Risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of COVID-19 associated with mask use outside the home in Indonesia during the mandatory policy

Risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and... | F1000Research "use strict";function _typeof(t){return(_typeof="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(t){return typeof t}:function(t){return t&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&t.constructor===Symbol&&t!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof t})(t)}!function(){var t=function(){var t,e,o=[],n=window,r=n;for(;r;){try{if(r.frames.__tcfapiLocator){t=r;break}}catch(t){}if(r===n.top)break;r=r.parent}t||(!function t(){var e=n.document,o=!!n.frames.__tcfapiLocator;if(!o)if(e.body){var r=e.createElement("iframe");r.style.cssText="display:none",r.name="__tcfapiLocator",e.body.appendChild(r)}else setTimeout(t,5);return!o}(),n.__tcfapi=function(){for(var t=arguments.length,n=new Array(t),r=0;r 3&&2===parseInt(n[1],10)&&"boolean"==typeof n[3]&&(e=n[3],"function"==typeof n[2]&&n[2]("set",!0)):"ping"===n[0]?"function"==typeof n[2]&&n[2]({gdprApplies:e,cmpLoaded:!1,cmpStatus:"stub"}):o.push(n)},n.addEventListener("message",(function(t){var e="string"==typeof t.data,o={};if(e)try{o=JSON.parse(t.data)}catch(t){}else o=t.data;var n="object"===_typeof(o)&&null!==o?o.__tcfapiCall:null;n&&window.__tcfapi(n.command,n.version,(function(o,r){var a={__tcfapiReturn:{returnValue:o,success:r,callId:n.callId}};t&&t.source&&t.source.postMessage&&t.source.postMessage(e?JSON.stringify(a):a,"*")}),n.parameter)}),!1))};"undefined"!=typeof module?module.exports=t:t()}(); dataLayer = dataLayer || []; // Standard GTM initialization - Google Consent Mode handles consent automatically (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl+ '>m_auth=hzk0Vc3qFsQYhCrIoHz68A>m_preview=env-1>m_cookies_win=x';f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MWFK8L5J'); ;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}}; ;NREUM.loader_config={accountID:"438030",trustKey:"438030",agentID:"772317073",licenseKey:"97f8f67f26",applicationID:"772317073"} ;NREUM.info={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",licenseKey:"97f8f67f26",applicationID:"772317073",sa:1} ;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.236.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{"use strict";var e,t,r={5763:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{P_:()=>l,Mt:()=>g,C5:()=>s,DL:()=>v,OP:()=>T,lF:()=>D,Yu:()=>y,Dg:()=>h,CX:()=>c,GE:()=>b,sU:()=>_});var n=r(8632),i=r(9567);const o={beacon:n.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:n.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.D)(t,o),(0,n.Qy)(e,a[e],"info")}var u=r(7056);const d=()=>{const e={blockSelector:"[data-nr-block]",maskInputOptions:{password:!0}};return{allow_bfcache:!0,privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},session:{domain:void 0,expiresMs:u.oD,inactiveMs:u.Hb},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},metrics:{enabled:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30},page_view_event:{enabled:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},session_replay:{enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,sampleRate:.1,errorSampleRate:.1,maskTextSelector:"*",maskAllInputs:!0,get blockClass(){return"nr-block"},get ignoreClass(){return"nr-ignore"},get maskTextClass(){return"nr-mask"},get blockSelector(){return e.blockSelector},set blockSelector(t){e.blockSelector+=",".concat(t)},get maskInputOptions(){return e.maskInputOptions},set maskInputOptions(t){e.maskInputOptions={...t,password:!0}}},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10}}},f={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");if(!f[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return f[e]}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");f[e]=(0,i.D)(t,d()),(0,n.Qy)(e,f[e],"config")}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");var r=l(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i {r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(50);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occurred while setting a property of a Configurable",e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}},6818:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Re:()=>i,gF:()=>o,q4:()=>n});const n="1.236.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},385:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{FN:()=>a,IF:()=>u,Nk:()=>f,Tt:()=>s,_A:()=>o,il:()=>n,pL:()=>c,v6:()=>i,w1:()=>d});const n="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,i="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),o=n?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),a=""+o?.location,s=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(navigator.userAgent),c=s&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,u=(()=>{const e=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),d=Boolean(n&&window.document.documentMode),f=!!navigator.sendBeacon},1117:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(50);const i={agentIdentifier:"",ee:void 0};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},8e3:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{L:()=>d,R:()=>c});var n=r(2177),i=r(1284),o=r(4322),a=r(3325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function d(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return a(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const r=[...s[e]];function a(t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u {let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(r.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),r.forEach((e=>{let[t]=e;a(t)})))}function f(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},2177:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{c:()=>f,ee:()=>u});var n=r(8632),i=r(2210),o=r(1284),a=r(5763),s="nr@context";let c=(0,n.fP)();var u;function d(){}function f(e){return(0,i.X)(e,s,l)}function l(){return new d}function h(){u.aborted=!0,u.backlog={}}c.ee?u=c.ee:(u=function e(t,r){var n={},c={},f={},g=!1;try{g=16===r.length&&(0,a.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var p={on:b,addEventListener:b,removeEventListener:y,emit:v,get:x,listeners:w,context:m,buffer:A,abort:h,aborted:!1,isBuffering:E,debugId:r,backlog:g?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return p;function m(e){return e&&e instanceof d?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,s,l):l()}function v(e,r,n,i,o){if(!1!==o&&(o=!0),!u.aborted||i){t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=m(n),s=w(e),d=s.length,f=0;fn,p:()=>i});var n=r(2177).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4322:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(5546);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3239:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(385);let i=!1,o=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return o=!0,!1}};n._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),n._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function a(e,t){return i||o?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}},4402:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Ht:()=>u,M:()=>c,Rl:()=>a,ky:()=>s});var n=r(385);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,++r).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s {r.d(t,{Bq:()=>n,Hb:()=>o,oD:()=>i});const n="NRBA",i=144e5,o=18e5},7894:(e,t,r)=>{function n(){return Math.round(performance.now())}r.d(t,{z:()=>n})},7243:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{e:()=>o});var n=r(385),i={};function o(e){if(e in i)return i[e];if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};let t;var r=n._A?.location,o={};if(n.il)t=document.createElement("a"),t.href=e;else try{t=new URL(e,r.href)}catch(e){return o}o.port=t.port;var a=t.href.split("://");!o.port&&a[1]&&(o.port=a[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),o.port&&"0"!==o.port||(o.port="https"===a[0]?"443":"80"),o.hostname=t.hostname||r.hostname,o.pathname=t.pathname,o.protocol=a[0],"/"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname="/"+o.pathname);var s=!t.protocol||":"===t.protocol||t.protocol===r.protocol,c=t.hostname===r.hostname&&t.port===r.port;return o.sameOrigin=s&&(!t.hostname||c),"/"===o.pathname&&(i[e]=o),o}},50:(e,t,r)=>{function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},2587:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{N:()=>c,T:()=>u});var n=r(2177),i=r(5546),o=r(8e3),a=r(3325);const s={stn:[a.D.sessionTrace],err:[a.D.jserrors,a.D.metrics],ins:[a.D.pageAction],spa:[a.D.spa],sr:[a.D.sessionReplay,a.D.sessionTrace]};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&(Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,n]=e;void 0===u[t]&&(s[t]?s[t].forEach((e=>{n?(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,e,r):(0,i.p)("block-"+t,[],void 0,e,r),(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+t,[Boolean(n)],void 0,e,r)})):n&&(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,void 0,r),u[t]=Boolean(n))})),Object.keys(s).forEach((e=>{void 0===u[e]&&(s[e]?.forEach((t=>(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+e,[!1],void 0,t,r))),u[e]=!1)})),(0,o.L)(t,a.D.pageViewEvent))}const u={}},2210:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},1284:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{D:()=>n});const n=(e,t)=>Object.entries(e||{}).map((e=>{let[r,n]=e;return t(r,n)}))},4351:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{P:()=>o});var n=r(2177);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}},3960:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{K:()=>a,b:()=>o});var n=r(3239);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},8632:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{EZ:()=>u,Qy:()=>c,ce:()=>o,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>d,mF:()=>s});var n=r(7894),i=r(385);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t,r){let i=a();const o=i.initializedAgents||{},s=o[e]||{};return Object.keys(s).length||(s.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.z)(),date:new Date}),i.initializedAgents={...o,[e]:{...s,[r]:t}},i}function u(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},7956:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{N:()=>i});var n=r(3239);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1],r=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;return void(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"==document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},1214:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{em:()=>v,u5:()=>N,QU:()=>S,_L:()=>I,Gm:()=>L,Lg:()=>M,gy:()=>U,BV:()=>Q,Kf:()=>ee});var n=r(2177);const i="nr@original";var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,a=!1;function s(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");var a,s,c,u="-"===n.charAt(0);for(c=0;c 2?n-2:0),o=2;o {r(A[T],e,w),r(E[T],e,w)})),r(l._A,"fetch",y),t.on(y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(y+"done",[e],n)})),t}const O={},j=["pushState","replaceState"];function S(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("history")}(e);return!l.il||O[t.debugId]++||(O[t.debugId]=1,s(t).inPlace(window.history,j,"-")),t}var P=r(3239);const C={},R=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function I(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!l.il||C[t.debugId])return t;C[t.debugId]=!0;var r=s(t),i=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,o=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,a=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function c(e,t){var r=e.match(a),n=r[1],i=r[3];return i?c(i,t[n]):t[n]}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,R,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var n=(a=e.src,s=a.match(i),s?s[1]:null);var a,s;if(!n)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(o);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:c(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(n);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function f(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1))}function l(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}var k=r(5763);const H={};function L(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!l.il||H[t.debugId])return t;H[t.debugId]=!0;var r=s(t),i=k.Yu.MO;return i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof i?new i(r(e,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype),t}const z={};function M(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(z[t.debugId])return t;z[t.debugId]=!0;var r=n.c,o=s(t),a=k.Yu.PR;return a&&function(){function e(r){var n=t.context(),i=o(r,"executor-",n,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(a,[i],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return n},s}l._A.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return a.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,a),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=a[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=a[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=a.prototype;const n=a.prototype.then;a.prototype.then=function(){var e=this,i=r(e);i.promise=e;for(var a=arguments.length,s=new Array(a),c=0;c e())),t};function m(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",E)}function b(){var e=this,t=r.context(e);e.readyState>3&&!t.resolved&&(t.resolved=!0,r.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,f,"fn-",E)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,p),p.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(p.prototype,J,"-xhr-",E),r.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){m(e,t),function(e){h.push(e),a&&(y?y.then(A):u?u(A):(w=-w,x.data=w))}(t)})),r.on("open-xhr-start",m),a){var y=c&&c.resolve();if(!u&&!c){var w=1,x=document.createTextNode(w);new a(A).observe(x,{characterData:!0})}}else t.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===d||A()}));function A(){for(var e=0;e {r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.ajax},6660:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{A:()=>i,t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.jserrors,i="nr@seenError"},3081:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{gF:()=>o,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>n,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},4649:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageAction},7633:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Dz:()=>i,OJ:()=>a,qw:()=>o,t9:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewEvent,i="firstbyte",o="domcontent",a="windowload"},9251:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewTiming},3614:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{BST_RESOURCE:()=>i,END:()=>s,FEATURE_NAME:()=>n,FN_END:()=>u,FN_START:()=>c,PUSH_STATE:()=>d,RESOURCE:()=>o,START:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState"},7836:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{BODY:()=>A,CB_END:()=>E,CB_START:()=>u,END:()=>x,FEATURE_NAME:()=>i,FETCH:()=>_,FETCH_BODY:()=>v,FETCH_DONE:()=>m,FETCH_START:()=>p,FN_END:()=>c,FN_START:()=>s,INTERACTION:()=>l,INTERACTION_API:()=>d,INTERACTION_EVENTS:()=>o,JSONP_END:()=>b,JSONP_NODE:()=>g,JS_TIME:()=>T,MAX_TIMER_BUDGET:()=>a,REMAINING:()=>f,SPA_NODE:()=>h,START:()=>w,originalSetTimeout:()=>y});var n=r(5763);const i=r(3325).D.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",f="remaining",l="interaction",h="spaNode",g="jsonpNode",p="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=n.Yu.ST,w="-start",x="-end",A="-body",E="cb"+x,T="jsTime",_="fetch"},5938:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(5763),i=r(2177);class o{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=i.ee.get(e,(0,n.OP)(this.agentIdentifier).isolatedBacklog),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1}}},9144:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{j:()=>m});var n=r(3325),i=r(5763),o=r(5546),a=r(2177),s=r(7894),c=r(8e3),u=r(3960),d=r(385),f=r(50),l=r(3081),h=r(8632);function g(){const e=(0,h.gG)();["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r),i=0;i 1?r-1:0),i=1;i {e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&o.push(e.api[t](...n))})),o.length>1?o:o[0]}(t,...n)}}))}var p=r(2587);function m(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},m=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,v=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:b,info:y,loader_config:w,runtime:x={loaderType:m},exposed:A=!0}=t;const E=(0,h.gG)();y||(b=E.init,y=E.info,w=E.loader_config),(0,i.Dg)(e,b||{}),(0,i.GE)(e,w||{}),(0,i.sU)(e,x),y.jsAttributes??={},d.v6&&(y.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.CX)(e,y),g();const T=function(e,t){t||(0,c.R)(e,"api");const h={};var g=a.ee.get(e),p=g.get("tracer"),m="api-",v=m+"ixn-";function b(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.C5)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.CX)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),x(m,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function y(){}["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"].forEach((e=>h[e]=x(m,e,!0,"api"))),h.addPageAction=x(m,"addPageAction",!0,n.D.pageAction),h.setCurrentRouteName=x(m,"routeName",!0,n.D.spa),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,i.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,x(m,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return b(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nNon-null value must be a string or number type, but a type of was provided."))}else(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nName must be a string type, but a type of was provided."))},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setUserId.\nNon-null value must be a string type, but a type of was provided."))},h.interaction=function(){return(new y).get()};var w=y.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,a="function"==typeof t;return(0,o.p)(v+"tracer",[(0,s.z)(),e,r],i,n.D.spa,g),function(){if(p.emit((a?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,s.z)(),i,a],r),a)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw p.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,"string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e],r),e}finally{p.emit("fn-end",[(0,s.z)()],r)}}}};function x(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,g),i&&(0,o.p)(e+t,[(0,s.z)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,g),r?void 0:this}}function A(){r.e(439).then(r.bind(r,7438)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,c.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>(0,f.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed...")))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{w[e]=x(v,e,void 0,n.D.spa)})),h.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,g),(0,o.p)("err",[e,(0,s.z)(),!1,t],void 0,n.D.jserrors,g)},d.il?(0,u.b)((()=>A()),!0):A(),h}(e,v);return(0,h.Qy)(e,T,"api"),(0,h.Qy)(e,A,"exposed"),(0,h.EZ)("activatedFeatures",p.T),T}},3325:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>(({78:"page_action-aggregate",147:"metrics-aggregate",242:"session-manager",317:"jserrors-aggregate",348:"page_view_timing-aggregate",412:"lazy-feature-loader",439:"async-api",538:"recorder",590:"session_replay-aggregate",675:"compressor",733:"session_trace-aggregate",786:"page_view_event-aggregate",873:"spa-aggregate",898:"ajax-aggregate"}[e]||e)+"."+{78:"ac76d497",147:"3dc53903",148:"1a20d5fe",242:"2a64278a",317:"49e41428",348:"bd6de33a",412:"2f55ce66",439:"30bd804e",538:"1b18459f",590:"cf0efb30",675:"ae9f91a8",733:"83105561",786:"06482edd",860:"03a8b7a5",873:"e6b09d52",898:"998ef92b"}[e]+"-1.236.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d {s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(h);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},h=setTimeout(l.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=l.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=l.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.j=364,i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={364:0,953:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u {i.r(o);var e=i(3325),t=i(5763);const r=Object.values(e.D);function n(e){const n={};return r.forEach((r=>{n[r]=function(e,r){return!1!==(0,t.Mt)(r,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),n}var a=i(9144);var s=i(5546),c=i(385),u=i(8e3),d=i(5938),f=i(3960),l=i(50);class h extends d.W{constructor(e,t,r){let n=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.auto=n,this.abortHandler,this.featAggregate,this.onAggregateImported,n&&(0,u.R)(e,r)}importAggregator(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;const r=c.il&&!0===(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"privacy.cookies_enabled");let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let t;try{if(r){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await Promise.all([i.e(860),i.e(242)]).then(i.bind(i,3228));t=e(this.agentIdentifier)}}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("A problem occurred when starting up session manager. This page will not start or extend any session.",e)}try{if(!this.shouldImportAgg(this.featureName,t))return void(0,u.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName);const{lazyFeatureLoader:r}=await i.e(412).then(i.bind(i,8582)),{Aggregate:o}=await r(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new o(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator,e),n(!0)}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("Downloading and initializing ".concat(this.featureName," failed..."),e),this.abortHandler?.(),n(!1)}};c.il?(0,f.b)((()=>o()),!0):o()}shouldImportAgg(r,n){return r!==e.D.sessionReplay||!1!==(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"session_trace.enabled")&&(!!n?.isNew||!!n?.state.sessionReplay)}}var g=i(7633),p=i(7894);class m extends h{static featureName=g.t9;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];if(super(r,n,g.t9,i),("undefined"==typeof PerformanceNavigationTiming||c.Tt)&&"undefined"!=typeof PerformanceTiming){const n=(0,t.OP)(r);n[g.Dz]=Math.max(Date.now()-n.offset,0),(0,f.K)((()=>n[g.qw]=Math.max((0,p.z)()-n[g.Dz],0))),(0,f.b)((()=>{const t=(0,p.z)();n[g.OJ]=Math.max(t-n[g.Dz],0),(0,s.p)("timing",["load",t],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}this.importAggregator()}}var v=i(1117),b=i(1284);class y extends v.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,b.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=w(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,b.D)(r,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=w(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=x(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=w(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r="",n=!1,i=0;i t.max&&(t.max=e),e 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,r,j.t,n),c.il&&((0,t.OP)(e).initHidden=Boolean("hidden"===document.visibilityState),(0,N.N)((()=>(0,s.p)("docHidden",[(0,p.z)()],void 0,j.t,this.ee)),!0),(0,O.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,s.p)("winPagehide",[(0,p.z)()],void 0,j.t,this.ee))),this.importAggregator())}}var P=i(3081);class C extends h{static featureName=P.t9;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,P.t9,r),this.importAggregator()}}var R,I=i(2210),k=i(1214),H=i(2177),L={};try{R=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(L.console=!0,-1!==R.indexOf("dev")&&(L.dev=!0),-1!==R.indexOf("nr_dev")&&(L.nrDev=!0))}catch(e){}function z(e){try{L.console&&z(e)}catch(e){}}L.nrDev&&H.ee.on("internal-error",(function(e){z(e.stack)})),L.dev&&H.ee.on("fn-err",(function(e,t,r){z(r.stack)})),L.dev&&(z("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),z("flags: "+(0,b.D)(L,(function(e,t){return e})).join(", ")));var M=i(6660);class B extends h{static featureName=M.t;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,M.t,i),this.skipNext=0;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}const o=this;o.ee.on("fn-start",(function(e,t,r){o.abortHandler&&(o.skipNext+=1)})),o.ee.on("fn-err",(function(t,r,n){o.abortHandler&&!n[M.A]&&((0,I.X)(n,M.A,(function(){return!0})),this.thrown=!0,(0,s.p)("err",[n,(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.jserrors,o.ee))})),o.ee.on("fn-end",(function(){o.abortHandler&&!this.thrown&&o.skipNext>0&&(o.skipNext-=1)})),o.ee.on("internal-error",(function(t){(0,s.p)("ierr",[t,(0,p.z)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,o.ee)})),this.origOnerror=c._A.onerror,c._A.onerror=this.onerrorHandler.bind(this),c._A.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(t=>{const r=function(e){let t="Unhandled Promise Rejection: ";if(e instanceof Error)try{return e.message=t+e.message,e}catch(t){return e}if(void 0===e)return new Error(t);try{return new Error(t+(0,D.P)(e))}catch(e){return new Error(t)}}(t.reason);(0,s.p)("err",[r,(0,p.z)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1}],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}),(0,O.m$)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),(0,k.gy)(this.ee),(0,k.BV)(this.ee),(0,k.em)(this.ee),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}onerrorHandler(t,r,n,i,o){"function"==typeof this.origOnerror&&this.origOnerror(...arguments);try{this.skipNext?this.skipNext-=1:(0,s.p)("err",[o||new F(t,r,n),(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}catch(t){try{(0,s.p)("ierr",[t,(0,p.z)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}catch(e){}}return!1}}function F(e,t,r){this.message=e||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r}let U=1;const q="nr@id";function G(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===c._A?0:(0,I.X)(e,q,(function(){return U++}))}function V(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,D.P)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var X=i(7243);class W{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.generateTracePayload=this.generateTracePayload.bind(this),this.shouldGenerateTrace=this.shouldGenerateTrace.bind(this)}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var r=(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!r)return null;var n=(r.