Structural and mechanistic insights into human choline and ethanolamine transport

Human feline leukemia virus subgroup C receptor-related proteins 1 and 2 (FLVCR1 and 2) are members of the major facilitator superfamily 1 . Their dysfunction is linked to several clinical disorders, including PCARP, HSAN, and Fowler syndrome 2–7 . Earlier studies concluded that FLVCR1 may function as a putative heme exporter 8–12 , while FLVCR2 was suggested to act as a heme importer 13 , yet conclusive biochemical and detailed molecular evidence remained elusive for the function of both transporters 14–17 . Here, we show that FLVCR1 and FLVCR2 facilitate the transport of choline and ethanolamine across human plasma membranes, utilizing a concentration-driven substrate translocation process. Through structural and computational analyses, we have identified distinct conformational states of FLVCRs and unraveled the coordination chemistry underlying their substrate interactions. Within the binding pocket of both transporters, we identify fully conserved tryptophan and tyrosine residues holding a central role in the formation of cation-π interactions, essential for choline and ethanolamine selectivity. Our findings not only clarify the mechanisms of choline and ethanolamine transport by FLVCR1 and FLVCR2, enhancing our comprehension of disease-associated mutations that interfere with these vital processes, but also shed light on the conformational dynamics of these MFS-type proteins during the transport cycle.