Quantitative Analysis of Major Elements in Food Based on A Novel Hollow Electrode DC Glow Discharge Ion Source

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In this paper, a novel hollow electrode DC glow discharge ion source was designed. The experimental platform of ‘tube combustion furnace + quadrupole mass spectrometer’ was set up to detect the content of major elements in food. Five food samples were selected and combusted in a high temperature (960°C) oxygen-enriched environment using a tube combustion furnace. The gas products were passed into a novel hollow electrode DC glow discharge ion source for ionization. The selected ion scanning function of quadrupole mass spectrometer was used to detect CO 2 + ions, NO + ions and H 2 O + ions, and the standard curves were plotted to obtain the detection limits of 22 µg/g for carbon, 59 µg/g for nitrogen and 28 µg/g for hydrogen with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 1.1–4.5%. It provides a rapid, accurate and environmentally friendly method for the determination of major elements in food. novel hollow electrode DC glow discharge ion source quadrupole mass spectrometer food security quantitative analysis Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 1. Introduction The main nutritional components of food include proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. These three substances are all composed of the element carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N), which are present in high amounts in food and are essential for human health. Carbon is the foundation of all organic compounds and is the primary element that makes up the main nutritional components: proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Hydrogen combines with carbon to form organic compounds and is also an important component of water molecules. Nitrogen is primarily found in proteins and is a fundamental element in the structure of amino acids, playing a crucial role in vital life processes. 1 , 2 In addition, proteins are important components of cells and tissues, playing a key role in the growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues. They are essential constituents of enzymes, which participate in digestion, metabolism, and other physiological processes to ensure the normal functioning of the body. 3 , 4 Antibodies, a special type of protein, are responsible for recognizing and neutralizing foreign pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, thereby enhancing the immune system's function. 5 , 6 Proteins also play a role in maintaining the body's acid-base balance, acting as buffers to help regulate the pH of body fluids, among other functions. In summary, protein plays an indispensable role in maintaining life, promoting growth, and supporting various bodily functions. 7 , 8 Ensuring adequate intake of good quality protein is essential for maintaining good health. 9 If the protein content in food fails to meet the body's needs, it can lead to protein breakdown, reduced muscle mass, stunted growth, and decreased immunity. 2 , 10 Therefore, the detection of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen content in food has become an important means of assessing the nutritional value and safety of food. 6 , 11 At present, the detection method of the main elements in food is the elemental analyzer method. However, it has the following disadvantages: firstly, the pyrolysis process requires two high-temperature reaction tubes and consumes a large amount of precious metal reductants, such as platinum, tungsten and copper, in the reduction tubes. Secondly, the analysis and detection process are long and each adsorption column needs to be warmed up to work and consumes many different adsorbents. Each element cannot be detected at the same time, can only be detected in turn, the detection time is too long, and the detection process requires the consumption of a large number of carrier gas. Thirdly, the detection limit of the current elemental analyzer is generally around 100µg/g level, which cannot meet the demand for detection of foods with low content, especially those with particularly low nitrogen content. The traditional DC glow discharge ion source is mainly used to analyze metal solid samples. 12 , 13 Food samples produced after combustion in high temperature oxygen-rich environment are gaseous products, so traditional DC glow-discharge ion sources cannot be used for analysis. 14 Although GC-MS has a very wide range of applications in gas detection, but the sample processing time is long, in order to protect the EI source needs carrier gas and high temperature (300 ℃), taking into account that the food samples are in the high temperature and oxygen-rich environment of the deflagration, so the product of the gas inside the oxygen content is very high, in this case the EI in the premise of the carrier gas protection is very easy to oxidize, which reduces the efficiency of the EI source, and will even directly damage the EI source. 15 – 17 In order to achieve rapid, efficient and low-cost detection, this paper adopts a method based on tube combustion furnace and quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS) for the determination of food major element content. A novel hollow electrode DC glow discharge ion source is designed, which can directly pass the gas products generated from the combustion of food samples through the capillary tube into the ion source for ionization. By coupling with a quadrupole mass spectrometer, the selective ion scanning function of the mass spectrometer eliminates the processes of redox, adsorption-desorption, etc., and combines with the detection advantages of the mass spectrometer, such as high sensitivity, wide dynamic range, etc., to achieve a concise, rapid and low-cost detection of carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen major elements in food. 2. Experimental 2.1 Sample and Standard Gas To examine the content of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen elements in different food samples, five different food samples were selected (from the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences). The carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen contents of the five food samples are shown in Table 1 . Table 1 Principal elements in five food samples Sample Substance Carbon content (%) Nitrogen content (%) Hydrogen content (%) 1 Corn flour 39.3949 1.0004 6.4706 2 Soba flour 40.8081 2.054 6.5178 3 Whole meal 45.1892 3.521 7.3064 4 Protein powder1 47.5498 11.1838 7.4933 5 Protein powder2 48.5106 12.9937 7.5049 Standard gas: high-purity argon A r ≥ 99.9992%, high-purity oxygen O 2 ≥ 99.9992%. (Beijing He-Pu Beifen Gas Industry) Experimental platform In this paper, by building the experimental platform of tube combustion furnace and quadrupole mass spectrometer as shown in Fig. 1 , the food samples were combusted under high temperature and oxygen-enriched environment by using the tube combustion furnace, and the gas products were detected through the quadrupole mass spectrometer. Tube combustion furnace In order to ensure that food samples can be quickly combusted at the first time in the tube combustion furnace, this paper designs a tube combustion furnace dedicated to the combustion of solid samples. The reactor is made of high-purity quartz glass, with a length of 400 mm and an inner diameter of 40 mm. In order to ensure that the food samples can be fully combusted, 0.1 g of food samples were selected. In order to determine the amount of oxygen required for combustion, the amount of oxygen required was obtained as 270 ml by doubling the peroxide coefficient. The operating steps of the tube combustion furnace are as follows: 1). The weighed food sample was wrapped in tin foil in the form of a water droplet and placed in the crucible above the reactor. Set the reaction temperature at 960°C, and start heating up according to 25°C per minute. 2). To eliminate interference from air, high-purity argon gas (flow rate of 200 ml/min, working pressure of 0.2 MPa) is continuously introduced into the reactor during the heating process to purge the reactor. 