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(r.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(r.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,_.M)(),s=(0,_.Ht)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof c._A?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,D.P)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var r=!1,n={};if((0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(n=(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)r=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var i=0;i 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,Z.t,i),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(this.dt=new W(r),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,s.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee),(0,k.u5)(this.ee),(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),function(r,n,i,o){function a(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=E,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){_(t,e)}),(0,O.m$)(!1)),c.IF||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,O.m$)(!1))}function s(e){this.params={method:e[0]},T(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function u(e,n){var i=(0,t.DL)(r);i.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&n.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",i.xpid);var a=o.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(a){var s=!1;a.newrelicHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("newrelic",a.newrelicHeader),s=!0),a.traceContextParentHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("traceparent",a.traceContextParentHeader),a.traceContextStateHeader&&n.setRequestHeader("tracestate",a.traceContextStateHeader),s=!0),s&&(this.dt=a)}}function d(e,t){var r=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(r&&i){var a=V(i);a&&(r.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,p.z)(),this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof t.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(t)}catch(e){try{n.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s 1?e[1]=i:e.push(i)}else e[0]&&e[0].headers&&s(e[0].headers,n)&&(this.dt=n);function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function x(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,p.z)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof Y?r=i.url:c._A?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),T(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof Y&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.txSize=V(n.body)||0}function A(t,r){var n;this.endTime=(0,p.z)(),this.params||(this.params={}),this.params.status=r?r.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var o={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,p.z)()-this.startTime};i("xhr",[this.params,o,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,e.D.ajax)}function E(t){var r=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var o=0;o 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,we.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}new class{constructor(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,_.ky)(16);c._A?(this.agentIdentifier=t,this.sharedAggregator=new y({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},this.desiredFeatures=new Set(e.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(m),Object.assign(this,(0,a.j)(this.agentIdentifier,e,e.loaderType||"agent")),this.start()):(0,l.Z)("Failed to initial the agent. Could not determine the runtime environment.")}get config(){return{info:(0,t.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}start(){const t="features";try{const r=n(this.agentIdentifier),i=[...this.desiredFeatures];i.sort(((t,r)=>e.p[t.featureName]-e.p[r.featureName])),i.forEach((t=>{if(r[t.featureName]||t.featureName===e.D.pageViewEvent){const n=function(t){switch(t){case e.D.ajax:return[e.D.jserrors];case e.D.sessionTrace:return[e.D.ajax,e.D.pageViewEvent];case e.D.sessionReplay:return[e.D.sessionTrace];case e.D.pageViewTiming:return[e.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(t.featureName);n.every((e=>r[e]))||(0,l.Z)("".concat(t.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat((0,D.P)(n),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[t.featureName]=new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}})),(0,T.Qy)(this.agentIdentifier,this.features,t)}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",e);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,T.fP)();return delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.[t],delete this.sharedAggregator,r.ee?.abort(),delete r.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}}({features:[J,m,S,class extends h{static featureName=oe;constructor(t,r){if(super(t,r,oe,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!c.il)return;const n=this.ee;let i;(0,k.QU)(n),this.eventsEE=(0,k.em)(n),this.eventsEE.on(se,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,p.z)()})),this.eventsEE.on(ae,(function(t,r){(0,s.p)("bst",[t[0],r,this.bstStart,(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),n.on(ce+ne,(function(e){this.time=(0,p.z)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),n.on(ce+ie,(function(t){(0,s.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)}));try{i=new PerformanceObserver((t=>{const r=t.getEntries();(0,s.p)(te,[r],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),i.observe({type:re,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator({resourceObserver:i})}},C,xe,B,class extends h{static featureName=de;constructor(e,r){if(super(e,r,de,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!c.il)return;if(!(0,t.OP)(e).xhrWrappable)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let n,i=0;const o=this.ee.get("tracer"),a=(0,k._L)(this.ee),s=(0,k.Lg)(this.ee),u=(0,k.BV)(this.ee),d=(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),f=this.ee.get("events"),l=(0,k.u5)(this.ee),h=(0,k.QU)(this.ee),g=(0,k.Gm)(this.ee);function m(e,t){h.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function v(){i++,n=window.location.hash,this[ve]=(0,p.z)()}function b(){i--,window.location.hash!==n&&m(0,!0);var e=(0,p.z)();this[pe]=~~this[pe]+e-this[ve],this[ye]=e}function y(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,p.z)()}))}this.ee.on(ve,v),s.on(be,v),a.on(be,v),this.ee.on(ye,b),s.on(ge,b),a.on(ge,b),this.ee.buffer([ve,ye,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),f.buffer([ve],this.featureName),u.buffer(["setTimeout"+le,"clearTimeout"+fe,ve],this.featureName),d.buffer([ve,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+fe],this.featureName),l.buffer([me+fe,me+"-done",me+he+fe,me+he+le],this.featureName),h.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),g.buffer([ve],this.featureName),s.buffer(["propagate",be,ge,"executor-err","resolve"+fe],this.featureName),o.buffer([ve,"no-"+ve],this.featureName),a.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),y(l,me+fe),y(l,me+"-done"),y(a,"new-jsonp"),y(a,"jsonp-end"),y(a,"cb-start"),h.on("pushState-end",m),h.on("replaceState-end",m),window.addEventListener("hashchange",m,(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",m,(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){m(0,i>1)}),(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}],loaderType:"spa"})})(),window.NRBA=o})(); window.jQuery || document.write(' ') CKEDITOR_BASEPATH='https://f1000research.com/js/vendor/ckeditor/' window.reactTheme = 'research'; window.MathJax = { CommonHTML: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, 'HTML-CSS': { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, SVG: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, AuthorInit: function() { MathJax.Hub.Register.MessageHook('End Process', function () { let timeout = false; // holder for timeout id const delay = 250; // delay after event is "complete" to run callback const reflowMath = function() { const dispFormulas = document.querySelectorAll('.disp-formula.panel'); if (!dispFormulas) { return; } for (const dispFormula of dispFormulas) { const child = dispFormula.querySelector('.MathJax_Preview').nextSibling.firstChild; const isMultiline = MathJax.Hub.getAllJax(dispFormula)[0].root.isMultiline; if (dispFormula.offsetWidth < child.offsetWidth || isMultiline) { MathJax.Hub.Queue(['Rerender', MathJax.Hub, dispFormula]); } } }; window.addEventListener('resize', function() { clearTimeout(timeout); // clear the timeout timeout = setTimeout(reflowMath, delay); // start timing for event "completion" }); }); }, }; if (window.location.hash == '#_=_'){ window.location = window.location.href.split('#')[0] } !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function() {n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)} ;if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n; n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script','https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '1641728616063202'); fbq('track', "PixelInitialized", {}); (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:2318163,hjsv:6}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); search file_upload Submit your research search menu close search Browse Gateways & Collections How to Publish Submit your Research My Submissions Article Guidelines Article Guidelines (New Versions) Open Data, Software and Code Guidelines Open Data and Accessible Source Materials Guidelines (HSS) Open Data, Software and Code Guidelines (PSE) Prepublication Checks Production Process Posters and Slides Guidelines Document Guidelines Article Processing Charges Peer Review Finding Article Reviewers About How it Works For Reviewers Our Advisors Policies Glossary FAQs For Developers Newsroom Contact My Research Submissions Content and Tracking Alerts My Details Sign In file_upload Submit your research { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "ScholarlyArticle", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/14-179" }, "headline": "Risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of COVID-19 associated with mask use outside the home...", "datePublished": "2025-02-10T12:49:47", "dateModified": "2025-06-20T14:00:21", "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "Betty Roosihermiatie" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Kristiana Yunitaningtyas" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Selma Arsit Selto Siahaan" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Siti Isfandari" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Pramita Andarwati" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Zainul Khaqiqi Nantabah" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Rukmini Rukmini" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Tjipto Wibowo" } ], "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "F1000Research", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 480, "width": 60 } }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 1200, "width": 150 }, "description": " Background After the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic which spread to 213 countries in 2020, Indonesia ranked 20th for morbidity with a mortality rate of 2.3%, higher than the global rate of 1.1%. In response, Indonesia issued a policy mandating mask use. This study aims to investigate the association between risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of COVID-19, with consistent mask-wearing outside the home. Methods It was an online study conducted from November 2020 to February 2021, during the first wave of COVID-19. Participants were provided written informed consent prior if agree/reject to completing participate the questionnaire study voluntarily. A total of 1153 respondents were selected. The dependent variable was consistent mask-wearing outside the home, while the independent variables were risk perception regarding COVID-19, sociodemographic factors (location, age, gender, education, occupation, family income, family members, social health scheme), and knowledge of COVID-19. Data were analyzed by logistic regression analysis. Results The risk perception of COVID-19 as a viral disease that can cause death aOR: 2.502 was positively associated with consistent mask-wearing outside the home. Regarding sociodemographic factor, individuals age between 25 to 44 years aOR: 0.486. While, knowledge of the need to change cloth masks every 4-6 hours aOR: 1.686; the transmission aOR: 1.974, the severe symptoms of COVID-19 aOR: 1.981; and of the confirmed diagnosis by PCR aOR: 2.238 were positively associated with consistent mask-wearing outside the home. Conclusions The risk perception of potential fatality COVID-19 and knowledge of proper time to change cloth mask, the transmission, the severe symptom, and the confirmation of COVID-19 testing were positively associated with mask-wearing outside the home. While, age between 25 to 44 years was negatively associated. These findings underscore the importance of targeted public health interventions that address risk perception and enhance knowledge to promote mask use as effective COVID-19 prevention measures. " } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/14-179/v1", "name": "Risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of COVID-19..." } } ] } Home Browse Risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of COVID-19... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Roosihermiatie B, Yunitaningtyas K, Siahaan SAS et al. Risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of COVID-19 associated with mask use outside the home in Indonesia during the mandatory policy [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :179 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.157369.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of COVID-19 associated with mask use outside the home in Indonesia during the mandatory policy [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] Betty Roosihermiatie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7080-4640 1 , Kristiana Yunitaningtyas 2 , Selma Arsit Selto Siahaan 1 , [...] Siti Isfandari 1 , Pramita Andarwati 3 , Zainul Khaqiqi Nantabah 4 , Rukmini Rukmini https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4831-4901 1 , Tjipto Wibowo 5 Betty Roosihermiatie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7080-4640 1 , Kristiana Yunitaningtyas 2 , [...] Selma Arsit Selto Siahaan 1 , Siti Isfandari 1 , Pramita Andarwati 3 , Zainul Khaqiqi Nantabah 4 , Rukmini Rukmini https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4831-4901 1 , Tjipto Wibowo 5 PUBLISHED 10 Feb 2025 Author details Author details 1 Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Bogor Regency, West Java, 16911, Indonesia 2 Center for Health Financing and Decentralization Policy, Ministry of Health the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 10560, Indonesia 3 Research Center for Preclinical and Clinical Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency Indonesia, Bogor Regency, West Java, 16911, Indonesia 4 Directorate of Laboratory Management, Research Facilities, and Science and Technology Park, Central Jakarta, Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia 5 Department Pulmonology, PHC Hospital Surabaya, Surabaya, East Java, 60165, Indonesia Betty Roosihermiatie Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Kristiana Yunitaningtyas Roles: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Resources, Software, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Selma Arsit Selto Siahaan Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Methodology, Resources, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Siti Isfandari Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Project Administration, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Pramita Andarwati Roles: Formal Analysis, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Zainul Khaqiqi Nantabah Roles: Formal Analysis, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Rukmini Rukmini Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Project Administration, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Tjipto Wibowo Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Coronavirus (COVID-19) collection. This article is included in the Human resilience, growth and well-being during COVID19 collection. Abstract Background After the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic which spread to 213 countries in 2020, Indonesia ranked 20 th for morbidity with a mortality rate of 2.3%, higher than the global rate of 1.1%. In response, Indonesia issued a policy mandating mask use. This study aims to investigate the association between risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of COVID-19, with consistent mask-wearing outside the home. Methods It was an online study conducted from November 2020 to February 2021, during the first wave of COVID-19. Participants were provided written informed consent prior if agree/reject to completing participate the questionnaire study voluntarily. A total of 1153 respondents were selected. The dependent variable was consistent mask-wearing outside the home, while the independent variables were risk perception regarding COVID-19, sociodemographic factors (location, age, gender, education, occupation, family income, family members, social health scheme), and knowledge of COVID-19. Data were analyzed by logistic regression analysis. Results The risk perception of COVID-19 as a viral disease that can cause death aOR: 2.502 was positively associated with consistent mask-wearing outside the home. Regarding sociodemographic factor, individuals age between 25 to 44 years aOR: 0.486. While, knowledge of the need to change cloth masks every 4-6 hours aOR: 1.686; the transmission aOR: 1.974, the severe symptoms of COVID-19 aOR: 1.981; and of the confirmed diagnosis by PCR aOR: 2.238 were positively associated with consistent mask-wearing outside the home. Conclusions The risk perception of potential fatality COVID-19 and knowledge of proper time to change cloth mask, the transmission, the severe symptom, and the confirmation of COVID-19 testing were positively associated with mask-wearing outside the home. While, age between 25 to 44 years was negatively associated. These findings underscore the importance of targeted public health interventions that address risk perception and enhance knowledge to promote mask use as effective COVID-19 prevention measures. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords risk perception, sociodemographic factors, knowledge, COVID-19, mask-wearing outside the home Corresponding Author(s) Betty Roosihermiatie ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Betty Roosihermiatie Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Roosihermiatie B et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Roosihermiatie B, Yunitaningtyas K, Siahaan SAS et al. Risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of COVID-19 associated with mask use outside the home in Indonesia during the mandatory policy [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :179 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.157369.1 ) First published: 10 Feb 2025, 14 :179 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.157369.1 ) Latest published: 20 Jun 2025, 14 :179 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.157369.2 )  There is a newer version of this article available. Suppress this message for one day. Background The COVID-19 pandemic, which began in late 2019, was marked by an incidence of symptoms such as severe tightness in the chest, similar to those observed in Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). The initial laboratory examinations of the coronavirus occurred in Wuhan City, China, leading to its identification as SARS-CoV-2. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported the outbreak and officially labeled the disease as COVID-19. By March 2020, due to its rapid global spread (World Health Organization ( WHO, 2020 ), the WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic ( WHO, 2020 ). By March 2020, due to its rapid global spread the WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic ( World Health Organization (WHO), 2020 ). As of September 17, 2020, the pandemic had affected 213 countries, with approximately 30,340,825 reported cases worldwide. Out of these, 22,031,183 individuals recovered, while about 950,000 succumbed to the virus, resulting in a relative mortality rate of 0.3%. By July 21, 2023, global cases had surged to 768,237,788, with Europe, the Western Pacific, and the Americas reporting the highest numbers. Total deaths reached around 6.9 million, with a relative mortality rate of 1.1%. In Indonesia, there were 6,812,127 cases and 161,879 deaths, reflecting a higher mortality rate of 2.3% ( COVID-19 Statistic Team, 2024 ). COVID-19 is primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets, with an incubation period of approximately 14 days. The Indonesian Ministry of Health has implemented guidelines emphasizing preventive measures such as mask-wearing, regular hand hygiene with soap, maintaining physical distance, and avoiding crowded places ( The Ministry of Health of The Republic of Indonesia, 2020 ; World Health Organization (WHO), 2021 ). Recommendations also included minimizing contact with the face, mouth, nose, or eyes in order to prevent sputum splashes and disinfecting surfaces potentially exposed to respiratory droplets ( World Health Organization (WHO), 2021 ). Risk perception significantly influences mask usage in combating COVID-19 ( World Health Organization (WHO), 2019 ). The health belief model suggests that individual perceptions of risk, along with sociodemographic factors and knowledge, play crucial roles in determining mask adherence ( Roth et al., 2024 ; Li et al., 2022 ; White et al., 2022 ). Numerous studies have established the effectiveness of mask-wearing in preventing COVID-19 transmission ( Wang et al., 2021 ). For instance, compliance was notably high in East Asian countries like Japan and Korea, with Hong Kong reporting a compliance rate of 96.6% ( Fischer et al., 2021 ). This high adherence was linked to a marked reduction in COVID-19 cases compared to regions with lower compliance ( Cheng et al., 2020 ). Moreover, a study in Singapore found the overall levels of compliance regarding mask use (84.5%), in which factors such as male gender and crowded settings influenced this compliance ( Xiang Ong et al., 2023 ). In contrast, Europe countries displayed more varied compliance rates, often not correlating with health outcomes ( Spira, 2022 ). For example, while in Germany’s mandatory mask policy improved compliance ( Betsch et al., 2020 ), other countries, such as France and Spain, exhibit significant variation. In Eastern Europe, mask use is more evenly distributed with higher compliance not necessarily correlating with better health outcomes. Studies in Poland highlighted how cultural and social have shown that despite mandatory mask use, compliance levels remain influenced by cultural and social factors affect adherence, despite regulations ( Matulewska et al., 2022 ). In the United States, compliance rates varied widely, with some regions experiencing low adherence alongside higher transmission rates. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Indonesia enforced a mandatory mask policy ( The Ministry of Health of The Republic of Indonesia, 2020 ), which led to increased usage ( Kar et al., 2023 ). However, following the WHO declaration of COVID-19 as endemic in early May 2023, and also Indonesia, the strickness of this policy was relaxed, yet, transmission persisted. Given this context, this study aims to investigate the association between risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of COVID-19 with mask-wearing behavior outside the home in Indonesia. By understanding this dynamic, it hopes to contribute valuable insight into public health strategies for future disease management. Methods The study was observational and employed a cross-sectional design. Data collection was performed online, using Google Forms. The questionnaire on Google Forms was distributed to the public via WhatsApp (WA) to the following groups: 1) government offices; 2) private offices; 3) companies; 4) self-employed; 5) professionals; 6) neighborhood association (RT); 7) university students; 8) other students; and 9) informal groups ( Roosihermiatie, 2024 ). The questionnaire aimed to gather data associated with mask use during the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample size was calculated based on the estimated population proportion with relative precision of confidence interval (α) = 0.05; proportion (P) = ranges 0.25 – 0.50, relative precision (ε) = 0.1 was n = z 2 = ( z 1 − α / ε 1 − 2 ) 2 ( 1 − P = ) ε 2 . P = 1153 . The sample size was 1153 people ( Lwanga et al., 1991 ). Data collection took place during the period from November 2020 to February 2021. Before proceeding to the questionnaire, respondents were firstly written informed consent asked to indicate whether they were willing to participate in the study as follow ‘this online study aims to determine factors related to preventive behavior against Covid-19 in the society in an effort to reduce Covid-19 in the society. I understand about the online study in the society. I agree to participate in the study voluntarily without any coercion. If I want, I can reject to participate without any sanctions. Those who consented and agreed, then selected the agree button, and proceeded to the questionnaires; while anyone who did not agree to participate in the study, then selected the reject button and thereby left the study website. A total of 1317 people responded to the questionnaire but 22 people declined to participate in the study and 142 people gave incomplete answers; therefore, 164 (12.4%) of initial respondents were not included in the study. Finally, 1153 participants were selected. The study used a health belief model, which consists of risk perception, and the modifying factors of sociodemographic factors and knowledge of COVID-19 to influence mask use. The dependent variable was always mask-wearing outside the home. The responses of never, seldom, and sometimes relating to the use of a mask outside the home were all categorized as a negative response to consistent mask-wearing outside the home. The independent variables were risk perception, which consisted of perceptions about COVID-19, knowing someone who has COVID-19, ever having PCR-tested positive for COVID-19, or having had close contact with someone infected with COVID-19 during the past two weeks; the sociodemographic factors consisted of location, age, gender, education, occupation, family income, family members, and membership of a social health scheme; and knowledge of COVID-19 consisted of knowledge regarding its cause, transmission, prevention strategies such as regularly changing cloth masks, activities after going out, symptoms and severe symptoms, screening, confirmation diagnostics, management of mild and severe COVID-19, diseases causing severe COVID-19, and activities enhancing immunity. Firstly, the questionnaires were pre-tested to varied occupation persons. Then, the questionnaires were critically improved based on the pre-test results. Data were analyzed both bivariately and multivariately, using logistic regression analysis. The cOR of factors associated with consistent mask-wearing outside the home ≤ 0.2 proceeded to multivariate analysis. The multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression analysis, backward likelihood ratio (LR), whereby interacting variables are deleted. The analyses were performed using SPSS software version 21 Code 4-1EA96. The level of significance was p < 0.05. Results Regarding the use of masks, 2 (0.2%) respondents reported that they never use them, 37 (3.2%) seldom use them, 257 (22.3%) sometimes use masks, and 857 (74.3%) always use them. Meanwhile, respondents reported the use of masks outside the home as follows: 3 (0.3%) never use, 24 (2.1%) seldom use, 88 (7.6%) sometimes use, and 1038 (90.0%) always use. Tabel 1 shows that risk perceptions about COVID-19 disease were found to be positively correlated with consistent mask-wearing outside the home; in contrast of believing one’s neighbor to be infected with COVID-19. Meanwhile, the risk perceptions of having ever PCR-tested positive for COVID-19 and having had close contact with a person infected with COVID-19 during the past two weeks were found not to be significantly associated with consistent mask-wearing outside the home. Table 1. Risk perception and always use of mask outside the home. Risk perceptions of Covid-19 Not always use mask in outside Always use mask in outside cOR 95% CI p Perception about Covid-19 Common disease/Viral disease with flu, cough symptoms 84 (14.8%) 584 (85.2%) Viral disease which could cause death 31 (5.3%) 554 (94.7%) 3.102 2.018-4.766 0.000 Feeling if neighbour’s sick of Covid-19 Usual 42 (15.7%) 225 (84.3%) Depressed 1 (20.0%) 4 (80.0%) 0.478 0.316-0.723 0.000 Afraid 5 (7.9%) 58 (92.1%) 0.357 0.039-3.238 0.360 Anxiety 67 (8.2%) 751 (91.8%) 1.035 0.401-2.668 0.943 Ever having PCR positive Covid-19 No 111 (10.0%) 997 (90.0%) Yes 4 (8.9%) 41 (91.1%) 1.141 0.401-3.246 0.804 Close contact with Covid-19 persons during the past 2 weeks No 110 (10.1%) 980 (89.9%) Yes 5 (7.9%) 58 (92.1%) 1.302 0.511-3.315 0.580 Total 115 (10.0%) 1038 (90.0%) Table 2 presents the bivariate analysis, which illustrates the association of each of the sociodemographic factors – age, gender, education, occupation, family income, family member and insurance ownership – with consistent mask-wearing outside. The correlation between family member and consistent mask-wearing outside was found not to be significant (p = 0.611). Table 2. Sociodemographics and always use of mask outside the home. Sociodemographics Not always use mask in outside Always use mask in outside cOR 95% CI p Geographic areas Municipalities/districts outside Java/Sumatra/Sulawesi 20 (8.2%) 224 (91.8%) Municipalities/districts in Java 8 (16.0%) 42 (84.0%) 1.383 0.814 – 2.350 0.231 Sumatra island 3 (9.7%) 28 (90.3%) 0.648 0.291 – 1.446 0.286 Sulawesi island 14 (15.4%) 77 (84.6%) 1.152 0.340 – 3.905 0.820 Outer Jakarta 10 (5.2%) 181 (94.8%) 0.679 0.362 – 1.274 0.228 Outer Surabaya 16 (11.0%) 486 (89.0%) 2.235 1.120 – 4.459 0.023 Ages (years) 15-24 63 (14.7%) 365 (85.3%) 25-44 39 (8.9%) 399 (91.1%) 0.275 0.148 – 0.510 0.000 >44 13 (4.5%) 274 (95.5%) 0.285 0.254 – 0.926 0.028 Sex Males 69 (12.5%) 481 (87.5%) Females 46 (7.6%) 557 (92.4%) 1.173 1.173-2.572 0.006 Education Below High School 26 (18.4%) 115 (81.6%) High School 41 (14.2%) 247 (85.8%) 0.225 0.105-0.482 0.000 Academy/University 38 (7.4%) 479 (92.6%) 0.306 0.149-0.626 0.001 Post Graduate 10 (4.8%) 197 (95.2%) 0.640 0.313-1.309 0.222 Occupation Civil servants/police/soldiers/government workers 20 (5.8%) 326 (94.2%) Students 24 (17.9%) 110 (82.1%) 2.253 1.155 – 4.396 0.017 Academy/University students 25 (12.2%) 173 (87.8%) 0.618 0.319 – 1.199 0.155 Professionals 6 (4.7%) 121 (95.3%) 1.002 0.522 – 1.923 0.995 Private employees 23 (11.9%) 170 (88.1%) 2.840 1.092 – 7.387 0.032 Others 17 (11.1%) 136 (88.9%) 1.028 0.533 – 1.983 0.935 Family income (Rp) - 2,000,000 39 (16.0%) 205 (84.0%) >2,000,000 – 4,000,000 40 (15.2%) 264 (86.8%) 0.253 0.088 – 0.731 0.011 >4,000,000 – 7,000,000 23 (8.6%) 246 (91.4%) 0.318 0.111 – 0.915 0.034 >7,000,000 – 10,000,000 5 (3.4%) 144 (96.6%) 0.515 0.173 – 1.534 0.234 >10,000,000 – 15,000,000 4 (4.0%) 96 (96.0%) 1.388 0.363 – 5.313 0.632 >15,000,000 4 (4.6%) 83 (95.4%) 1.157 0.280 – 4.769 0.840 Family members ≤ 4 members 77 (9.7%) 719 (90.3%) > 4 members 38 (10.6%) 319 (89.4%) 1.112 0.738 – 1.677 0.611 Ownership of National Health Scheme None 31 (16.1%) 161 (83.9%) National Health Scheme/insurance 84 (8.7%) 877 (91.3%) 2.010 1.288 – 3.137 0.002 Total 115 (10.0%) 1038 (90.0%) Table 3 shows the association of COVID-19 knowledge about causation, transmission, prevention and time to change cloth mask, activities after going out, symptoms, management, diseases causing severe COVID-19, activities enhancing immunity and consistent use of mask outside the home, respectively. Just the association of COVID-19 knowledge about prevention and consistent use of mask outside the home is not significant at p-value < 0.2, respectively. Table 3. Knowledge of Covid-19 and always use of mask outside the home. Knowledge Not always use mask in outside Always use mask in outside cOR 95% CI p Cause of Covid-19 Others than virus 8 (30.8%) 18 (69.2%) Virus 107 (9.5%) 1020 (90.5%) 4.237 1.799 – 9.975 0.001 Transmission of Covid-19 Others than droplet infection 12 (24.5%) 37 (75.5%) Droplet infection 97 (8.9%) 990 (91.1%) 3.827 2.142 – 6.839 0.000 Transmission of Covid-19 could by Others than goods 11 (17.7%) 51 (82.3%) Goods 104 (9.5%) 987 (90.5%) 2.047 1.035 – 4.049 0.040 Prevention of Covid-19 None 4 (13.8%) 25 (86.2%) One of prevention methods 11 (14.7%) 64 (85.3%) 0.629 0.214 – 1.846 0.399 Two of prevention methods 7 (21.9%) 25 (78.1%) 0.586 0.298 – 1.149 0.120 Three of prevention methods 93 (9.1%) 924 (90.9%) 0.359 0.151 – 0.854 0.020 Changing cloth mask Other than every 4-6 hours 56 (15.3%) 310 (84.7%) Every 4-6 hours 59 (7.5%) 728 (92.5%) 2.229 1.511 – 3.289 0.000 After going out to do Directly take a rest 72 (8.1%) 819 (91.9%) Clean goods, take a bath 43 (16.4%) 219 (83.6%) 2.233 1.488 – 3.352 0.000 Symptoms of Covid-19 None 13 (21.3%) 48 (78.7%) One symptom 8 (23.5%) 26 (76.5%) 0.347 0.179 – 0.673 0.002 Two symptoms 27 (20.3%) 236 (89.7%) 0.300 0.130 – 0.688 0.004 Three symptoms 67 (8.4%) 727 (91.6%) 0.806 0.503 – 1.289 0.367 Severe symptom of Covid-19 Others than dyspnea 29 (24.0%) 92 (76.0%) Dyspnea 86 (8.3%) 946 (91.7%) 3.467 2.162 – 5.560 0.000 Screening of Covid-19 Others than RDT 28 (20.7%) 107 (79.3%) RDT 87 (8.5%) 931 (91.5%) 2.800 1.749 – 4.483 0.000 Confirmed diagnostic of Covid-19 Others than PCR 22 (30.6%) 50 (69.4%) PCR 93 (8.6%) 988 (91.4%) 4.674 2.711 – 8.059 0.000 Management of mild Covid-19 Others than home isolation 15 (20.5%) 58 (79.5%) Home isolation 100 (9.3%) 980 (90.7%) 2.534 1.386 – 4.636 0.003 Management of severe Covid-19 Others than hospital isolation 14 (19.7%) 57 (80.3%) Hospital isolation 101 (9.3%) 981 (90.7%) 2.386 1.284 – 4.432 0.006 Diseases causing severe Covid-19 except of DM, CVD 58 (15.1%) 326 (84.9%) Orthopaedic diseases 57 (7.4%) 712 (92.6%) 2.222 1.507 – 3.277 0.000 Activities enhancing immunity One of 4 answer choices 18 (25.4%) 59 (76.6%) Two of 4 answer choices 7 (18.0%) 18 (72.0%) 0.303 0.171 – 0.539 0.000 Three of 4 answer choices 10 (9.4%) 96 (90.6%) 0.238 0.096 – 0.586 0.002 All of 4 answer choices 80 (8.5%) 865 (91.5%) 0.888 0.445 – 1.771 0.736 Total 115 (10.0%) 1038 (90.0%) Table 4 shows that age of 25 to 44 years aOR: 0.486 (95% CI: 0.254 – 0.932), and perception of COVID-19 as a viral disease that could cause death are protective factors for mask use outside the home aOR: 2.238 (95% CI: 1.215 – 4.746). Whereas, knowledge of confirmation of COVID-19 infection through PCR test aOR: 2.238 (95% CI: 1.215 – 4.120), severe symptom of COVID-19 aOR: 1.981 (95% CI: 1.175 – 3.342), COVID-19 transmission aOR: 1.974 (95% CI: 1.040 – 3.746), and changing cloth mask every 4-6 hours aOR: 1.686 (95% CI: 1.118 – 2.576) are significantly associated with the consistent use of masks outside. Activities after going out are not significantly associated with mask use outside. Table 4. The logistic regression of factors associated with always use of mask outside the home. Variables β SE Exp (B) 95% CI P Age 15-24 25-44 -0.721 0.332 0.486 0.254 – 0.932 0.030 >44 -0.593 0.337 0.552 0.285 – 1.070 0.079 Perception Common disease/Viral disease with flu, cough symptoms Viral disease which could cause death 0.917 0.228 2.502 1.601 – 3.746 0.000 Transmission Others than droplet infection Droplet infection 0.680 0.327 1.974 1.040 – 3.746 0.038 Changing cloth mask Other than every 4-6 hours Every 4-6 hours 0.529 0.213 1.686 1.118 – 2.576 0.013 After going out doing Directly take a rest Clean goods, take a bath -0.414 0.224 0.661 0.426 – 1.025 0.064 Severe symptom of Covid-19 Others than dyspnea Dyspnea 0.684 0.267 1.981 1.175 – 3.342 0.010 Confirmed diagnostic of Covid-19 Others than PCR PCR 0.805 0.311 2.238 1.215 – 4.120 0.010 PCR Constant 1.145 0.603 Discussions This online study investigated mask use during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Indonesia’s mask mandatory policy. In this study, consistent mask-wearing outside the home was higher (90.0%), with the types of masks were mostly surgical masks (60%), followed by cloth masks (36.4%), N-19 masks (3.0%), and others. Meanwhile, it was reportedly that during the COVID-19 pandemic mask-wearing in the West Pacific was 83%, followed by 82% in Southeast Asia, 73% in Eastern Mediterranean, 62% in Africa, 33% in Europe, and 32% in America ( Li et al., 2022 ). Indonesia’s population initially showed less familiarity with mask-wearing compared to Japan, where mask use has been deeply ingrained in cultural practices ( Ryall, 2020 ). Our study revealed a relationship between risk perception of COVID-19 and consistent use of masks outside the home. In line with previous studies, the perceptions of COVID-19 as a viral disease that could cause death (aOR: 2.502) are correlated with the use of masks outside the home ( Lo Moro et al., 2023 ; Shahnazi et al., 2020 ). However, contrary to other findings the multivariate analysis showed no association with feelings of depression, fear or anxiety when neighbors had contracted COVID-19 ( Yang et al., 2024 ). Additionally, personal experiences, such as having previous contracted COVID-19 or being in close contact with infected COVID-19 individuals during the two weeks prior to the study were not associated with the consistent use of masks outside the home ( White et al., 2022 ). The results suggest the perceived risk of death from COVID-19 can cause death play significant role in shaping mask-wearing behavior during public health crisis. The health belief model posits that risk perception, sociodemographic factors and knowledge influence behaviors are key determinants of health behavior. In line with this model, the feelings of anxiety and fear, along with knowledge of disease significantly influence the risk perception ( Sinicrope et al., 2021 ). Additionally, the anxiety and fear can shape social awareness ( Xia et al., 2023 ), further impacting the adoption of preventive measures like mask-wearing. However, this study revealed that among the sociodemographic factors, only individuals of productive age (25 to 44 years) is negatively associated with consistent mask-wearing outside the home ( UNICEF, 2020 ). Interestingly, family income was not associated with consistent mask-wearing outside the home, suggesting that other factors may play a more significant role in influencing this behavior. Previous studies identified several sociodemographic factors such as older individuals, women, and public sector workers that were associated with adhere to mask use due to heightened awareness of COVID-19. Additionally, in urban areas, having more family members, and health insurance was linked to increased awareness of COVID-19 and subsequent mask use ( Chu et al., 2020 ). In contrast, this study found that younger and older age groups, women, students or private employees, and those living in outer Surabaya as well as ownership of social health scheme failed to be associated with consistent mask-wearing outside the home in the multivariate analysis. Findings from the United States of America align with our results, indicating younger individuals and those from lower socioeconomics were not associated with mask use ( Willis et al., 2021 ). However, older individuals in the United States demonstrated a higher likelihood of mask-wearing, likely due to their greater awareness of personal health in relation to comorbid conditions ( Liu & Arledge, 2022 ). In this study, individuals of productive age were negatively associated with consistent mask-wearing outside the homes, possibly reflecting a shift for those who were not accustomed to wearing mask. The lack of association with other sociodemographic factors may be attributed to the the mandatory mask policy which required Indonesian citizen to wear mask, especially when in public. Moreover, the Indonesian government distributed free masks down to neighborhood levels, further supporting compliance. This study identified specific knowledge areas related to COVID-19 that positively influenced consistent mask-wearing, including proper mask-changing intervals, severe symptoms, transmission, and confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. This aligns with other findings indicating that general risk perception is positively associated with mask use ( Duong et al., 2021 ; Lo Moro et al., 2023 ). Furthermore, the high prevalence of perceived effectiveness of mask use in public settings, as indicated by a global study ( Li et al., 2022 ), support the potential influence of Indonesia’s mask mandate ( Kar et al., 2023 ; The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, 2020 ; Wismans et al., 2022 ). These insight underscore the importance of risk perception and knowledge in promoting effective public health behaviors. While sociodemographic factors are challenging to modify, our study highlights the importance of risk perception and knowledge in promoting mask-wearing behavior. Our study revealed a relationship between risk perception of COVID-19 and consistent use of masks outside the home. In line with previous studies, the perceptions of COVID-19 as a viral disease that could cause death (aOR: 2.502) are correlated with the use of masks outside the home ( Lo Moro et al., 2023 ; Shahnazi et al., 2020 ). However, contrary to other findings the multivariate analysis showed no association with feelings of depression, fear or anxiety when neighbors had contracted COVID-19 ( Yang et al., 2024 ). Additionally, personal experiences, such as having previous contracted COVID-19 or being in close contact with infected COVID-19 individuals during the two weeks prior to the study were not associated with the consistent use of masks outside the home ( White et al., 2022 ). The results suggest the perceived risk of death from COVID-19 can cause death play significant role in shaping mask-wearing behavior during public health crisis. While sociodemographic factors are challenging to modify, our study highlights the importance of risk perception and knowledge in promoting mask-wearing behavior. Despite high initial vaccination rates in Indonesia (86.88% for the first dose and for 74.55% for the second dose), booster uptake has significantly declined (38.11% for the first booster and 1.92% for the second booster) as of July 31, 2023, highlighting a critical gap that must be addressed. Although COVID-19 vaccination provides immunity and reduces disease severity ( Havard Medical School, 2024 ), risk perception and knowledge about the virus remains crucial for motivating mask use. Our findings underscore the need for targeted interventions that address risk perception and knowledge gaps, encouraging consistent mask-wearing, especially in light of declining vaccination rates ( Wismans et al., 2022 ). Additionally, mask use can help prevent other respiratory infections ( Liang et al., 2020 ; Wismans et al., 2022 ). Integrating these insights into ongoing public health strategies will be essential for improving health outcomes. Conclusions In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the risk perception of COVID-19 as a viral disease that can cause death was positively associated with consistent mask-wearing outside the home. While, specific sociodemographic factor, age of 25 to 44 years was found to be negatively influence mask-wearing behavior. Possessing knowledge about proper mask-changing intervals, severe symptoms, transmission, and the confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 by PCR was positively associated with consistent mask-wearing. These findings underscore the importance of targeted public health interventions that address risk perception and enhance knowledge to promote mask use as effective COVID-19 prevention measures. Future research could explore additional factors influencing mask use and the long-term impact of these preventive measures on public health. Ethics and consent Ethical clearance approval for the study was granted by the Ethical Committee of the National Institute of Health Research and Development, The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, No. LB.02.01/2/KE.415/2020 dated 5 th November 2020. It stated that the Ethics Committee, National Institute of Health Research and Development, The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration has conducted a thorough review of research protocol entitled Factors related to preventive behaviors of Covid-19 in society, Indonesia which involve human participant (s). As the principal investigator, Betty Roosihermiatie, has hereby declared the protocol is approved for implementation. This letter is valid 05 November 2020 to 04 November 2021. Should there be any modification (amandement) and/or extension of the study, the Principal Investigator is required to resubmit the latest version of protocol for approval. Data availability statement Underlying data Dataverse: Risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of COVID-19 associated with mask use outside the home in Indonesia during the mandatory policy, https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12690/RIN/SV5YWF ( Roosihermiatie B., 2024 ). This project contains the following underlying data: • Covid-19_Indonesia_in_2000 F1000 research - deposit_translated.tab Data of this study is licensed under CC0 1.0 from the National Scientific Repository (Repositori Ilmiah Nasional/RIN) of the National Research and Innovation Agency Indonesia, by Communicable Disease, Non Communicable Diseases, and Mental Health Laboratory. Extended data Dataverse: Replication Data for Questionnaires on Factors Related to Preventive Behaviors Covid-19 in Society Indonesia, https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12690/RIN/87OSKQ Roosihermiatie, n.d. ) This project contains the following underlying data: • Questionnaire Covid-19 En and Indonesian.pdf Questionnaires of this study is licensed under CC0 1.0 from the National Scientific Repository (Repositori Ilmiah Nasional/RIN) of the National Research and Innovation Agency Indonesia, by Communicable Disease, Non Communicable Diseases, and Mental Health Laboratory. Acknowledgement The authors would like to thank Professor of Research M. Sudomo and Dr. Idawaty Abbas, DMD from the Indonesia Association of Health Researchers, who provided constructive comments on the study. References Betsch C, Korn L, Sprengholz P, et al. : Social and behavioral consequences of mask policies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2020; 117 (36): 21851–21853. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Cheng VCC, Wong SC, Chuang VWM, et al. : The role of community-wide wearing of face mask for control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic due to SARS-CoV-2. J. Infect. 2020; 81 (1): 107–114. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Chu DK, Akl EA, Duda S, et al. : Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2020; 395 (10242): 1973–1987. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Duong MC, Nguyen HT, Duong BT: A Cross-Sectional Study of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Towards Face Mask Use Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic Amongst University Students in Vietnam. J. Community Health. 2021; 46 (5): 975–981. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Fischer CB, Adrien N, Silguero JJ, et al. : Mask adherence and rate of COVID-19 across the United States. PLoS One. 2021; 16 (4 April): e0249891. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Havard Medical School: Coronavirus Resource Center.2024. Kar B, Kar N, Panda MC: Social trust and COVID-appropriate behavior: Learning from the pandemic. Asian J. Soc. Health Behav. 2023; 6 (3): 93–104. Publisher Full Text Li H, Yuan K, Sun YK, et al. : Efficacy and practice of facemask use in general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transl. Psychiatry. 2022; 12 (1): 49. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Liang M, Gao L, Cheng C, et al. : Efficacy of face mask in preventing respiratory virus transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med. Infect. Dis. 2020; 36 : 101751. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Liu E, Arledge S: Individual Characteristics and Demographics Associated with Mask Wearing During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States. Asian J. Soc. Health Behav. 2022; 5 (1): 3–9. Publisher Full Text Lo Moro G, Scaioli G, Nicolino S, et al. : Risk perception, knowledge about SARS-CoV-2, and perception towards preventive measures in Italy: a nationwide cross-sectional study. J. Prev. Med. Hyg. 2023; 64 (1): E9–E12. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Lwanga S, Kaggwa L, Stanley: Sample size determination in health studies: a practical manual. WHO Library Catalaoguing in Publication Data; 1991. Reference Source Matulewska A, Wagner A, Marusek S: Masked Covid life: a socio-semiotic investigation. Semiotica. 2022; 2022 (247): 55–85. Publisher Full Text Ong SWX, Tang YW, Linn KZ, et al. : Compliance with face mask use during the COVID-19 pandemic: a community observational study in Singapore. Singapore Med. J. 2023; 65 : 674–680. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Roosihermiatie B: Questionnaire Covid-19 En and Indonesian.pdf, Replication Data for Questionnaires on Factors Related to Preventive Behaviors Covid-19 in Society Indonesia.n.d. Roosihermiatie B: Risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of Covid-19 associated with mask use outside the home in Indonesia during the mandatory policy.2024. Roth B, Park E, Helen MP, et al. : Chapter 7: Health Belief Model. Lumen Candela; 2024. Ryall J: How Japan’s mask tradition may have saved lives. DW; 2020. Shahnazi H, Ahmadi-Livani M, Pahlavanzadeh B, et al. : Assessing preventive health behaviors from COVID-19: a cross sectional study with health belief model in Golestan Province, Northern of Iran. Infect. Dis. Poverty. 2020; 9 (1): 157. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Sinicrope PS, Maciejko LA, Fox JM, et al. : Factors associated with willingness to wear a mask to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in a Midwestern Community. Prev. Med. Rep. 2021; 24 : 101543. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Spira B: Correlation Between Mask Compliance and COVID-19 Outcomes in Europe. Cureus. 2022; 14 : e24268. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Statistic Team, C.