Antimicrobial properties of heterojunction BiSnSbO6-ZnO composites in wastewater treatment

Antimicrobial properties of heterojunction BiSnSbO6-ZnO composites in wastewater treatment | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Antimicrobial properties of heterojunction BiSnSbO6-ZnO composites in wastewater treatment Jing Chen, Mengde Shan, Haojia Zhu, Shichuan Zhang, Jingmei Li, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1747259/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Mar, 2023 Read the published version in Environmental Science and Pollution Research → Version 1 posted 6 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material with type II heterojunction structure was synthesized by a simple solid-phase sintering method, it was characterized by XRD, UV-vis and PT methods. The photocatalytic antibacterial experiments were carried out under LED light irradiation. The experimental results showed that the photocatalytic antibacterial properties of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composites against bacteria and fungi were significantly stronger than those of single BiSnSbO 6 and ZnO. Under light conditions, the antibacterial efficiencies of 500 mg/L BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composites against E. coli , S. aureus and P. aeruginosa reached 99.63%, 100% and 100% for 6 h, 4 h and 4 h, respectively. The best antibacterial concentration of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite against eukaryotic microorganism Candida albicans was 250 mg/L, and the antibacterial efficiency reached the highest 63.8% at 6 h. Antibacterial experiments were carried out on domestic livestock and poultry wastewater, which showed that the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against bacteria, and the antibacterial effect has species differences. Through the MTT experiment, it is proved that the prepared BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material has no toxicity at the experimental concentration. According to the free radical scavenging experiment and SEM observation of the morphological changes of the bacteria after light treatment, the prepared BiSnSbO6-ZnO composite photocatalytic material can generate active species ·OH, h + and e − through light irradiation to achieve the purpose of sterilization, where e − play a major role, indicating that the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material has broad application prospects in the actual antibacterial field. BiSnSbO6-ZnO photocatalytic antibacterial LED lamp composite material toxicity Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 1. Introduction With the enhancement of people's health awareness, the requirements for the living environment are also continuously improved, and we gradually realize that bacteria exist in all aspects of our daily life and are one of the microorganisms that humans are in close contact with. Bacteria are not only the main participants in the material cycle of nature, but also play an important role in human body functions. However, the problem of microbial contamination caused by bacteria and fungi in global environmental pollution cannot be ignored. Due to the high adaptability of microorganisms, it has always been challenging problem to efficiently remove harmful microorganisms in environments such as drinking water treatment, food processing, medical device manufacturing or textile industry (X. Qu et al. 2013 ; P. J. Vikesland et al. 2010; P. Hajipour et al. 2021 ). Even with the rapid development of science and technology, research on antibacterial agents that inhibit the growth and reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms is still a crucial task, so photocatalytic antibacterial materials have emerged as the times require. Photocatalytic antibacterial materials are a kind of antibacterial materials (M. Surapaneni et al. 2015 ). Inorganic antibacterial materials have many advantages such as long-lasting antibacterial and environmental protection (J. Z. Sun et al. 2013). The composite antibacterial material refers to the composite material of two or more kinds of antibacterial materials combined together to form a composite material with more excellent antibacterial effect. At present, the field of composite photocatalytic materials has been well developed because of their better photocatalytic performance, higher light utilization, and better chemical stability compared with single catalytic materials (S. Liang et al. 2019 ; J. W. Xu et al. 2014 ; S. Ghafoor et al. 2018 ; H. Yang et al. 2018 ; P. Huang et al. 2019 ; M. Gratzel. 2018). Among all photocatalytic antibacterial materials, n-type ZnO has been widely studied in photocatalytic applications due to its unique electronic structure and suitable properties, and is a new type of antibacterial material (C. S. Cunha et al. 2020 ; L. Hu et al. 2019; R. Singh et al. 2019 ; O. O. Ozdemir et al. 2020). However, ZnO has certain defects, such as a wide bandgap around 3.2 eV, which makes the activity of ZnO limited to the ultraviolet region and not active in the visible region (V. Kumar et al. 2017 ; A. Aditya et al. 2018 ; K. Qi et al. 2019; A. Rahman et al. 2021 ). But this defect can be ameliorated by doping or forming composites with narrow bandgap materials (M. Yan et al. 2017; Z. L. Wang et al. 2004; V. E. Podasca et al. 2016 ; T. Wang et al. 2018 ; E. Rokhsat et al. 2016). In the past ten years, due to the advantages of narrow band gap, low price, and wide light absorption range, bismuth-based photocatalytic materials have entered people's field of vision as a visible light catalytic material with excellent performance (R. J. Ma et al. 2018 ; C. Wu et al. 2019 ; M. R. Kamli et al. 2021 ). There has been significant research progress in theoretical research and practical application of bismuth-based photocatalytic materials (R. A. Rather et al. 2020). The research on binary and multi-component bismuth-based photocatalytic composite materials has gradually deepened, and its application in various fields has gradually become wider. However, there is still no systematic conclusion about its specific photocatalytic mechanism, and the research on the reaction mechanism and energy band structure of bismuth-based photocatalytic composites still needs to be strengthened. In 2019, researchers synthesized β-AgVO 3 /BiVO 4 composite visible light catalytic antibacterial material. After being excited by visible light irradiation, β-AgVO 3 /BiVO 4 composite material showed strong resistance to P. aeruginosa (Z. B. Xiang et al. 2019 ). The photocatalytic antibacterial activity, which can be attributed to the formation of a heterojunction structure in the β-AgVO 3 /BiVO 4 composite, greatly improves the separation degree and lifetime of photogenerated charges in the composite (Z. B. Xiang et al. 2019 ). In 2018, Jingfei Luan et al. synthesized BiSnSbO 6 , which has a pyrochlore structure and has photocatalytic degradation activity for BZT and RhB under visible light irradiation (J. F. Luan et al. 2018). The surface of pyrochlore structural materials has more oxygen vacancies, which can improve the photon efficiency, and has shown great potential in the field of photocatalysis applications. However, the problem of Bi-based photocatalytic material BiSnSbO 6 is that it can only absorb and utilize visible light, which greatly reduces its application range and limits its application. In this work, a simple solid-phase sintering method was used to synthesize BiSnSbO 6 materials, and then different ratios of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic materials were prepared by changing the molar ratio. The crystal structure characteristics and photoelectric properties of the prepared BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic materials were investigated by XRD, EDS, SEM, EIS and other characterization methods. E. coli , S. aureus , P. aeruginosa and Candida albicans were used as model bacteria, to explore the antibacterial activity of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material under LED light illumination. Using L929 cells as model cells, in vitro cytotoxicity experiments were carried out. In order to understand the reasons for the enhanced antibacterial activity of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic materials, the photocatalytic antibacterial mechanism was explored through SEM observation of bacterial surface morphology and free radical scavenging experiments, and the structure and reactive oxygen generation of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic materials were analyzed relationship. Finally, the broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and practical applicability of the composite material were determined by the livestock and poultry wastewater collected in real life. 2. Experimental Section 2.1. Materials E. coli (ATCC 25922), S. aureus (ATCC 6538), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) used in this experiment were from the China Culture Collection Center. The LB medium was used as the nutrient source for bacteria, and the Martin medium was used as the nutrient source for fungi. Bi 2 O 3 , SnO 2 , Sb 2 O 5 , ZnO and NaCl were purchased from Aladdin Biochemical Technology Company. Agar, Glutaraldehyde, and Isoamyl Acetate were from Obersin Biotechnology. 2.2. Preparation of BiSnSbO 6 The solid phase sintering method is used. Mix Bi 2 O 3 : SnO 2 : Sb 2 O 5 in a molar ratio of 1:2:1 (P. Huang et al. 2019 ), put the materials in an agate mortar and mix and grind, and dry for 4 h. Put the ground powder into a corundum crucible and put it into a high temperature muffle furnace for calcination. The calcination temperature changed as follows: 80 min from 20°C to 350°C, hold for 240 min, 80 min to 720°C, hold for 240 min, and finally 60 min from 720°C to 900°C, hold for 1500 min. 2.3. Preparation of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO Composite The first step was to weigh and mix BiSnSbO 6 and ZnO in a certain molar ratio. The second step was to grind the mixed material. The third step was to put the powder into a corundum crucible and press it into a cake, paying attention to the thickness. Finally, it was put into a high temperature muffle furnace for calcination. The BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material was obtained by maintaining the heating rate of 4.4 ℃/min for 200 min, heating up to 900 ℃, holding at 900 ℃ for 1500 min, and cooling to room temperature after calcination. BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic materials were prepared by changing the molar ratio of 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5, respectively. 2.4. Characterization The material crystal structure was tested using Cu ka radiation XRD (Rigaku Smart-Lab). SEM (Regulus 8100), TEM (H-8100EM) and EDS (Bruker XFlash 6l60) were used to understand the microscopic morphology and elemental composition of the samples for characterization. Photoelectrochemical tests: The light absorption capacity of the photocatalytic materials was analyzed by UV-vis DRS (Varian Cary 500). EIS and PT tests were performed on an electrochemical workstation (CHI660E). 2.5. Photocatalytic antibacterial performance experiment The photocatalytic antibacterial activities of the composites against E. coli , S. aureus , P. aeruginosa and Candida albicans were determined by plate colony counting method. All glassware were sterilised at 121°C for 20 min before the experiments were carried out. All experiments were performed in triplicate. Materials with different experimental concentrations are set for experiments. Too low or too high experimental concentrations are not conducive to the photocatalytic reaction. Therefore, it is particularly important to choose the most excellent concentration of antibacterial. In this experiment, four different concentrations were set from low to high, and the concentrations of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic materials were 125 mg/L, 250 mg/L, 500 mg/L and 1000 mg/L, respectively. Weigh samples of different masses and add them to beakers, add 0.9% NaCl solution to dilute, and ultrasonically disperse them evenly. Pipette the bacterial solution from the cultured bacterial solution and add it to the beaker containing the sample, so that the bacteria and the material are fully contacted. A 35W LED light was used as the light source to irradiate vertically downward, and the stirring was maintained at a fixed speed throughout the experiment. Bacteria were cultured at 37°C for 18 h, fungi were cultured at 28°C for 48 h, and the colonies on the medium were counted to calculate the photocatalytic antibacterial rate. 2.6. In vitro cytotoxicity assay The biosafety of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic antibacterial materials was tested by in vitro cytotoxicity experiments, and normal mouse skin fibroblasts (L929) were selected for cytotoxicity detection of different materials. About 5000 cells were added to each well of a 96-well plate, cultured for 12 h, and 100 µL of material solutions of different concentrations were added to each well. After 24 hours of culture, 10% MTT solution was added, and the culture was terminated after 4 hours. After that, DMSO was added. The absorbance (OD) was measured at 490 nm in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to calculate the cell viability. 2.7. SEM study of bacterial surface morphology SEM study was used to observe the differences in structure and morphology of bacteria and fungi treated with and without materials under light conditions, which more intuitively explained the influence of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic materials on the production of pathogenic microorganisms. Bacterial samples were fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution, washed with PBS, dehydrated with different concentrations of ethanol gradient for 15 min/time, and finally replaced with isoamyl acetate twice, 20 min each time. After freeze-drying at -80 ℃, the bacteria suspension was made with ethanol and added dropwise to the silicon wafer to observe the morphological difference of bacteria. 2.8. Photocatalytic antibacterial mechanism research In order to further explore the photocatalytic antibacterial mechanism of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic materials, radical scavenging experiments were carried out. S. aureus was used as a model bacterium to study the active substances that play a major role in the photocatalytic antibacterial process. During the experiment, different free radical scavengers were added to remove the generated ROS. BQ, IPA, Na 2 C 2 O 4 and K 2 Cr 2 O 7 were used as scavengers of •O 2 − , •OH, h + and e − , respectively. 2.9. Application of composite photocatalytic materials in livestock and poultry wastewater In order to test the antibacterial properties of the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material in practical application, the livestock and poultry sewage from the farm was selected as the real water sample to verify the ability of the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material to remove and kill bacteria in practical application. The BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material was added to the centrifuged and diluted livestock and poultry sewage of the farm, treated with LED light, and then 100 µL was taken out and spread on a solid LB plate for 24 h. The antibacterial effect was also evaluated by colony counting method. 