The association of self-care practices with test anxiety in nursing students

The association of self-care practices with test anxiety in nursing students | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The association of self-care practices with test anxiety in nursing students Hua Kang, Chizimuzo Okoli, Shuyao Wang, Xiaoli Wang, Aijuan Cheng, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7297053/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract BACKGROUND: Test anxiety can be a significant challenge for nursing students, potentially impacting academic performance and mental well-being. Timely intervention is crucial to address the underlying factors contributing to test anxiety and prevent adverse outcomes. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the relationship between self-care practices and test anxiety among nursing students in China. DESIGN: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using survey data collected from 621 nursing students. RESULTS: The majority (66.2%) of nursing students reported moderate to severe test anxiety. Physical care was associated with lower test-anxiety, but mindfulness meditation and self-compassion were associated greater test-anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Nursing students should be routinely educated on self-care strategies to mitigate the experience of detrimental test anxiety. Such self-care practices should be considered particularly targeting at-risk students and those early on in their program. The implementation of self-care practices as part of academic curriculum is recommended for nursing students. self-care practices test anxiety nursing students Figures Figure 1 Introduction Test anxiety is a term that describe the fear or apprehension of negative evaluation, leading to adverse behavioral, physiological, or emotional responses [ 1 ]. In China, college students demonstrate elevated levels of serious test anxiety, reaching rates of up to 28% [ 2 ]. High levels of exam anxiety are often linked to depressive emotions [ 3 ]. The earlier depression develops in an individual, the higher the likelihood of recurrence and the associated risk of suicide [ 3 ]. Moreover, nursing students experience heightened anxiety related to their coursework compared to students in other disciplines and exhibit elevated levels of test anxiety [ 4 ]. Nursing students face significant pressure to fulfill various classroom and practical requirements. Therefore, test anxiety is widespread among nursing students and appears to be increasing in severity over time [ 4 ]. Recent research suggests that more than 50% of nursing students experience test anxiety, which not only increases their risk of poor academic performance but also contributes to a higher likelihood of dropping out of their studies [ 5 ]. Considering that test anxiety may lead to a profound impact on nursing students’ personal and professional lives, it is necessary to explore some methods available to alleviate this problem. Among important methods to consider, self-care is essential for maintaining both physical and emotional well-being among college students [ 6 ]. Self-care includes practices like adapting the job environment rather than accepting it as is, cultivating an enjoyable and supportive social network, striving for a balance between personal and professional life, ensuring adequate sleep, and maintaining a healthy diet [ 7 ]. Engaging in self-care has been linked to various positive outcomes, including enhanced physical health, emotional resilience, mental well-being and lower psychological distress [ 8 , 9 ]. Research has also shown a significant negative correlation between self-care practices and test anxiety, indicating that individuals who engage in self-care strategies tend to experience lower levels of anxiety during tests [ 10 ]. However, few studies have examined the associations between self-care and test anxiety in nursing students, and no known study has examined this relationship among Chinese nursing students. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential connections between nursing students’ self-care practices and test anxiety among nursing students in China. The authors hypothesized that nursing students who regularly engage in self-care practices would exhibit lower levels of test anxiety throughout the semester. Methods Study design In this cross-sectional study, we conducted a electronic survey using a convenience sample of participants from three nursing colleges situated in three provinces of China: Sichuan, Guangdong, and Shandong. Participants Eligible participants were undergraduate nursing students currently enrolled in the programs. Excluded participants were graduate students. Investigative Procedures Participants were informed about the study's objectives and procedures via a messaging system (WeChat) within the participating institutions. Upon reviewing the information, participants were directed to access the survey link, indicating their consent by engaging in a survey. The study employed a 15-to-20-minute survey for data collection. The survey was completed anonymously by participants through an online platform. Data collection occurred over a 7-month period, from July 28 to November 13, 2023. Approval for the study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Chengdu 4th Hospital. Measures Demographic Variables. The demographic variables used to characterize the sample included age (in years), sex (males vs. female), school grade (first to fourth), ethnicity (Han vs. non-Han), place of birth (Urban vs. Rural), status as an only child in family (yes vs. no), household income (in months), family structure (nuclear family, single parent, step family, extended family, grandparent family), and father’s and mother’s education level (elementary school vs. middle school vs. high school vs. college or higher). Self-care practices. The Mindful Self-Care Scale – Brief (MSCS-B) Chinese version was utilized in this study [9], the MSCS-B is a 24-item scale designed to assess the self-reported frequency of self-care behaviors. Participants rate their frequency of engaging in self-care activities using Likert-type response anchors ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (always). The scale comprises six domains of self-care: Mindful Relaxation (4 items), Physical Care (5 items), Self-Compassion and Purpose (4 items), Supportive Relationships (4 items), Supportive Structure (4 items), Mindful Awareness (3 items).The scale has demonstrated strong internal consistency, with Cronbach's alpha coefficients as follows: overall scale (α= .913), mindful relaxation (α= .737), physical care (α= .575), self-compassion and purpose (α= .806), supportive relationships (α= .862), supportive structure (α= .870), and mindful awareness (α= .913). Test anxiety . Test anxiety was assessed using the Test Anxiety Scale (TAS) [11]. The Chinese version of the TAS, which has been demonstrated to have good reliability and validity, was utilized in this study. The TAS consists of 37 items, with participants rating each item on a five-point scale ranging from 1 (completely disagree) to 5 (completely agree). The scale exhibited strong internal consistency, with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of .906. Data Analysi s We included data from 621 complete survey responses for analysis. Descriptive statistics were utilized to characterize the demographics of the sample. Pearson Correlations were used to assess the associations between self-care practice subscale scores and test anxiety scores. To investigate the associations between test anxiety and self-care practices, while controlling for potential mediating demographic variables, a hierarchical multivariate linear regression analysis procedure was employed. In the hierarchical multivariate regression analysis, demographic variables were entered as the first group of covariates. Sleep duration was entered as the second set of independent variables. Then, self-care practices subscales were entered as the third set of independent variables. All analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 29.0, and a significance level of α = .05 was established for determining statistical significance. Results Sample Description The sample consisted of students aged 18-21 years (90.0%), predominantly female (84.2%), and belonging to the Han ethnic group (94.7%). Most respondents were first year nursing students (64.3%). Moreover, 66.5% of participants were born in rural areas, a majority were raised in either nuclear (39.1%) or grandparent families (39.9%), and most participants reported living with their parents (81.8%) (Table 1). Table 1 Sample Characteristics of nursing student (n=621) Variables Total First Second Third Fourth n % n % n % n % n % Female 523 84.2 323 81.0 108 94.7 60 87.0 32 82.1 Age (in years) ＜18 28 4.5 27 6.8 1 0.9 0 0 0 0 18-19 415 66.8 348 87.2 59 