-19: COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic.2024. Reference Source The Ministry of Health of The Republic of Indonesia: Guidelines from Prevention and Control of Covid-19.2020. Reference Source UNICEF: Social stigma associated with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Unicef; 2020. Wang Y, Deng Z, Shi D: How effective is a mask in preventing COVID-19 infection? Med. Devices Sens. 2021; 4 (1): e10163. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text White A, Maloney E, Boehm M, et al. : Factors associated with COVID-19 masking behavior: An application of the Health Belief Model. Health Educ. Res. 2022; 37 (6): 452–465. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Willis LD, Lovenstein A, Spray BJ, et al. : Practices and Perceptions of Face Mask Use in a Pediatric Health System During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Respir. Care. 2021; 66 (7): 1096–1104. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Wismans A, van der Zwan P , Wennberg K, et al. : Face mask use during the COVID-19 pandemic: how risk perception, experience with COVID-19, and attitude towards government interact with country-wide policy stringency. BMC Public Health. 2022; 22 (1): 1622. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text World Health Organization (WHO): COVID-19 Risk Perception. World Health Organization (WHO); 2019. Reference Source World Health Organization (WHO): Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.2020. Reference Source World Health Organization (WHO): Infection prevention and control Living guideline Mask use in community settings. World Health Organization (WHO); 2021. Publisher Full Text Xia T, Xu X, Ding S: A study of the relationship between social anxiety and mask-wearing intention among college students in the post-COVID-19 era: mediating effects of self-identity, impression management, and avoidance. Front. Psychol. 2023; 14 (November): 1–11. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Xiang Ong S, Tang Y, Linn K, et al. : Compliance with face mask use during the COVID-19 pandemic: a community observational study in Singapore. Singapore Med. J. 2023; 65 : 674–680. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Yang Z, Huang J, Kwan M-P, et al. : The interplay among individuals’ distress, daily activities, and perceptions of COVID-19 and neighborhood cohesion: A study using network analysis. PLoS One. 2024; 19 (1): e0293157. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 10 Feb 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Bogor Regency, West Java, 16911, Indonesia 2 Center for Health Financing and Decentralization Policy, Ministry of Health the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 10560, Indonesia 3 Research Center for Preclinical and Clinical Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency Indonesia, Bogor Regency, West Java, 16911, Indonesia 4 Directorate of Laboratory Management, Research Facilities, and Science and Technology Park, Central Jakarta, Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia 5 Department Pulmonology, PHC Hospital Surabaya, Surabaya, East Java, 60165, Indonesia Betty Roosihermiatie Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Kristiana Yunitaningtyas Roles: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Resources, Software, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Selma Arsit Selto Siahaan Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Methodology, Resources, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Siti Isfandari Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Project Administration, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Pramita Andarwati Roles: Formal Analysis, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Zainul Khaqiqi Nantabah Roles: Formal Analysis, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Rukmini Rukmini Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Project Administration, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Tjipto Wibowo Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (2) version 2 Revised Published: 20 Jun 2025, 14:179 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.157369.2 version 1 Published: 10 Feb 2025, 14:179 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.157369.1 Copyright © 2025 Roosihermiatie B et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Roosihermiatie B, Yunitaningtyas K, Siahaan SAS et al. Risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of COVID-19 associated with mask use outside the home in Indonesia during the mandatory policy [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :179 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.157369.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 10 Feb 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Fretheim A. Reviewer Report For: Risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of COVID-19 associated with mask use outside the home in Indonesia during the mandatory policy [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :179 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.172805.r373692 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-179/v1#referee-response-373692 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 15 Apr 2025 Atle Fretheim , Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway Not Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.172805.r373692 Peer review report on F1000 research article “Risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of COVID-19 associated with mask use outside the home in Indonesia during the mandatory policy“ The authors have explored the association between various ... Continue reading READ ALL Peer review report on F1000 research article “Risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of COVID-19 associated with mask use outside the home in Indonesia during the mandatory policy“ The authors have explored the association between various factors and use of face masks, based on a survey conducted in Indonesia. My main concern with the manuscript is that I could not make full sense of the calculated crude ORs, i.e. to me some of them seem to be incorrect, so the calculations need to be checked. Of course, if the results from the univariate analyses are wrong, this will likely mean that the multivariate analyses are wrong too, and consequently the conclusions will probably change. If I have misunderstood something, or the error is on my side, I apologise. Anyhow, if the calculations are indeed correct, perhaps a more detailed explanation of the approach may be needed (the current description is very short). It is not very clear how the respondents were recruited, although there is a brief description of the recruitment process. There is not reference to a protocol. I assume that this means that all analyses were decided upon post hoc, which would be a weakness the authors should reflect on – and they should argue carefully for every analytical choice they have made, and describe these in detail. The 1 st paragraph of the Background includes a repetition of a sentence. The 2 nd paragraph discusses mortality rates across countries. I think it’s better to skip this, since such comparisons are difficult to make, mainly due to variation in reporting of cases. Incubation period is not 14 days, but much shorter. The paragraph starting with “Numerous studies have established the effectiveness of mask-wearing» does not read will, and the line of argument is weak. The authors should rather refer to systematic review(s) of effectiveness studies than a (random?) selection of observational studies. Error in spelling: “strickness» When referring to the questionnaire in the text, I suggest linking directly to the questionnaire. In the paragraph starting with “Data collection took place during the period from November 2020 to February 2021”, there is an “s” missing in a “follows”, and there is a quotation mark missing. It is not explained how the open-ended questions on perceptions were converted to variables that could be included in regressions analyses. The first sentence in Results, “use” should be “used”. Error in spelling: “Tabel 1” “RDT” needs to be spelled out. cOR needs to be spelled out. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Effectiveness studies. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Fretheim A. Reviewer Report For: Risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of COVID-19 associated with mask use outside the home in Indonesia during the mandatory policy [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :179 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.172805.r373692 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-179/v1#referee-response-373692 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 11 Aug 2025 Betty Roosihermiatie , Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Bogor Regency, 16911, Indonesia 11 Aug 2025 Author Response My main concern with the manuscript is that I could not make full sense of the calculated crude ORs, i.e. to me some of them seem to be incorrect, so ... Continue reading My main concern with the manuscript is that I could not make full sense of the calculated crude ORs, i.e. to me some of them seem to be incorrect, so the calculations need to be checked. Of course, if the results from the univariate analyses are wrong, this will likely mean that the multivariate analyses are wrong too, and consequently the conclusions will probably change. If I have misunderstood something, or the error is on my side, I apologise. Anyhow, if the calculations are indeed correct, perhaps a more detailed explanation of the approach may be needed (the current description is very short). Thank you for the comment. There is an incorrect calculation from knowledge in which the actual question was ‘activities after going out, EXCEPT’; we have revised as the questionnaire and make correction for the results (in bivariate and multivariate analysis). More detailed explanation of univariate and bivariate analysis was added. It is not very clear how the respondents were recruited, although there is a brief description of the recruitment process. Response: Thank you for the comment. We added ‘The recruitment was for people with various of studying or working backrounds on online community in the society’. There is not reference to a protocol. I assume that this means that all analyses were decided upon post hoc, which would be a weakness the authors should reflect on – and they should argue carefully for every analytical choice they have made, and describe these in detail. Response: Thank you for the comment, we added the references in the developing of the questionnaires. The 1 st paragraph of the Background includes a repetition of a sentence. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, we deleted the repetition of a paragraph in the background. The 2 nd paragraph discusses mortality rates across countries. I think it’s better to skip this, since such comparisons are difficult to make, mainly due to variation in reporting of cases. Thank you for the comment, we deleted the mortality rate in Indonesia. Incubation period is not 14 days, but much shorter. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, we changed the incubation period of COVID-19 is 1 to 2 weeks. The paragraph starting with “Numerous studies have established the effectiveness of mask-wearing» does not read will, and the line of argument is weak. The authors should rather refer to systematic review(s) of effectiveness studies than a (random?) selection of observational studies. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment. We added a reference of metaanalysis on effectiveness of mask use. Error in spelling: “strickness» Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, we changed to ‘mandatory’. When referring to the questionnaire in the text, I suggest linking directly to the questionnaire. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, we added the link of questionnaire. In the paragraph starting with “Data collection took place during the period from November 2020 to February 2021”, there is an “s” missing in a “follows”, and there is a quotation mark missing. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment , we added as follows ‘The link of questionnaire in google form was distributed to contact persons of online community from the aboved groups. Then, the link was shared to the WhatsApp (WA) groups.Prior to completing the questionnaire, participants were presented with a written informed consent statement to determine their willingness to voluntarily participate in the study’. It is not explained how the open-ended questions on perceptions were converted to variables that could be included in regressions analyses. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, we added ‘The questionnaire after pre-test as the question for perception was changed as to answer of answer choices’ The first sentence in Results, “use” should be “used”. Error in spelling: “Tabel 1” Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, it changed to used. “RDT” needs to be spelled out. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, the RDT had been spelled out cOR needs to be spelled out. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, the cOR had been spelled out We have added the information for download data, the original file 'dat' (SPSS) that The description of variables is available in the second sheet ‘variable view’. The link of questionnaire - after pretesting had been directly added. The underlying data and extended data of questionnaire had been in CC0.1.0 version (open access). My main concern with the manuscript is that I could not make full sense of the calculated crude ORs, i.e. to me some of them seem to be incorrect, so the calculations need to be checked. Of course, if the results from the univariate analyses are wrong, this will likely mean that the multivariate analyses are wrong too, and consequently the conclusions will probably change. If I have misunderstood something, or the error is on my side, I apologise. Anyhow, if the calculations are indeed correct, perhaps a more detailed explanation of the approach may be needed (the current description is very short). Thank you for the comment. There is an incorrect calculation from knowledge in which the actual question was ‘activities after going out, EXCEPT’; we have revised as the questionnaire and make correction for the results (in bivariate and multivariate analysis). More detailed explanation of univariate and bivariate analysis was added. It is not very clear how the respondents were recruited, although there is a brief description of the recruitment process. Response: Thank you for the comment. We added ‘The recruitment was for people with various of studying or working backrounds on online community in the society’. There is not reference to a protocol. I assume that this means that all analyses were decided upon post hoc, which would be a weakness the authors should reflect on – and they should argue carefully for every analytical choice they have made, and describe these in detail. Response: Thank you for the comment, we added the references in the developing of the questionnaires. The 1 st paragraph of the Background includes a repetition of a sentence. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, we deleted the repetition of a paragraph in the background. The 2 nd paragraph discusses mortality rates across countries. I think it’s better to skip this, since such comparisons are difficult to make, mainly due to variation in reporting of cases. Thank you for the comment, we deleted the mortality rate in Indonesia. Incubation period is not 14 days, but much shorter. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, we changed the incubation period of COVID-19 is 1 to 2 weeks. The paragraph starting with “Numerous studies have established the effectiveness of mask-wearing» does not read will, and the line of argument is weak. The authors should rather refer to systematic review(s) of effectiveness studies than a (random?) selection of observational studies. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment. We added a reference of metaanalysis on effectiveness of mask use. Error in spelling: “strickness» Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, we changed to ‘mandatory’. When referring to the questionnaire in the text, I suggest linking directly to the questionnaire. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, we added the link of questionnaire. In the paragraph starting with “Data collection took place during the period from November 2020 to February 2021”, there is an “s” missing in a “follows”, and there is a quotation mark missing. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment , we added as follows ‘The link of questionnaire in google form was distributed to contact persons of online community from the aboved groups. Then, the link was shared to the WhatsApp (WA) groups.Prior to completing the questionnaire, participants were presented with a written informed consent statement to determine their willingness to voluntarily participate in the study’. It is not explained how the open-ended questions on perceptions were converted to variables that could be included in regressions analyses. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, we added ‘The questionnaire after pre-test as the question for perception was changed as to answer of answer choices’ The first sentence in Results, “use” should be “used”. Error in spelling: “Tabel 1” Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, it changed to used. “RDT” needs to be spelled out. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, the RDT had been spelled out cOR needs to be spelled out. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, the cOR had been spelled out We have added the information for download data, the original file 'dat' (SPSS) that The description of variables is available in the second sheet ‘variable view’. The link of questionnaire - after pretesting had been directly added. The underlying data and extended data of questionnaire had been in CC0.1.0 version (open access). Competing Interests: All authors declare no competing of interest. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 11 Aug 2025 Betty Roosihermiatie , Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Bogor Regency, 16911, Indonesia 11 Aug 2025 Author Response My main concern with the manuscript is that I could not make full sense of the calculated crude ORs, i.e. to me some of them seem to be incorrect, so ... Continue reading My main concern with the manuscript is that I could not make full sense of the calculated crude ORs, i.e. to me some of them seem to be incorrect, so the calculations need to be checked. Of course, if the results from the univariate analyses are wrong, this will likely mean that the multivariate analyses are wrong too, and consequently the conclusions will probably change. If I have misunderstood something, or the error is on my side, I apologise. Anyhow, if the calculations are indeed correct, perhaps a more detailed explanation of the approach may be needed (the current description is very short). Thank you for the comment. There is an incorrect calculation from knowledge in which the actual question was ‘activities after going out, EXCEPT’; we have revised as the questionnaire and make correction for the results (in bivariate and multivariate analysis). More detailed explanation of univariate and bivariate analysis was added. It is not very clear how the respondents were recruited, although there is a brief description of the recruitment process. Response: Thank you for the comment. We added ‘The recruitment was for people with various of studying or working backrounds on online community in the society’. There is not reference to a protocol. I assume that this means that all analyses were decided upon post hoc, which would be a weakness the authors should reflect on – and they should argue carefully for every analytical choice they have made, and describe these in detail. Response: Thank you for the comment, we added the references in the developing of the questionnaires. The 1 st paragraph of the Background includes a repetition of a sentence. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, we deleted the repetition of a paragraph in the background. The 2 nd paragraph discusses mortality rates across countries. I think it’s better to skip this, since such comparisons are difficult to make, mainly due to variation in reporting of cases. Thank you for the comment, we deleted the mortality rate in Indonesia. Incubation period is not 14 days, but much shorter. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, we changed the incubation period of COVID-19 is 1 to 2 weeks. The paragraph starting with “Numerous studies have established the effectiveness of mask-wearing» does not read will, and the line of argument is weak. The authors should rather refer to systematic review(s) of effectiveness studies than a (random?) selection of observational studies. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment. We added a reference of metaanalysis on effectiveness of mask use. Error in spelling: “strickness» Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, we changed to ‘mandatory’. When referring to the questionnaire in the text, I suggest linking directly to the questionnaire. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, we added the link of questionnaire. In the paragraph starting with “Data collection took place during the period from November 2020 to February 2021”, there is an “s” missing in a “follows”, and there is a quotation mark missing. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment , we added as follows ‘The link of questionnaire in google form was distributed to contact persons of online community from the aboved groups. Then, the link was shared to the WhatsApp (WA) groups.Prior to completing the questionnaire, participants were presented with a written informed consent statement to determine their willingness to voluntarily participate in the study’. It is not explained how the open-ended questions on perceptions were converted to variables that could be included in regressions analyses. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, we added ‘The questionnaire after pre-test as the question for perception was changed as to answer of answer choices’ The first sentence in Results, “use” should be “used”. Error in spelling: “Tabel 1” Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, it changed to used. “RDT” needs to be spelled out. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, the RDT had been spelled out cOR needs to be spelled out. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, the cOR had been spelled out We have added the information for download data, the original file 'dat' (SPSS) that The description of variables is available in the second sheet ‘variable view’. The link of questionnaire - after pretesting had been directly added. The underlying data and extended data of questionnaire had been in CC0.1.0 version (open access). My main concern with the manuscript is that I could not make full sense of the calculated crude ORs, i.e. to me some of them seem to be incorrect, so the calculations need to be checked. Of course, if the results from the univariate analyses are wrong, this will likely mean that the multivariate analyses are wrong too, and consequently the conclusions will probably change. If I have misunderstood something, or the error is on my side, I apologise. Anyhow, if the calculations are indeed correct, perhaps a more detailed explanation of the approach may be needed (the current description is very short). Thank you for the comment. There is an incorrect calculation from knowledge in which the actual question was ‘activities after going out, EXCEPT’; we have revised as the questionnaire and make correction for the results (in bivariate and multivariate analysis). More detailed explanation of univariate and bivariate analysis was added. It is not very clear how the respondents were recruited, although there is a brief description of the recruitment process. Response: Thank you for the comment. We added ‘The recruitment was for people with various of studying or working backrounds on online community in the society’. There is not reference to a protocol. I assume that this means that all analyses were decided upon post hoc, which would be a weakness the authors should reflect on – and they should argue carefully for every analytical choice they have made, and describe these in detail. Response: Thank you for the comment, we added the references in the developing of the questionnaires. The 1 st paragraph of the Background includes a repetition of a sentence. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, we deleted the repetition of a paragraph in the background. The 2 nd paragraph discusses mortality rates across countries. I think it’s better to skip this, since such comparisons are difficult to make, mainly due to variation in reporting of cases. Thank you for the comment, we deleted the mortality rate in Indonesia. Incubation period is not 14 days, but much shorter. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, we changed the incubation period of COVID-19 is 1 to 2 weeks. The paragraph starting with “Numerous studies have established the effectiveness of mask-wearing» does not read will, and the line of argument is weak. The authors should rather refer to systematic review(s) of effectiveness studies than a (random?) selection of observational studies. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment. We added a reference of metaanalysis on effectiveness of mask use. Error in spelling: “strickness» Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, we changed to ‘mandatory’. When referring to the questionnaire in the text, I suggest linking directly to the questionnaire. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, we added the link of questionnaire. In the paragraph starting with “Data collection took place during the period from November 2020 to February 2021”, there is an “s” missing in a “follows”, and there is a quotation mark missing. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment , we added as follows ‘The link of questionnaire in google form was distributed to contact persons of online community from the aboved groups. Then, the link was shared to the WhatsApp (WA) groups.Prior to completing the questionnaire, participants were presented with a written informed consent statement to determine their willingness to voluntarily participate in the study’. It is not explained how the open-ended questions on perceptions were converted to variables that could be included in regressions analyses. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, we added ‘The questionnaire after pre-test as the question for perception was changed as to answer of answer choices’ The first sentence in Results, “use” should be “used”. Error in spelling: “Tabel 1” Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, it changed to used. “RDT” needs to be spelled out. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, the RDT had been spelled out cOR needs to be spelled out. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, the cOR had been spelled out We have added the information for download data, the original file 'dat' (SPSS) that The description of variables is available in the second sheet ‘variable view’. The link of questionnaire - after pretesting had been directly added. The underlying data and extended data of questionnaire had been in CC0.1.0 version (open access). Competing Interests: All authors declare no competing of interest. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Loedy N. Reviewer Report For: Risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of COVID-19 associated with mask use outside the home in Indonesia during the mandatory policy [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :179 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.172805.r369443 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-179/v1#referee-response-369443 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 17 Mar 2025 Neilshan Loedy , Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.172805.r369443 I am pleased to read and evaluate the manuscript prepared by Roosihermiatie and colleagues. In this manuscript, the author collected data associated with mask use during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The data collection spanned from November 2020 to February ... Continue reading READ ALL I am pleased to read and evaluate the manuscript prepared by Roosihermiatie and colleagues. In this manuscript, the author collected data associated with mask use during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The data collection spanned from November 2020 to February 2021, resulting data from 1,153 participants to be analyzed. The data collected has been made publicly available, which is a commendable outcome as it supports open science and provides a valuable resource for the scientific community. The study examined the association between risk perception, sociodemographic, knowledge of COVID-19 and face mask adherence using a multivariate logistic regression. The results indicate positive association between the use of facemask outside the home and the risk perception, COVID-19 knowledge, and age. The topic of this manuscript is highly relevant, and I wish that more studies would collect similar valuable information. However, I would like to raise several questions and possible improvements to ensure the interpretability of the results. Moreover, authors need to thoroughly proofread and update the manuscript as the overall writing quality, including formatting and language, was rather poor. Major comments I understand that values can be seen from the tables, but I suggest expanding the results to include some of the obtained quantitative estimates. Right now, it just appears to be rather generic. The manuscript mentions that the questionnaire was distributed to different public groups via WhatsApp. However, it would be helpful to discuss the rationale behind selecting these groups and provide details on their distribution. Additionally, could the authors clarify how representative this sample is in terms of key demographics, such as age and gender? Figures showing the distributions of key sociodemographic factors would be a very nice addition in this case. Furthermore, a discussion on potential biases introduced by these chosen groups would strengthen the study's validity. It would be helpful to clarify the purpose of the pre-testing in the manuscript. Specifically, could you explain why the questionnaires were pre-tested on individuals with varying occupations and how the feedback influenced the revisions? Could the authors clarify the rationale behind the chosen age groups in the analysis? Specifically, the category of “older than 44 years” covers a broad range, which may obscure potential variations in mask-wearing behavior among different age subgroups. Given that previous studies have reported higher face mask usage among older individuals due to increased susceptibility to COVID-19 (e.g., Haischer et al, 2020 [Ref 2]), a more granular age categorization might provide additional insights. In the discussion section it is written that “This online study investigated mask use during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Indonesia’s mask mandatory policy”. The study period spanned from November 2020 to February 2021, during which the use of face masks is strongly influenced by government policies (as shown in other studies, e.g., Gimma et al., 2022 [Ref 3]). Not accounting for policy changes (e.g., by using stringency index or other relevant measures) in the analysis is likely affect the model’s results. It would be logical to explore the effect of a stringency/policy index variable in the model, which would ultimately increase the validity of the findings and support the statement written in the Discussion section. In addition to my previous comment (No. 3), I noticed that the first public COVID-19 vaccinations in Indonesia began on January 14, 2021. While the questionnaire does not include a question about vaccination status, the discussion section touches on vaccination rates and their relevance to mask-wearing adherence. To avoid confusion, I suggest clarifying this timeline in the discussion and addressing its potential impact on the analysis. The arguments in the discussion section are too generic and vague, making it unclear what message the authors are trying to convey. For instance, the statement: “This study revealed that among the sociodemographic factors, only individuals of productive age (25 to 44 years) are negatively associated with consistent mask-wearing outside the home” is somewhat confusing. Another paragraph states, “Previous studies identified that older individuals were associated with adherence to mask use...” which seems to contrast with the earlier finding. While there is an attempt to explain this, the paragraph could be more clearly structured to enhance clarity and coherence. I noticed that the idea of “Our study revealed/highlights a relationship between risk perception of COVID-19 and the (consistent) use of masks outside the home” appears multiple times throughout the discussion. To improve clarity and avoid redundancy, it might be helpful to restructure the discussion to consolidate these points and present them more cohesively. In the discussion section, it is stated that “In contrast, this study found that younger and older age groups, women, … living in outer Surabaya as well as … failed to be associated with consistent mask-wearing outside the home in the multivariate analysis.” However, I do not see any results in Table 4 that reflect these findings. If these results were obtained from bivariate analysis rather than multivariate analysis, it would be important to clarify this distinction, as interpreting bivariate results in this context may not be appropriate. It would also interesting to add to the manuscript a discussion on Peltz man effect (individuals might alter their risk perceptions after access to preventive measures, leading to greater engagement in riskier behaviour (e.g., making more contacts with people outside)). This has been shown after participants in other study received vaccination (Wambua et al, 2023 [Ref 1]). Exploring its impact on disease spread and identifying suitable interventions could provide valuable insights for the readers. Minor comments In the abstract, the statement “Regarding sociodemographic factors, individuals aged between 25 to 44 years aOR: 0.486” is unclear. Could you clarify (or put more context) what this refers to? I would recommend including confidence intervals for all estimates in the manuscript, to improve the comprehensiveness of the results. The sentence “By March 2020, due to its rapid global spread, the WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic.” is repeated twice. The fourth paragraph “Risk perception significantly … determining mask adherence.”, looks a little bit out of place. The sentence “During the COVID-19 pandemic, Indonesia enforced a mandatory mask policy (The Ministry of Health of The Republic of Indonesia, 2020), which led to increased usage (Kar et al., 2023).”, can be phrased better. Please check the clarity of each sentence in the manuscript. I am not sure with the use of the word “strickness”, in the last paragraph of the Introduction. What is the definition of “outside the home”? Does it refer strictly to areas outside the house, or does it include spaces like the backyard, terrace, or a small park? It would be useful to make this clear in the manuscript. How do you define “Informal groups?” It might be helpful to rephrase the third paragraph of the Methodology section (“Data collection took place…”) to enhance clarity, as the current wording is a bit unclear. I would expect that the number of participants who never (or always) use a mask in general would be fewer than those who never (or always) use a mask outside the home, as the latter seems like a subset of the former. However, this does not seem to be the case. Could you please clarify the difference between these two questions and provide an explanation for this discrepancy? Could the authors explain the rationale behind excluding interaction effects from the analysis? It would be helpful to understand the reasoning for this decision. I do not think the statement “In this study, consistent mask-wearing outside the home was higher (90.0%), with the types of masks were mostly surgical masks (60%), followed by cloth masks (36.4%), N-19 masks (3.0%), and others.”, belong in the discussion section. I do not see any clear connection between the statement “Moreover, the Indonesian government distributed free masks down to neighborhood levels, further supporting compliance” with its preceeding statements. The statement that “sociodemographic factors are challenging to modify” feels somewhat unclear. While it is true that factors like age cannot be changed, their significance in the analysis somehow suggests the need for age-specific targeted interventions. It might be helpful to clarify this point to better align with the study's implications. A reference for Indonesia’s vaccination rate in the discussion section is needed It would also be beneficial to put all the codes used to produce the results in an open access repository to ensure open science to the general community Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly References 1. Wambua J, Loedy N, Jarvis CI, Wong KLM, et al.: The influence of COVID-19 risk perception and vaccination status on the number of social contacts across Europe: insights from the CoMix study. BMC Public Health . 2023; 23 (1): 1350 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 2. Haischer MH, Beilfuss R, Hart MR, Opielinski L, et al.: Who is wearing a mask? Gender-, age-, and location-related differences during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One . 2020; 15 (10): e0240785 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 3. Gimma A, Munday JD, Wong KLM, Coletti P, et al.: Changes in social contacts in England during the COVID-19 pandemic between March 2020 and March 2021 as measured by the CoMix survey: A repeated cross-sectional study. PLoS Med . 2022; 19 (3): e1003907 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Statistics, Epidemiology, Social contact data. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Loedy N. Reviewer Report For: Risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of COVID-19 associated with mask use outside the home in Indonesia during the mandatory policy [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :179 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.172805.r369443 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-179/v1#referee-response-369443 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 20 Mar 2025 Betty Roosihermiatie , Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Bogor Regency, 16911, Indonesia 20 Mar 2025 Author Response Major Comments Responses Thank you for the comment. We, would add the descriptive estimate at first of Results as follows. The perception about Covid-19, about a ... Continue reading Major Comments Responses Thank you for the comment. We, would add the descriptive estimate at first of Results as follows. The perception about Covid-19, about a half 585 (50.1%) people answered as viral disease which could cause death and nearly a half 554 (48.0%) people answered as viral disease with flu, cough symptoms. For the feeling if neighbour’s sick of Covid-19, the majority 818 (70.9%) people answered feeling of anxiety, followed by 267 (23.2%) people answered feeling of usual. Meanwhile, for experiencing PCR positive Covid-19 and close contact with Covid-19 persons during the past 2 weeks before the study, just 45 (3.9%) people answered ever having PCR positive Covid-19 and 63 (5.5%) people having close contact with Covid-19 persons during the past 2 weeks before the study, respectively. For the sociodemographic factors of geographic areas it consisted of municipalities/districts outside Java/Sumatra/Sulawesi, municipalities/districts in Java (excluding greater Jakarta and greater Surabaya), Sumatra island, Sulawesi island, greater Jakarta, and greater Surabaya. The geographic areas of people who responded the study were mostly 502 (43.5%) people from greater Surabaya, 244 (21.2%) people from municipalities/districts outside Java/Sumatra/Sulawesi, and 191 (16.6%) people from greater Jakarta. For age, it composed of ed of 428 (37.1%) people aged 15-24 years old (young adults), 438 (38.0%) people aged 25-44 years old (adults), and 287 (24.9%) people aged >44 years old (old adults). According to sex, slightly above a half 496 (55.2%) were females and nearly a half 550 (47.7%) were males. While according to education, mostly were 517 (44.8%) academy/university graduate, followed by 288 (24.9%) high school education. According to occupation, mostly 346 (30.0%) people were Civil servants/police/soldiers/government workers; followed by almost the same of Academy/University students and private employees of 198 (17.2%) and 193 (16.7%) people, respectively. The family income, mostly 304 (26.4%) were Rp. >2,000,000 – 4,000,000,-, followed by 269 (23.2%) people with Rp. >4,000,000 – 7,000,000,- and 244 (21.2%) people up to Rp. 2,000,000,-, respectively. Mostly, 796 (69.0%) people had ≤ 4 family members and 961 (83.3%) people owned of National Health Scheme. 2. The questionnaire was distributed to different public groups that it could describe the use of mask in the society. It will be added in the methods. About age and gender, it would be as aboved description that the categories are as social activities that their distribution among categories were equal as possible of bias. Moreover, if there were biases - they had been controlled in the analysis. 3. The purpose of pre-testing the questionnaire to varying occupation was to get information on how to provide answers, namely sociodemografic factors, perception and knowledge of COVID-19 in the community. In the pre-test questionnaire, the questions about the perception were asked with open questions in which required times to answer. So, the questions about the perception of COVID-19 were changed into close questions with answer choices and in which included responses from the pre-test. These would be added. 4. The categories of age used the division as for social activity in which the the percentages (estimates) showed trend that use of mask in old adults is less. 5. Before Covid-19 pandemic, mask use was uncommon in Indonesia. Even in the early of pandemic, there were still many people who did not comply with wearing mask use even though there was policy to prevent Covid-19 with mask use. The statement was the last sentence of the first paragraph of Discussion. As the study, it was conducted during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia when there was a mandatory of mask use policy. 6.The vaccination of Covid-19 began on January 14 2021 in 4 stages which priority stage 1 and 2 on January to April 2021 were given to stage 1. Target for health workers and their asistants, supporting staffs and students who are undergoing professional medical education in health services. Stage 2. Target for public service officers, namely soldiers/Police, law enforcement officers, and other public service officers including officers at airports/ports/stations/terminals. Then, workers in the banking sector, state electricity companies, and regional drinking water companies, as well as other officers who are directly involved provide services to the community. In addition, the elderly age group (60 years old and above). Meanwhile, stage 3 and 4 were given April 2021 to March 2022. Link questionnaires of the study were given to WA groups for community and not to health workers or public officers, including WA groups on target 2 for soldiers/police (although there were 3 soldiers and 1 police who were not public officers that responded the questionnaires included in the study). 7. ‘Productive age’ would be changed to adult as active individuals and whom may feel healthy, so they still need a process to change their behavior of wearing mask. 8. Thank you for the comment, we would avoid redundant. 9. The bivariate analysis as sex, gender, geographic area (greater Surabaya) with p<0.2 were included in the logistic regression analysis, with backward LR but the variables were (out) not in the final model. 10. The participants were not target (stage 1&2) of vaccination at the time of study. Minor comments Responses Thank you, would be added “49% likely for consistent mask use”. Thank you, would be added 95% CI. Thank you, the sentence would be deleted. Thank you, mask adherence would be changed to “mask use”. Thank you, would be changed to increase compliance with mask use. Thank you, would be changed to about the mandatory use of mask from the policy. Thank you, the question was “what are your habits of using a mask when you are outside the house”. It would be added in methods Thank you, informal groups as group of fisherman/farmer, group of traditional market seller, group of neighborhood associations (private sector workers) Thank you, would be rephrased Thank you, during the wave of Covid-19 there was social sanction if not using mask outside such as cleaning trash around the place where he was not wearing the mask, take mask in home, buy mask, push up. Even in few provinces such as Jakarta, west Java provinces there were governor regulation that if not wearing mask in public places would be fined. Thank you, it is for having estimate on each of risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of Covid-19, respectively. So, if intervention is needed, the target variable can be focused on. Thank you, they were actually 2 sentences of mask use and type of mask; would be changed to 2 sentences. Thank you, I mean “the Government was distributing masks down to neighbourhood levels for free” Thank you, I mean that sociodemographic factors are characteristics and are somewhat difficult to change such as education level, income or can’t be changed as age (in this study was significantly associated); so, it needs intervention as health education The reference of Covid-19 vaccination is “ https://vaksin.kemkes.go.id/#/vaccines ” Thank you, actually the file deposited was in SPSS software and that have been with codes in the variable view sheet. Major Comments Responses Thank you for the comment. We, would add the descriptive estimate at first of Results as follows. The perception about Covid-19, about a half 585 (50.1%) people answered as viral disease which could cause death and nearly a half 554 (48.0%) people answered as viral disease with flu, cough symptoms. For the feeling if neighbour’s sick of Covid-19, the majority 818 (70.9%) people answered feeling of anxiety, followed by 267 (23.2%) people answered feeling of usual. Meanwhile, for experiencing PCR positive Covid-19 and close contact with Covid-19 persons during the past 2 weeks before the study, just 45 (3.9%) people answered ever having PCR positive Covid-19 and 63 (5.5%) people having close contact with Covid-19 persons during the past 2 weeks before the study, respectively. For the sociodemographic factors of geographic areas it consisted of municipalities/districts outside Java/Sumatra/Sulawesi, municipalities/districts in Java (excluding greater Jakarta and greater Surabaya), Sumatra island, Sulawesi island, greater Jakarta, and greater Surabaya. The geographic areas of people who responded the study were mostly 502 (43.5%) people from greater Surabaya, 244 (21.2%) people from municipalities/districts outside Java/Sumatra/Sulawesi, and 191 (16.6%) people from greater Jakarta. For age, it composed of ed of 428 (37.1%) people aged 15-24 years old (young adults), 438 (38.0%) people aged 25-44 years old (adults), and 287 (24.9%) people aged >44 years old (old adults). According to sex, slightly above a half 496 (55.2%) were females and nearly a half 550 (47.7%) were males. While according to education, mostly were 517 (44.8%) academy/university graduate, followed by 288 (24.9%) high school education. According to occupation, mostly 346 (30.0%) people were Civil servants/police/soldiers/government workers; followed by almost the same of Academy/University students and private employees of 198 (17.2%) and 193 (16.7%) people, respectively. The family income, mostly 304 (26.4%) were Rp. >2,000,000 – 4,000,000,-, followed by 269 (23.2%) people with Rp. >4,000,000 – 7,000,000,- and 244 (21.2%) people up to Rp. 2,000,000,-, respectively. Mostly, 796 (69.0%) people had ≤ 4 family members and 961 (83.3%) people owned of National Health Scheme. 2. The questionnaire was distributed to different public groups that it could describe the use of mask in the society. It will be added in the methods. About age and gender, it would be as aboved description that the categories are as social activities that their distribution among categories were equal as possible of bias. Moreover, if there were biases - they had been controlled in the analysis. 3. The purpose of pre-testing the questionnaire to varying occupation was to get information on how to provide answers, namely sociodemografic factors, perception and knowledge of COVID-19 in the community. In the pre-test questionnaire, the questions about the perception were asked with open questions in which required times to answer. So, the questions about the perception of COVID-19 were changed into close questions with answer choices and in which included responses from the pre-test. These would be added. 4. The categories of age used the division as for social activity in which the the percentages (estimates) showed trend that use of mask in old adults is less. 5. Before Covid-19 pandemic, mask use was uncommon in Indonesia. Even in the early of pandemic, there were still many people who did not comply with wearing mask use even though there was policy to prevent Covid-19 with mask use. The statement was the last sentence of the first paragraph of Discussion. As the study, it was conducted during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia when there was a mandatory of mask use policy. 6.The vaccination of Covid-19 began on January 14 2021 in 4 stages which priority stage 1 and 2 on January to April 2021 were given to stage 1. Target for health workers and their asistants, supporting staffs and students who are undergoing professional medical education in health services. Stage 2. Target for public service officers, namely soldiers/Police, law enforcement officers, and other public service officers including officers at airports/ports/stations/terminals. Then, workers in the banking sector, state electricity companies, and regional drinking water companies, as well as other officers who are directly involved provide services to the community. In addition, the elderly age group (60 years old and above). Meanwhile, stage 3 and 4 were given April 2021 to March 2022. Link questionnaires of the study were given to WA groups for community and not to health workers or public officers, including WA groups on target 2 for soldiers/police (although there were 3 soldiers and 1 police who were not public officers that responded the questionnaires included in the study). 