3. Results And Discussion 3.1. Structure and morphology characterizations Figure 1 shows the XRD patterns of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic materials with different molar ratios. The crystal structures of BiSnSbO 6 , ZnO and BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO were characterized by XRD. In the ZnO spectrum, the characteristic peaks at 2θ = 31.1°, 34.0°, 35.6°, 47.0°, 56.0°, 62.3° and 67.5° correspond to (100), (002), (101), (102), (110), (103) and (112) crystal planes, the same as the ZnO standard card (PDF#01-0562), are wurtzite hexagonal phases (V. Kononenko et al. 2017 ; A. Sundararaj et al. 2017). The characteristic diffraction peaks located at 2θ = 29.4°, 34.0°, 48.9°, 58.0°, 60.8° and 71.8° correspond to (222), (400), (440), (622), (444) and (800) of BiSnSbO 6 diffraction crystal plane, which is consistent with the literature report (J. F. Luan et al. 2018). Compared with the characteristic peaks at the molar ratios of 1:2 and 1:3, the characteristic peaks of the composites with the molar ratios of 1:4 and 1:5 are clearer and sharper, indicating that the composites with the molar ratios of 1:4 and 1:5 have higher crystallinity. In the spectrum of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material, both the characteristic peaks of BiSnSbO 6 and ZnO appeared, which indicated that the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material was successfully synthesized. The morphology, structure and elemental composition of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic materials were analyzed by SEM, TEM and EDS. Figure 2 (a) is an SEM image of BiSnSbO 6 , showing particles with random three-dimensional shapes. Figures 2 (b) and (c) are the SEM and TEM images of the composite with a molar ratio of 1:4, respectively, while Figs. 2 (d) and (e) are the SEM and TEM images of the composite with a molar ratio of 1:5. Figure 2 (b) and (d) are the SEM pictures of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material. It can be seen from the figure that the irregularly shaped BiSnSbO 6 particles are attached to ZnO nanoparticles with smaller particle size, indicating that BiSnSbO 6 and ZnO are successfully compounded together to form a BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material. From Fig. 2 (c), (e) BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material TEM pictures can be seen from the larger BiSnSbO 6 particles and smaller diameter of ZnO. The results further proved that the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic materials in 1:4 and 1:5 molar ratios were successfully composited. Among them, when scanning and observing the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic materials with a molar ratio of 1:2 and 1:3, it was found that the composite photocatalytic materials of these two ratios appeared material agglomeration. This phenomenon may be because BiSnSbO 6 accounts for more. According to the literature, it can be known that BiSnSbO 6 is prone to agglomeration when sintered at high temperature for a long time [30] , so the 1:2 and 1:3 molar ratio composite materials were not used in the subsequent antibacterial experiments. The BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material was scanned by EDS to further verify whether the effective components in the composite material were evenly distributed during the material composite process. Scanning the marked area of the SEM image, all elements (Bi, Sn, Sb, Zn and O) are uniformly distributed in the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material as shown in Fig. 3 . It shows that BiSnSbO 6 and ZnO are successfully coupled to form BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composites. 3.2. Antibacterial activity and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation Using 35 W LED lamp as excitation light source, the photocatalytic antibacterial properties of pure BiSnSbO 6 material, pure ZnO material and BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material were determined by colony counting method. Compared with pure BiSnSbO 6 and ZnO materials, the antibacterial properties of BiSnSbO 6 , ZnO and BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic materials against E. coli , S. aureus , P. aeruginosa and Candida albicans were compared. Firstly, the photocatalytic efficiency of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic materials with different molar ratios of 1:4 and 1:5 was compared with S. aureus as model bacteria, so as to determine the optimal composite material ratio for subsequent experiments. Using a control group without catalytic materials in a light environment, the effect of LED light on the inhibition or killing of pathogenic microorganisms was removed. Set up a dark group with catalytic materials in a dark environment, and test whether the materials themselves have the ability to inhibit or kill microorganisms. Provided 35 W LED lighting simultaneously under the same ambient conditions. Using S. aureus as model bacteria, the antibacterial ability of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic materials at different ratios and concentrations against S. aureus was compared. It can be clearly seen from Fig. 4 that the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material with a molar ratio of 1:4 achieved 100% antibacterial efficiency against S. aureus at 4 h. The antibacterial efficiency against S. aureus is higher than that of the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material with a molar ratio of 1:5. Therefore, the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material with the best molar ratio of 1:4 was selected for the subsequent experiments. Figure 5 (a) shows the photocatalytic antibacterial efficiency of the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material with different concentrations of 1:4 molar ratio on E. coli . In the antibacterial process, the best antibacterial efficiencies of single BiSnSbO 6 and ZnO against E. coli within 6 h were 67.46% and 28.57%, respectively, indicating that both BiSnSbO6 and ZnO have a certain inactivation effect on E. coli under LED light, but the effect is not ideal, and different concentrations of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic materials have better antibacterial properties than single BiSnSbO 6 and ZnO. After 6 h of light irradiation, 500 mg/L BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material had the highest antibacterial efficiency against E. coli , reaching 99.63%. Figure 5 (c) is a graph showing the antibacterial efficiency of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material against S. aureus . It can be seen that the highest antibacterial efficiencies of the monomers BiSnSbO 6 and ZnO are 21.60% and 84.79% respectively within 6 h, and the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material exhibits better antibacterial properties. The antibacterial efficiency of the catalytic material reached 100% at 4 h. Nano-ZnO has been shown to be selectively toxic to S. aureus , and the experimental results are consistent with the reported literature (L. R. Zheng et al. 2012 ). Figure 5 (e) is a graph showing the antibacterial efficiency of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material against P. aeruginosa . Compared with the monomers BiSnSbO 6 and ZnO, the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material exhibited stronger antibacterial properties against P. aeruginosa , It can be clearly seen that the antibacterial efficiency of the 500 mg/L BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material against P. aeruginosa reached 100% when the light was irradiated for 4 h. Compared with the antibacterial efficiency of other different concentrations, the antibacterial efficiency of the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material at a concentration of 500 mg/L is better, indicating that the optimal antibacterial concentration of the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material for bacteria is 500 mg/L. Too much concentration or too little concentration will affect the photocatalytic activity of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material. Figure 5 (b), (d), (f) are the antibacterial plate images of monomer BiSnSbO 6 , ZnO and BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic materials with different concentrations against E. coli , S. aureus and P. aeruginosa . In order to explore the antibacterial efficiency of materials with different concentrations, the antibacterial time of light exposure was extended to continue to observe. From Fig. 6 , it can be found that at 12 h, the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic materials with four different antibacterial concentrations of 125 mg/L, 250 mg/L, 500 mg/L and 1000 mg/L had better effects on E. coli , S. aureus and P. aeruginosa three bacteria were 100% antibacterial efficiency. It shows that under the condition of maintaining light conditions, the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material with different concentrations can also continue to exert antibacterial effect to kill bacteria. According to the above research results, it can be found that the optimal antibacterial concentration of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material for bacteria is 500 mg/L, but there are species differences in the antibacterial effect on different bacteria. In order to understand the antibacterial properties of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic materials on fungi, this paper also used Candida albicans as model bacteria to conduct antibacterial experiments on fungi. Figure 7 showed the antibacterial efficiency diagram and antibacterial plate diagram of single BiSnSbO 6 , ZnO and BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic materials with different concentrations against Candida albicans . The antibacterial efficiency against Candida albicans reached the highest at h, which was 63.80%. The cytotoxicity of antibacterial materials is of great significance for further practical applications of the materials. In this study, normal mouse skin fibroblasts (L929) were selected to detect the cytotoxicity of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic materials. According to the results of the previous antibacterial experiments, three different concentrations were set, which were 250 mg/L, 500 mg/L, and 1000 mg/L, respectively. Figure 8 showed the results of MTT assay. There was no significant difference in the survival rate of L929 cells between the three different concentrations of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material and the control group (p > 0.05). This can explain the non-cytotoxicity of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material. However, the survival rate of L929 cells incubated with monomeric ZnO at a concentration of 500 mg/L was significantly reduced, which was significantly different from that of the blank control group (p < 0.05). 3.3. Electrochemical Characterization Figure 9 showed the UV-vis DRS spectra of BiSnSbO 6 , ZnO and BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO. It can be seen from Fig. 9 (a) that ZnO absorbs light with a wavelength below 400 nm, mainly absorbing ultraviolet light, and the absorption band edges of BiSnSbO 6 and BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO are above 400 nm, indicating that they are responsive to visible light. With the addition of ZnO, the light absorption intensity of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO was enhanced. The band gap energy (E g ) can be estimated according to the formula: ɑhv = A(hv-Eg) n/2 (L. Yosefi et al. 2018; S. Y. Li et al. 2014). Since ZnO is a direct transition semiconductor material, n = 2 in the calculation process (R. Kumar et al. 2014 ). From Fig. 9 (b), (c), (d), it can be concluded that the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material, the forbidden band widths of BiSnSbO 6 and ZnO materials are 2.81 eV, 2.66 eV and 3.14 eV, respectively. This is similar to the data reported in the previous literature (J. F. Luan et al. 2018). The E VB and E CB edge potentials of BiSnSbO 6 and ZnO calculated according to the formula are shown in Table 1. According to the edge potentials of E VB and E CB , BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composites belong to type II heterojunction structure composites. Table 1 E g , E VB and E CB values of BiSnSbO 6 and ZnO photocatalytic materials Photocatalysts E g (eV) E VB (eV) E CB (eV) BiSnSbO 6 2.80 3.23 0.57 ZnO 3.14 2.83 -0.31 Semiconductor photocatalytic materials can understand the interfacial mobility of photogenerated electron-hole pairs in semiconductor materials through electrochemical impedance, where the smaller the radius of the semicircle arc, the higher the charge transport efficiency of semiconductor photocatalytic materials. As shown in Fig. 10 , compared with pure BiSnSbO 6 and pure ZnO materials, BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material has the smallest arc radius, indicating that BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material has the smallest charge transfer resistance. Therefore, the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material has the strongest photocatalytic antibacterial performance. Figure 11 is the PT map of different photocatalytic materials under intermittent illumination conditions. The photocurrent of the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material is stronger than that of the two single materials. The higher the photocurrent intensity, the faster the separation rate of electron-hole pairs. It shows that the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material has better photocatalytic antibacterial efficiency than the single BiSnSbO 6 and ZnO materials. PL analysis can study the process of photoinduced electron-hole pair migration, transfer and recombination in semiconductor photocatalytic materials. The PL spectra of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material and ZnO are shown in Fig. 12 . After exciting the material with 469 nm light, it can be found that the material shows a strong emission peak in the range of 800–900 nm, and the emission peak intensity of the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material is lower than that of the pure ZnO material, indicating that the recombination rate of BiSnSbO 6 and ZnO inhibited the charge recombination rate. It is further demonstrated that the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material can reduce the charge recombination rate, thereby improving the photocatalytic antibacterial activity. 