3). After the reaction temperature reaches 960 ℃, the crucible is turned over to drop the sample onto the sieve plate, and high purity oxygen (working pressure 0.2 MPa) is passed into the reactor at a flow rate of 300 ml/min. After the food sample combusts in the high-temperature, oxygen-rich environment, it produces carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen oxides. The gas products are directly passed into the quadrupole mass spectrometer through a capillary tube. 2.2 Novel Hollow Electrode DC Glow Discharge Ion Source The novel hollow electrode glow discharge ion source is mainly composed of two parts, as shown in Fig. 2 . One part is the ionization chamber, which is mainly composed of anode electrode and cathode electrode. The gas sample enters the ionization chamber through a sampling device, and after ionization in the ionization chamber, it leaves the ionization chamber and enters into the ion export area under the action of airflow and electric field force. The ion exit zone consists of a cone electrode and an ion source exit electrode. Positive ions generated by ionization, as well as electrons released from the cathode, and gas molecules that have not been ionized all enter the ion exit zone. In order to improve the sensitivity of the instrument, as well as to ensure that the positive ions can smoothly pass through the ion source and quickly enter the ion transport system, a positive charge is applied to the cone electrode and the ion source exit electrode to ensure that the positive ions can quickly pass through. In order to select the optimal inner diameter and discharge gap of the circular electrode, the ion source model was constructed using the plasma model of the finite element simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics, which was used to simulate the gas discharge. In order to simplify the calculation, a two-dimensional axisymmetric model is used to construct the ion source model, as shown in Fig. 3 , where Anode is the anode, Cathode is the cathode, Cone is cone electrode, and D is the inner diameter of the circular electrode. The meshing is done using a physical field control grid with hyperfine cell size. The plasma simulation calculations are performed using the mixture-averaged diffusion model, the transfer setting is electric field migration, the plasma property is using the approximate electron transfer property, the electron energy distribution function is using Maxwell's equations, and the discretization formula is using the finite element logarithmic formula. Since the gas discharge is related to the nature of the gas itself, argon is used as an example for simulation calculations during the simulation process. 18 – 20 In order to determine the discharge efficiency of the ion source with different circular inner diameters. et the discharge gap of 1 mm, discharge voltage of 300 V, discharge pressure of 20 Pa. Through the simulation of the circular electrode with different inner diameters, the concentration of A r + ions on the center axis are shown in Fig. 4 a. From the figure, it can be observed that the concentration of A r + ions increases and then decrease with the increase in the inner diameter of the circular electrode. When the inner diameter of the ring is between 6 mm and 11 mm, the concentration of A r + ions remains relatively unchanged. Due to the nature of the gas itself will also have an impact on the excitation efficiency of the ion source, the subsequent experimental process in addition to argon there will be other gas samples to be excited, so in order to ensure the versatility of the ion source, the inner diameter of the ring electrode selected 10 mm. In order to select the optimal discharge gap, the concentration of A r + ions on the axis was obtained by adjusting the discharge gap as shown in Fig. 4 b, where the horizontal coordinate is the discharge gap and the vertical coordinate is the A r + ion concentration. From the figure, it can be seen that when the discharge gap is from 0.5 to 1.5 mm, the A r + ion concentration is higher, and along with the increase of the discharge gap, the A r + ion concentration first decreases and then increases. Therefore, the discharge gap between the anode electrode and cathode electrode is chosen to be 1 mm, so that the effect on the ionization chamber will not be significant. According to the above simulation results of the inner diameter of the circular electrode and the discharge gap, so the final choice of the circular electrode inner diameter of 10 mm and the discharge gap of 1 mm, which can ensure to meet the needs of different gas samples ionization. The designed novel hollow electrode DC glow discharge ion source is shown in Fig. 5 . Since the current simulation model does not take into account the space charge effect, and the gas products generated after combustion of food samples is not a single component, the optimal excitation voltage cannot be obtained by simulation. Considering that the gas products after combustion of food are mainly carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides, and given the high carbon content, the concentration of carbon dioxide is relatively high, while the nitrogen content is lower. Therefore, the excitation voltage of the ion source should be set to more effectively excite nitrogen oxides. The simulation gas product is prepared with a bottle of standard gas: 1000 ppm carbon dioxide, 100 ppm nitrogen dioxide, 100 ppm nitric oxide, and the balance gas is argon. Set the ion source gas pressure is 20 Pa, cone voltage 200 V, ion source outlet voltage 200 V. The results are shown in Fig. 6 a. When the excitation voltage is in the range of 600–800 V, the generated NO + ion signal is relatively high. However, as the excitation voltage continues to increase, the NO + ion signal begins to decline. Figure 6 b shows the signal intensity of NO + ions at different pressure within the ion source, which was adjusted using the MFC to control the inlet volume of the gas sample. The NO + ion signal intensity is higher when 18–22 Pa is inside the ion source. Positive electricity is applied to the cone electrode and the ion source exit electrode, which ensures that the positive ions excited within the ion source can quickly leave the ion source. In order to find the optimal cone mouth voltage and ion source exit voltage, the excitation voltage is set to 800 V, the ion source air pressure is 20 Pa, and the ion source exit voltage is 200 V. The relationship between the cone voltage and NO + ion intensity at this time is shown in Fig. 7a, where the signal intensity of NO + ions is highest at a cone voltage of 200 V. As shown in Fig. 7b, when the ion source outlet electrode voltage is 200 V, the NO + ion signal intensity is the highest. The novel hollow electrode DC glow discharge ion source-quadrupole mass spectrometer designed and developed is shown in Fig. 8 . In order to ensure that the sample can be fully combusted, the sample mass is too large will lead to insufficient combustion, and the sample mass is too small, the error of weighing will increase, and the sample mass of 0.1 g is selected. The sample undergoes high-temperature oxy-fuel combustion in a micro-reactor, gas products that flow into a novel hollow electrode DC glow discharge ion source for ionization at a rate of 10 ml/min. The carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen elements in the food sample will generate carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and water, respectively. In order to verify the formation of the corresponding gas products, the full scan is used, considering that the maximum molecular mass number is not more than 70 amu, so the range of the full scanning is 1–70 amu. Due to the high content of argon and oxygen, two ion peaks, 32 and 40, were skipped to protect the multiplier. In order to determine the content of carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen, the three elements were scanned using the selected ion scanning function of the mass spectrometer for the three ion peaks of H 2 O + ( m/z = 18), NO + ( m/z = 30), and CO 2 + ( m/z = 44), respectively. The quantitative standard curves of carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen were plotted separately. 3. Result and discussion In order to test the components of the product gas, the full scan function was obtained in Fig. 9 . Taking Sample 1 as an example, the black spectrum represents the full spectrum when pure argon gas is purged, while the red spectrum corresponds to the gas products obtained after the food sample 1 combust in combustion furnace. From the figure, it can be seen that the peak of m/z 16 O + has reached the limit, indicating that the food sample has been fully combusted. CO 2 ionization produces CO 2 + ions, CO + ions, C + ions, which is mainly CO 2 + ions. NO 2 ionization produces NO 2 + ions, NO + ions, N + ions, which is mainly NO + ions. Water ionization produces H + , H 2 O + ions, which is mainly H 2 O + ions. Therefore, CO 2 + , NO + and H 2 O + ions, respectively, are obtained by conversion of carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen elements. This indicates that the gas products obtained from the deflagration of the food sample in the tubular furnace consist of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and water, confirming that the carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen elements in the food sample have been completely converted into carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and water. Figure 10 a shows the mass spectrum of NO⁺ ions detected in the gas products generated from the combustion of five different food samples. A standard curve was plotted based on the nitrogen content in the five food samples and the intensity of the NO⁺ ions, as shown in Fig. 10 b. In this curve, the horizontal coordinate represents the percentage of nitrogen content and the vertical coordinate represents the intensity of the NO⁺ ions. Figure 11 a shows the mass spectra of CO 2 + ions detected in the gas products generated