7. ‘Productive age’ would be changed to adult as active individuals and whom may feel healthy, so they still need a process to change their behavior of wearing mask. 8. Thank you for the comment, we would avoid redundant. 9. The bivariate analysis as sex, gender, geographic area (greater Surabaya) with p<0.2 were included in the logistic regression analysis, with backward LR but the variables were (out) not in the final model. 10. The participants were not target (stage 1&2) of vaccination at the time of study. Minor comments Responses Thank you, would be added “49% likely for consistent mask use”. Thank you, would be added 95% CI. Thank you, the sentence would be deleted. Thank you, mask adherence would be changed to “mask use”. Thank you, would be changed to increase compliance with mask use. Thank you, would be changed to about the mandatory use of mask from the policy. Thank you, the question was “what are your habits of using a mask when you are outside the house”. It would be added in methods Thank you, informal groups as group of fisherman/farmer, group of traditional market seller, group of neighborhood associations (private sector workers) Thank you, would be rephrased Thank you, during the wave of Covid-19 there was social sanction if not using mask outside such as cleaning trash around the place where he was not wearing the mask, take mask in home, buy mask, push up. Even in few provinces such as Jakarta, west Java provinces there were governor regulation that if not wearing mask in public places would be fined. Thank you, it is for having estimate on each of risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of Covid-19, respectively. So, if intervention is needed, the target variable can be focused on. Thank you, they were actually 2 sentences of mask use and type of mask; would be changed to 2 sentences. Thank you, I mean “the Government was distributing masks down to neighbourhood levels for free” Thank you, I mean that sociodemographic factors are characteristics and are somewhat difficult to change such as education level, income or can’t be changed as age (in this study was significantly associated); so, it needs intervention as health education The reference of Covid-19 vaccination is “ https://vaksin.kemkes.go.id/#/vaccines ” Thank you, actually the file deposited was in SPSS software and that have been with codes in the variable view sheet. Competing Interests: No competing of interest Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 20 Mar 2025 Betty Roosihermiatie , Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Bogor Regency, 16911, Indonesia 20 Mar 2025 Author Response Major Comments Responses Thank you for the comment. We, would add the descriptive estimate at first of Results as follows. The perception about Covid-19, about a ... Continue reading Major Comments Responses Thank you for the comment. We, would add the descriptive estimate at first of Results as follows. The perception about Covid-19, about a half 585 (50.1%) people answered as viral disease which could cause death and nearly a half 554 (48.0%) people answered as viral disease with flu, cough symptoms. For the feeling if neighbour’s sick of Covid-19, the majority 818 (70.9%) people answered feeling of anxiety, followed by 267 (23.2%) people answered feeling of usual. Meanwhile, for experiencing PCR positive Covid-19 and close contact with Covid-19 persons during the past 2 weeks before the study, just 45 (3.9%) people answered ever having PCR positive Covid-19 and 63 (5.5%) people having close contact with Covid-19 persons during the past 2 weeks before the study, respectively. For the sociodemographic factors of geographic areas it consisted of municipalities/districts outside Java/Sumatra/Sulawesi, municipalities/districts in Java (excluding greater Jakarta and greater Surabaya), Sumatra island, Sulawesi island, greater Jakarta, and greater Surabaya. The geographic areas of people who responded the study were mostly 502 (43.5%) people from greater Surabaya, 244 (21.2%) people from municipalities/districts outside Java/Sumatra/Sulawesi, and 191 (16.6%) people from greater Jakarta. For age, it composed of ed of 428 (37.1%) people aged 15-24 years old (young adults), 438 (38.0%) people aged 25-44 years old (adults), and 287 (24.9%) people aged >44 years old (old adults). According to sex, slightly above a half 496 (55.2%) were females and nearly a half 550 (47.7%) were males. While according to education, mostly were 517 (44.8%) academy/university graduate, followed by 288 (24.9%) high school education. According to occupation, mostly 346 (30.0%) people were Civil servants/police/soldiers/government workers; followed by almost the same of Academy/University students and private employees of 198 (17.2%) and 193 (16.7%) people, respectively. The family income, mostly 304 (26.4%) were Rp. >2,000,000 – 4,000,000,-, followed by 269 (23.2%) people with Rp. >4,000,000 – 7,000,000,- and 244 (21.2%) people up to Rp. 2,000,000,-, respectively. Mostly, 796 (69.0%) people had ≤ 4 family members and 961 (83.3%) people owned of National Health Scheme. 2. The questionnaire was distributed to different public groups that it could describe the use of mask in the society. It will be added in the methods. About age and gender, it would be as aboved description that the categories are as social activities that their distribution among categories were equal as possible of bias. Moreover, if there were biases - they had been controlled in the analysis. 3. The purpose of pre-testing the questionnaire to varying occupation was to get information on how to provide answers, namely sociodemografic factors, perception and knowledge of COVID-19 in the community. In the pre-test questionnaire, the questions about the perception were asked with open questions in which required times to answer. So, the questions about the perception of COVID-19 were changed into close questions with answer choices and in which included responses from the pre-test. These would be added. 4. The categories of age used the division as for social activity in which the the percentages (estimates) showed trend that use of mask in old adults is less. 5. Before Covid-19 pandemic, mask use was uncommon in Indonesia. Even in the early of pandemic, there were still many people who did not comply with wearing mask use even though there was policy to prevent Covid-19 with mask use. The statement was the last sentence of the first paragraph of Discussion. As the study, it was conducted during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia when there was a mandatory of mask use policy. 6.The vaccination of Covid-19 began on January 14 2021 in 4 stages which priority stage 1 and 2 on January to April 2021 were given to stage 1. Target for health workers and their asistants, supporting staffs and students who are undergoing professional medical education in health services. Stage 2. Target for public service officers, namely soldiers/Police, law enforcement officers, and other public service officers including officers at airports/ports/stations/terminals. Then, workers in the banking sector, state electricity companies, and regional drinking water companies, as well as other officers who are directly involved provide services to the community. In addition, the elderly age group (60 years old and above). Meanwhile, stage 3 and 4 were given April 2021 to March 2022. Link questionnaires of the study were given to WA groups for community and not to health workers or public officers, including WA groups on target 2 for soldiers/police (although there were 3 soldiers and 1 police who were not public officers that responded the questionnaires included in the study). 7. ‘Productive age’ would be changed to adult as active individuals and whom may feel healthy, so they still need a process to change their behavior of wearing mask. 8. Thank you for the comment, we would avoid redundant. 9. The bivariate analysis as sex, gender, geographic area (greater Surabaya) with p<0.2 were included in the logistic regression analysis, with backward LR but the variables were (out) not in the final model. 10. The participants were not target (stage 1&2) of vaccination at the time of study. Minor comments Responses Thank you, would be added “49% likely for consistent mask use”. Thank you, would be added 95% CI. Thank you, the sentence would be deleted. Thank you, mask adherence would be changed to “mask use”. Thank you, would be changed to increase compliance with mask use. Thank you, would be changed to about the mandatory use of mask from the policy. Thank you, the question was “what are your habits of using a mask when you are outside the house”. It would be added in methods Thank you, informal groups as group of fisherman/farmer, group of traditional market seller, group of neighborhood associations (private sector workers) Thank you, would be rephrased Thank you, during the wave of Covid-19 there was social sanction if not using mask outside such as cleaning trash around the place where he was not wearing the mask, take mask in home, buy mask, push up. Even in few provinces such as Jakarta, west Java provinces there were governor regulation that if not wearing mask in public places would be fined. Thank you, it is for having estimate on each of risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of Covid-19, respectively. So, if intervention is needed, the target variable can be focused on. Thank you, they were actually 2 sentences of mask use and type of mask; would be changed to 2 sentences. Thank you, I mean “the Government was distributing masks down to neighbourhood levels for free” Thank you, I mean that sociodemographic factors are characteristics and are somewhat difficult to change such as education level, income or can’t be changed as age (in this study was significantly associated); so, it needs intervention as health education The reference of Covid-19 vaccination is “ https://vaksin.kemkes.go.id/#/vaccines ” Thank you, actually the file deposited was in SPSS software and that have been with codes in the variable view sheet. Major Comments Responses Thank you for the comment. We, would add the descriptive estimate at first of Results as follows. The perception about Covid-19, about a half 585 (50.1%) people answered as viral disease which could cause death and nearly a half 554 (48.0%) people answered as viral disease with flu, cough symptoms. For the feeling if neighbour’s sick of Covid-19, the majority 818 (70.9%) people answered feeling of anxiety, followed by 267 (23.2%) people answered feeling of usual. Meanwhile, for experiencing PCR positive Covid-19 and close contact with Covid-19 persons during the past 2 weeks before the study, just 45 (3.9%) people answered ever having PCR positive Covid-19 and 63 (5.5%) people having close contact with Covid-19 persons during the past 2 weeks before the study, respectively. For the sociodemographic factors of geographic areas it consisted of municipalities/districts outside Java/Sumatra/Sulawesi, municipalities/districts in Java (excluding greater Jakarta and greater Surabaya), Sumatra island, Sulawesi island, greater Jakarta, and greater Surabaya. The geographic areas of people who responded the study were mostly 502 (43.5%) people from greater Surabaya, 244 (21.2%) people from municipalities/districts outside Java/Sumatra/Sulawesi, and 191 (16.6%) people from greater Jakarta. For age, it composed of ed of 428 (37.1%) people aged 15-24 years old (young adults), 438 (38.0%) people aged 25-44 years old (adults), and 287 (24.9%) people aged >44 years old (old adults). According to sex, slightly above a half 496 (55.2%) were females and nearly a half 550 (47.7%) were males. While according to education, mostly were 517 (44.8%) academy/university graduate, followed by 288 (24.9%) high school education. According to occupation, mostly 346 (30.0%) people were Civil servants/police/soldiers/government workers; followed by almost the same of Academy/University students and private employees of 198 (17.2%) and 193 (16.7%) people, respectively. The family income, mostly 304 (26.4%) were Rp. >2,000,000 – 4,000,000,-, followed by 269 (23.2%) people with Rp. >4,000,000 – 7,000,000,- and 244 (21.2%) people up to Rp. 2,000,000,-, respectively. Mostly, 796 (69.0%) people had ≤ 4 family members and 961 (83.3%) people owned of National Health Scheme. 2. The questionnaire was distributed to different public groups that it could describe the use of mask in the society. It will be added in the methods. About age and gender, it would be as aboved description that the categories are as social activities that their distribution among categories were equal as possible of bias. Moreover, if there were biases - they had been controlled in the analysis. 3. The purpose of pre-testing the questionnaire to varying occupation was to get information on how to provide answers, namely sociodemografic factors, perception and knowledge of COVID-19 in the community. In the pre-test questionnaire, the questions about the perception were asked with open questions in which required times to answer. So, the questions about the perception of COVID-19 were changed into close questions with answer choices and in which included responses from the pre-test. These would be added. 4. The categories of age used the division as for social activity in which the the percentages (estimates) showed trend that use of mask in old adults is less. 5. Before Covid-19 pandemic, mask use was uncommon in Indonesia. Even in the early of pandemic, there were still many people who did not comply with wearing mask use even though there was policy to prevent Covid-19 with mask use. The statement was the last sentence of the first paragraph of Discussion. As the study, it was conducted during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia when there was a mandatory of mask use policy. 6.The vaccination of Covid-19 began on January 14 2021 in 4 stages which priority stage 1 and 2 on January to April 2021 were given to stage 1. Target for health workers and their asistants, supporting staffs and students who are undergoing professional medical education in health services. Stage 2. Target for public service officers, namely soldiers/Police, law enforcement officers, and other public service officers including officers at airports/ports/stations/terminals. Then, workers in the banking sector, state electricity companies, and regional drinking water companies, as well as other officers who are directly involved provide services to the community. In addition, the elderly age group (60 years old and above). Meanwhile, stage 3 and 4 were given April 2021 to March 2022. Link questionnaires of the study were given to WA groups for community and not to health workers or public officers, including WA groups on target 2 for soldiers/police (although there were 3 soldiers and 1 police who were not public officers that responded the questionnaires included in the study). 7. ‘Productive age’ would be changed to adult as active individuals and whom may feel healthy, so they still need a process to change their behavior of wearing mask. 8. Thank you for the comment, we would avoid redundant. 9. The bivariate analysis as sex, gender, geographic area (greater Surabaya) with p<0.2 were included in the logistic regression analysis, with backward LR but the variables were (out) not in the final model. 10. The participants were not target (stage 1&2) of vaccination at the time of study. Minor comments Responses Thank you, would be added “49% likely for consistent mask use”. Thank you, would be added 95% CI. Thank you, the sentence would be deleted. Thank you, mask adherence would be changed to “mask use”. Thank you, would be changed to increase compliance with mask use. Thank you, would be changed to about the mandatory use of mask from the policy. Thank you, the question was “what are your habits of using a mask when you are outside the house”. It would be added in methods Thank you, informal groups as group of fisherman/farmer, group of traditional market seller, group of neighborhood associations (private sector workers) Thank you, would be rephrased Thank you, during the wave of Covid-19 there was social sanction if not using mask outside such as cleaning trash around the place where he was not wearing the mask, take mask in home, buy mask, push up. Even in few provinces such as Jakarta, west Java provinces there were governor regulation that if not wearing mask in public places would be fined. Thank you, it is for having estimate on each of risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of Covid-19, respectively. So, if intervention is needed, the target variable can be focused on. Thank you, they were actually 2 sentences of mask use and type of mask; would be changed to 2 sentences. Thank you, I mean “the Government was distributing masks down to neighbourhood levels for free” Thank you, I mean that sociodemographic factors are characteristics and are somewhat difficult to change such as education level, income or can’t be changed as age (in this study was significantly associated); so, it needs intervention as health education The reference of Covid-19 vaccination is “ https://vaksin.kemkes.go.id/#/vaccines ” Thank you, actually the file deposited was in SPSS software and that have been with codes in the variable view sheet. Competing Interests: No competing of interest Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 2 VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 10 Feb 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 3 4 Version 2 (revision) 20 Jun 25 read read read read Version 1 10 Feb 25 read read Neilshan Loedy , Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium Atle Fretheim , Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway Andrew Kweku Conduah , University of Professional Studies, Madina, Ghana Temesgen Zewotir , University of KwaZulu Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Zewotir T. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 09 Oct 2025 | for Version 2 Temesgen Zewotir , University of KwaZulu Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 0 Views copyright © 2025 Zewotir T. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Not Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions This study examined the factors influencing consistent mask-wearing outside the home in Indonesia during the pandemic. An online survey was conducted between November 2020 and February 2021 via Google Forms, shared through various WhatsApp community groups. Logistic regression was used as the method of analysis. The study reported nothing from the data analysis but high mask compliance because Indonesia’s strict mask mandate and extensive public education campaigns. Besides the low sample size by putting very modest P value, the method of analysis is not appropriate to establish causal relationships between risk perception, knowledge, and mask-wearing behavior.. Proper causal analysis should have been used. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? No Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Not applicable Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? No Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Applied Statistics and Data Science particularly interested in the abundance of data that could accelerate the development and refinement of basic research and theories. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Zewotir T. Peer Review Report For: Risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of COVID-19 associated with mask use outside the home in Indonesia during the mandatory policy [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :179 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.183333.r419295) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-179/v2#referee-response-419295 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Loedy N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 13 Aug 2025 | for Version 2 Neilshan Loedy , Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium 0 Views copyright © 2025 Loedy N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Not Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions I appreciate the authors’ efforts in revising the manuscript and providing a detailed point-by-point response. However, after carefully reviewing the revised version and the responses, I find that several major concerns raised in my initial review remain insufficiently addressed. For example, the descriptive results do not appear to be calculated carefully in some cases. There are instances where percentages do not sum to 100% without clear explanation (e.g., “According to sex, slightly above half 496 (55.2%) were females and nearly half 550 (47.7%) were males”). Greater care is needed to ensure accuracy in these basic summaries. Additionally, the issue regarding the age group divisions has not received sufficient attention or justification, despite earlier feedback that this could introduce inaccuracies in the conclusions. I also remain concerned that the analysis does not adequately consider the stringency index or related measures. Although the authors note that mask use was uncommon before COVID-19, the study period (November 2020 to February 2021) falls well within the pandemic, and varying public health measures could have influenced the findings. At the very least, a careful literature review and a discussion of the potential implications of differing public health policies should be added to strengthen the interpretation of the results. Moreover, while the authors have made revisions, it is unclear where these changes were made in the manuscript. I strongly recommend that any future revision clearly indicate the locations of all changes, ideally by specifying line numbers or highlighting the modified sections. These points are critical for the validity and robustness of the study’s conclusions. Addressing them would require substantial additional work beyond the scope of a minor revision. For these reasons, I do not think the manuscript is suitable for publication in its current form. I thank the authors again for their efforts and encourage them to consider a more substantial revision of their methods and analyses if they choose to submit the work to another journal. Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Statistics, Epidemiology, Social contact data. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Loedy N. Peer Review Report For: Risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of COVID-19 associated with mask use outside the home in Indonesia during the mandatory policy [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :179 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.183333.r393493) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-179/v2#referee-response-393493 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Conduah A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 13 Aug 2025 | for Version 2 Andrew Kweku Conduah , University of Professional Studies, Madina, Ghana 0 Views copyright © 2025 Conduah A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Not Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Manuscript Title: Risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of COVID-19 associated with mask use outside the home in Indonesia during the mandatory policy. Phase 1: Title and Abstract Strengths: Clear, focused, and informative title. Abstract outlines the background, methodology, and key findings succinctly. Areas for Improvement: The abstract should explicitly state the study design (“cross-sectional online survey”). Include at least one statistical outcome (e.g., OR or CI) for scientific precision. Recommendation: Minor Revision – Add study design and one or two statistical results for clarity. Phase 2: Introduction / Background Strengths: Strong rationale for the study. Mentions Health Belief Model (HBM) and relevant literature. Areas for Improvement: (“strickness”) requires correction. Weak transition from global to Indonesian context. Lacks clarity on why specific demographic groups behave differently. Recommendation: Minor Revision – Improve grammar and contextual alignment with HBM and Indonesia’s socio-cultural setting. Phase 3: Methods Strengths: Methodology is generally well-structured. Ethical clearance is clearly stated. Concerns & Suggestions: Sampling bias due to online-only survey not sufficiently flagged. COVID-19 knowledge scoring lacks detail: cut-offs, reliability testing (e.g., Cronbach’s alpha). Sociodemographic variables (e.g., occupation) are undefined in terms of categorization. Statistical transparency is inadequate: No collinearity checks No model fit statistics (e.g., Hosmer–Lemeshow test) No logit linearity test for continuous variables Recommendation: Moderate Revision – Improve transparency on variable construction, scoring, and regression diagnostics. Phase 4: Results Strengths: Comprehensive presentation of both bivariate and multivariate outcomes. Use of AOR (Adjusted Odds Ratio) enhances interpretability. Areas for Improvement: Weak integration of results into narrative. No interpretation of non-significant variables (e.g., gender, income). Tables need better formatting and use of footnotes for clarity. Recommendation: Moderate Revision – Improve narrative integration, discuss non-significant findings, and enhance table readability. Phase 5: Discussion Strengths: Attempts to link findings to HBM. Recognizes policy implications and limitations. Critical Gaps: Superficial interpretation – key patterns (e.g., age-related behavior) not critically unpacked. No comparative literature from Southeast Asia or beyond. Weak policy implications, which are generic and not tailored to findings. Non-significant results are ignored, which limits analytical balance. Recommendation: Major Revision – Deepen interpretation, engage comparative literature, and derive specific policy applications. Phase 6: Conclusion Strengths: Summarizes key points. Reaffirms public health relevance. Limitations: Repetitive phrasing. Misses opportunity to suggest future research or broader implications. Recommendation: Minor Revision – Reframe for conciseness and include forward-looking recommendations. Phase 7: Final Evaluation Summary Scientific Soundness: Yes, the method is appropriate, but underreported Data & Methods Clarity: Partial – needs more transparency Language and Accessibility: Needs Improvement – professional editing required Originality & Contribution: Moderate – contextually useful, but interpretively weak Phase 8: Final Recommendation Recommendation: Not Approved Justification: While this manuscript explores an important area of public health behavior, it requires substantial revision in order to meet the standards of scholarly publication: Theoretical framing is shallow, with limited application of the Health Belief Model beyond introductory mentions. Literature is outdated and lacks a comparative perspective, missing recent findings from 2023–2024 and key regional studies. Methodological reporting is incomplete, especially regarding statistical diagnostics and operationalization of key variables. Discussion is underdeveloped, lacking both interpretive depth and actionable policy insights. Language quality is poor, with numerous grammatical errors and inconsistent phrasing throughout the manuscript. Given these significant weaknesses, I cannot recommend indexing in its current form. I encourage the authors to undertake a major revision, rebuilding the theoretical, methodological, and interpretive components, before resubmission. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? No Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Public health, ageing and health equity, population studies, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), social determinants of health, health behavior and risk perception, survey methodology, and mixed methods research. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Conduah AK. Peer Review Report For: Risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of COVID-19 associated with mask use outside the home in Indonesia during the mandatory policy [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :179 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.183333.r395660) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-179/v2#referee-response-395660 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Fretheim A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 21 Jul 2025 | for Version 2 Atle Fretheim , Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway 0 Views copyright © 2025 Fretheim A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Not Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The authors have responded satisfactory to some of my concerns, and some not. 1. My main concern was that I was not able to make full sense of the calculated crude ORs, and I suggested that the authors should provide a somewhat more detailed explanation of what the ORs represent. In my view, the authors have not responded sufficiently to this. I realise that the interpretation of the results in e.g. Table 1 may be perceived as obvious to some, but a table footnote with some key information should be provided since there are several valid ways of presenting results in such tables, and the reader should not have to make assumptions or guess. Information in a footnote should e.g. include i) what the percentages represent, ii) a statement saying that some results (e.g. marked with a *) cannot be calculated directly from the due to non-responses which changes the denominator (which I assume is the case), iii) explain why some rows do not report ORs, iv) what the reference groups are, v) spelling out absolutely all abbreviations etc. 2. I also commented in the previous round that it is not clear how the respondents were recruited, and the authors have not added much to understand the recruitment process. Their latest description is this: “The recruitment targeted individuals with various educational and occupational backgrounds through online community groups. The questionnaire was distributed to the participants via WhatsApp (WA) to the following groups: 1) government offices, 2) private offices, 3) companies, 4) self-employed individuals, 5) professionals, 6) neighborhood association (RT), 7) university students, 8) other students, and 9) informal groups with their various ages and genders”, This is not clear to me. I assume there are hundreds or thousands of online community groups on WhatsApp, and some sort of process was carried out to select groups to invite? Or did the authors identify as many such groups as they could, and invite all? 3. There is still no reference to a protocol, except under “Ethics and consent”. I take that as an indication that all analyses were decided upon post hoc. If not, the protocol should be included as an attachment file. The post hoc nature of the study (if this is the case) is a weakness the authors should reflect on – as I suggested in the previous round. 4. The authors have decided to drop their comparison of mortality rates across countries, as I suggested. 5. The authors maintain that the incubation period of COVID-19 is 14 days. Since they have disregarded my suggestion to change this to a much shorter period, which I believe is more in line with the broad consensus, I would insist that they provide a reference for their claim that the incubation period is 14 days. 6. I commented earlier that the authors should refer to systematic review(s) of effectiveness studies than a (random?) selection of observational studies. They have responded by adding two references: a systematic review of case-control studies (which is an odd choice when the question at hand is to determine the effectiveness of face masks – case-control studies are generally not seen as strong evidence in support of claims of effectiveness of interventions, and there are several available systematic reviews that have assessed the available evidence from effect studies such as randomize trials) and an unsystematic review or commentary from very early on in the COVID-19 pandemic. I don’t find this to be a convincing response. 7. I believe the authors have misunderstood my problem with the word “strickness», since they have simply rephrased and are using the word “strick”. My comment concerned the spelling of the word: it should strictness (or “strict”). 8. The authors have included a link directly from the text to the questionnaire, as I suggested. 9. It is still not clear to me HOW the open-ended questions on perceptions were converted to variables that could be included in regressions analyses. This should be pretty straightforward to give an account of. 10. When I commented that “cOR” and “RDT” needs to be spelled out, I did not mean that this had to be done throughout the manuscript, but that it be done at least the first time the abbreviations were used (the abbreviations were not explained anywhere in the first version of the manuscript). I realise that I could have been clearer about that. Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Fretheim A. Peer Review Report For: Risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of COVID-19 associated with mask use outside the home in Indonesia during the mandatory policy [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :179 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.183333.r393492) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-179/v2#referee-response-393492 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Fretheim A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 15 Apr 2025 | for Version 1 Atle Fretheim , Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway 0 Views copyright © 2025 Fretheim A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Not Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Peer review report on F1000 research article “Risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of COVID-19 associated with mask use outside the home in Indonesia during the mandatory policy“ The authors have explored the association between various factors and use of face masks, based on a survey conducted in Indonesia. My main concern with the manuscript is that I could not make full sense of the calculated crude ORs, i.e. to me some of them seem to be incorrect, so the calculations need to be checked. Of course, if the results from the univariate analyses are wrong, this will likely mean that the multivariate analyses are wrong too, and consequently the conclusions will probably change. If I have misunderstood something, or the error is on my side, I apologise. Anyhow, if the calculations are indeed correct, perhaps a more detailed explanation of the approach may be needed (the current description is very short). It is not very clear how the respondents were recruited, although there is a brief description of the recruitment process. There is not reference to a protocol. I assume that this means that all analyses were decided upon post hoc, which would be a weakness the authors should reflect on – and they should argue carefully for every analytical choice they have made, and describe these in detail. The 1 st paragraph of the Background includes a repetition of a sentence. The 2 nd paragraph discusses mortality rates across countries. I think it’s better to skip this, since such comparisons are difficult to make, mainly due to variation in reporting of cases. Incubation period is not 14 days, but much shorter. The paragraph starting with “Numerous studies have established the effectiveness of mask-wearing» does not read will, and the line of argument is weak. The authors should rather refer to systematic review(s) of effectiveness studies than a (random?) selection of observational studies. Error in spelling: “strickness» When referring to the questionnaire in the text, I suggest linking directly to the questionnaire. In the paragraph starting with “Data collection took place during the period from November 2020 to February 2021”, there is an “s” missing in a “follows”, and there is a quotation mark missing. It is not explained how the open-ended questions on perceptions were converted to variables that could be included in regressions analyses. The first sentence in Results, “use” should be “used”. Error in spelling: “Tabel 1” “RDT” needs to be spelled out. cOR needs to be spelled out. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Effectiveness studies. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 11 Aug 2025 Betty Roosihermiatie, Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Bogor Regency, 16911, Indonesia My main concern with the manuscript is that I could not make full sense of the calculated crude ORs, i.e. to me some of them seem to be incorrect, so the calculations need to be checked. Of course, if the results from the univariate analyses are wrong, this will likely mean that the multivariate analyses are wrong too, and consequently the conclusions will probably change. If I have misunderstood something, or the error is on my side, I apologise. Anyhow, if the calculations are indeed correct, perhaps a more detailed explanation of the approach may be needed (the current description is very short). Thank you for the comment. There is an incorrect calculation from knowledge in which the actual question was ‘activities after going out, EXCEPT’; we have revised as the questionnaire and make correction for the results (in bivariate and multivariate analysis). More detailed explanation of univariate and bivariate analysis was added. It is not very clear how the respondents were recruited, although there is a brief description of the recruitment process. Response: Thank you for the comment. We added ‘The recruitment was for people with various of studying or working backrounds on online community in the society’. There is not reference to a protocol. I assume that this means that all analyses were decided upon post hoc, which would be a weakness the authors should reflect on – and they should argue carefully for every analytical choice they have made, and describe these in detail. Response: Thank you for the comment, we added the references in the developing of the questionnaires. The 1 st paragraph of the Background includes a repetition of a sentence. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, we deleted the repetition of a paragraph in the background. The 2 nd paragraph discusses mortality rates across countries. I think it’s better to skip this, since such comparisons are difficult to make, mainly due to variation in reporting of cases. Thank you for the comment, we deleted the mortality rate in Indonesia. Incubation period is not 14 days, but much shorter. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, we changed the incubation period of COVID-19 is 1 to 2 weeks. The paragraph starting with “Numerous studies have established the effectiveness of mask-wearing» does not read will, and the line of argument is weak. The authors should rather refer to systematic review(s) of effectiveness studies than a (random?) selection of observational studies. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment. We added a reference of metaanalysis on effectiveness of mask use. Error in spelling: “strickness» Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, we changed to ‘mandatory’. When referring to the questionnaire in the text, I suggest linking directly to the questionnaire. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, we added the link of questionnaire. In the paragraph starting with “Data collection took place during the period from November 2020 to February 2021”, there is an “s” missing in a “follows”, and there is a quotation mark missing. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment , we added as follows ‘The link of questionnaire in google form was distributed to contact persons of online community from the aboved groups. Then, the link was shared to the WhatsApp (WA) groups.Prior to completing the questionnaire, participants were presented with a written informed consent statement to determine their willingness to voluntarily participate in the study’. It is not explained how the open-ended questions on perceptions were converted to variables that could be included in regressions analyses. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, we added ‘The questionnaire after pre-test as the question for perception was changed as to answer of answer choices’ The first sentence in Results, “use” should be “used”. Error in spelling: “Tabel 1” Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, it changed to used. “RDT” needs to be spelled out. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, the RDT had been spelled out cOR needs to be spelled out. Response: ​​​​​​​Thank you for the comment, the cOR had been spelled out We have added the information for download data, the original file 'dat' (SPSS) that The description of variables is available in the second sheet ‘variable view’. The link of questionnaire - after pretesting had been directly added. The underlying data and extended data of questionnaire had been in CC0.1.0 version (open access). View more View less Competing Interests All authors declare no competing of interest. reply Respond Report a concern Fretheim A. Peer Review Report For: Risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of COVID-19 associated with mask use outside the home in Indonesia during the mandatory policy [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :179 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.172805.r373692) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-179/v1#referee-response-373692 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Loedy N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 17 Mar 2025 | for Version 1 Neilshan Loedy , Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium 0 Views copyright © 2025 Loedy N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions I am pleased to read and evaluate the manuscript prepared by Roosihermiatie and colleagues. In this manuscript, the author collected data associated with mask use during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The data collection spanned from November 2020 to February 2021, resulting data from 1,153 participants to be analyzed. The data collected has been made publicly available, which is a commendable outcome as it supports open science and provides a valuable resource for the scientific community. The study examined the association between risk perception, sociodemographic, knowledge of COVID-19 and face mask adherence using a multivariate logistic regression. The results indicate positive association between the use of facemask outside the home and the risk perception, COVID-19 knowledge, and age. The topic of this manuscript is highly relevant, and I wish that more studies would collect similar valuable information. However, I would like to raise several questions and possible improvements to ensure the interpretability of the results. Moreover, authors need to thoroughly proofread and update the manuscript as the overall writing quality, including formatting and language, was rather poor. Major comments I understand that values can be seen from the tables, but I suggest expanding the results to include some of the obtained quantitative estimates. Right now, it just appears to be rather generic. The manuscript mentions that the questionnaire was distributed to different public groups via WhatsApp. However, it would be helpful to discuss the rationale behind selecting these groups and provide details on their distribution. Additionally, could the authors clarify how representative this sample is in terms of key demographics, such as age and gender? Figures showing the distributions of key sociodemographic factors would be a very nice addition in this case. Furthermore, a discussion on potential biases introduced by these chosen groups would strengthen the study's validity. It would be helpful to clarify the purpose of the pre-testing in the manuscript. Specifically, could you explain why the questionnaires were pre-tested on individuals with varying occupations and how the feedback influenced the revisions? Could the authors clarify the rationale behind the chosen age groups in the analysis? Specifically, the category of “older than 44 years” covers a broad range, which may obscure potential variations in mask-wearing behavior among different age subgroups. Given that previous studies have reported higher face mask usage among older individuals due to increased susceptibility to COVID-19 (e.g., Haischer et al, 2020 [Ref 2]), a more granular age categorization might provide additional insights. In the discussion section it is written that “This online study investigated mask use during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Indonesia’s mask mandatory policy”. The study period spanned from November 2020 to February 2021, during which the use of face masks is strongly influenced by government policies (as shown in other studies, e.g., Gimma et al., 2022 [Ref 3]). Not accounting for policy changes (e.g., by using stringency index or other relevant measures) in the analysis is likely affect the model’s results. It would be logical to explore the effect of a stringency/policy index variable in the model, which would ultimately increase the validity of the findings and support the statement written in the Discussion section. In addition to my previous comment (No. 3), I noticed that the first public COVID-19 vaccinations in Indonesia began on January 14, 2021. While the questionnaire does not include a question about vaccination status, the discussion section touches on vaccination rates and their relevance to mask-wearing adherence. To avoid confusion, I suggest clarifying this timeline in the discussion and addressing its potential impact on the analysis. The arguments in the discussion section are too generic and vague, making it unclear what message the authors are trying to convey. For instance, the statement: “This study revealed that among the sociodemographic factors, only individuals of productive age (25 to 44 years) are negatively associated with consistent mask-wearing outside the home” is somewhat confusing. Another paragraph states, “Previous studies identified that older individuals were associated with adherence to mask use...” which seems to contrast with the earlier finding. While there is an attempt to explain this, the paragraph could be more clearly structured to enhance clarity and coherence. I noticed that the idea of “Our study revealed/highlights a relationship between risk perception of COVID-19 and the (consistent) use of masks outside the home” appears multiple times throughout the discussion. To improve clarity and avoid redundancy, it might be helpful to restructure the discussion to consolidate these points and present them more cohesively. In the discussion section, it is stated that “In contrast, this study found that younger and older age groups, women, … living in outer Surabaya as well as … failed to be associated with consistent mask-wearing outside the home in the multivariate analysis.” However, I do not see any results in Table 4 that reflect these findings. If these results were obtained from bivariate analysis rather than multivariate analysis, it would be important to clarify this distinction, as interpreting bivariate results in this context may not be appropriate. It would also interesting to add to the manuscript a discussion on Peltz man effect (individuals might alter their risk perceptions after access to preventive measures, leading to greater engagement in riskier behaviour (e.g., making more contacts with people outside)). This has been shown after participants in other study received vaccination (Wambua et al, 2023 [Ref 1]). Exploring its impact on disease spread and identifying suitable interventions could provide valuable insights for the readers. Minor comments In the abstract, the statement “Regarding sociodemographic factors, individuals aged between 25 to 44 years aOR: 0.486” is unclear. Could you clarify (or put more context) what this refers to? I would recommend including confidence intervals for all estimates in the manuscript, to improve the comprehensiveness of the results. The sentence “By March 2020, due to its rapid global spread, the WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic.” is repeated twice. The fourth paragraph “Risk perception significantly … determining mask adherence.”, looks a little bit out of place. The sentence “During the COVID-19 pandemic, Indonesia enforced a mandatory mask policy (The Ministry of Health of The Republic of Indonesia, 2020), which led to increased usage (Kar et al., 2023).”, can be phrased better. Please check the clarity of each sentence in the manuscript. I am not sure with the use of the word “strickness”, in the last paragraph of the Introduction. What is the definition of “outside the home”? Does it refer strictly to areas outside the house, or does it include spaces like the backyard, terrace, or a small park? It would be useful to make this clear in the manuscript. How do you define “Informal groups?” It might be helpful to rephrase the third paragraph of the Methodology section (“Data collection took place…”) to enhance clarity, as the current wording is a bit unclear. I would expect that the number of participants who never (or always) use a mask in general would be fewer than those who never (or always) use a mask outside the home, as the latter seems like a subset of the former. However, this does not seem to be the case. Could you please clarify the difference between these two questions and provide an explanation for this discrepancy? Could the authors explain the rationale behind excluding interaction effects from the analysis? It would be helpful to understand the reasoning for this decision. I do not think the statement “In this study, consistent mask-wearing outside the home was higher (90.0%), with the types of masks were mostly surgical masks (60%), followed by cloth masks (36.4%), N-19 masks (3.0%), and others.”, belong in the discussion section. I do not see any clear connection between the statement “Moreover, the Indonesian government distributed free masks down to neighborhood levels, further supporting compliance” with its preceeding statements. The statement that “sociodemographic factors are challenging to modify” feels somewhat unclear. While it is true that factors like age cannot be changed, their significance in the analysis somehow suggests the need for age-specific targeted interventions. It might be helpful to clarify this point to better align with the study's implications. A reference for Indonesia’s vaccination rate in the discussion section is needed It would also be beneficial to put all the codes used to produce the results in an open access repository to ensure open science to the general community Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly References 1. Wambua J, Loedy N, Jarvis CI, Wong KLM, et al.: The influence of COVID-19 risk perception and vaccination status on the number of social contacts across Europe: insights from the CoMix study. BMC Public Health . 