had huge remittances from Gulf countries to Muslim migrants\u0026rsquo; households. The consequences of the huge inflow of remittances from Gulf countries to India created a form of demonstration impact of Arabian-based Gulf migration in the context of a remittances-based economy and these consequences were being reflected as cultural behavior of Muslim migrant labourers and their family members toward Islamic oriented behavior. These consequences led to the Islamic-based culture in multi-cultural diversity in rural North India where non-migrant households were trapped in the inequality-based function of the Gulf-based remittances economy. Therefore, non-migrant households faced the problem of economic inequality due to the uneven function of Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy among Muslim migrant households. It is also realized that the matter of Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy was based on Islamic-based culture where the spreading of Islamic-based culture created a form of cultural inequality as well as replaced the native \u0026ldquo;Hindi\u0026rdquo; based culture in the context of \u0026ldquo;Arabian\u0026rdquo; culture. These consequences developed a form of cultural conflict between migrant and non-migrant households where migrant households followed the Arabian culture and non-migrant households followed the \u0026ldquo;Hindi\u0026rdquo; culture. Therefore, these perspectives led to the form of cultural pluralism in the context of \u003cem\u003eculturalization\u003c/em\u003e of the impact of Arabian culture in the perspective of \u003cem\u003ehybridization of\u003c/em\u003e the nexus of \u0026ldquo;Hindi\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Arabian\u0026rdquo; culture where Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy was also facing the problem of cultural existence between Hindi and Arab culture. The matter of cultural existence was moving around the depth penetration of the Gulf-based Indian Diaspora in the context of globalization of Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy on the ground level in rural North India. Therefore, it can be summarized that there are socioeconomic and cultural challenges of the impact of Gulf migration in the context of the cultural function of Indian Diaspora philanthropy through the culturalization of Arabian culture in the context of re-defining of cultural values, norms, beliefs and myths where these consequences were reflected as mute culturalization by inequity in the perspective sociology of Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy. Still, it functioned in the periphery of inequality in the economics of Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy. These consequences created a form of cultural acceptance and cultural rejection in the periphery of replacing Hindi culture with Arabian culture where these consequences developed a scenario of culturalization with its contradictions, discrimination and challenges of Indian Diaspora philanthropy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Concluding remarks and recommended policies","content":"\u003cp\u003eBased on the above concise discussion of findings, it can be concluded that gulf based Indian Diaspora played an important role in the function of development economics in the perspective of the political economy of globalization of migration in rural North India under the achieve the vision of Viksit Bharat@2047. These consequences can be also concluded that role of gulf based Indian Diaspora plays an important role in the function of comprehensive development of privileged Muslims, those who are inter-generationally involved in Gulf migration due to the culture of migration from North India to Gulf countries in the context of culturalization of migration. The consequences of the culturalization of migration started a new debate concerning the nexus of Hindi and Arab culture in the framework of assimilation and integration between two different cultures in the form of \u0026ldquo;hybrid culture\u0026rdquo;. The perspective of hybrid culture led to the replacement of Hindi culture in the influence of the inflow of Arabian culture in the context of the function of Zakat-based economy among Muslims, who consider Zakat-based economy as part of their cultural economy. These consequences enhanced both the economy of migrant households and the economy of migration-based communities through Diaspora philanthropy. Therefore, the function of Zakat-based remittances of Gulf Diaspora philanthropy is promoting the agenda of Viksit Bharat@2047 in the perspective of comprehensive development of Muslims but it is also reflected in the form of inequality between migrant and non-migrant households because migrant households live in luxurious lifestyle compared to poor living style of non-migrant households. These consequences created a form of complexity in the function of Viksit Bharat @2047 in the perspective of social economy in the context of the political economy of globalization of development economics. Therefore, it can be recommended that there is a need to establish a mechanism for mapping of role of Gulf-based Indian Diaspora philanthropy under the vision of Viksit Bharat@2047 for ensuring the comprehensive development of all. Secondly, it is also need to develop a strategy for managing the problem of inequality through economic enlargement by ensuring the participation of non-migrant households in the process of migration under the guidance of the government of India and the United Nations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eA statement of ethics approval This paper is based on findings of a major project of the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) titled “Impact of Migration in North Indian States: A Study of Gulf Migration from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan. Thanks to ICSSR for supporting this project. This project was completed by Professor Anisur Rahman, Centre for West Asian Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India and his project team in 2025. The ICSSR approved this project, and author Mohammed Taukeer worked as a project fellow on this project. Apart from the author, the findings of his submitted D.Phil thesis “Cross-Border Migration: An Analysis of Migration from India to Gulf Countries by Processes and Consequences” was taken with approval number 59/RES/17/870 in G B Pant Social Science Institute, University of Allahabad.