3.4. Understanding of the mechanism for antimicrobial activity In order to understand the role of different active substances in the antibacterial process of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic materials, the photocatalytic antibacterial mechanism of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic materials was explored through radical scavenging experiments. BQ, IPA, Na 2 C 2 O 4 and K 2 Cr 2 O 7 were used as scavengers of ·O 2 − , ·OH, h + and e − , respectively. It can be seen from Fig. 13 that after adding BQ, the antibacterial efficiency against the model bacteria S. aureus was enhanced, reaching 100% in 1 h. This should be because the conduction band position of ZnO is -0.31 eV, which is more correct than E θ O 2 /·O 2 − (-0.33 eV), so the e- on the conduction band of ZnO cannot combine with O 2 to form ·O 2 − (K. N. Abbas et al. 2017). After adding BQ, BQ cannot combine with ·O 2 − , and because BQ is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent, it can interact with DNA, protein, mitochondria, etc. in cells, resulting in bacterial death (Y. Liu et al. 2009 ; H. L. Wong et al. 2017 ). This may be the reason why the antibacterial efficiency against Staphylococcus aureus was improved after adding BQ, indicating that ·O 2 − was not generated during the photocatalytic antibacterial process. The valence band position of BiSnSbO 6 is 2.81 eV, which is more correct than E θ ·OH/H 2 O (2.38 eV) (D. L. Jiang et al. 2017), so the h + at the valence band of BiSnSbO 6 can react with H 2 O to generate OH, and then react with bacteria. After adding IPA, the antibacterial efficiency decreased slightly, indicating that the role of ·OH in the photocatalytic antibacterial process was almost negligible. When the Na 2 C 2 O 4 solution was added, the antibacterial efficiency decreased, indicating that the effect of h + was weak in the photocatalytic antibacterial process. After adding K 2 Cr 2 O 7 solution, the antibacterial efficiency decreased to a large extent, which indicated that the active substance e − played a major role. The free radical clearing experiment shows that the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material can generate ROS under light conditions, and ·OH, h + and e − all have certain antibacterial effects, of which e − plays the main antibacterial effect. In order to more clearly understand the effect of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material on the morphological changes of bacteria and fungi. SEM was used to observe the morphology of experimental bacteria treated with added material light and the control bacteria only treated with light. From Fig. 14 , it can be found that compared with the control group, the structures and shapes of bacteria and fungi treated with BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic materials are significantly different. E. coli , S. aureus , P. aeruginosa and Candida albicans all exhibited wrinkled atrophy, rupture and irregular morphology to a certain extent, unlike bacteria that had not been treated with the material whose surface was intact. The results showed that the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material contacted the surface of bacteria and fungi, causing the surface of bacteria and fungi to atrophy or even rupture, preventing bacteria and fungi from maintaining normal physiological activities until death. In summary, it is found that the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material produces active substances ·OH, h + and e − in the photocatalytic antibacterial process, ·OH, h + and e − all have a certain antibacterial effect, and the role of e − occupies the leading position. After the active substance is in contact with the bacteria, the structural integrity of the bacteria is destroyed, and the internal substances of the bacteria leak, thereby achieving an antibacterial effect. According to published studies, BiSnSbO6 and ZnO are p-type and n-type semiconductors, respectively (P. Huang et al. 2019 ; Z. H. Jaffari et al. 2019 ). At the same time, combining the UV-vis valence and conduction band positions of the two, it is concluded that the BiSnSbO6-ZnO composite photocatalytic material is a type II heterojunction structure, as shown in Fig. 15 . 3.5. Application of composite photocatalytic materials in livestock and poultry wastewater A variety of bacteria have been found in the collected livestock and poultry wastewater, and these bacteria are extremely harmful to humans and the environment. This serious problem needs to be solved urgently to protect the environment. The practical application of antibacterial properties of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic materials was tested with livestock and poultry wastewater. As shown in Fig. 16 , after the livestock and poultry wastewater was treated by light with the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material with the optimal antibacterial concentration of 500 mg/L, with the increase of time, the colonies in the livestock and poultry wastewater diluted 20 times were obviously reduced or even disappeared. After 3 h of LED light illumination, the antibacterial rate of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material reached 99.41%. When the time was extended to 6 h, it was found that the bacteria had been completely killed. It is proved that the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material has a good antibacterial effect on a variety of coexisting bacteria, which also shows that the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material is a broad-spectrum antibacterial material, which can be applied in practical applications. 4. Conclusion BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic materials were synthesized by a simple solid-phase sintering method. XRD, EDS, EIS and other characterizations further proved that the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material was composed of BiSnSbO 6 and ZnO, and the composite was successful and the structure did not change. Comparing the photocatalytic and antibacterial effects of composites with different molar ratios on pathogenic microorganisms under 35 W LED light. The results showed that the antibacterial effect was the best when the molar ratio of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite was 1:4 and the concentration was 500 mg/L. The antibacterial efficiency against E. coli at 6 h can reach 99.63%, and the antibacterial efficiency of 500 mg/L BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa can reach 100% under illumination for 4 h. With the prolongation of the illumination time, the antibacterial efficiency of the composite materials with different concentrations against the four bacteria can reach 100% in 12 h. It shows that under the condition of maintaining light conditions, the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic materials with different concentrations can continue to exert antibacterial effect to achieve good antibacterial effect. The antibacterial efficiency of 250 mg/L BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material against Candida albicans can reach 63.8% after 6 h of illumination. It can be seen that the composite photocatalytic material has better antibacterial effect on bacteria. In order to further elucidate the antibacterial properties of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic materials in practical applications, antibacterial experiments were conducted on livestock and poultry wastewater collected in daily life. The results show that the antibacterial rate of BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material to bacteria reaches 99.41% after 3 hours of LED light illumination, indicating that BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against bacteria and can be widely used in real life. According to the free radical scavenging experiment, SEM observation of the morphological changes of the bacteria after light treatment and analysis of the energy band structure, the prepared BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material can generate active species ·OH, h + and e − through light irradiation to achieve the purpose of sterilization, where e − Play the main role. Cytotoxicity experiments proved that the prepared BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material was non-toxic at the experimental concentration, indicating that the BiSnSbO 6 -ZnO composite photocatalytic material was a green, safe and efficient photocatalytic material with broad-spectrum antibacterial properties and species differences. Declarations Acknowledgements This work was supported by Development and Reform Commission of Jilin Province, China (2022C039-5), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21871246). Author contribution All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Jing Chen, Mengde Shan, Haojia Zhu, and Shichuan Zhang. Jingmei Li and Leijiao Li are in charge of project administration and resources, and professor Jingmei Li is the main person in charge. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Jing Chen and Mengde Shan; all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding Thanks to the support of Development and Reform Commission of Jilin Province, China (2022C039-5), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21871246) for this research. Availability of data and materials Not applicable Conflicts of interest All authors claimed that there is no conflict of financial interest. &These authors contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors. Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable Consent for publication Not applicable References A. Aditya, S. Chattopadhyay, D. Jha, et al. Zinc oxide nanoparticles dispersed in ionic liquids show high antimicrobial efficacy to skin-specific bacteria[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2018, 10(18): 15401-15411. A. Rahman, R. Afzal, S. Zulfiqar, et al. Superior photodegradation and antibacterial activity of r-GO supported ternary nanocomposite of doped transition metal compounds[J]. Ceramics International, 2021, 47(10): 14569-14578. A. Sundararaj, G. Chandrasekaran. Induced phase transition from ZnO to Co3O4 through Co substitution[J]. Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects, 2017, 11: 20-24. C. S. Cunha, P. J. Castro, S. C. Sousa, et al. Films of chitosan and natural modified hydroxyapatite as effective UV-protecting, biocompatible and antibacterial wound dressing[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2020, 159: 1177-11 C. Wu, R. Chen, C. Ma, et al. Construction of up conversion nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots modified BiVO4 photocatalyst with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity[J]. Ceramics International, 2019, 45(2): 2088-2096. D. L. Jiang, T. Y. Wang, Q. Xu, et al. Perovskite oxide ultrathin nanosheets/g-C3N4 2D-2D heterojunction photocatalysts with significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity towards the photodegradation of tetracycline[J]. Applied Catalysis B-Environme E. Rokhsat, O. Akhavan. Improving the photocatalytic activity of graphene oxide/ZnO nanorod films by UV irradiation[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2016, 371(15): 590-595. H. L. Wong, C. M. Goodwin, T. P. Beebe, et al. AgI-BiYO3 photocatalyst: Synthesis, characterization, and its photocatalytic degradation of dye[J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2017, 202: 120-126. H. Yang, Q. X. Zhang, Y. Chen, et al. Ultrasonic-microwave synthesis of ZnO/BiOBr functionalized cotton fabrics with antibacterial and photocatalytic properties[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2018, 201: 162-171. J. F. Luan, P. Q. Huang. Photophysical and Photocatalytic Properties of BiSnSbO6 under Visible Light Irradiation[J]. Materials 2018, 11(4), 491. J. W. Xu, Z. D. Gao, K. Han, et al. Synthesis of magnetically separable Ag3PO4/TiO2/Fe3O4 heterostructure with enhanced photocatalytic performance under visible light for photoinactivation of bacteria[J]. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014,6(17), J. Z. Sun, G. F. Jiang, B. J. Zhu, et al. Antibacterial properties of recoverable CuZnO@Fe3O4@GO composites in water treatment[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021, 28(25): 33355-33370. K. N. Abbas, N. Bidin. Morphological driven photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanostructures[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2017, 394(1): 498-508. K. Qi, B. Cheng, J. Yu, et al. Review on the improvement of the photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of ZnO[J]. Alloys Compd, 2017, 727: 792-820. L. Hu, A. Hou, K. Xie, et al. Light-Induced production of reactive oxygen species by a novel water-soluble benzophenone derivative containing quaternary ammonium groups and its assembly on the protein fiber surface[J]. ACS Applied Materials& Interfac L. R. Zheng, Y. H. Zheng, C. Q. Chen, et al. Facile one-pot synthesis of ZnO/SnO2 heterojunction photocatalysts with excellent photocatalytic activity and photostability[J]. CHEMPLUSCHEM, 2012, 77(3): 217-223. L. Yosefi, M. Haghighi, Fabrication of nanostructured flowerlike p-BiOI/p-NiO heterostructure and its efficient photocatalytic performance in water treatment under visible-light irradiation[J]. Applied Catalysis B-Environmental, 2018, 220: 367-378. M. Gratzel. Heterogenous Photochemical Electron Transfer[M]. CRC press, 2018. M. R. Kamli, V. Srivastava, N. H. Hajrah, et al. Facile Bio-Fabrication of Ag-Cu-Co Trimetallic Nanoparticles and Its Fungicidal Activity against Candida auris[J]. Journal of Fungi, 2021, 7(1): 62. M. Surapaneni, K. Prachi, C. Swati, et al. Understanding the pathway of antibacterial activity of copper oxide nanoparticles[J]. RSC Advances, 2015, 5(16): 12293-12299. M. Yan, Y. Q. Hua, F. F. Zhu, et al. Fabrication of nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots-BiOI/MnNb2O6 p-n junction photocatalysts with enhanced visible light efficiency in photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics[J]. Applied Catalysis B-Environmenta O. O. Ozdemir, F. Soyer. Pseudomonas aeruginosa presents multiple vital changes in its proteome in the presence of 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, a promising antimicrobial agent[J]. ACS Omega, 2020, 32(5): 19938-19951 P. Hajipour, A. Eslami, A. Bahrami, et al. Surface modification of TiO2 nanoparticles with CuO for visible-light antibacterial applications and photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics[J]. Ceramics International, 2021, 23(47): 33875-33885. P. Huang, Y. Shen, J. Luan. Visible-light-driven p-n type BiMSbO6(M=Ti, Sn)/BiOBr heterojunction photocatalyst toward degradation of levofloxacin [J]. Chemistry Select, 2019, 39 (4): 11531-11540. P. Huang, Y. Shen, J. Luan. Visible-light-driven p-n type BiMSbO6(M=Ti, Sn)/BiOBr heterojunction photocatalyst toward degradation of levofloxacin [J]. Chemistry Select, 2019, 39 (4): 11531-11540. P. J. Vikesland, K. R. Wigginton. Nanomaterial enabled biosensors for pathogen monitoring-a review[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2010, 10(44): 3656-3669. R. A. Rather, I. M. C. Lo. Photoelectrochemical sewage treatment by a multifunctional g-C3N4/Ag/AgCl/BiVO4 photoanode for the simultaneous degradation of emerging pollutants and hydrogen production, and the disinfection of E. coli[J]. Water Research, R. J. Ma, L. H. Dong, B. Li, et al. g-C3N4/BiYO3 Composite for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution[J]. Chemistry Select, 2018, 3(21): 5891-5899. R. Kumar, S. Anandan, K. Hembram, et al. Efficient ZnO-Based Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalyst for Antibacterial Applications[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2014, 6(15): 13138-13148. R. Singh, S. Pandey, S. Sur, et al. PPEF: A bisbenzimdazole potent antimicrobial agent interacts at acidic triad of catalytic domain of E. coli topoisomerase IA[J]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta(BBA)-General Subjects, 2019, 1863(10): 1524-1535. S. Ghafoor, S. Z. Hussain, S. Waseem, et al. Photo-reduction of heavy metal ions and photo-disinfection of pathogenic bacteria under simulated solar light using photosensitized TiO2 nanofibers[J]. RSC Advances, 2018, 8(36): 20354-20362. S. Liang, D. Zhang, X. Pu, et al. Separation and purification technology a novel Ag2O/g-C3N4 p-n heterojunction photocatalysts with enhanced visible and near-infrared light activity[J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2019, 210: 786-797. S. Y. Li, Z. L. Liu, G. X. Xiang, et al. Influence of calcination temperature on the photocatalytic performance of the hierarchical TiO2 pinecone-like structure-decorated with CdS nanoparticles[J]. Ceramics International, 2019, 45(1): 767-776. T. Wang, Z. Jiang, T. An, et al. Enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic bacterial inactivation by ultrathin carbon-coated magnetic cobalt ferrite nanoparticles[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2018, 8(52): 4774-4784. V. E. Podasca, T. Buruiana, Е. C. Buruiana. UV-cured polymeric films containing ZnO andsilver nanoparticles with UV-vis light-assisted photocatalytic activity[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2016, 377(30): 262-273. V. Kononenko, N. Repar, N. Marusic, et al. Comparative in vitro genotoxicity study of ZnO nanoparticles, ZnO macroparticles and ZnCl to MDCK kidney cells: Size matters[J]. Toxicology in Vitro, 2017, 40: 256-263. V. Kumar, A. Fakhri, S. Tahami, et al. Zn doped CdO nanoparticles: Structural, morphological, optical, photocatalytic and anti-bacterial properties[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2017, 504: 164-170. X. Qu, P. J. J. Alvarez, Q. Li. Applications of nanotechnology in water and wastewater treatment[J]. Water Res, 2013, 12(47): 3931-3946. Y. Liu, L. He, A. Mustapha, et al. Antibacterial activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles against Escherichia coli O157:H7[J]. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2009, 107(4): 1193-1201. Z. B. Xiang, Y. Wang, Z. Q. Yang, et al. Heterojunctions of β-AgVO3/BiVO4 composites for enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic antibacterial activity[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2019, 776(5): 266-275. Z. H. Jaffari, S. M. Lam, J. C.Sin, et al. Constructing magnetic Pt-loaded BiFeO3 nanocomposite for boosted visible light photocatalytic and antibacterial activities[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019, 26(10): 10204-10218. Z. L. Wang. Nanostructures of zinc oxide[J]. Materials today, 2004, 7(6): 26-33. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Mar, 2023 Read the published version in Environmental Science and Pollution Research → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major Revision 31 Aug, 2022 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Jul, 2022 Reviewers invited by journal 03 Jul, 2022 Editor invited by journal 30 Jun, 2022 Editor assigned by journal 27 Jun, 2022 First submitted to journal 10 Jun, 2022 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1747259","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":118163358,"identity":"f24f704a-a9d1-4a28-b05e-2eeff1f1da62","order_by":0,"name":"Jing Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Changchun University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jing","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":118163359,"identity":"d77d6cce-90eb-437e-98c4-461ee8b23257","order_by":1,"name":"Mengde Shan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Changchun University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mengde","middleName":"","lastName":"Shan","suffix":""},{"id":118163360,"identity":"3c237718-92b3-42ff-b754-d6aa4d5b2922","order_by":2,"name":"Haojia Zhu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Changchun University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Haojia","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhu","suffix":""},{"id":118163361,"identity":"252a0dee-53c1-4173-b70a-e580116bac6c","order_by":3,"name":"Shichuan Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Changchun University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shichuan","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":118163362,"identity":"7e803e88-b9b4-4501-a723-ab4b0b25c2b0","order_by":4,"name":"Jingmei Li","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAtElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPmaGBIYPUI4EUVrYgFoYZwAZPMRrAWJmHtK0sDM83WxTc9jenoH54G0eBrs8YhyWdjvn2OHEHga2ZGsehuRi4rTkNhxO4GHgMZPmYTiQ2ECUFsuGw/Y8DPzfSNDC2HCYsYeBh414LTd7jqUn9hxmM7acY5BMWAs//5m0Gz9qrO3Z25sf3nhTYUdYCzBCEiA0M4gwIKweCNgPEKVsFIyCUTAKRjAAAE6LML91xDEBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2614-0111","institution":"Changchun University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jingmei","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":118163363,"identity":"170adf74-d054-4e29-8452-bc24eb3f0f7a","order_by":5,"name":"Leijiao Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Changchun University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Leijiao","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-06-11 03:26:05","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1747259/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1747259/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25934-5","type":"published","date":"2023-03-09T19:31:34+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":24056089,"identity":"9020f67f-b6b8-4fba-872c-6fc085c28cd9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-07-19 19:02:17","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":445283,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eXRD patterns of BiSnSbO\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e-ZnO with different molar ratios\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1747259/v1/11e526743683121ccf0ded16.png"},{"id":24055969,"identity":"a24e683f-217c-4583-8a33-51730e6eca13","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-07-19 18:57:17","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":261767,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMorphology analysis of different materials (a) SEM image of BiSnSbO\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e material, (b) (c) SEM image and TEM image of BiSnSbO\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e-ZnO composite material with a molar ratio of 1:4, (d) (e) SEM images and TEM images of BiSnSbO\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e-ZnO composites with a 1:5 molar ratio\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1747259/v1/26deadb8741c3bda6d5c852a.png"},{"id":24055968,"identity":"6a15cede-c8df-4198-af75-74b6f2cafa14","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-07-19 18:57:17","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":304940,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEDS image of BiSnSbO\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1747259/v1/e0d464dba4594d8ff82bdd23.png"},{"id":24055972,"identity":"f5d15d11-5939-4245-8ebf-bc667c033ee2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-07-19 18:57:17","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":234105,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAntibacterial efficiency of the composites with different molar ratios and concentrations against S. aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1747259/v1/094be234d6d659b27ef63975.png"},{"id":24056185,"identity":"b57d1b32-8e4d-424d-8643-9b2838049731","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-07-19 19:07:17","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1565004,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhotocatalytic antibacterial efficiency of different materials against three bacteria and photos of colony growth (a) (b) E. coli, (c)(d) S. aureus, (e)(f) P. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1747259/v1/b0dbd3a5d43cb3933be3e2f5.png"},{"id":24055967,"identity":"81433247-0a40-46b0-a812-230eccc68b8e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-07-19 18:57:17","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":104302,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhotocatalytic antibacterial efficiency of BiSnSbO\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- ZnO composites against different bacteria at 12h and 24h (a) E. coli, (b) S. aureus, (c) P. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1747259/v1/9cb203ab163eddf354e19666.png"},{"id":24056092,"identity":"b254365f-656f-4e2d-9666-548471bccee1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-07-19 19:02:17","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":389498,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAntibacterial efficiency of BiSnSbO\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e, BiSnSbO\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e-ZnO, ZnO materials against Candida albicans and photocatalytic antibacterial plate diagram (a) Antibacterial efficiency diagram, (b) Antibacterial plate\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003ediagram\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1747259/v1/56f9d42adfac49bbc37ef58c.png"},{"id":24056097,"identity":"4e543100-4c7e-4174-904a-38586b07e402","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-07-19 19:02:18","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24860,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMTT assay for the survival rate of L929 cells with different concentrations of the prepared materials\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1747259/v1/c735fbbe55af79c0b76ab44c.png"},{"id":24056189,"identity":"c0fee1ee-8efc-4774-b7c5-4495fee75c7b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-07-19 19:07:18","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":625412,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eV-vis DRS spectra of the prepared samples (a) UV-vis DRS spectra of BiSnSbO\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e, ZnO and BiSnSbO\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e-ZnO, (b) E\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eg\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e spectra of BiSnSbO\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e-ZnO, (c) E\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eg\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e spectra of BiSnSbO\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e, (d) E\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eg\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e spectra of ZnO\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1747259/v1/1547086bbf1da63dd4f5b2e1.png"},{"id":24056202,"identity":"f794f1af-0a95-4619-8abb-3eb05b624df0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-07-19 19:12:17","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":142332,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEIS spectra of BiSnSbO\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e, ZnO and BiSnSbO\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e-ZnO\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1747259/v1/b994016080c2ac5a63904c37.png"},{"id":24056188,"identity":"e0ce8bf3-4865-4a25-976b-c3b6a4285dfb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-07-19 19:07:18","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":172853,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePT spectra of BiSnSbO\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e, ZnO and BiSnSbO\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e-ZnO\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1747259/v1/78c5f4edf4fd014c629cdac3.png"},{"id":24056090,"identity":"a0b7cc1c-113c-4f35-9924-76ded593a8fd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-07-19 19:02:17","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":150054,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePL spectra of different samples\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1747259/v1/78de59e51b8c54b19fc8e301.png"},{"id":24056094,"identity":"edaaf76c-e8d9-415e-8bf3-50ab0e4b3a00","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-07-19 19:02:17","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":308285,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEffect of adding different scavengers on the antibacterial effect of S. aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1747259/v1/b17caec252bb4a8b28ad89b4.png"},{"id":24055976,"identity":"0186a83b-b059-4c59-a6c1-9f9ac5c91335","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-07-19 18:57:17","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":662665,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eScanning comparison of bacterial and fungal morphology in light treatment only (a) E. coli, (c) S. aureus, (e) P. aeruginosa, (g) Candida albicans, Light treatment of 500 mg/L BiSnSbO\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e-ZnO composites (b) E. coli, (d) S. aureus, (f) P. aeruginosa, (h) Candida albicans\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1747259/v1/2becf2d330b0f97dc7080d1e.png"},{"id":24055980,"identity":"6c88662e-0136-4026-bfe2-429ebcbf3a99","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-07-19 18:57:18","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":444029,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhotocatalytic antibacterial mechanism of BiSnSbO6-ZnO composite photocatalytic material under LED light source\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1747259/v1/c3ac6859fb1662c0773c190d.png"},{"id":24056186,"identity":"fed82dab-ee2c-4dfe-89b7-e26778fb9e2e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-07-19 19:07:17","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"Figure 16","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":432995,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEffect of BiSnSbO\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e-ZnO composites on livestock and poultry wastewater treatment in different time periods\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1747259/v1/fd5dcfc57247e5c63a6dc1d3.png"},{"id":44721773,"identity":"7483b637-982e-4e3f-8dad-548fce9e38e2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-16 19:39:42","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":5886611,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1747259/v1/766eabd6-3fcf-447d-aa7c-69312ccdc03c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Antimicrobial properties of heterojunction BiSnSbO6-ZnO composites in wastewater treatment","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eWith the enhancement of people's health awareness, the requirements for the living environment are also continuously improved, and we gradually realize that bacteria exist in all aspects of our daily life and are one of the microorganisms that humans are in close contact with. Bacteria are not only the main participants in the material cycle of nature, but also play an important role in human body functions. However, the problem of microbial contamination caused by bacteria and fungi in global environmental pollution cannot be ignored. Due to the high adaptability of microorganisms, it has always been challenging problem to efficiently remove harmful microorganisms in environments such as drinking water treatment, food processing, medical device manufacturing or textile industry (X. Qu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; P. J. Vikesland et al. 2010; P. Hajipour et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Even with the rapid development of science and technology, research on antibacterial agents that inhibit the growth and reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms is still a crucial task, so photocatalytic antibacterial materials have emerged as the times require. Photocatalytic antibacterial materials are a kind of antibacterial materials (M. Surapaneni et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Inorganic antibacterial materials have many advantages such as long-lasting antibacterial and environmental protection (J. Z. Sun et al. 2013). The composite antibacterial material refers to the composite material of two or more kinds of antibacterial materials combined together to form a composite material with more excellent antibacterial effect. At present, the field of composite photocatalytic materials has been well developed because of their better photocatalytic performance, higher light utilization, and better chemical stability compared with single catalytic materials (S. Liang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; J. W. Xu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; S. Ghafoor et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; H. Yang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; P. Huang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; M. Gratzel. 