2023; 23 (1): 1350 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 2. Haischer MH, Beilfuss R, Hart MR, Opielinski L, et al.: Who is wearing a mask? Gender-, age-, and location-related differences during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One . 2020; 15 (10): e0240785 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 3. Gimma A, Munday JD, Wong KLM, Coletti P, et al.: Changes in social contacts in England during the COVID-19 pandemic between March 2020 and March 2021 as measured by the CoMix survey: A repeated cross-sectional study. PLoS Med . 2022; 19 (3): e1003907 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Statistics, Epidemiology, Social contact data. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 20 Mar 2025 Betty Roosihermiatie, Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Bogor Regency, 16911, Indonesia Major Comments Responses Thank you for the comment. We, would add the descriptive estimate at first of Results as follows. The perception about Covid-19, about a half 585 (50.1%) people answered as viral disease which could cause death and nearly a half 554 (48.0%) people answered as viral disease with flu, cough symptoms. For the feeling if neighbour’s sick of Covid-19, the majority 818 (70.9%) people answered feeling of anxiety, followed by 267 (23.2%) people answered feeling of usual. Meanwhile, for experiencing PCR positive Covid-19 and close contact with Covid-19 persons during the past 2 weeks before the study, just 45 (3.9%) people answered ever having PCR positive Covid-19 and 63 (5.5%) people having close contact with Covid-19 persons during the past 2 weeks before the study, respectively. For the sociodemographic factors of geographic areas it consisted of municipalities/districts outside Java/Sumatra/Sulawesi, municipalities/districts in Java (excluding greater Jakarta and greater Surabaya), Sumatra island, Sulawesi island, greater Jakarta, and greater Surabaya. The geographic areas of people who responded the study were mostly 502 (43.5%) people from greater Surabaya, 244 (21.2%) people from municipalities/districts outside Java/Sumatra/Sulawesi, and 191 (16.6%) people from greater Jakarta. For age, it composed of ed of 428 (37.1%) people aged 15-24 years old (young adults), 438 (38.0%) people aged 25-44 years old (adults), and 287 (24.9%) people aged >44 years old (old adults). According to sex, slightly above a half 496 (55.2%) were females and nearly a half 550 (47.7%) were males. While according to education, mostly were 517 (44.8%) academy/university graduate, followed by 288 (24.9%) high school education. According to occupation, mostly 346 (30.0%) people were Civil servants/police/soldiers/government workers; followed by almost the same of Academy/University students and private employees of 198 (17.2%) and 193 (16.7%) people, respectively. The family income, mostly 304 (26.4%) were Rp. >2,000,000 – 4,000,000,-, followed by 269 (23.2%) people with Rp. >4,000,000 – 7,000,000,- and 244 (21.2%) people up to Rp. 2,000,000,-, respectively. Mostly, 796 (69.0%) people had ≤ 4 family members and 961 (83.3%) people owned of National Health Scheme. 2. The questionnaire was distributed to different public groups that it could describe the use of mask in the society. It will be added in the methods. About age and gender, it would be as aboved description that the categories are as social activities that their distribution among categories were equal as possible of bias. Moreover, if there were biases - they had been controlled in the analysis. 3. The purpose of pre-testing the questionnaire to varying occupation was to get information on how to provide answers, namely sociodemografic factors, perception and knowledge of COVID-19 in the community. In the pre-test questionnaire, the questions about the perception were asked with open questions in which required times to answer. So, the questions about the perception of COVID-19 were changed into close questions with answer choices and in which included responses from the pre-test. These would be added. 4. The categories of age used the division as for social activity in which the the percentages (estimates) showed trend that use of mask in old adults is less. 5. Before Covid-19 pandemic, mask use was uncommon in Indonesia. Even in the early of pandemic, there were still many people who did not comply with wearing mask use even though there was policy to prevent Covid-19 with mask use. The statement was the last sentence of the first paragraph of Discussion. As the study, it was conducted during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia when there was a mandatory of mask use policy. 6.The vaccination of Covid-19 began on January 14 2021 in 4 stages which priority stage 1 and 2 on January to April 2021 were given to stage 1. Target for health workers and their asistants, supporting staffs and students who are undergoing professional medical education in health services. Stage 2. Target for public service officers, namely soldiers/Police, law enforcement officers, and other public service officers including officers at airports/ports/stations/terminals. Then, workers in the banking sector, state electricity companies, and regional drinking water companies, as well as other officers who are directly involved provide services to the community. In addition, the elderly age group (60 years old and above). Meanwhile, stage 3 and 4 were given April 2021 to March 2022. Link questionnaires of the study were given to WA groups for community and not to health workers or public officers, including WA groups on target 2 for soldiers/police (although there were 3 soldiers and 1 police who were not public officers that responded the questionnaires included in the study). 7. ‘Productive age’ would be changed to adult as active individuals and whom may feel healthy, so they still need a process to change their behavior of wearing mask. 8. Thank you for the comment, we would avoid redundant. 9. The bivariate analysis as sex, gender, geographic area (greater Surabaya) with p<0.2 were included in the logistic regression analysis, with backward LR but the variables were (out) not in the final model. 10. The participants were not target (stage 1&2) of vaccination at the time of study. Minor comments Responses Thank you, would be added “49% likely for consistent mask use”. Thank you, would be added 95% CI. Thank you, the sentence would be deleted. Thank you, mask adherence would be changed to “mask use”. Thank you, would be changed to increase compliance with mask use. Thank you, would be changed to about the mandatory use of mask from the policy. Thank you, the question was “what are your habits of using a mask when you are outside the house”. It would be added in methods Thank you, informal groups as group of fisherman/farmer, group of traditional market seller, group of neighborhood associations (private sector workers) Thank you, would be rephrased Thank you, during the wave of Covid-19 there was social sanction if not using mask outside such as cleaning trash around the place where he was not wearing the mask, take mask in home, buy mask, push up. Even in few provinces such as Jakarta, west Java provinces there were governor regulation that if not wearing mask in public places would be fined. Thank you, it is for having estimate on each of risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of Covid-19, respectively. So, if intervention is needed, the target variable can be focused on. Thank you, they were actually 2 sentences of mask use and type of mask; would be changed to 2 sentences. Thank you, I mean “the Government was distributing masks down to neighbourhood levels for free” Thank you, I mean that sociodemographic factors are characteristics and are somewhat difficult to change such as education level, income or can’t be changed as age (in this study was significantly associated); so, it needs intervention as health education The reference of Covid-19 vaccination is “ https://vaksin.kemkes.go.id/#/vaccines ” Thank you, actually the file deposited was in SPSS software and that have been with codes in the variable view sheet. View more View less Competing Interests No competing of interest reply Respond Report a concern Loedy N. Peer Review Report For: Risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of COVID-19 associated with mask use outside the home in Indonesia during the mandatory policy [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :179 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.172805.r369443) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-179/v1#referee-response-369443 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list: Examples of 'Non-Financial Competing Interests' Within the past 4 years, you have held joint grants, published or collaborated with any of the authors of the selected paper. You have a close personal relationship (e.g. parent, spouse, sibling, or domestic partner) with any of the authors. You are a close professional associate of any of the authors (e.g. scientific mentor, recent student). You work at the same institute as any of the authors. You hope/expect to benefit (e.g. favour or employment) as a result of your submission. You are an Editor for the journal in which the article is published. Examples of 'Financial Competing Interests' You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, any of the following from any commercial organisation that may gain financially from your submission: a salary, fees, funding, reimbursements. You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, shared grant support or other funding with any of the authors. You hold, or are currently applying for, any patents or significant stocks/shares relating to the subject matter of the paper you are commenting on. Stay Updated Sign up for content alerts and receive a weekly or monthly email with all newly published articles Register with F1000Research Already registered? Sign in Not now, thanks close PLEASE NOTE If you are an AUTHOR of this article, please check that you signed in with the account associated with this article otherwise we cannot automatically identify your role as an author and your comment will be labelled as a “User Comment”. If you are a REVIEWER of this article, please check that you have signed in with the account associated with this article and then go to your account to submit your report, please do not post your review here. If you do not have access to your original account, please contact us . All commenters must hold a formal affiliation as per our Policies . The information that you give us will be displayed next to your comment. User comments must be in English, comprehensible and relevant to the article under discussion. We reserve the right to remove any comments that we consider to be inappropriate, offensive or otherwise in breach of the User Comment Terms and Conditions . Commenters must not use a comment for personal attacks. When criticisms of the article are based on unpublished data, the data should be made available. I accept the User Comment Terms and Conditions Please confirm that you accept the User Comment Terms and Conditions. Affiliation ✕ refresh Please enter your institution. Note: To add your institution or organisation, start typing the name and then select the correct name from the list. Where applicable, the name will appear in both the original language and in English. Do not paste in the name. If the name does not appear in the drop-down list, we will display the information you have entered. ✕ refresh Country/Region * USA UK Canada China France Germany Afghanistan Aland Islands Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Bouvet Island Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo Cook Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Falkland Islands Faroe Islands Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern Territories Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Greenland Grenada Guadeloupe Guam Guatemala Guernsey Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Heard Island and Mcdonald Islands Holy See (Vatican City State) Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jersey Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo (Serbia and Montenegro) Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macao Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Minor Outlying Islands of the United States Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Norfolk Island North Korea North Macedonia Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestinian Territory Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Pitcairn Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Reunion Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Helena Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Georgia and the South Sandwich Is South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Svalbard and Jan Mayen Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand The Gambia The Netherlands Timor-Leste Togo Tokelau Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu UK USA Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Virgin Islands Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Wallis and Futuna West Bank and Gaza Strip Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Please select your country/region. You must enter a comment. Competing Interests Please disclose any competing interests that might be construed to influence your judgment of the article's or peer review report's validity or importance. Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list: Examples of 'Non-Financial Competing Interests' Within the past 4 years, you have held joint grants, published or collaborated with any of the authors of the selected paper. You have a close personal relationship (e.g. parent, spouse, sibling, or domestic partner) with any of the authors. You are a close professional associate of any of the authors (e.g. scientific mentor, recent student). You work at the same institute as any of the authors. You hope/expect to benefit (e.g. favour or employment) as a result of your submission. You are an Editor for the journal in which the article is published. Examples of 'Financial Competing Interests' You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, any of the following from any commercial organisation that may gain financially from your submission: a salary, fees, funding, reimbursements. You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, shared grant support or other funding with any of the authors. You hold, or are currently applying for, any patents or significant stocks/shares relating to the subject matter of the paper you are commenting on. Please state your competing interests The comment has been saved. An error has occurred. Please try again. Cancel Post var lTitle = "Risk perception, sociodemographic factors,...".replace("'", ''); var linkedInUrl = "http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/14-179/v1" + "&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle) + "&summary=" + encodeURIComponent('Read the article by '); var deliciousUrl = "https://del.icio.us/post?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/14-179/v1&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle); var redditUrl = "http://reddit.com/submit?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/14-179/v1" + "&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle); linkedInUrl += encodeURIComponent('Roosihermiatie B et al.'); var offsetTop = /chrome/i.test( navigator.userAgent ) ? 4 : -10; var addthis_config = { ui_offset_top: offsetTop, services_compact : "facebook,twitter,www.linkedin.com,www.mendeley.com,reddit.com", services_expanded : "facebook,twitter,www.linkedin.com,www.mendeley.com,reddit.com", services_custom : [ { name: "LinkedIn", url: linkedInUrl, icon:"/img/icon/at_linkedin.svg" }, { name: "Mendeley", url: "http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/14-179/v1/mendeley", icon:"/img/icon/at_mendeley.svg" }, { name: "Reddit", url: redditUrl, icon:"/img/icon/at_reddit.svg" }, ] }; var addthis_share = { url: "https://f1000research.com/articles/14-179", templates : { twitter : "Risk perception, sociodemographic factors, and knowledge of COVID-19.... Roosihermiatie B et al., published by " + "@F1000Research" + ", https://f1000research.com/articles/14-179/v1" } }; if (typeof(addthis) != "undefined"){ addthis.addEventListener('addthis.ready', checkCount); addthis.addEventListener('addthis.menu.share', checkCount); } $(".f1r-shares-twitter").attr("href", "https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=" + addthis_share.templates.twitter); $(".f1r-shares-facebook").attr("href", "https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=" + addthis_share.url); $(".f1r-shares-linkedin").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[0].url); $(".f1r-shares-reddit").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[2].url); $(".f1r-shares-mendelay").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[1].url); function checkCount(){ setTimeout(function(){ $(".addthis_button_expanded").each(function(){ var count = $(this).text(); if (count !== "" && count != "0") $(this).removeClass("is-hidden"); else $(this).addClass("is-hidden"); }); }, 1000); } close How to cite this report {{reportCitation}} Cancel Copy Citation Details $(function(){R.ui.buttonDropdowns('.dropdown-for-downloads');}); $(function(){R.ui.toolbarDropdowns('.toolbar-dropdown-for-downloads');}); $.get("/articles/acj/157369/172805") new F1000.Clipboard(); new F1000.ThesaurusTermsDisplay("articles", "article", "172805"); $(document).ready(function() { $( "#frame1" ).on('load', function() { var mydiv = $(this).contents().find("div"); var h = mydiv.height(); console.log(h) }); var tooltipLivingFigure = jQuery(".interactive-living-figure-label .icon-more-info"), titleLivingFigure = tooltipLivingFigure.attr("title"); tooltipLivingFigure.simpletip({ fixed: true, position: ["-115", "30"], baseClass: 'small-tooltip', content:titleLivingFigure + " " }); tooltipLivingFigure.removeAttr("title"); $("body").on("click", ".cite-living-figure", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var ref = $(this).attr("data-ref"); $(this).closest(".living-figure-list-container").find("#" + ref).fadeIn(200); }); $("body").on("click", ".close-cite-living-figure", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).closest(".popup-window-wrapper").fadeOut(200); }); $(document).on("mouseup", function(e) { var metricsContainer = $(".article-metrics-popover-wrapper"); if (!metricsContainer.is(e.target) && metricsContainer.has(e.target).length === 0) { $(".article-metrics-close-button").click(); } }); var articleId = $('#articleId').val(); if($("#main-article-count-box").attachArticleMetrics) { $("#main-article-count-box").attachArticleMetrics(articleId, { articleMetricsView: true }); } }); var figshareWidget = $(".new_figshare_widget"); if (figshareWidget.length > 0) { window.figshare.load("f1000", function(Widget) { // Select a tag/tags defined in your page. In this tag we will place the widget. _.map(figshareWidget, function(el){ var widget = new Widget({ articleId: $(el).attr("figshare_articleId") //height:300 // this is the height of the viewer part. [Default: 550] }); widget.initialize(); // initialize the widget widget.mount(el); // mount it in a tag that's on your page // this will save the widget on the global scope for later use from // your JS scripts. This line is optional. //window.widget = widget; }); }); } close Error Close Add Reset F1000.MICROSERVICES.AFFILIATION = ''; $(document).ready(function () { $('.js-affiliations-form').each((index, form) => { new AffiliationForm({ formId: form.id, institutionErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-institution', departmentErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-department', placeSelector: '.js-add-comment-place', stateSelector: '.js-add-comment-state', zipCodeSelector: '.js-add-comment-zipcode', countrySelector: '.js-add-comment-country', countryErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-country', }); }); }); $(document).ready(function () { var reportIds = { "393492": 5, "393493": 6, "369437": 0, "369436": 0, "369439": 0, "369438": 0, "369445": 0, "369444": 0, "369441": 0, "369440": 0, "369443": 30, "369442": 0, "367173": 0, "367172": 0, "367175": 0, "367174": 0, "367171": 0, "367180": 0, "367177": 0, "367176": 0, "367179": 0, "367178": 0, "414302": 0, "414300": 0, "414301": 0, "427374": 0, "427375": 0, "427372": 0, "427373": 0, "414314": 0, "414315": 0, "414327": 0, "427380": 0, "427381": 0, "427378": 0, "427379": 0, "427376": 0, "427377": 0, "414330": 0, "414331": 0, "414328": 0, "414329": 0, "395654": 0, "395655": 0, "393870": 0, "395662": 0, "371597": 0, "393871": 0, "395663": 0, "393868": 0, "395660": 8, "371599": 0, "393869": 0, "395661": 0, "371598": 0, "395658": 0, "393867": 0, "395659": 0, "395656": 0, "395657": 0, "371605": 0, "371604": 0, "371606": 0, "393874": 0, "371601": 0, "371600": 0, "393872": 0, "371603": 0, "393873": 0, "371602": 0, "368285": 0, "368287": 0, "368286": 0, "368293": 0, "368292": 0, "368294": 0, "368289": 0, "368288": 0, "368291": 0, "368290": 0, "373693": 0, "373692": 24, "373695": 0, "373694": 0, "373691": 0, "373700": 0, "373697": 0, "373696": 0, "373699": 0, "373698": 0, "365517": 0, "365516": 0, "365519": 0, "365518": 0, "365513": 0, "365512": 0, "365515": 0, "365514": 0, "419287": 0, "365521": 0, "365520": 0, "419294": 0, "419295": 7, "419292": 0, "419293": 0, "419290": 0, "419291": 0, "419288": 0, "419289": 0, "370663": 0, "419298": 0, "419296": 0, "419297": 0, "370669": 0, "370668": 0, "370671": 0, "370670": 0, "370665": 0, "370664": 0, "370667": 0, "370666": 0, "370672": 0, }; $(".referee-response-container,.js-referee-report").each(function(index, el) { var reportId = $(el).attr("data-reportid"), reportCount = reportIds[reportId] || 0; $(el).find(".comments-count-container,.js-referee-report-views").html(reportCount); }); var uuidInput = $("#article_uuid"), oldUUId = uuidInput.val(), newUUId = "4a1e5244-3135-44d1-84ca-5d0fd67941ad"; uuidInput.val(newUUId); $("a[href*='article_uuid=']").each(function(index, el) { var newHref = $(el).attr("href").replace(oldUUId, newUUId); $(el).attr("href", newHref); }); }); An innovative open access publishing platform offering rapid publication and open peer review, whilst supporting data deposition and sharing. Browse Gateways Collections How it Works Contact For Developers Cookie Notice Privacy Notice RSS Submit Your Research Follow us © 2012-2026 F1000 Research Ltd. ISSN 2046-1402 | Legal | Partner of Research4Life • CrossRef • ORCID • FAIRSharing R.templateTests.simpleTemplate = R.template(' $text $text $text $text $text '); R.templateTests.runTests(); var F1000platform = new F1000.Platform({ name: "f1000research", displayName: "F1000Research", hostName: "f1000research.com", id: "1", editorialEmail: "[email protected]", infoEmail: "[email protected]", usePmcStats: true }); $(function(){R.ui.dropdowns('.dropdown-for-authors, .dropdown-for-about, .dropdown-for-myresearch');}); // $(function(){R.ui.dropdowns('.dropdown-for-referees');}); $(document).ready(function () { if ($(".cookie-warning").is(":visible")) { $(".sticky").css("margin-bottom", "35px"); $(".devices").addClass("devices-and-cookie-warning"); } $(".cookie-warning .close-button").click(function (e) { $(".devices").removeClass("devices-and-cookie-warning"); $(".sticky").css("margin-bottom", "0"); }); $("#tweeter-feed .tweet-message").each(function (i, message) { var self = $(message); self.html(linkify(self.html())); }); $(".partner").on("mouseenter mouseleave", function() { $(this).find(".gray-scale, .colour").toggleClass("is-hidden"); }); }); Sign In Remember me Forgotten your password? Sign In Cancel Email or password not correct. Please try again Please wait... $(function(){ // Note: All the setup needs to run against a name attribute and *not* the id due the clonish // nature of facebox... $("a[id=googleSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("GOOGLE"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); $("a[id=facebookSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("FACEBOOK"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); $("a[id=orcidSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("ORCID"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); }); If you've forgotten your password, please enter your email address below and we'll send you instructions on how to reset your password. The email address should be the one you originally registered with F1000. Email address not valid, please try again You registered with F1000 via Google, so we cannot reset your password. To sign in, please click here . If you still need help with your Google account password, please click here . You registered with F1000 via Facebook, so we cannot reset your password. To sign in, please click here . If you still need help with your Facebook account password, please click here . Code not correct, please try again Reset password Cancel Email us for further assistance. Server error, please try again. If your email address is registered with us, we will email you instructions to reset your password. If you think you should have received this email but it has not arrived, please check your spam filters and/or contact for further assistance. Please wait... Register $(document).ready(function () { signIn.createSignInAsRow($("#sign-in-form-gfb-popup")); $(".target-field").each(function () { var uris = $(this).val().split("/"); if (uris.pop() === "login") { $(this).val(uris.toString().replace(",","/")); } }); });