51.8 8 11.6 0 0 20-21 144 23.2 20 5.0 46 40.4 51 73.9 27 69.2 22-23 21 3.4 3 0.8 8 7.0 3 4.3 7 17.9 ＞23 13 2.1 1 0.3 0 0 7 10.1 5 12.8 Han Ethnicity 588 94.7 376 94.2 108 94.7 67 97.1 37 94.9 Rural Primary Residence 413 66.5 271 67.9 82 71.9 43 62.3 17 43.6 Only child in family (Yes) 491 79.1 318 79.7 101 88.6 47 68.1 25 64.1 Monthly Household Income ＜2,000 RMB 49 7.9 32 8.0 5 4.4 9 13.0 3 7.7 2,000-5,000 RMB 300 48.3 193 48.4 57 50.0 37 53.6 13 33.3 5,000-10,000 RMB 188 30.3 123 30.8 39 34.2 14 20.3 12 30.8 ＞10,000 RMB 84 13.5 51 12.8 13 11.4 9 13.0 11 28.2 Family Structure stepfamily 64 10.3 45 11.3 11 9.6 6 8.7 2 5.1 grandparent family 248 39.9 170 42.6 42 36.8 28 40.6 8 20.5 nuclear family 243 39.1 153 38.3 46 40.4 24 34.8 20 51.3 single parent 66 10.6 31 7.8 15 13.1 11 15.9 9 24.0 Self-care practices. Respondents had self-care practice mean scores of 2.966 (SD = 0.022). The supportive relationships and mindful awareness subscales yielded the highest mean scores, followed by self-compassion and purpose, then supportive structure (Fig. 1.). Test Anxiety The proportions of students scoring low, moderate and high on the TAS scores were evenly divided among participants with 33.7% scoring low, 33.7% moderate, and 32.5% high. Correlations Analysis The correlational analysis revealed individual subscale scores, including physical care, self-compassion and purpose, supportive relationships, and supportive structure demonstrated significant negative correlations with test anxiety, except for mindful relaxation (Table 2). Table 2 Associations between self-care total and subscales and test anxiety scores. Variable mindful relaxation physical care self-compassion and purpose supportive relationships supportive structure mindful awareness Test anxiety mindful relaxation 1 physical care 0.376** 1 self-compassion and purpose 0.459** 0.292** 1 supportive relationships 0.366** 0.270** 0.604** 1 supportive structure 0.408* 0.471** 0.599** 0.655** 1 mindful awareness 0.355** 0.267** 0.617** 0.585** 0.699** 1 Test anxiety 0.029 -0.272** -0.004 -0.089* -0.177** -0.119** 1 **P<0.01, *P<0.05 Relationship between self-care practices and Test Anxiety In the hierarchical multivariate regression analysis, initially, demographic variables alone accounted for a small portion (4.9%) of the variance in test anxiety. Subsequently, with the inclusion of sleep duration in the second step, there was an incremental increase of 3.0% in the variance explained in test anxiety. Finally, incorporating the six subscales of self-care practices in the third step resulted in an increase of 7.0% in the variance explained in test anxiety. The comprehensive model from the third step demonstrated that several demographic factors, including gender (female), ethnicity (Han), grade (junior students), sleep duration (7-10 hours were significantly associated with test anxiety. Additionally, subscales such as mindful relaxation, physical care, self-compassion, and purpose were also found to be significantly associated with test anxiety (Table 3). Table 3 Associations between self-care practices and test anxiety controlling for demographic and behavioral variables. Variables F（df1,df2） P Adjusted R 2 R 2 change Final model (adjusted R 2 =0.36) Step 1 5.25 （ 6 ， 614 ） ＜ 0.001 0.04 0.05 Female 0.09 (1.99) 0.020 Sophomore -0.01 (-0.291) 0.724 Junior 0.12 (3.162) 0.002 Senior 0.01 (0.378) 0.770 Han -0.09 (-3.150) 0.020 Single child 0.04 (0.838) 0.271 Step 2 6.81 （ 8 ， 612 ） ＜ 0.001 0.07 0.03 Sleep duration 7-10h -0.10 (-1.820) 0.022 Sleep duration ≥10h -0.05 (-5.199) 0.176 Step 3 8.20 （ 14 ， 606 ） ＜ 0.001 0.14 0.07 Mindful relaxation 0.14 (0.352) 0.002 Physical care -0.24 (-0.613) 0.000 Self-compassion and purpose 0.17 (0.429) 0.002 Supportive relationships -0.04 (-0.090) 0.471 Supportive structure -0.10 (-0.25) 0.116 Mindful awareness -0.09 (-0.29) 0.103 Note. df = degrees of freedom. n = 621. Boldface indicates variables F, R 2 , and R 2 change in each step of the hierarchical regression analysis. a Standardized coefficient. b Unstandardized coefficient. c Betas shown are for Step 3. Discussion The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-care practices and test anxiety among nursing students. Our findings unveiled significant associations between test anxiety and various demographic factors, with females, non-Han individuals, and junior students showing a propensity towards higher test anxiety scores. Furthermore, mindfulness relaxation and self-compassion are associated with higher test anxiety. Only physical care is associated with lower test anxiety among nursing students. These findings carry significant implications for both practices and policies aimed at alleviating anxiety during testing. The study uncovered a prevalent occurrence of test anxiety among nursing students, with 32.5% of participants scoring at high levels of test anxiety. This finding aligns with previous research, indicating that test anxiety is notably pronounced among nursing students [ 3 , 4 ]. This heightened prevalence of test anxiety might be attributed to the increasing competitive pressures in academia. Nursing students are often required to partake in numerous examinations across different academic levels, and academic success is frequently contingent upon examination results, thereby exacerbating test anxiety among this population. Our study has uncovered several significant findings regarding the factors associated with test anxiety among nursing students. Firstly, we observed that female nursing students exhibit a higher susceptibility to test anxiety compared to their male counterparts, which corroborates previous research among chiropractic students in the U.S. [ 12 ]. Secondly, this study found that junior nursing students are more prone to experiencing test anxiety. However, the heightened academic pressure faced by junior students, as compared to more novice students, may explain this result in our study. Additionally, non-Han nursing students were found to be more susceptible to test anxiety compared to Han students. This observation may be linked to language anxiety experienced by non-Han nursing students, potentially exacerbating their test anxiety. Previous studies have shown that Chinese language anxiety among foreign students can be moderate depending on the duration of language mastery [ 13 ]. Furthermore, the study found that sleep duration of 7–10 hours can alleviate test anxiety among nursing students, consistent with previous research indicating that anxiety may disrupt nursing students' sleep [ 14 ]. These findings underscore the multifaceted nature of test anxiety among nursing students and emphasize the importance of addressing various contributing factors to alleviate anxiety levels in this population. Lastly, mindful relaxation and self-compassion, and purpose were associated with higher test anxiety among nursing students. This finding is inconsistent with a previous study that found that mindfulness and self-compassion are associated with lower levels of trait anxiety [ 15 ]. It is hypothesized that the association of mindful relaxation and self-compassion dimensions of self-care practice with higher test-anxiety may reflect a relationship among students' who may already have greater trait anxiety. In fact, a study among a group of individuals who had at least two months of meditation experience reported negative effects of meditation on anxiety [ 16 ]. This negative effect was more pronounced among participants with repetitive thinking, who engaged in deconstructive meditation (e.g., insight mediation), and had had prior experiences with meditation retreats [ 16 ]. Conversely, physical care was associated with lower test anxiety scores among nursing students, which aligns with findings from previous studies [ 17 ]. This may be attributed to the fact that participants in the study demonstrated better performance in physical care aspects on a day-to-day basis, potentially reducing their overall test anxiety levels. Therefore, in subsequent studies, more attention should be paid to the role of different types of mindfulness practices on test anxiety in nursing students. Limitations Our study has several limitations that should be acknowledged. First, the use of a convenience sample during recruitment introduces the risk of selection bias, as only students interested in the study topic may have participated. Additionally, since our sample was drawn from Sichuan, Guangdong, and Shandong provinces in China, the generalizability of our findings beyond these regions is limited, and our results may be influenced by the cultural or geographic contexts specific to our sample. Second, as a cross-sectional study, we were unable to explore changes in the relationship between self-care practices and test anxiety over time among participants. Finally, the predominance of female subjects in our study may introduce gender bias and limit the generalizability of our