by combustion of five food samples. Standard curves were plotted according to the content of elemental carbon in the five food samples and the intensity of CO 2 + ions as shown in Fig. 11 b, where the horizontal coordinate is the percentage content of elemental carbon and the vertical coordinate is the intensity of CO 2 + ions. Figure 12 a shows the mass spectra of H 2 O + ions detected in the gas products generated by combustion of five food samples. Standard curves were plotted according to the content of hydrogen in the five food samples and the intensity of H 2 O + ions as shown in Fig. 12 b, where the horizontal coordinate is the percentage hydrogen content and the vertical coordinate is the intensity of H 2 O + ions. The standard curve for carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen elements is shown in Table 2 . Table 2 Standard Curves for Carbon, Nitrogen and Hydrogen Element Ion Standard Curve R 2 C CO 2 + y = 11768x − 308555 0.998 N NO + y = 3517.4x + 3709 0.9977 H H 2 O + y = 9617.8x – 39960 0.9964 3.1 Limit of detection In order to check the detection limit of the instrument, tube combustion furnace and mass spectrometer in the same working conditions as above, without putting food sample, after combustion to collect the gas products 15 times, using the mass spectrometer to detect, record the intensity of CO 2 + ions, NO + ions, H 2 O + ions as a blank, and use this to calculate the standard deviation of the blank, according to the formula for the calculation of detection limit. $$\:{D}_{L}=\frac{{3s}_{B}}{C}$$ Format: \(\:{D}_{L}\) Limit of detection; \(\:{s}_{B}\) standard deviation of 15 consecutive measurement blanks; \(\:C\) slope of the fitted standard curve. From the analysis of the measurements, the standard deviation of the blank for 15 consecutive measurements was calculated to be approximately 7 for NO + ions, 9 for CO 2 + ions, and 9 for H 2 O + ions. according to the slopes of the fitted curves in Table 2 . So the detection limit of elemental carbon: $$\:{D}_{L}=\frac{3\times\:9}{11768}=0.0022\%$$ The minimum amount of elemental carbon that can be detected in 1 g of food is 22 µg, which is 22 µg/g. Using the same method, the limit of detection (LOD) for elemental nitrogen is calculated to be 59 µg/g, and the LOD for elemental hydrogen is calculated to be 28 µg/g. 3.2 Precision In order to ensure the accuracy of the novel hollow-electrode glow discharge mass spectrometry for the detection of major elements in food and to test the stability of the experimental platform of ‘combustion furnace + mass spectrometer’, samples No. 1–5 were weighed and combusted for 10 times each time with the same mass, and the gaseous products generated by the combustion were detected using the mass spectrometer for 10 times, and the peak intensities of NO + , CO 2 + , and H 2 O + ions were detected. NO + , CO 2 + , H 2 O + ion peak intensities, according to the results of 10 measurements and the average value calculated as shown in Table 3 – 5 , the relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 10) 1.1% ~ 4.5%. The results showed that the ‘combustion furnace + mass spectrometer’ experimental platform for the detection of protein content in foodstuffs is accurate and reliable, with high precision, which meets the detection requirements. Table 3 Relative standard deviation results of five food samples tested on the " combustion furnace + mass spectrometry" platform (nitrogen) Sample NO + ion peak intensity/cps Average/cps RSD /% 1 6427 6540 6411 6589 6595 6421 6480 6549 6592 6499 6510 1.1 2 6740 6841 6795 6851 6395 6911 6847 6901 6995 6788 6806 2.4 3 8340 8040 8420 8351 8075 8199 8504 8351 8751 8691 8372 2.8 4 15270 15357 15420 15142 15020 15087 15358 15798 15854 15601 15390 1.9 5 18130 17785 17759 18447 17985 17882 17951 18410 18252 18250 18085 1.4 Table 4 Relative standard deviation results of five food samples tested on the " combustion furnace + mass spectrometry" platform (carbon) Sample CO 2 + ion peak intensity/cps Average/cps RSD /% 1 152720 153842 154578 150247 153854 154857 150247 156852 156820 150014 153403 1.7 2 155860 156801 161589 159520 164258 159985 158853 159520 159825 162718 159892 1.6 3 191060 185985 195820 198643 189741 185962 198520 197438 190549 189983 192370 2.5 4 233585 233250 240850 239570 220894 239648 231520 251750 240860 233250 236518 3.4 5 245800 249740 258840 256180 267570 259830 277510 265410 247560 256740 258518 3.8 Table 5 Relative standard deviation results of five food samples tested on the " combustion furnace + mass spectrometry" platform (nitrogen) Sample H 2 O + ion peak intensity/cps Average/cps RSD /% 1 20110 19880 21830 21060 19680 21040 19870 21580 20480 21580 20711 3.9 2 22320 20870 23580 21720 20990 21040 22150 23370 22300 23100 22144 4.5 3 30210 30810 29890 30590 31090 31830 30140 30570 29940 31010 30608 1.9 4 31840 32080 31820 30590 32190 31570 29390 32880 33050 31750 31716 3.4 5 32090 33570 31820 34080 30190 32770 31990 33570 30980 32980 32404 3.7 4. Conclusion A novel hollow electrode glow discharge quadrupole mass spectrometer was designed and developed for the detection of the main elements in foodstuffs on the experimental platform of ‘tube combustion furnace + quadrupole mass spectrometer’. The detection of carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen was through the detection of NO + , CO 2 + and H 2 O + . It provides a faster, greener, more accurate and low-cost method for the detection of major elements in food. Declarations Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts to declare. Author Contribution Min Ren wrote the main manuscript text.Jian Ren prepared figures1,2,5.All authors reviewed the manuscript Acknowledgements This work was supported by Shanxi Datong University Yungang Special Project [2020YGZX092].; Shanxi Datong University Yungang Studies Special Project[2023YGYB12]. References B. Beljkas, J. Matic, I. Milovanovic, P. Jovanov, A. Misan and L. Saric, Accredit. Qual. Assur. , 2010, 15 , 555-561. 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Shanxi Datong","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jian","middleName":"","lastName":"Ren","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-26 12:08:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6312207/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6312207/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":79675140,"identity":"98b0456b-1736-422e-af90-b1f2e4668c35","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 12:01:14","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":174025,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSchematic diagram of the experimental platform of tube combustion furnace-quadrupole mass spectrometer\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6312207/v1/c5c213f0a7f75f92af1db584.png"},{"id":79675141,"identity":"06c26a3c-4483-44bc-a186-b7bfa1c7513d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 12:01:14","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":12418,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSchematic diagram of a novel hollow electrode DC glow discharge ion source\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6312207/v1/a364bab7936a15fe6dbc3f3d.png"},{"id":79676305,"identity":"97875903-6eb9-4ada-b886-a9b2cd5e1d21","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 12:09:14","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":120528,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIon Source Discharge Model and Mesh Division\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6312207/v1/24cc4f0174aa73371ce16c73.png"},{"id":79675144,"identity":"994109e1-b5a3-4019-b2ec-768e2f0ac98b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 12:01:14","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":53431,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a) Intensity of A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003er\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e ion concentration on the central axis for different circular electrode inner diameters;(b)\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eIntensity of A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003er\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e ion concentration on the central axis at different discharge gaps.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6312207/v1/c6cf65bc38b9bdf54eff5d27.png"},{"id":79675148,"identity":"53bdc9bc-b446-4c58-904b-161a1625a6b0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 12:01:14","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":197028,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSchematic diagram of the novel hollow electrode DC glow discharge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6312207/v1/f29a4bbaf77c08458c279861.png"},{"id":79676306,"identity":"6aa9d2ab-3106-4ce0-bd05-bb4a5eb43af5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 12:09:14","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":44000,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a) Relationship between excitation voltage and NO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e ion intensity;(b)\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eRelationship between the pressure of the ion source and the NO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e ions intensity.