Abstract
Coastal zones are complex socio-ecological systems that present significant challenges for sustainable management. In this study, a bow-tie approach was applied to the coast of Cantabria to analyse the connections between drivers of change, biodiversity loss, and socio-economic consequences. The two most prominent drivers identified by stakeholders were large-scale tourism and harbour infrastructure development. These were associated with biodiversity impacts, including species and habitat loss, and the spread of non-native invasive species facilitated by human activities. Stakeholders and scientists identified multiple consequences of biodiversity change across ecological, social, economic, and governance dimensions. Based on the bow-tie analysis, a set of prevention and mitigation measures was proposed to enhance governance responses and reduce biodiversity-related damage in the study area.
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ARPHA Preprints
https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e175173 (17 Oct 2025)
https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e175173 (17 Oct 2025)
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ARPHA Preprints
doi:
10.3897/arphapreprints.e175173
First posted
17 Oct 2025
Authors
Cristina Galván Arbeiza
- Corresponding author
IHCantabria - Instituto de Hidráulica Ambiental de la Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
IHCantabria - Instituto de Hidráulica Ambiental de la Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
IHCantabria - Instituto de Hidráulica Ambiental de la Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
Conflict of interest
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Supporting agencies
European Union, Horizon Europe research and innovation program (grant agreement no. 101060937, MARBEFES project).
This is an open access preprint distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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