findings to the wider nursing student population. Future research should aim to address these limitations by employing more diverse sampling methods, longitudinal study designs, and including a broader representation of nursing students. Conclusion Understanding self-care practices among nursing students and their impact on test anxiety is crucial for promoting student well-being and academic success. Our findings underscore the importance of enhancing self-care interventions, such as physical activity, tailored to the specific needs of nursing students, particularly those identified as vulnerable populations. In addition, it provides caution about the utility of certain meditative practices in relation to test anxiety. Nursing educators should prioritize providing resources and support for students who may be at higher risk for experiencing test anxiety, such as females, non-Han ethnicities. By addressing such factors and promoting the evidence-base behind self-care practices, nursing students at risk for test anxiety may be supported in their academic performance through their courses of study. Declarations Acknowledgments We want to acknowledge the teachers at three colleges of nursing for their support in the execution of the study. Funding The author(s) received Sichuan Mental Health Education Research Center financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article(XLJKJY2305A). Corresponding author. Hua Kang Email: [email protected] College of Nursing, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166 Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China Chizimuzo T. C. Okoli, Email: [email protected] University of Kentucky College of Nursing, 517 College of Nursing Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0232,USA. Author Roles Hua Kang conceived, planned, analyzed and drafted the Abstract introduction, results, and discussion sections of the article. Chizimuzo Okoli assisted in planning the study and reviewing drafts of the article. Shuyao Wang assisted in drafting data analysis of the article. Qingyuan Wang assisted in references of the article. Xiaoli Wang, Aijuan Chen, Dongmei Wu, Zijiang Yang, Dan Wang, Lizi Hu assisted in collecting data of the article. All authors are responsible for the article’s content. Data availability The data that were generated and analyzed in this study are mostly included within the published article. However, source material and the raw datasets are available from the corresponding author upon request. Ethics approval and consent to participate This study adhered to the ethical guidelines outlined in the Helsinki Declaration and the standards of the institution and national research committee. This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethical Committee of Chengdu 4th Hospital (No. 20190109). All participants were approached by a research nurse and provided a detailed explanation of the study’s purpose and procedures. Informed consent was required on the first page of the survey. Respondents formally participated in the survey by selecting the option “Informed and agreed to participate voluntarily in the survey.” Completing the set of self-report questionnaires was considered an expression of consent to participate in the study. Informed consent was received from all participants prior to their inclusion in this study. Consent for publication Not applicable. 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Guiding Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 2022, 28(02): 87-90.https://dx.doi.org/10.13862/j.cnki.cn43-1446/r.2022.02.030 BERGEN-CICO D, CHEON S. The Mediating Effects of Mindfulness and Self-Compassion on Trait Anxiety [J]. Mindfulness, 2014, 5(5): 505-519.https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0205-y SCHLOSSER M, SPARBY T, VöRöS S,et al. Unpleasant meditation-related experiences in regular meditators: Prevalence, predictors, and conceptual considerations [J]. PLoS One, 2019, 14(5): e0216643.https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216643 WADI M, YUSOFF M S B, ABDUL RAHIM A F,et al. Factors affecting test anxiety: a qualitative analysis of medical students' views [J]. BMC Psychol, 2022, 10(1): 8.https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40359-021-00715-2 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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06:38:17","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7297053/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7297053/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":90692333,"identity":"0592821b-8bf2-44cc-b58a-a550788b104d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-05 18:28:25","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":69086,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMean total and subscale self-care practices scores (N = 621).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7297053/v1/a4b4be6ce5b236efff2f2daf.png"},{"id":108418353,"identity":"8bdf08aa-054c-46c1-a1ec-2c68f87b1c96","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-04 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In China, college students demonstrate elevated levels of serious test anxiety, reaching rates of up to 28% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. High levels of exam anxiety are often linked to depressive emotions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. The earlier depression develops in an individual, the higher the likelihood of recurrence and the associated risk of suicide [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, nursing students experience heightened anxiety related to their coursework compared to students in other disciplines and exhibit elevated levels of test anxiety [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Nursing students face significant pressure to fulfill various classroom and practical requirements. Therefore, test anxiety is widespread among nursing students and appears to be increasing in severity over time [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Recent research suggests that more than 50% of nursing students experience test anxiety, which not only increases their risk of poor academic performance but also contributes to a higher likelihood of dropping out of their studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsidering that test anxiety may lead to a profound impact on nursing students\u0026rsquo; personal and professional lives, it is necessary to explore some methods available to alleviate this problem. Among important methods to consider, self-care is essential for maintaining both physical and emotional well-being among college students [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Self-care includes practices like adapting the job environment rather than accepting it as is, cultivating an enjoyable and supportive social network, striving for a balance between personal and professional life, ensuring adequate sleep, and maintaining a healthy diet [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Engaging in self-care has been linked to various positive outcomes, including enhanced physical health, emotional resilience, mental well-being and lower psychological distress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Research has also shown a significant negative correlation between self-care practices and test anxiety, indicating that individuals who engage in self-care strategies tend to experience lower levels of anxiety during tests [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, few studies have examined the associations between self-care and test anxiety in nursing students, and no known study has examined this relationship among Chinese nursing students. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential connections between nursing students\u0026rsquo; self-care practices and test anxiety among nursing students in China. The authors hypothesized that nursing students who regularly engage in self-care practices would exhibit lower levels of test anxiety throughout the semester.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy design\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this cross-sectional study, we conducted a electronic survey using a convenience sample of participants from three nursing colleges situated in three provinces of China: Sichuan, Guangdong, and Shandong.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEligible participants were undergraduate nursing students currently enrolled in the programs. Excluded participants were graduate students.