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6312207/v1/1082b9e6c8f0526b4037b82f.png"},{"id":79675146,"identity":"2ab72843-cca8-41bc-a104-51f5b611cc79","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 12:01:14","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":52164,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a) Relationship between Cone voltage and NO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e ion intensity;(b)\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eRelationship between Ion source outlet voltage and the NO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e ions intensity.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6312207/v1/a8809d1aa31b7b872cf27a05.png"},{"id":79675157,"identity":"38fc09f1-cdc0-40b5-8621-66e4b1d83ca5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 12:01:14","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":319251,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNovel hollow electrode glow discharge quadrupole mass spectrometer\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6312207/v1/8ce07f9e8eaee6a89bec9877.png"},{"id":79675154,"identity":"a0bc7b0e-348f-4770-a5cb-cf70583f754a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 12:01:14","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":103745,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMass spectrum of combustion products of food sample 1 versus background\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6312207/v1/7dba80f0c01f27f6027ff169.png"},{"id":79675151,"identity":"aa81c5a6-3c0e-4613-a0e0-25dd2b53d45c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 12:01:14","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":88978,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a) Mass spectrum of NO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e ions detected after combustion of five food samples. (b)\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eRelationship between nitrogen content and NO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e ion signal intensity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6312207/v1/c449c74d9630d260b7ca833b.png"},{"id":79676773,"identity":"f535ebb2-4038-4252-8882-5e384ff56554","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 12:17:14","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":50893,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a) Mass spectrum of CO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e ions detected after combustion of five food samples. (b) Relationship between carbon content and CO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e ion signal intensity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6312207/v1/a38c67b8ad3b152527f6ef6c.png"},{"id":79676312,"identity":"2029a5fa-9a22-4787-b3a0-2db30583ff15","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 12:09:14","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":76825,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a) Mass spectrum of CO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e ions detected after combustion of five food samples. (b) Relationship between carbon content and CO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e ion signal intensity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6312207/v1/dd8ef90471fde95d78d79559.png"},{"id":81065683,"identity":"a125cfea-c2ad-48ba-96d8-61ceef035ed0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-21 21:16:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2678679,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6312207/v1/a697a928-5dcb-444a-8fe1-bfa56f42a44d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Quantitative Analysis of Major Elements in Food Based on A Novel Hollow Electrode DC Glow Discharge Ion Source","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe main nutritional components of food include proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. These three substances are all composed of the element carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N), which are present in high amounts in food and are essential for human health. Carbon is the foundation of all organic compounds and is the primary element that makes up the main nutritional components: proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Hydrogen combines with carbon to form organic compounds and is also an important component of water molecules. Nitrogen is primarily found in proteins and is a fundamental element in the structure of amino acids, playing a crucial role in vital life processes.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e In addition, proteins are important components of cells and tissues, playing a key role in the growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues. They are essential constituents of enzymes, which participate in digestion, metabolism, and other physiological processes to ensure the normal functioning of the body.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Antibodies, a special type of protein, are responsible for recognizing and neutralizing foreign pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, thereby enhancing the immune system's function.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Proteins also play a role in maintaining the body's acid-base balance, acting as buffers to help regulate the pH of body fluids, among other functions. In summary, protein plays an indispensable role in maintaining life, promoting growth, and supporting various bodily functions.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Ensuring adequate intake of good quality protein is essential for maintaining good health.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e If the protein content in food fails to meet the body's needs, it can lead to protein breakdown, reduced muscle mass, stunted growth, and decreased immunity.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Therefore, the detection of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen content in food has become an important means of assessing the nutritional value and safety of food.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt present, the detection method of the main elements in food is the elemental analyzer method. However, it has the following disadvantages: firstly, the pyrolysis process requires two high-temperature reaction tubes and consumes a large amount of precious metal reductants, such as platinum, tungsten and copper, in the reduction tubes. Secondly, the analysis and detection process are long and each adsorption column needs to be warmed up to work and consumes many different adsorbents. Each element cannot be detected at the same time, can only be detected in turn, the detection time is too long, and the detection process requires the consumption of a large number of carrier gas. Thirdly, the detection limit of the current elemental analyzer is generally around 100\u0026micro;g/g level, which cannot meet the demand for detection of foods with low content, especially those with particularly low nitrogen content.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe traditional DC glow discharge ion source is mainly used to analyze metal solid samples.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Food samples produced after combustion in high temperature oxygen-rich environment are gaseous products, so traditional DC glow-discharge ion sources cannot be used for analysis.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Although GC-MS has a very wide range of applications in gas detection, but the sample processing time is long, in order to protect the EI source needs carrier gas and high temperature (300 ℃), taking into account that the food samples are in the high temperature and oxygen-rich environment of the deflagration, so the product of the gas inside the oxygen content is very high, in this case the EI in the premise of the carrier gas protection is very easy to oxidize, which reduces the efficiency of the EI source, and will even directly damage the EI source.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to achieve rapid, efficient and low-cost detection, this paper adopts a method based on tube combustion furnace and quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS) for the determination of food major element content. A novel hollow electrode DC glow discharge ion source is designed, which can directly pass the gas products generated from the combustion of food samples through the capillary tube into the ion source for ionization. By coupling with a quadrupole mass spectrometer, the selective ion scanning function of the mass spectrometer eliminates the processes of redox, adsorption-desorption, etc., and combines with the detection advantages of the mass spectrometer, such as high sensitivity, wide dynamic range, etc., to achieve a concise, rapid and low-cost detection of carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen major elements in food.