2018).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong all photocatalytic antibacterial materials, n-type ZnO has been widely studied in photocatalytic applications due to its unique electronic structure and suitable properties, and is a new type of antibacterial material (C. S. Cunha et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; L. Hu et al. 2019; R. Singh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; O. O. Ozdemir et al. 2020). However, ZnO has certain defects, such as a wide bandgap around 3.2 eV, which makes the activity of ZnO limited to the ultraviolet region and not active in the visible region (V. Kumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; A. Aditya et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; K. Qi et al. 2019; A. Rahman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). But this defect can be ameliorated by doping or forming composites with narrow bandgap materials (M. Yan et al. 2017; Z. L. Wang et al. 2004; V. E. Podasca et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; T. Wang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; E. Rokhsat et al. 2016).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the past ten years, due to the advantages of narrow band gap, low price, and wide light absorption range, bismuth-based photocatalytic materials have entered people's field of vision as a visible light catalytic material with excellent performance (R. J. Ma et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; C. Wu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; M. R. Kamli et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). There has been significant research progress in theoretical research and practical application of bismuth-based photocatalytic materials (R. A. Rather et al. 2020). The research on binary and multi-component bismuth-based photocatalytic composite materials has gradually deepened, and its application in various fields has gradually become wider. However, there is still no systematic conclusion about its specific photocatalytic mechanism, and the research on the reaction mechanism and energy band structure of bismuth-based photocatalytic composites still needs to be strengthened. In 2019, researchers synthesized β-AgVO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/BiVO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e composite visible light catalytic antibacterial material. After being excited by visible light irradiation, β-AgVO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/BiVO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e composite material showed strong resistance to \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e (Z. B. Xiang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The photocatalytic antibacterial activity, which can be attributed to the formation of a heterojunction structure in the β-AgVO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/BiVO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e composite, greatly improves the separation degree and lifetime of photogenerated charges in the composite (Z. B. Xiang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). In 2018, Jingfei Luan et al. synthesized BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e, which has a pyrochlore structure and has photocatalytic degradation activity for BZT and RhB under visible light irradiation (J. F. Luan et al. 2018). The surface of pyrochlore structural materials has more oxygen vacancies, which can improve the photon efficiency, and has shown great potential in the field of photocatalysis applications. However, the problem of Bi-based photocatalytic material BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e is that it can only absorb and utilize visible light, which greatly reduces its application range and limits its application.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this work, a simple solid-phase sintering method was used to synthesize BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e materials, and then different ratios of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic materials were prepared by changing the molar ratio. The crystal structure characteristics and photoelectric properties of the prepared BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic materials were investigated by XRD, EDS, SEM, EIS and other characterization methods. \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCandida albicans\u003c/em\u003e were used as model bacteria, to explore the antibacterial activity of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material under LED light illumination. Using L929 cells as model cells, in vitro cytotoxicity experiments were carried out. In order to understand the reasons for the enhanced antibacterial activity of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic materials, the photocatalytic antibacterial mechanism was explored through SEM observation of bacterial surface morphology and free radical scavenging experiments, and the structure and reactive oxygen generation of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic materials were analyzed relationship. Finally, the broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and practical applicability of the composite material were determined by the livestock and poultry wastewater collected in real life.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experimental Section","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Materials\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC 25922), \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC 6538), \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC 9027) and \u003cem\u003eCandida albicans\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC 10231) used in this experiment were from the China Culture Collection Center. The LB medium was used as the nutrient source for bacteria, and the Martin medium was used as the nutrient source for fungi. Bi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, SnO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, Sb\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e, ZnO and NaCl were purchased from Aladdin Biochemical Technology Company. Agar, Glutaraldehyde, and Isoamyl Acetate were from Obersin Biotechnology.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Preparation of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe solid phase sintering method is used. Mix Bi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e: SnO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: Sb\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e in a molar ratio of 1:2:1 (P. Huang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), put the materials in an agate mortar and mix and grind, and dry for 4 h. Put the ground powder into a corundum crucible and put it into a high temperature muffle furnace for calcination. The calcination temperature changed as follows: 80 min from 20\u0026deg;C to 350\u0026deg;C, hold for 240 min, 80 min to 720\u0026deg;C, hold for 240 min, and finally 60 min from 720\u0026deg;C to 900\u0026deg;C, hold for 1500 min.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Preparation of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO Composite\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe first step was to weigh and mix BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e and ZnO in a certain molar ratio. The second step was to grind the mixed material. The third step was to put the powder into a corundum crucible and press it into a cake, paying attention to the thickness. Finally, it was put into a high temperature muffle furnace for calcination. The BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material was obtained by maintaining the heating rate of 4.4 ℃/min for 200 min, heating up to 900 ℃, holding at 900 ℃ for 1500 min, and cooling to room temperature after calcination. BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic materials were prepared by changing the molar ratio of 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Characterization\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe material crystal structure was tested using Cu ka radiation XRD (Rigaku Smart-Lab). SEM (Regulus 8100), TEM (H-8100EM) and EDS (Bruker XFlash 6l60) were used to understand the microscopic morphology and elemental composition of the samples for characterization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhotoelectrochemical tests: The light absorption capacity of the photocatalytic materials was analyzed by UV-vis DRS (Varian Cary 500). EIS and PT tests were performed on an electrochemical workstation (CHI660E).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5. Photocatalytic antibacterial performance experiment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe photocatalytic antibacterial activities of the composites against \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCandida albicans\u003c/em\u003e were determined by plate colony counting method. All glassware were sterilised at 121\u0026deg;C for 20 min before the experiments were carried out. All experiments were performed in triplicate. Materials with different experimental concentrations are set for experiments. Too low or too high experimental concentrations are not conducive to the photocatalytic reaction. Therefore, it is particularly important to choose the most excellent concentration of antibacterial. In this experiment, four different concentrations were set from low to high, and the concentrations of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic materials were 125 mg/L, 250 mg/L, 500 mg/L and 1000 mg/L, respectively. Weigh samples of different masses and add them to beakers, add 0.9% NaCl solution to dilute, and ultrasonically disperse them evenly. Pipette the bacterial solution from the cultured bacterial solution and add it to the beaker containing the sample, so that the bacteria and the material are fully contacted. A 35W LED light was used as the light source to irradiate vertically downward, and the stirring was maintained at a fixed speed throughout the experiment. Bacteria were cultured at 37\u0026deg;C for 18 h, fungi were cultured at 28\u0026deg;C for 48 h, and the colonies on the medium were counted to calculate the photocatalytic antibacterial rate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6. In vitro cytotoxicity assay\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe biosafety of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic antibacterial materials was tested by in vitro cytotoxicity experiments, and normal mouse skin fibroblasts (L929) were selected for cytotoxicity detection of different materials. About 5000 cells were added to each well of a 96-well plate, cultured for 12 h, and 100 \u0026micro;L of material solutions of different concentrations were added to each well. After 24 hours of culture, 10% MTT solution was added, and the culture was terminated after 4 hours. After that, DMSO was added. The absorbance (OD) was measured at 490 nm in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to calculate the cell viability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.7. SEM study of bacterial surface morphology\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM study was used to observe the differences in structure and morphology of bacteria and fungi treated with and without materials under light conditions, which more intuitively explained the influence of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic materials on the production of pathogenic microorganisms. Bacterial samples were fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution, washed with PBS, dehydrated with different concentrations of ethanol gradient for 15 min/time, and finally replaced with isoamyl acetate twice, 20 min each time. After freeze-drying at -80 ℃, the bacteria suspension was made with ethanol and added dropwise to the silicon wafer to observe the morphological difference of bacteria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.8. Photocatalytic antibacterial mechanism research\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to further explore the photocatalytic antibacterial mechanism of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic materials, radical scavenging experiments were carried out. \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e was used as a model bacterium to study the active substances that play a major role in the photocatalytic antibacterial process. During the experiment, different free radical scavengers were added to remove the generated ROS. BQ, IPA, Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCr\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e were used as scavengers of \u0026bull;O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e, \u0026bull;OH, h\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e and e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.9. Application of composite photocatalytic materials in livestock and poultry wastewater\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to test the antibacterial properties of the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material in practical application, the livestock and poultry sewage from the farm was selected as the real water sample to verify the ability of the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material to remove and kill bacteria in practical application. The BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material was added to the centrifuged and diluted livestock and poultry sewage of the farm, treated with LED light, and then 100 \u0026micro;L was taken out and spread on a solid LB plate for 24 h. The antibacterial effect was also evaluated by colony counting method.