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInvestigative Procedures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants were informed about the study's objectives and procedures via a messaging system (WeChat) within the participating institutions. Upon reviewing the information, participants were directed to access the survey link, indicating their consent by engaging in a survey. The study employed a 15-to-20-minute survey for data collection. The survey was completed anonymously by participants through an online platform. Data collection occurred over a 7-month period, from July 28 to November 13, 2023. Approval for the study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Chengdu 4th Hospital.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemographic Variables.\u003c/strong\u003e The demographic variables used to characterize the sample included age (in years), sex (males vs. female), school grade (first to fourth), ethnicity (Han vs. non-Han), place of birth (Urban vs. Rural), status as an only child in family (yes vs. no), household income (in months), family structure (nuclear family, single parent, step family, extended family, grandparent family), and father’s and mother’s education level (elementary school vs. middle school vs. high school vs. college or higher).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSelf-care practices.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe Mindful Self-Care Scale – Brief (MSCS-B) Chinese version was utilized in this study [9], the MSCS-B is a 24-item scale designed to assess the self-reported frequency of self-care behaviors. Participants rate their frequency of engaging in self-care activities using Likert-type response anchors ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (always). The scale comprises six domains of self-care: Mindful Relaxation (4 items), Physical Care (5 items), Self-Compassion and Purpose (4 items), Supportive Relationships (4 items), Supportive Structure (4 items), Mindful Awareness (3 items).The scale has demonstrated strong internal consistency, with Cronbach's alpha coefficients as follows: overall scale (α= .913), mindful relaxation (α= .737), physical care (α= .575), self-compassion and purpose (α= .806), supportive relationships (α= .862), supportive structure (α= .870), and mindful awareness (α= .913).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest anxiety\u003c/strong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;Test anxiety was assessed using the Test Anxiety Scale (TAS) [11]. The Chinese version of the TAS, which has been demonstrated to have good reliability and validity, was utilized in this study. The TAS consists of 37 items, with participants rating each item on a five-point scale ranging from 1 (completely disagree) to 5 (completely agree). The scale exhibited strong internal consistency, with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of .906.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Analysi\u003c/strong\u003es\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe included data from 621 complete survey responses for analysis. Descriptive statistics were utilized to characterize the demographics of the sample. \u0026nbsp;Pearson Correlations were used to assess the associations between self-care practice subscale scores and test anxiety scores. To investigate the associations between test anxiety and self-care practices, while controlling for potential mediating demographic variables, a hierarchical multivariate linear regression analysis procedure was employed. In the hierarchical multivariate regression analysis, demographic variables were entered as the first group of covariates. Sleep duration was entered as the second set of independent variables. Then, self-care practices subscales were entered as the third set of independent variables. All analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 29.0, and a significance level of α = .05 was established for determining statistical significance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample Description\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample consisted of students aged 18-21 years (90.0%), predominantly female (84.2%), and belonging to the Han ethnic group (94.7%). Most respondents were first year nursing students (64.3%). Moreover, 66.5% of participants were born in rural areas, a majority were raised in either nuclear (39.1%) or grandparent families (39.9%), and most participants reported living with their parents (81.8%) (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1 Sample Characteristics of nursing student (n=621)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"670\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.0443%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.9806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.5398%;\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFirst\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.5315%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecond\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.1161%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Third\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.7346%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFourth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.0443%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.5632%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.8271%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5696%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3545%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0837%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5779%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4594%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.6957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.9312%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.0443%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Female\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.5632%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e523\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.8271%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e323\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5696%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3545%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0837%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5779%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4594%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.6957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.9312%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.0443%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge (in years)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.5632%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.8271%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5696%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3545%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0837%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5779%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4594%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.6957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.9312%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.0443%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.5632%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.8271%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5696%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3545%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0837%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5779%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4594%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.6957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.9312%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.0443%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18-19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.5632%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e415\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.8271%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e348\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5696%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3545%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0837%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5779%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4594%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.6957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.9312%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.0443%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20-21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.5632%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.8271%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5696%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3545%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0837%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5779%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4594%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.6957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.9312%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