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experimental","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Sample and Standard Gas\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo examine the content of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen elements in different food samples, five different food samples were selected (from the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences). The carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen contents of the five food samples are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrincipal elements in five food samples\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubstance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCarbon content (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNitrogen content (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHydrogen content (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorn flour\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.3949\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.4706\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoba flour\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.8081\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.054\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhole meal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.1892\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.521\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3064\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtein powder1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.5498\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1838\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4933\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtein powder2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.5106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.9937\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5049\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eStandard gas: high-purity argon A\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ge; 99.9992%, high-purity oxygen O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;99.9992%. (Beijing He-Pu Beifen Gas Industry)\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExperimental platform\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn this paper, by building the experimental platform of tube combustion furnace and quadrupole mass spectrometer as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, the food samples were combusted under high temperature and oxygen-enriched environment by using the tube combustion furnace, and the gas products were detected through the quadrupole mass spectrometer.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTube combustion furnace\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn order to ensure that food samples can be quickly combusted at the first time in the tube combustion furnace, this paper designs a tube combustion furnace dedicated to the combustion of solid samples. The reactor is made of high-purity quartz glass, with a length of 400 mm and an inner diameter of 40 mm.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn order to ensure that the food samples can be fully combusted, 0.1 g of food samples were selected. In order to determine the amount of oxygen required for combustion, the amount of oxygen required was obtained as 270 ml by doubling the peroxide coefficient. The operating steps of the tube combustion furnace are as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1). The weighed food sample was wrapped in tin foil in the form of a water droplet and placed in the crucible above the reactor. Set the reaction temperature at 960\u0026deg;C, and start heating up according to 25\u0026deg;C per minute.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2). To eliminate interference from air, high-purity argon gas (flow rate of 200 ml/min, working pressure of 0.2 MPa) is continuously introduced into the reactor during the heating process to purge the reactor.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3). After the reaction temperature reaches 960 ℃, the crucible is turned over to drop the sample onto the sieve plate, and high purity oxygen (working pressure 0.2 MPa) is passed into the reactor at a flow rate of 300 ml/min. After the food sample combusts in the high-temperature, oxygen-rich environment, it produces carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen oxides. The gas products are directly passed into the quadrupole mass spectrometer through a capillary tube.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Novel Hollow Electrode DC Glow Discharge Ion Source\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe novel hollow electrode glow discharge ion source is mainly composed of two parts, as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. One part is the ionization chamber, which is mainly composed of anode electrode and cathode electrode. The gas sample enters the ionization chamber through a sampling device, and after ionization in the ionization chamber, it leaves the ionization chamber and enters into the ion export area under the action of airflow and electric field force. The ion exit zone consists of a cone electrode and an ion source exit electrode. Positive ions generated by ionization, as well as electrons released from the cathode, and gas molecules that have not been ionized all enter the ion exit zone. In order to improve the sensitivity of the instrument, as well as to ensure that the positive ions can smoothly pass through the ion source and quickly enter the ion transport system, a positive charge is applied to the cone electrode and the ion source exit electrode to ensure that the positive ions can quickly pass through.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn order to select the optimal inner diameter and discharge gap of the circular electrode, the ion source model was constructed using the plasma model of the finite element simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics, which was used to simulate the gas discharge. In order to simplify the calculation, a two-dimensional axisymmetric model is used to construct the ion source model, as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, where Anode is the anode, Cathode is the cathode, Cone is cone electrode, and D is the inner diameter of the circular electrode. The meshing is done using a physical field control grid with hyperfine cell size. The plasma simulation calculations are performed using the mixture-averaged diffusion model, the transfer setting is electric field migration, the plasma property is using the approximate electron transfer property, the electron energy distribution function is using Maxwell\u0026apos;s equations, and the discretization formula is using the finite element logarithmic formula. Since the gas discharge is related to the nature of the gas itself, argon is used as an example for simulation calculations during the simulation process.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn order to determine the discharge efficiency of the ion source with different circular inner diameters. et the discharge gap of 1 mm, discharge voltage of 300 V, discharge pressure of 20 Pa. Through the simulation of the circular electrode with different inner diameters, the concentration of A\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions on the center axis are shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea. From the figure, it can be observed that the concentration of A\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions increases and then decrease with the increase in the inner diameter of the circular electrode. When the inner diameter of the ring is between 6 mm and 11 mm, the concentration of A\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions remains relatively unchanged. Due to the nature of the gas itself will also have an impact on the excitation efficiency of the ion source, the subsequent experimental process in addition to argon there will be other gas samples to be excited, so in order to ensure the versatility of the ion source, the inner diameter of the ring electrode selected 10 mm.