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results And Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec13\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Structure and morphology characterizations\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the XRD patterns of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic materials with different molar ratios. The crystal structures of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e, ZnO and BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO were characterized by XRD. In the ZnO spectrum, the characteristic peaks at 2\u0026theta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31.1\u0026deg;, 34.0\u0026deg;, 35.6\u0026deg;, 47.0\u0026deg;, 56.0\u0026deg;, 62.3\u0026deg; and 67.5\u0026deg; correspond to (100), (002), (101), (102), (110), (103) and (112) crystal planes, the same as the ZnO standard card (PDF#01-0562), are wurtzite hexagonal phases (V. Kononenko et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; A. Sundararaj et al. 2017). The characteristic diffraction peaks located at 2\u0026theta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;29.4\u0026deg;, 34.0\u0026deg;, 48.9\u0026deg;, 58.0\u0026deg;, 60.8\u0026deg; and 71.8\u0026deg; correspond to (222), (400), (440), (622), (444) and (800) of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e diffraction crystal plane, which is consistent with the literature report (J. F. Luan et al. 2018). Compared with the characteristic peaks at the molar ratios of 1:2 and 1:3, the characteristic peaks of the composites with the molar ratios of 1:4 and 1:5 are clearer and sharper, indicating that the composites with the molar ratios of 1:4 and 1:5 have higher crystallinity. In the spectrum of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material, both the characteristic peaks of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e and ZnO appeared, which indicated that the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material was successfully synthesized.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe morphology, structure and elemental composition of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic materials were analyzed by SEM, TEM and EDS. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e(a) is an SEM image of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e, showing particles with random three-dimensional shapes. Figures \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e(b) and (c) are the SEM and TEM images of the composite with a molar ratio of 1:4, respectively, while Figs. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e(d) and (e) are the SEM and TEM images of the composite with a molar ratio of 1:5. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e(b) and (d) are the SEM pictures of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material. It can be seen from the figure that the irregularly shaped BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e particles are attached to ZnO nanoparticles with smaller particle size, indicating that BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e and ZnO are successfully compounded together to form a BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material. From Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e (c), (e) BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material TEM pictures can be seen from the larger BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e particles and smaller diameter of ZnO. The results further proved that the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic materials in 1:4 and 1:5 molar ratios were successfully composited. Among them, when scanning and observing the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic materials with a molar ratio of 1:2 and 1:3, it was found that the composite photocatalytic materials of these two ratios appeared material agglomeration. This phenomenon may be because BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e accounts for more. According to the literature, it can be known that BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e is prone to agglomeration when sintered at high temperature for a long time \u003csup\u003e[30]\u003c/sup\u003e, so the 1:2 and 1:3 molar ratio composite materials were not used in the subsequent antibacterial experiments.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material was scanned by EDS to further verify whether the effective components in the composite material were evenly distributed during the material composite process. Scanning the marked area of the SEM image, all elements (Bi, Sn, Sb, Zn and O) are uniformly distributed in the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. It shows that BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e and ZnO are successfully coupled to form BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composites.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec14\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Antibacterial activity and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUsing 35 W LED lamp as excitation light source, the photocatalytic antibacterial properties of pure BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e material, pure ZnO material and BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material were determined by colony counting method. Compared with pure BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e and ZnO materials, the antibacterial properties of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e, ZnO and BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic materials against \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCandida albicans\u003c/em\u003e were compared. Firstly, the photocatalytic efficiency of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic materials with different molar ratios of 1:4 and 1:5 was compared with \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e as model bacteria, so as to determine the optimal composite material ratio for subsequent experiments.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUsing a control group without catalytic materials in a light environment, the effect of LED light on the inhibition or killing of pathogenic microorganisms was removed. Set up a dark group with catalytic materials in a dark environment, and test whether the materials themselves have the ability to inhibit or kill microorganisms. Provided 35 W LED lighting simultaneously under the same ambient conditions. Using \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e as model bacteria, the antibacterial ability of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic materials at different ratios and concentrations against \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e was compared. It can be clearly seen from Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e that the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material with a molar ratio of 1:4 achieved 100% antibacterial efficiency against \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e at 4 h. The antibacterial efficiency against \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e is higher than that of the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material with a molar ratio of 1:5. Therefore, the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material with the best molar ratio of 1:4 was selected for the subsequent experiments.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e(a) shows the photocatalytic antibacterial efficiency of the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material with different concentrations of 1:4 molar ratio on \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e. In the antibacterial process, the best antibacterial efficiencies of single BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e and ZnO against \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e within 6 h were 67.46% and 28.57%, respectively, indicating that both BiSnSbO6 and ZnO have a certain inactivation effect on \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e under LED light, but the effect is not ideal, and different concentrations of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic materials have better antibacterial properties than single BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e and ZnO. After 6 h of light irradiation, 500 mg/L BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material had the highest antibacterial efficiency against \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e, reaching 99.63%. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e(c) is a graph showing the antibacterial efficiency of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material against \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e. It can be seen that the highest antibacterial efficiencies of the monomers BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e and ZnO are 21.60% and 84.79% respectively within 6 h, and the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material exhibits better antibacterial properties. The antibacterial efficiency of the catalytic material reached 100% at 4 h. Nano-ZnO has been shown to be selectively toxic to \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e, and the experimental results are consistent with the reported literature (L. R. Zheng et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e(e) is a graph showing the antibacterial efficiency of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material against \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e. Compared with the monomers BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e and ZnO, the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material exhibited stronger antibacterial properties against \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e, It can be clearly seen that the antibacterial efficiency of the 500 mg/L BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material against \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e reached 100% when the light was irradiated for 4 h. Compared with the antibacterial efficiency of other different concentrations, the antibacterial efficiency of the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material at a concentration of 500 mg/L is better, indicating that the optimal antibacterial concentration of the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material for bacteria is 500 mg/L. Too much concentration or too little concentration will affect the photocatalytic activity of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e(b), (d), (f) are the antibacterial plate images of monomer BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e, ZnO and BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic materials with different concentrations against \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn order to explore the antibacterial efficiency of materials with different concentrations, the antibacterial time of light exposure was extended to continue to observe. From Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, it can be found that at 12 h, the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic materials with four different antibacterial concentrations of 125 mg/L, 250 mg/L, 500 mg/L and 1000 mg/L had better effects on \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e three bacteria were 100% antibacterial efficiency. It shows that under the condition of maintaining light conditions, the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material with different concentrations can also continue to exert antibacterial effect to kill bacteria.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccording to the above research results, it can be found that the optimal antibacterial concentration of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material for bacteria is 500 mg/L, but there are species differences in the antibacterial effect on different bacteria.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn order to understand the antibacterial properties of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic materials on fungi, this paper also used \u003cem\u003eCandida albicans\u003c/em\u003e as model bacteria to conduct antibacterial experiments on fungi. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e showed the antibacterial efficiency diagram and antibacterial plate diagram of single BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e, ZnO and BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic materials with different concentrations against \u003cem\u003eCandida albicans\u003c/em\u003e. The antibacterial efficiency against \u003cem\u003eCandida albicans\u003c/em\u003e reached the highest at h, which was 63.80%.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe cytotoxicity of antibacterial materials is of great significance for further practical applications of the materials. In this study, normal mouse skin fibroblasts (L929) were selected to detect the cytotoxicity of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic materials. According to the results of the previous antibacterial experiments, three different concentrations were set, which were 250 mg/L, 500 mg/L, and 1000 mg/L, respectively. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e showed the results of MTT assay. There was no significant difference in the survival rate of L929 cells between the three different concentrations of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material and the control group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). This can explain the non-cytotoxicity of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material. However, the survival rate of L929 cells incubated with monomeric ZnO at a concentration of 500 mg/L was significantly reduced, which was significantly different from that of the blank control group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec15\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Electrochemical Characterization\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e showed the UV-vis DRS spectra of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e, ZnO and BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO. It can be seen from Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e(a) that ZnO absorbs light with a wavelength below 400 nm, mainly absorbing ultraviolet light, and the absorption band edges of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e and BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO are above 400 nm, indicating that they are responsive to visible light. With the addition of ZnO, the light absorption intensity of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO was enhanced. The band gap energy (E\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e) can be estimated according to the formula: ɑhv\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;A(hv-Eg)\u003csup\u003en/2\u003c/sup\u003e (L. Yosefi et al. 2018; S. Y. Li et al. 2014). Since ZnO is a direct transition semiconductor material, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2 in the calculation process (R. Kumar et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). From Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e(b), (c), (d), it can be concluded that the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material, the forbidden band widths of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e and ZnO materials are 2.81 eV, 2.66 eV and 3.14 eV, respectively. This is similar to the data reported in the previous literature (J. F. Luan et al. 2018). The E\u003csub\u003eVB\u003c/sub\u003e and E\u003csub\u003eCB\u003c/sub\u003e edge potentials of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e and ZnO calculated according to the formula are shown in Table 1. According to the edge potentials of E\u003csub\u003eVB\u003c/sub\u003e and E\u003csub\u003eCB\u003c/sub\u003e, BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composites belong to type II heterojunction structure composites.