.0443%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22-23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.5632%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.8271%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5696%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3545%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0837%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5779%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4594%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.6957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.9312%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.0443%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＞23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.5632%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.8271%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5696%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3545%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0837%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5779%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4594%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.6957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.9312%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.0443%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHan Ethnicity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.5632%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e588\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.8271%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e376\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5696%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3545%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0837%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5779%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4594%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.6957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.9312%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.0443%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRural Primary Residence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.5632%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e413\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.8271%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e271\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5696%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3545%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0837%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5779%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4594%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.6957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.9312%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.0443%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOnly child in family (Yes)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.5632%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e491\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.8271%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e318\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5696%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3545%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0837%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5779%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4594%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.6957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.9312%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.0443%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonthly Household Income\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.5632%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.8271%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5696%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3545%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0837%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5779%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4594%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.6957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.9312%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.0443%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜2,000 RMB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.5632%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.8271%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5696%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3545%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0837%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5779%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4594%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.6957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.9312%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.0443%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,000-5,000 RMB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.5632%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.8271%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e193\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5696%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3545%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0837%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5779%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4594%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.6957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.9312%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.0443%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,000-10,000 RMB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.5632%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.8271%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5696%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3545%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0837%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5779%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4594%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.6957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.9312%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.0443%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＞10,000 RMB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.5632%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.8271%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5696%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3545%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0837%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5779%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4594%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.6957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.9312%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.0443%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily Structure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.5632%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.8271%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5696%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3545%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0837%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5779%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4594%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.6957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.9312%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.0443%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003estepfamily\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.5632%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.8271%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5696%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3545%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0837%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5779%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4594%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.6957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.9312%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.0443%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003egrandparent family\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.5632%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e248\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.8271%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5696%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3545%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0837%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5779%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4594%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.6957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.9312%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.0443%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003enuclear