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn order to select the optimal discharge gap, the concentration of A\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions on the axis was obtained by adjusting the discharge gap as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eb, where the horizontal coordinate is the discharge gap and the vertical coordinate is the A\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ion concentration. From the figure, it can be seen that when the discharge gap is from 0.5 to 1.5 mm, the A\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ion concentration is higher, and along with the increase of the discharge gap, the A\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ion concentration first decreases and then increases. Therefore, the discharge gap between the anode electrode and cathode electrode is chosen to be 1 mm, so that the effect on the ionization chamber will not be significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccording to the above simulation results of the inner diameter of the circular electrode and the discharge gap, so the final choice of the circular electrode inner diameter of 10 mm and the discharge gap of 1 mm, which can ensure to meet the needs of different gas samples ionization. The designed novel hollow electrode DC glow discharge ion source is shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSince the current simulation model does not take into account the space charge effect, and the gas products generated after combustion of food samples is not a single component, the optimal excitation voltage cannot be obtained by simulation. Considering that the gas products after combustion of food are mainly carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides, and given the high carbon content, the concentration of carbon dioxide is relatively high, while the nitrogen content is lower. Therefore, the excitation voltage of the ion source should be set to more effectively excite nitrogen oxides. The simulation gas product is prepared with a bottle of standard gas: 1000 ppm carbon dioxide, 100 ppm nitrogen dioxide, 100 ppm nitric oxide, and the balance gas is argon. Set the ion source gas pressure is 20 Pa, cone voltage 200 V, ion source outlet voltage 200 V. The results are shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ea. When the excitation voltage is in the range of 600\u0026ndash;800 V, the generated NO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ion signal is relatively high. However, as the excitation voltage continues to increase, the NO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ion signal begins to decline.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eb shows the signal intensity of NO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions at different pressure within the ion source, which was adjusted using the MFC to control the inlet volume of the gas sample. The NO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ion signal intensity is higher when 18\u0026ndash;22 Pa is inside the ion source.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositive electricity is applied to the cone electrode and the ion source exit electrode, which ensures that the positive ions excited within the ion source can quickly leave the ion source. In order to find the optimal cone mouth voltage and ion source exit voltage, the excitation voltage is set to 800 V, the ion source air pressure is 20 Pa, and the ion source exit voltage is 200 V. The relationship between the cone voltage and NO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ion intensity at this time is shown in Fig. 7a, where the signal intensity of NO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions is highest at a cone voltage of 200 V. As shown in Fig. 7b, when the ion source outlet electrode voltage is 200 V, the NO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ion signal intensity is the highest.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe novel hollow electrode DC glow discharge ion source-quadrupole mass spectrometer designed and developed is shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e. In order to ensure that the sample can be fully combusted, the sample mass is too large will lead to insufficient combustion, and the sample mass is too small, the error of weighing will increase, and the sample mass of 0.1 g is selected. The sample undergoes high-temperature oxy-fuel combustion in a micro-reactor, gas products that flow into a novel hollow electrode DC glow discharge ion source for ionization at a rate of 10 ml/min. The carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen elements in the food sample will generate carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and water, respectively. In order to verify the formation of the corresponding gas products, the full scan is used, considering that the maximum molecular mass number is not more than 70 amu, so the range of the full scanning is 1\u0026ndash;70 amu. Due to the high content of argon and oxygen, two ion peaks, 32 and 40, were skipped to protect the multiplier. In order to determine the content of carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen, the three elements were scanned using the selected ion scanning function of the mass spectrometer for the three ion peaks of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e (\u003cem\u003em/z\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18), NO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e (\u003cem\u003em/z\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30), and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e (\u003cem\u003em/z\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;44), respectively. The quantitative standard curves of carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen were plotted separately.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Result and discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn order to test the components of the product gas, the full scan function was obtained in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e. Taking Sample 1 as an example, the black spectrum represents the full spectrum when pure argon gas is purged, while the red spectrum corresponds to the gas products obtained after the food sample 1 combust in combustion furnace. From the figure, it can be seen that the peak of \u003cem\u003em/z\u003c/em\u003e 16 O\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e has reached the limit, indicating that the food sample has been fully combusted. CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e ionization produces CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions, CO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions, C\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions, which is mainly CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions. NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e ionization produces NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions, NO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions, N\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions, which is mainly NO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions. Water ionization produces H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions, which is mainly H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions. Therefore, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, NO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions, respectively, are obtained by conversion of carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen elements. This indicates that the gas products obtained from the deflagration of the food sample in the tubular furnace consist of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and water, confirming that the carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen elements in the food sample have been completely converted into carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and water.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003ea shows the mass spectrum of NO⁺ ions detected in the gas products generated from the combustion of five different food samples. A standard curve was plotted based on the nitrogen content in the five food samples and the intensity of the NO⁺ ions, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003eb. In this curve, the horizontal coordinate represents the percentage of nitrogen content and the vertical coordinate represents the intensity of the NO⁺ ions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003ea shows the mass spectra of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions detected in the gas products generated by combustion of five food samples. Standard curves were plotted according to the content of elemental carbon in the five food samples and the intensity of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003eb, where the horizontal coordinate is the percentage content of elemental carbon and the vertical coordinate is the intensity of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003ea shows the mass spectra of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions detected in the gas products generated by combustion of five food samples. Standard curves were plotted according to the content of hydrogen in the five food samples and the intensity of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003eb, where the horizontal coordinate is the percentage hydrogen content and the vertical coordinate is the intensity of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe standard curve for carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen elements is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard Curves for