Histo-anatomical atlas and thermal tolerance of Garra rufa : A novel small teleost model adaptable to human body temperature

Garra rufa , commonly known as the doctor fish, is a small freshwater cyprinid notable for its exceptional tolerance to high temperatures, surviving even at around the human body temperature of 37 °C, and has emerging potential as a novel laboratory model for human cancer xenotransplantation and infectious disease research. To establish a foundation for its experimental use, we conducted comprehensive anatomical and histological analyses across major organ systems. The overall body organization and tissue architecture of G. rufa are broadly similar to those of zebrafish ( Danio rerio ), indicating a conserved cyprinid body plan. However, several organ systems in G. rufa exhibited species-specific differences compared with zebrafish, including a well-developed adhesive disc around the oral region, a long and coiled intestine, and a distinct dark pigmentation of the peritoneum. These species-specific traits may reflect ecological and behavioral adaptations of G. rufa , including benthic scraping in warm, flowing habitats. Physiological assays confirmed that G. rufa maintains high survival rates and normal swimming activity at 37 °C, whereas zebrafish exhibit significant mortality and reduced locomotion under the same conditions. Collectively, this work provides a comprehensive histo-anatomical atlas of G. rufa , highlighting its unique morphological specializations while establishing an essential reference for the development of this species as a novel experimental fish model.