family\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.5632%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e243\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.8271%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e153\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5696%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3545%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0837%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5779%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4594%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.6957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.9312%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.0443%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esingle parent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.5632%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4174%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.8271%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5696%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3545%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0837%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.5779%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.4594%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.6957%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.9312%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSelf-care practices.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRespondents had self-care practice mean scores of 2.966 (SD = 0.022). The supportive relationships and mindful awareness subscales yielded the highest mean scores, followed by self-compassion and purpose, then supportive structure (Fig. 1.).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest Anxiety\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe proportions of students scoring low, moderate and high on the TAS scores were evenly divided among participants with 33.7% scoring low, 33.7% moderate, and 32.5% high.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrelations Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe correlational analysis revealed individual subscale scores, including physical care, self-compassion and purpose, supportive relationships, and supportive structure demonstrated significant negative correlations with test anxiety, except for mindful relaxation (Table 2).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 Associations between self-care total and subscales and test anxiety scores.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"696\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emindful relaxation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ephysical care\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eself-compassion and purpose\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esupportive relationships\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esupportive structure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emindful awareness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest anxiety\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emindful relaxation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ephysical care\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.376**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eself-compassion and purpose\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.459**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.292**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esupportive relationships\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.366**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.270**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.604**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esupportive structure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.408*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.471**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.599**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.655**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emindful awareness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.355**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.267**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.617**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.585**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.699**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest anxiety\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.272**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.089*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.177**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.119**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**P\u0026lt;0.01, *P\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelationship between self-care practices and Test Anxiety\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the hierarchical multivariate regression analysis, initially, demographic variables alone accounted for a small portion (4.9%) of the variance in test anxiety. Subsequently, with the inclusion of sleep duration in the second step, there was an incremental increase of 3.0% in the variance explained in test anxiety. Finally, incorporating the six subscales of self-care practices in the third step resulted in an increase of 7.0% in the variance explained in test anxiety. The comprehensive model from the third step demonstrated that several demographic factors, including gender (female), ethnicity (Han), grade (junior students), sleep duration (7-10 hours were significantly associated with test anxiety. Additionally, subscales such as mindful relaxation, physical care, self-compassion, and purpose were also found to be significantly associated with test anxiety (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 Associations between self-care practices and test anxiety controlling for demographic and behavioral variables.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"699\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF（df1,df2）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003echange\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 175px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFinal model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(adjusted R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStep 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e（\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e，\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e614\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e）\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e＜\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09 (1.99)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSophomore\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.01 (-0.291)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.724\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJunior\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12 (3.162)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSenior\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01 (0.378)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.770\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.09 (-3.150)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle child\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04 (0.838)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.271\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStep 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.81\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e（\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e，\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e612\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e）\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e＜\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.07\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSleep duration 7-10h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.10 (-1.820)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSleep duration \u0026ge;10h\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.05 (-5.199)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStep 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e（\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e，\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e606\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e）\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e＜\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.07\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMindful relaxation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14 (0.352)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical care\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.24 (-0.613)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-compassion and purpose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17 (0.429)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSupportive relationships\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04 (-0.090)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.471\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSupportive structure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.10 (-0.