Carbon, Nitrogen and Hydrogen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard Curve\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ey\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11768x \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;308555\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.998\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ey\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3517.4x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3709\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9977\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ey\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9617.8x \u0026ndash; 39960\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9964\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Limit of detection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to check the detection limit of the instrument, tube combustion furnace and mass spectrometer in the same working conditions as above, without putting food sample, after combustion to collect the gas products 15 times, using the mass spectrometer to detect, record the intensity of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions, NO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions as a blank, and use this to calculate the standard deviation of the blank, according to the formula for the calculation of detection limit.\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{D}_{L}=\\frac{{3s}_{B}}{C}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFormat:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{D}_{L}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimit of detection;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{s}_{B}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003estandard deviation of 15 consecutive measurement blanks;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:C\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eslope of the fitted standard curve.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the analysis of the measurements, the standard deviation of the blank for 15 consecutive measurements was calculated to be approximately 7 for NO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions, 9 for CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions, and 9 for H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions. according to the slopes of the fitted curves in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. So the detection limit of elemental carbon:\u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{D}_{L}=\\frac{3\\times\\:9}{11768}=0.0022\\%$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe minimum amount of elemental carbon that can be detected in 1 g of food is 22 \u0026micro;g, which is 22 \u0026micro;g/g. Using the same method, the limit of detection (LOD) for elemental nitrogen is calculated to be 59 \u0026micro;g/g, and the LOD for elemental hydrogen is calculated to be 28 \u0026micro;g/g.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Precision\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to ensure the accuracy of the novel hollow-electrode glow discharge mass spectrometry for the detection of major elements in food and to test the stability of the experimental platform of \u0026lsquo;combustion furnace\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;mass spectrometer\u0026rsquo;, samples No. 1\u0026ndash;5 were weighed and combusted for 10 times each time with the same mass, and the gaseous products generated by the combustion were detected using the mass spectrometer for 10 times, and the peak intensities of NO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions were detected. NO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ion peak intensities, according to the results of 10 measurements and the average value calculated as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, the relative standard deviation (RSD, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10) 1.1% ~ 4.5%. The results showed that the \u0026lsquo;combustion furnace\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;mass spectrometer\u0026rsquo; experimental platform for the detection of protein content in foodstuffs is accurate and reliable, with high precision, which meets the detection requirements.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative standard deviation results of five food samples tested on the \" combustion furnace\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;mass spectrometry\" platform (nitrogen)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ion peak intensity/cps\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage/cps\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRSD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e/%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6427\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6411\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6589\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6595\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6421\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6549\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6592\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6499\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6510\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6740\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6841\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6795\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6851\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6395\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6911\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6847\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6901\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6995\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6788\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6806\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8420\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8351\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8075\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8199\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8504\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8351\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8751\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8691\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8372\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15270\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15357\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15420\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15087\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15358\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15798\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15854\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15601\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15390\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17785\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17759\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18447\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17985\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17882\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17951\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18410\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18252\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative standard deviation results of five food samples tested on the \" combustion furnace\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;mass spectrometry\" platform (carbon)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ion peak