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e, E\u003csub\u003eVB\u003c/sub\u003e and E\u003csub\u003eCB\u003c/sub\u003e values of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eand ZnO photocatalytic materials\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Taba\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhotocatalysts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e (eV)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003csub\u003eVB\u003c/sub\u003e (eV)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003csub\u003eCB\u003c/sub\u003e (eV)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZnO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSemiconductor photocatalytic materials can understand the interfacial mobility of photogenerated electron-hole pairs in semiconductor materials through electrochemical impedance, where the smaller the radius of the semicircle arc, the higher the charge transport efficiency of semiconductor photocatalytic materials. As shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, compared with pure BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e and pure ZnO materials, BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material has the smallest arc radius, indicating that BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material has the smallest charge transfer resistance. Therefore, the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material has the strongest photocatalytic antibacterial performance.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e is the PT map of different photocatalytic materials under intermittent illumination conditions. The photocurrent of the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material is stronger than that of the two single materials. The higher the photocurrent intensity, the faster the separation rate of electron-hole pairs. It shows that the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material has better photocatalytic antibacterial efficiency than the single BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e and ZnO materials.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePL analysis can study the process of photoinduced electron-hole pair migration, transfer and recombination in semiconductor photocatalytic materials. The PL spectra of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material and ZnO are shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e. After exciting the material with 469 nm light, it can be found that the material shows a strong emission peak in the range of 800\u0026ndash;900 nm, and the emission peak intensity of the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material is lower than that of the pure ZnO material, indicating that the recombination rate of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e and ZnO inhibited the charge recombination rate. It is further demonstrated that the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material can reduce the charge recombination rate, thereby improving the photocatalytic antibacterial activity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec16\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Understanding of the mechanism for antimicrobial activity\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn order to understand the role of different active substances in the antibacterial process of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic materials, the photocatalytic antibacterial mechanism of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic materials was explored through radical scavenging experiments. BQ, IPA, Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCr\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e were used as scavengers of \u0026middot;O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e, \u0026middot;OH, h\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e and e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. It can be seen from Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e that after adding BQ, the antibacterial efficiency against the model bacteria S. aureus was enhanced, reaching 100% in 1 h. This should be because the conduction band position of ZnO is -0.31 eV, which is more correct than E\u003csup\u003e\u0026theta;\u003c/sup\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/\u0026middot;O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e (-0.33 eV), so the e- on the conduction band of ZnO cannot combine with O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e to form \u0026middot;O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e (K. N. Abbas et al. 2017). After adding BQ, BQ cannot combine with \u0026middot;O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e, and because BQ is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent, it can interact with DNA, protein, mitochondria, etc. in cells, resulting in bacterial death (Y. Liu et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; H. L. Wong et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). This may be the reason why the antibacterial efficiency against Staphylococcus aureus was improved after adding BQ, indicating that \u0026middot;O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e was not generated during the photocatalytic antibacterial process. The valence band position of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e is 2.81 eV, which is more correct than E\u003csup\u003e\u0026theta;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026middot;OH/H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO (2.38 eV) (D. L. Jiang et al. 2017), so the h\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e at the valence band of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e can react with H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO to generate OH, and then react with bacteria. After adding IPA, the antibacterial efficiency decreased slightly, indicating that the role of \u0026middot;OH in the photocatalytic antibacterial process was almost negligible. When the Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e solution was added, the antibacterial efficiency decreased, indicating that the effect of h\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e was weak in the photocatalytic antibacterial process. After adding K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCr\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e solution, the antibacterial efficiency decreased to a large extent, which indicated that the active substance e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e played a major role. The free radical clearing experiment shows that the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material can generate ROS under light conditions, and \u0026middot;OH, h\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e and e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e all have certain antibacterial effects, of which e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e plays the main antibacterial effect.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn order to more clearly understand the effect of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material on the morphological changes of bacteria and fungi. SEM was used to observe the morphology of experimental bacteria treated with added material light and the control bacteria only treated with light. From Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, it can be found that compared with the control group, the structures and shapes of bacteria and fungi treated with BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic materials are significantly different. \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCandida albicans\u003c/em\u003e all exhibited wrinkled atrophy, rupture and irregular morphology to a certain extent, unlike bacteria that had not been treated with the material whose surface was intact. The results showed that the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material contacted the surface of bacteria and fungi, causing the surface of bacteria and fungi to atrophy or even rupture, preventing bacteria and fungi from maintaining normal physiological activities until death.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn summary, it is found that the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material produces active substances \u0026middot;OH, h\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e and e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e in the photocatalytic antibacterial process, \u0026middot;OH, h\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e and e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e all have a certain antibacterial effect, and the role of e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e occupies the leading position. After the active substance is in contact with the bacteria, the structural integrity of the bacteria is destroyed, and the internal substances of the bacteria leak, thereby achieving an antibacterial effect. According to published studies, BiSnSbO6 and ZnO are p-type and n-type semiconductors, respectively (P. Huang et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Z. H. Jaffari et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). At the same time, combining the UV-vis valence and conduction band positions of the two, it is concluded that the BiSnSbO6-ZnO composite photocatalytic material is a type II heterojunction structure, as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec17\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.5. Application of composite photocatalytic materials in livestock and poultry wastewater\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA variety of bacteria have been found in the collected livestock and poultry wastewater, and these bacteria are extremely harmful to humans and the environment. This serious problem needs to be solved urgently to protect the environment. The practical application of antibacterial properties of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic materials was tested with livestock and poultry wastewater. As shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, after the livestock and poultry wastewater was treated by light with the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material with the optimal antibacterial concentration of 500 mg/L, with the increase of time, the colonies in the livestock and poultry wastewater diluted 20 times were obviously reduced or even disappeared. After 3 h of LED light illumination, the antibacterial rate of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material reached 99.41%. When the time was extended to 6 h, it was found that the bacteria had been completely killed. It is proved that the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material has a good antibacterial effect on a variety of coexisting bacteria, which also shows that the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material is a broad-spectrum antibacterial material, which can be applied in practical applications.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic materials were synthesized by a simple solid-phase sintering method. XRD, EDS, EIS and other characterizations further proved that the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material was composed of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e and ZnO, and the composite was successful and the structure did not change. Comparing the photocatalytic and antibacterial effects of composites with different molar ratios on pathogenic microorganisms under 35 W LED light. The results showed that the antibacterial effect was the best when the molar ratio of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite was 1:4 and the concentration was 500 mg/L. The antibacterial efficiency against \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e at 6 h can reach 99.63%, and the antibacterial efficiency of 500 mg/L BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material against \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e can reach 100% under illumination for 4 h. With the prolongation of the illumination time, the antibacterial efficiency of the composite materials with different concentrations against the four bacteria can reach 100% in 12 h. It shows that under the condition of maintaining light conditions, the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic materials with different concentrations can continue to exert antibacterial effect to achieve good antibacterial effect. The antibacterial efficiency of 250 mg/L BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material against \u003cem\u003eCandida albicans\u003c/em\u003e can reach 63.8% after 6 h of illumination. It can be seen that the composite photocatalytic material has better antibacterial effect on bacteria. In order to further elucidate the antibacterial properties of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic materials in practical applications, antibacterial experiments were conducted on livestock and poultry wastewater collected in daily life. The results show that the antibacterial rate of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material to bacteria reaches 99.41% after 3 hours of LED light illumination, indicating that BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against bacteria and can be widely used in real life. According to the free radical scavenging experiment, SEM observation of the morphological changes of the bacteria after light treatment and analysis of the energy band structure, the prepared BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material can generate active species \u0026middot;OH, h\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e and e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e through light irradiation to achieve the purpose of sterilization, where e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e Play the main role. Cytotoxicity experiments proved that the prepared BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material was non-toxic at the experimental concentration, indicating that the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material was a green, safe and efficient photocatalytic material with broad-spectrum antibacterial properties and species differences.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis work was supported by Development and Reform Commission of Jilin Province, China (2022C039-5), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21871246).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Jing Chen, Mengde Shan, Haojia Zhu, and Shichuan Zhang.\u0026nbsp;Jingmei Li and Leijiao Li are in charge of project administration and resources, and professor Jingmei Li is the main person in charge. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Jing Chen and Mengde Shan; all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThanks to the support of Development and Reform Commission of Jilin Province, China (2022C039-5), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21871246) for this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll authors claimed that there is no conflict of financial interest.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026amp;These authors contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eA. Aditya, S. Chattopadhyay, D. Jha, et al. Zinc oxide nanoparticles dispersed in ionic liquids show high antimicrobial efficacy to skin-specific bacteria[J]. ACS Applied Materials \u0026amp; Interfaces, 2018, 10(18): 15401-15411.