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 137px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMindful awareness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.09 (-0.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 699px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNote. df = degrees of freedom. n = 621. Boldface indicates variables F, R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, and R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e change in each step of the hierarchical regression analysis.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eStandardized coefficient. \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003eUnstandardized coefficient. \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003eBetas shown are for Step 3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-care practices and test anxiety among nursing students. Our findings unveiled significant associations between test anxiety and various demographic factors, with females, non-Han individuals, and junior students showing a propensity towards higher test anxiety scores. Furthermore, mindfulness relaxation and self-compassion are associated with higher test anxiety. Only physical care is associated with lower test anxiety among nursing students. These findings carry significant implications for both practices and policies aimed at alleviating anxiety during testing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study uncovered a prevalent occurrence of test anxiety among nursing students, with 32.5% of participants scoring at high levels of test anxiety. This finding aligns with previous research, indicating that test anxiety is notably pronounced among nursing students [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. This heightened prevalence of test anxiety might be attributed to the increasing competitive pressures in academia. Nursing students are often required to partake in numerous examinations across different academic levels, and academic success is frequently contingent upon examination results, thereby exacerbating test anxiety among this population.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur study has uncovered several significant findings regarding the factors associated with test anxiety among nursing students. Firstly, we observed that female nursing students exhibit a higher susceptibility to test anxiety compared to their male counterparts, which corroborates previous research among chiropractic students in the U.S. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Secondly, this study found that junior nursing students are more prone to experiencing test anxiety. However, the heightened academic pressure faced by junior students, as compared to more novice students, may explain this result in our study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, non-Han nursing students were found to be more susceptible to test anxiety compared to Han students. This observation may be linked to language anxiety experienced by non-Han nursing students, potentially exacerbating their test anxiety. Previous studies have shown that Chinese language anxiety among foreign students can be moderate depending on the duration of language mastery [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, the study found that sleep duration of 7\u0026ndash;10 hours can alleviate test anxiety among nursing students, consistent with previous research indicating that anxiety may disrupt nursing students' sleep [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. These findings underscore the multifaceted nature of test anxiety among nursing students and emphasize the importance of addressing various contributing factors to alleviate anxiety levels in this population.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLastly, mindful relaxation and self-compassion, and purpose were associated with higher test anxiety among nursing students. This finding is inconsistent with a previous study that found that mindfulness and self-compassion are associated with lower levels of trait anxiety [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. It is hypothesized that the association of mindful relaxation and self-compassion dimensions of self-care practice with higher test-anxiety may reflect a relationship among students' who may already have greater trait anxiety. In fact, a study among a group of individuals who had at least two months of meditation experience reported negative effects of meditation on anxiety [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. This negative effect was more pronounced among participants with repetitive thinking, who engaged in deconstructive meditation (e.g., insight mediation), and had had prior experiences with meditation retreats [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Conversely, physical care was associated with lower test anxiety scores among nursing students, which aligns with findings from previous studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. This may be attributed to the fact that participants in the study demonstrated better performance in physical care aspects on a day-to-day basis, potentially reducing their overall test anxiety levels. Therefore, in subsequent studies, more attention should be paid to the role of different types of mindfulness practices on test anxiety in nursing students.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLimitations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur study has several limitations that should be acknowledged. First, the use of a convenience sample during recruitment introduces the risk of selection bias, as only students interested in the study topic may have participated. Additionally, since our sample was drawn from Sichuan, Guangdong, and Shandong provinces in China, the generalizability of our findings beyond these regions is limited, and our results may be influenced by the cultural or geographic contexts specific to our sample. Second, as a cross-sectional study, we were unable to explore changes in the relationship between self-care practices and test anxiety over time among participants. Finally, the predominance of female subjects in our study may introduce gender bias and limit the generalizability of our findings to the wider nursing student population. Future research should aim to address these limitations by employing more diverse sampling methods, longitudinal study designs, and including a broader representation of nursing students.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eUnderstanding self-care practices among nursing students and their impact on test anxiety is crucial for promoting student well-being and academic success. Our findings underscore the importance of enhancing self-care interventions, such as physical activity, tailored to the specific needs of nursing students, particularly those identified as vulnerable populations. In addition, it provides caution about the utility of certain meditative practices in relation to test anxiety. Nursing educators should prioritize providing resources and support for students who may be at higher risk for experiencing test anxiety, such as females, non-Han ethnicities. By addressing such factors and promoting the evidence-base behind self-care practices, nursing students at risk for test anxiety may be supported in their academic performance through their courses of study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe want to acknowledge the teachers at three colleges of nursing for their support in the execution of the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author(s) received Sichuan Mental Health Education Research Center financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article(XLJKJY2305A).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul start=\"50\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHua Kang \u0026nbsp;Email:[email protected]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCollege of Nursing, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166 Liutai Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul start=\"50\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChizimuzo T. C. Okoli, Email: [email protected]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUniversity of Kentucky College of Nursing, 517 College of Nursing Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0232,USA.