intensity/cps\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage/cps\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRSD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e/%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152720\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153842\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154578\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153854\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154857\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156852\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156820\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153403\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155860\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156801\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e161589\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159520\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e164258\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159985\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158853\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159520\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159825\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162718\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159892\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e191060\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e185985\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e195820\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198643\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e189741\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e185962\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198520\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e197438\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e190549\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e189983\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e192370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e233585\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e233250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e240850\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e239570\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e220894\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e239648\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e231520\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e251750\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e240860\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e233250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236518\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e245800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e249740\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e258840\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e267570\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e259830\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e277510\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e265410\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e247560\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256740\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e258518\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative standard deviation results of five food samples tested on the \" combustion furnace\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;mass spectrometry\" platform (nitrogen)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ion peak intensity/cps\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage/cps\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRSD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e/%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19880\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21830\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21060\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19680\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19870\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21580\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21580\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20711\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22320\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20870\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23580\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21720\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20990\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30810\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29890\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30590\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31090\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31830\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30570\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29940\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30608\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31840\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32080\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31820\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30590\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32190\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31570\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29390\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32880\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31750\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31716\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32090\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33570\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31820\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34080\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30190\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32770\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31990\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33570\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30980\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32980\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32404\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eA novel hollow electrode glow discharge quadrupole mass spectrometer was designed and developed for the detection of the main elements in foodstuffs on the experimental platform of \u0026lsquo;tube combustion furnace\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;quadrupole mass spectrometer\u0026rsquo;. The detection of carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen was through the detection of NO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e. It provides a faster, greener, more accurate and low-cost method for the detection of major elements in food.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflicts of interest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are no conflicts to declare.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin Ren wrote the main manuscript text.Jian Ren prepared figures1,2,5.All authors reviewed the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by Shanxi Datong University Yungang Special Project [2020YGZX092].; Shanxi Datong University Yungang Studies Special Project[2023YGYB12].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eB. Beljkas, J. Matic, I. Milovanovic, P. Jovanov, A. Misan and L. Saric, \u003cem\u003eAccredit. Qual. Assur.\u003c/em\u003e, 2010, \u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e, 555-561. 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Bilikmen, \u003cem\u003ePhysics Letters A\u003c/em\u003e, 2007, \u003cstrong\u003e367\u003c/strong\u003e, 114-119. DOI: 10.1016/j.physleta.2007.02.073\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZ. L. Xiong, Y. Q. Wang and M. Q. Li, \u003cem\u003ePlasma Science \u0026amp; Technology\u003c/em\u003e, 2023, \u003cstrong\u003e25\u003c/strong\u003e,58-65. DOI: 10.1088/2058-6272/acac04\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"novel hollow electrode DC glow discharge ion source, quadrupole mass spectrometer, food security, quantitative analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6312207/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6312207/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe content of major elements in food is an important indicator of nutritional value and food security, so it is significant to accurately detect the content of major elements in food. In this paper, a novel hollow electrode DC glow discharge ion source was designed. The experimental platform of \u0026lsquo;tube combustion furnace\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;quadrupole mass spectrometer\u0026rsquo; was set up to detect the content of major elements in food. Five food samples were selected and combusted in a high temperature (960\u0026deg;C) oxygen-enriched environment using a tube combustion furnace. The gas products were passed into a novel hollow electrode DC glow discharge ion source for ionization. The selected ion scanning function of quadrupole mass spectrometer was used to detect CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions, NO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions, and the standard curves were plotted to obtain the detection limits of 22 \u0026micro;g/g for carbon, 59 \u0026micro;g/g for nitrogen and 28 \u0026micro;g/g for hydrogen with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 1.1\u0026ndash;4.5%. It provides a rapid, accurate and environmentally friendly method for the determination of major elements in food.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Quantitative Analysis of Major Elements in Food Based on A Novel Hollow Electrode DC Glow Discharge Ion Source","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-01 12:01:09","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6312207/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e4c17bce-746c-4acb-ac92-770c8e4cf17e","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 1st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-04-21T21:08:22+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-01 12:01:09","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6312207","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6312207","identity":"rs-6312207","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}