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eA. Rahman, R. Afzal, S. Zulfiqar, et al. Superior photodegradation and antibacterial activity of r-GO supported ternary nanocomposite of doped transition metal compounds[J]. Ceramics International, 2021, 47(10): 14569-14578.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eA. Sundararaj, G. Chandrasekaran. Induced phase transition from ZnO to Co3O4 through Co substitution[J]. Nano-Structures \u0026amp; Nano-Objects, 2017, 11: 20-24.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eC. S. Cunha, P. J. Castro, S. C. Sousa, et al. Films of chitosan and natural modified hydroxyapatite as effective UV-protecting, biocompatible and antibacterial wound dressing[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2020, 159: 1177-11\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eC. Wu, R. Chen, C. Ma, et al. Construction of up conversion nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots modified BiVO4 photocatalyst with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity[J]. Ceramics International, 2019, 45(2): 2088-2096.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eD. L. Jiang, T. Y. Wang, Q. Xu, et al. Perovskite oxide ultrathin nanosheets/g-C3N4 2D-2D heterojunction photocatalysts with significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity towards the photodegradation of tetracycline[J]. Applied Catalysis B-Environme\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eE. Rokhsat, O. Akhavan. Improving the photocatalytic activity of graphene oxide/ZnO nanorod films by UV irradiation[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2016, 371(15): 590-595.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eH. L. Wong, C. M. Goodwin, T. P. Beebe, et al. AgI-BiYO3 photocatalyst: Synthesis, characterization, and its photocatalytic degradation of dye[J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2017, 202: 120-126.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eH. Yang, Q. X. Zhang, Y. Chen, et al. Ultrasonic-microwave synthesis of ZnO/BiOBr functionalized cotton fabrics with antibacterial and photocatalytic properties[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2018, 201: 162-171.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJ. F. Luan, P. Q. Huang. Photophysical and Photocatalytic Properties of BiSnSbO6\u0026nbsp;under Visible Light Irradiation[J].\u0026nbsp;Materials\u0026nbsp;2018,\u0026nbsp;11(4), 491.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJ. W. Xu, Z. D. Gao, K. Han, et al. Synthesis of magnetically separable Ag3PO4/TiO2/Fe3O4 heterostructure with enhanced photocatalytic performance under visible light for photoinactivation of bacteria[J]. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014,6(17),\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJ. Z. Sun, G. F. Jiang, B. J. Zhu, et al. Antibacterial properties of recoverable CuZnO@Fe3O4@GO composites in water treatment[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021, 28(25): 33355-33370.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eK. N. Abbas, N. Bidin. Morphological driven photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanostructures[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2017, 394(1): 498-508.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eK. Qi, B. Cheng, J. Yu, et al. Review on the improvement of the photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of ZnO[J]. Alloys Compd, 2017, 727: 792-820.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eL. Hu, A. Hou, K. Xie, et al. Light-Induced production of reactive oxygen species by a novel water-soluble benzophenone derivative containing quaternary ammonium groups and its assembly on the protein fiber surface[J]. ACS Applied Materials\u0026amp; Interfac\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eL. R. Zheng, Y. H. Zheng, C. Q. Chen, et al. Facile one-pot synthesis of ZnO/SnO2 heterojunction photocatalysts with excellent photocatalytic activity and photostability[J]. CHEMPLUSCHEM, 2012, 77(3): 217-223.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eL. Yosefi, M. Haghighi, Fabrication of nanostructured flowerlike p-BiOI/p-NiO heterostructure and its efficient photocatalytic performance in water treatment under visible-light irradiation[J]. Applied Catalysis B-Environmental, 2018, 220: 367-378.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eM. Gratzel. Heterogenous Photochemical Electron Transfer[M]. CRC press, 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eM. R. Kamli, V. Srivastava, N. H. Hajrah, et al. Facile Bio-Fabrication of Ag-Cu-Co Trimetallic Nanoparticles and Its Fungicidal Activity against Candida auris[J]. Journal of Fungi, 2021, 7(1): 62.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eM. Surapaneni,\u0026nbsp;K. Prachi, C. Swati, et al. Understanding the pathway of antibacterial activity of copper oxide nanoparticles[J]. RSC Advances, 2015, 5(16): 12293-12299.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eM. Yan, Y. Q. Hua, F. F. Zhu, et al. Fabrication of nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots-BiOI/MnNb2O6 p-n junction photocatalysts with enhanced visible light efficiency in photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics[J]. Applied Catalysis B-Environmenta\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eO. O. Ozdemir, F. Soyer. Pseudomonas aeruginosa presents multiple vital changes in its proteome in the presence of 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, a promising antimicrobial agent[J]. ACS Omega, 2020, 32(5): 19938-19951\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eP. Hajipour, A. Eslami, A. Bahrami, et al. Surface modification of TiO2 nanoparticles with CuO for visible-light antibacterial applications and photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics[J]. Ceramics International, 2021, 23(47): 33875-33885.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eP. Huang, Y. Shen, J. Luan. Visible-light-driven p-n type BiMSbO6(M=Ti, Sn)/BiOBr heterojunction photocatalyst toward degradation of levofloxacin [J]. Chemistry Select,\u0026nbsp;2019,\u0026nbsp;39 (4): 11531-11540.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eP. Huang, Y. Shen, J. Luan. Visible-light-driven p-n type BiMSbO6(M=Ti, Sn)/BiOBr heterojunction photocatalyst toward degradation of levofloxacin [J]. Chemistry Select,\u0026nbsp;2019,\u0026nbsp;39 (4): 11531-11540.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eP. J. Vikesland, K. R. Wigginton. Nanomaterial enabled biosensors for pathogen monitoring-a review[J]. Environmental Science \u0026amp; Technology, 2010, 10(44): 3656-3669.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eR. A. Rather, I. M. C. Lo. Photoelectrochemical sewage treatment by a multifunctional g-C3N4/Ag/AgCl/BiVO4 photoanode for the simultaneous degradation of emerging pollutants and hydrogen production, and the disinfection of E. coli[J]. Water Research,\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eR. J. Ma, L. H. Dong, B. Li, et al. g-C3N4/BiYO3 Composite for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution[J]. Chemistry Select, 2018, 3(21): 5891-5899.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eR. Kumar, S. Anandan, K. Hembram, et al. Efficient ZnO-Based Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalyst for Antibacterial Applications[J]. ACS Applied Materials \u0026amp; Interfaces, 2014, 6(15): 13138-13148.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eR. Singh, S. Pandey, S. Sur, et al. PPEF: A bisbenzimdazole potent antimicrobial agent interacts at acidic triad of catalytic domain of E. coli topoisomerase IA[J]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta(BBA)-General Subjects, 2019, 1863(10): 1524-1535.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eS. Ghafoor, S. Z. Hussain, S. Waseem, et al. Photo-reduction of heavy metal ions and photo-disinfection of pathogenic bacteria under simulated solar light using photosensitized TiO2 nanofibers[J]. RSC Advances, 2018, 8(36): 20354-20362.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eS. Liang, D. Zhang, X. Pu, et al. Separation and purification technology a novel Ag2O/g-C3N4 p-n heterojunction photocatalysts with enhanced visible and near-infrared light activity[J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2019, 210: 786-797.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eS. Y. Li, Z. L. Liu, G. X. Xiang, et al. Influence of calcination temperature on the photocatalytic performance of the hierarchical TiO2 pinecone-like structure-decorated with CdS nanoparticles[J]. Ceramics International, 2019, 45(1): 767-776.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eT. Wang, Z. Jiang, T. An, et al. Enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic bacterial inactivation by ultrathin carbon-coated magnetic cobalt ferrite nanoparticles[J]. Environmental Science \u0026amp; Technology, 2018, 8(52): 4774-4784.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eV. E. Podasca, T. Buruiana, Е. C. Buruiana. UV-cured polymeric films containing ZnO andsilver nanoparticles with UV-vis light-assisted photocatalytic activity[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2016, 377(30): 262-273.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eV. Kononenko, N. Repar, N. Marusic, et al. Comparative in vitro genotoxicity study of ZnO nanoparticles, ZnO macroparticles and ZnCl to MDCK kidney cells: Size matters[J]. Toxicology in Vitro, 2017, 40: 256-263.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eV. Kumar, A. Fakhri, S. Tahami, et al. Zn doped CdO nanoparticles: Structural, morphological, optical, photocatalytic and anti-bacterial properties[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2017, 504: 164-170.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eX. Qu, P. J. J. Alvarez, Q. Li. Applications of nanotechnology in water and wastewater treatment[J]. Water Res, 2013, 12(47): 3931-3946.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eY. Liu, L. He, A. Mustapha, et al. Antibacterial activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles against Escherichia coli O157:H7[J]. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2009, 107(4): 1193-1201.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZ. B. Xiang, Y. Wang, Z. Q. Yang, et al. Heterojunctions of \u0026beta;-AgVO3/BiVO4 composites for enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic antibacterial activity[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2019, 776(5): 266-275.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZ. H. Jaffari, S. M. Lam, J. C.Sin, et al. Constructing magnetic Pt-loaded BiFeO3 nanocomposite for boosted visible light photocatalytic and antibacterial activities[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019, 26(10): 10204-10218.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZ. L. Wang. Nanostructures of zinc oxide[J]. Materials today, 2004, 7(6): 26-33.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"espr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Science and Pollution Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/11356)","snPcode":"11356","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11356/3","title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"BiSnSbO6-ZnO, photocatalytic, antibacterial, LED lamp, composite material, toxicity","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1747259/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1747259/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material with type II heterojunction structure was synthesized by a simple solid-phase sintering method, it was characterized by XRD, UV-vis and PT methods. The photocatalytic antibacterial experiments were carried out under LED light irradiation. The experimental results showed that the photocatalytic antibacterial properties of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composites against bacteria and fungi were significantly stronger than those of single BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e and ZnO. Under light conditions, the antibacterial efficiencies of 500 mg/L BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composites against \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e reached 99.63%, 100% and 100% for 6 h, 4 h and 4 h, respectively. The best antibacterial concentration of BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite against eukaryotic microorganism Candida albicans was 250 mg/L, and the antibacterial efficiency reached the highest 63.8% at 6 h. Antibacterial experiments were carried out on domestic livestock and poultry wastewater, which showed that the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against bacteria, and the antibacterial effect has species differences. Through the MTT experiment, it is proved that the prepared BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material has no toxicity at the experimental concentration. According to the free radical scavenging experiment and SEM observation of the morphological changes of the bacteria after light treatment, the prepared BiSnSbO6-ZnO composite photocatalytic material can generate active species \u0026middot;OH, h\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e and e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e through light irradiation to achieve the purpose of sterilization, where e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e play a major role, indicating that the BiSnSbO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e-ZnO composite photocatalytic material has broad application prospects in the actual antibacterial field.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Antimicrobial properties of heterojunction BiSnSbO6-ZnO composites in wastewater treatment","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-07-19 18:57:15","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1747259/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major Revision","date":"2022-08-31T07:54:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2022-07-09T10:45:48+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2022-07-03T10:24:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","date":"2022-06-30T15:39:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2022-06-27T05:49:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","date":"2022-06-10T23:24:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"espr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Science and Pollution Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/11356)","snPcode":"11356","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11356/3","title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a7e8edd3-f67b-4668-8a28-54cc9d48cdd1","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 19th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-10-16T19:36:14+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-1747259","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25934-5","journal":{"identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},"publishedOn":"2023-03-09 19:31:34","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 9th, 2023"},"versionCreatedAt":"2022-07-19 18:57:15","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11356-023-25934-5","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25934-5","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1747259","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1747259","identity":"rs-1747259","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}