Resilience Decoded: The Role of Firms, Global Value Chains and the State in COVID-19 Medical Supplies

This paper examines the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on resilience. We argue that resilience is not a one-dimensional concept but has different meanings at the levels of the firm (operational efficiency), global value chains (appropriate governance), and the nation-state (national security). To decode and illustrate resilience dynamics, we draw lessons from case studies of four medical supply products— rubber gloves, face masks, ventilators, and vaccines— to explore how each adjusted to disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. We highlight key strategies that could guide managers and policymakers in building resilience for future supply-chain disruptions.