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Roles\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHua Kang conceived, planned, analyzed and drafted the Abstract introduction, results, and discussion sections of the article. Chizimuzo Okoli assisted in planning the study and reviewing drafts of the article. Shuyao Wang assisted in drafting data analysis of the article. Qingyuan Wang assisted in references of the article. Xiaoli Wang, Aijuan Chen, \u0026nbsp;Dongmei Wu, Zijiang Yang, Dan Wang, Lizi Hu assisted in collecting data of the article. All authors are responsible for the article\u0026rsquo;s content.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData availability\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data that were generated and analyzed in this study are mostly included within the published article. However, source material and the raw datasets are available from the corresponding author upon request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study adhered to the ethical guidelines outlined in the Helsinki Declaration and the standards of the institution and national research committee. This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethical Committee of Chengdu 4th Hospital (No. 20190109). All participants were approached by a research nurse and provided a detailed explanation of the study\u0026rsquo;s purpose and procedures. Informed consent was required on the first page of the survey. Respondents formally participated in the survey by selecting the option \u0026ldquo;Informed and agreed to participate voluntarily in the survey.\u0026rdquo; Completing the set of self-report questionnaires was considered an expression of consent to participate in the study. \u0026nbsp;Informed consent was received from all participants prior to their inclusion in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZEIDNER M. Test Anxiety: The State of the Art, F, 1998 [C].\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQIONG H, REN-LAI Z. The Development of Test Anxiety in Chinese Students [J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2019, 27(1):113-121.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWANG H. Study on the Influencing Factors and Intervention for College Students\u0026apos; Test Anxiety [D], 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJIAO Y. The Relationship between Test Anxiety and Coping Style in Nursing Freshman [J]. China Journal of Health Psychology, 2013, 21(09): 1414-1415.https://dx.doi.org/10.13342/j.cnki.cjhp.2013.09.031\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYONGJIE W, LIWEI Z, CHUNXIA L,et al. The relationship between time management tendency and test anxiety of undergraduate nursing students: the mediating role of achievement motivation [J]. Psychological Monthly, 2023, 18(17): 66-69+73.https://dx.doi.org/10.19738/j.cnki.psy.2023.17.018\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMOSES J, BRADLEY G, O\u0026apos;CALLAGHAN F. When College Students Look after Themselves: Self-Care Practices and Well-Being [J]. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 2016, 53: 1-14.https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19496591.2016.1157488\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKEIDEL G. Burnout and compassion fatigue among hospice caregivers [J]. The American journal of hospice \u0026amp; palliative care, 2002, 19: 200-205.https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104990910201900312\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBROUWER K R, WALMSLEY L A, PARRISH E M,et al. Examining the associations between self-care practices and psychological distress among nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic [J]. Nurse Educ Today, 2021, 100: 104864.https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104864\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHOTCHKISS J T, COOK-COTTONE C P. Validation of the Mindful Self-Care Scale (MSCS) and development of the Brief-MSCS among hospice and healthcare professionals: a confirmatory factor analysis approach to validation [J]. Palliat Support Care, 2019, 17(6): 628-636.https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478951519000269\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCHENGJIN H, SUMEI W. Mechanisms of mindfulness on test anxiety and evaluation of intervention effect on college students with anxiety tendency [J]. China Journal of Health Psychology, 2020, 28(05): 780-784.https://dx.doi.org/10.13342/j.cnki.cjhp.2020.05.034\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSARASON I G. The Test Anxiety Scale: Concept and Research [J]. Cdspielberger \u0026amp; Igsarason Stress \u0026amp; Anxiety, 1978, 5:193-216.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZHANG N, HENDERSON C N. Test anxiety and academic performance in chiropractic students [J]. J Chiropr Educ, 2014, 28(1): 2-8.https://dx.doi.org/10.7899/jce-13-20\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBASITH A, MUSYAFAK N, ICWANTO M,et al. Chinese Learning Anxiety on Foreign Students [J]. European Journal of Educational Research, 2019, 8: 1193-1200.https://dx.doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.8.4.1193\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePEI L, HONG-TAO C, XIAO-JIAN J,et al. Effect of Silence Combined with Five Elements Music Therapy on Anxiety and Sleep Quality of Nursing Students\u0026apos; Skill Assessment [J]. Guiding Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 2022, 28(02): 87-90.https://dx.doi.org/10.13862/j.cnki.cn43-1446/r.2022.02.030\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBERGEN-CICO D, CHEON S. The Mediating Effects of Mindfulness and Self-Compassion on Trait Anxiety [J]. Mindfulness, 2014, 5(5): 505-519.https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0205-y\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSCHLOSSER M, SPARBY T, V\u0026ouml;R\u0026ouml;S S,et al. Unpleasant meditation-related experiences in regular meditators: Prevalence, predictors, and conceptual considerations [J]. PLoS One, 2019, 14(5): e0216643.https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216643\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWADI M, YUSOFF M S B, ABDUL RAHIM A F,et al. Factors affecting test anxiety: a qualitative analysis of medical students\u0026apos; views [J]. BMC Psychol, 2022, 10(1): 8.https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40359-021-00715-2\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"self-care practices, test anxiety, nursing students","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7297053/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7297053/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBACKGROUND: \u003c/strong\u003eTest anxiety can be a significant challenge for nursing students, potentially impacting academic performance and mental well-being. Timely intervention is crucial to address the underlying factors contributing to test anxiety and prevent adverse outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOBJECTIVE:\u003c/strong\u003e This study examined the relationship between self-care practices and test anxiety among nursing students in China.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDESIGN:\u003c/strong\u003e A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using survey data collected from 621 nursing students.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRESULTS:\u003c/strong\u003e The majority (66.2%) of nursing students reported moderate to severe test anxiety. Physical care was associated with lower test-anxiety, but mindfulness meditation and self-compassion were associated greater test-anxiety.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONCLUSIONS:\u003c/strong\u003e Nursing students should be routinely educated on self-care strategies to mitigate the experience of detrimental test anxiety. Such self-care practices should be considered particularly targeting at-risk students and those early on in their program. The implementation of self-care practices as part of academic curriculum is recommended for nursing students.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The association of self-care practices with test anxiety in nursing students","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-05 18:28:21","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7297053/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e649280d-e303-401a-a34f-d3827c8595d7","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 5th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"decision","content":"Rejected","date":"2026-05-04T11:42:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-04T11:54:41+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-05 18:28:21","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7297053","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7297053","identity":"rs-7297053","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}