On-demand quadruple energy dissipative strategy for the nanoengineering of versatile bio- adhesive-based “tissue-alarm” for integrated wound therapy

Wound abnormalities such as secondary wound laceration and inflammation are common postoperative health hazards during clinical procedures. Electroactive hydrogel adhesives with emerging bioelectronics have been showing great promise as next-generation intelligent biomaterials. However, these adhesives partially suffer from insufficient strength, limited application scenarios, monotonous functions, and difficulty in early warning of wound abnormalities. Herein, an on-demand quadruple energy dissipative strategy was proposed for the nanoengineering of a physically and chemically synergistic gelatin-based bio-adhesive (DLGel) as a "tissue-alarm" by combining a multi-network adhesive layer and a versatile electroactive energy dissipative layer based on contrivable interlocking micro-pillar arrays and crosslinked polymer chains. The subtly multiple energy dissipation designs enable DLGel with robust adhesive strength to omnipotently wet and dynamic tissue, providing a basis for reliable wound closure. Interestingly, DLGel could serve as a “tissue-alarm”, providing highly sensitive real-time early warning and suture assessment for postoperative wound abnormalities, such as laceration, inflammation, and necrosis. In vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that DLGel could significantly promote wound recovery without the drug for full-thickness dermal defects. Meanwhile, DLGel prosperously exhibited integrated reversible underwater photo- and thermal adhesion, hemostatic properties, antimicrobial activity, and self-healing capability, and further enabling the integration of reliable wound closure, wound healing, and real-time wound abnormalities warning in the era of intelligent medicine.