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA statement on participant consent Both ICSSR projects submitted D. Phil projects were based on human participants, and all the names of participants were changed; no potential conflict of interest was reported by the author, and all the participants gave consent.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGazs\u0026oacute; D (2017) Diaspora Policies in theory and practice. Hung J Minor Stud 1(1):65\u0026ndash;87\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGazs\u0026oacute; D (2015) An Endnote Definition for Diaspora Studies. Minor Res 18:161\u0026ndash;182\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHatami M (2017) Geographical Reviewed throughout the Diaspora. Res letter Int relations 10(37):65\u0026ndash;81\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhadria B (2006) India: Skilled migration to developed countries, labour migration to the Gulf. Migraci\u0026oacute;n y desarrollo, (7), 4\u0026ndash;37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMajumder B, Taukeer M (2019) Dual- Step Migration from a Village in Uttar Pradesh: Causes, Process and Consequences. Productivity, 162\u0026ndash;174\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNaufal G, Ali T (2010) Remittances from GCC Countries: A Brief Outlook. Migration Gulf:Middle East Inst View points, 37\u0026ndash;41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRajan SI, \u0026rsquo;Sami BD, Raj SS (2017) Tamil Nadu Migration Survey 2015. Economic Political Wkly, 85\u0026ndash;94\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSasikumar SK, Thimothy R (2015) From India to the Gulf region: Exploring Links between Labour Markets, SkIlls and the Migration cycle. International Orgainsation for Migration, Geneva\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTaukeer M (2022) Trend, pattern and analysis of internal labour migration in colonial India to post colonial India. IASSI-Quarterly 41(1and2):61\u0026ndash;74\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTaukeer M (2022) Nexus of Social Remittances and Social Change: An Ethnographic Study of Impact of Gulf Migration on Linguistic Pattern of Migrants in Uttar Pradesh. India Migration Report 2021. Routledge India, pp 292\u0026ndash;305\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVertovec S (1999) Migration, diasporas, and transnationalism. \u003cem\u003eCheltenham/Northampton, MA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"G B Pant Social Science Institute ","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Indian Diaspora, North India, South India, Diaspora Philanthrophy, Viksit Bharat @2047","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8122341/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8122341/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThere is the richest history of Indian Diaspora in Gulf countries in the context of globalization of Indian migration in Gulf countries in the form of the existence of different trajectories of migration from Kerala to the Gulf and the shifting of the paradigm of migration from Kerala to North India in the twenty-first century. In these consequences, the major statement of the research problem of this research paper is based on trying to give questions proposed for the solution under a holistic approach. Therefore, the objective of this research paper is based on trying to find out the journey of the Indian Diaspora in Gulf countries and its identity-based discourse, and the challenges of India connect. In these perspectives, the methodology of this research paper is based on ethnographic field surveys in both United Arab Emirates and India in 2019 and 2023 respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings of the study show that there is a form of diversified Indian Diaspora in Gulf countries by North Indian Diaspora and South Indian Diaspora. These perspectives led to the identity-based discourse between North Indian and South Indian Diaspora through Hindi and Malayali languages because languages are major tools for the measurement of the identity of the Indian Diaspora. Both the North Indian and South Indian Diaspora were connected with India with their ethnographic-based discourse through Diaspora philanthropy in India on a micro level. They gave a new cultural dimension to the Indian Diaspora in the United Arab Emirates with the formation of building capacity of the journey of Indian Diaspora philanthropy by contradiction, discrimination and challenges. Therefore, the major relevance of this study is focused on the role of the Indian Diaspora in achieving the vision of Viksit Bharat @ 2047 through Diaspora philanthropy under the agenda of sustainable development goals (SDGs) 2030 of the United Nations.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Analysis of Ethnographic Philosophy of Indian Gulf Diaspora under Vision of Viksit Bharat@ 2047","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-19 15:35:23","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8122341/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"eb5e161a-22f6-4b10-8c8e-6c813f54ff82","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 19th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-08T21:53:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-19 15:35:23","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8122341","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8122341","identity":"rs-8122341","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}