Interface behaviour of fiber optic strain sensors in cement-improved soil

Interface behaviour of fiber optic strain sensors in cement-improved soil | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Interface behaviour of fiber optic strain sensors in cement-improved soil Solve Hov, You-Jia Li, Gyubeom Shin, Matthew J. DeJong, Kenichi Soga, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7813427/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This paper investigates distributed fiber optic strain sensing (DFOSS) in cement-improved soil, with focus on sensor-soil interface behaviour. Pull-out tests were conducted to evaluate interface bond strength and shear stiffness of four commercially available fiber optic sensors. Subsequently, laboratory-scale column compression tests, both uniform and layered, were conducted using either four identical sensor cables or four different types of sensor cables. The experimental results were interpreted using analytical methods and a finite element model incorporating a disturbed state concept-based interface model. The findings show that the sensor type has a significant influence on the interface behaviour with varying bond strength and interface stiffness. In layered columns, interface shear stresses were mobilised at the interlayer boundary due to relative displacements between the sensor and the soil, indicative of localised strain decoupling. Between these decoupled zones, fully coupled zones were observed, characterised by uniform strain profiles. The coupled zones exhibited compressive stiffnesses in an intermediate strain range considering non-linear soil characteristics, which was evaluated using a stiffness degradation model. Although the study focuses on cement-improved soils, the findings are applicable to DFOSS in layered and heterogeneous ground conditions in general. Distributed fiber optic sensing Improved soil Laboratory scale model tests Finite element modelling Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7813427","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":526878353,"identity":"281f5de8-7bfb-4aea-b810-b30886f55ea3","order_by":0,"name":"Solve Hov","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAuklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFAC5gYgcYCBgR1IJxCnhRGqhecAyVokiFTPIN/e2CbxgeGOnMHNt4dfPAAyCGoxOHOwTXIGwzNjg9t5aRYJQAZhLRKJzcY8DIcTZ87OMTNIADIaCDpsBlDLH5CWmWeI1MJwI7HxMQNQZb8Ej/EDorQA/dL4sMfgsDE/T44ZQwKQQdAS+fbmAwd+VByWY2M/Y/wRxCCoBWoXmGSTgDKIB8wfSNQwCkbBKBgFIwQAANCpP1/haCr4AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Norwegian Geotechnical Institute","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Solve","middleName":"","lastName":"Hov","suffix":""},{"id":526878517,"identity":"aa8b970c-dfbc-4683-877b-83c66f8cab07","order_by":1,"name":"You-Jia Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of California, Berkeley","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"You-Jia","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":526878518,"identity":"be170284-0b17-4ce9-b6c2-e37e544c4410","order_by":2,"name":"Gyubeom Shin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of California, Berkeley","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gyubeom","middleName":"","lastName":"Shin","suffix":""},{"id":526878519,"identity":"b98a6691-6d67-4d0f-bfa2-f2368103672e","order_by":3,"name":"Matthew J. 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soil\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Norwegian Geotechnical Institute","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Distributed fiber optic sensing, Improved soil, Laboratory scale model tests, Finite element modelling","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7813427/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7813427/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis paper investigates distributed fiber optic strain sensing (DFOSS) in cement-improved soil, with focus on sensor-soil interface behaviour. Pull-out tests were conducted to evaluate interface bond strength and shear stiffness of four commercially available fiber optic sensors. Subsequently, laboratory-scale column compression tests, both uniform and layered, were conducted using either four identical sensor cables or four different types of sensor cables. The experimental results were interpreted using analytical methods and a finite element model incorporating a disturbed state concept-based interface model. The findings show that the sensor type has a significant influence on the interface behaviour with varying bond strength and interface stiffness. In layered columns, interface shear stresses were mobilised at the interlayer boundary due to relative displacements between the sensor and the soil, indicative of localised strain decoupling. Between these decoupled zones, fully coupled zones were observed, characterised by uniform strain profiles. The coupled zones exhibited compressive stiffnesses in an intermediate strain range considering non-linear soil characteristics, which was evaluated using a stiffness degradation model. Although the study focuses on cement-improved soils, the findings are applicable to DFOSS in layered and heterogeneous ground conditions in general.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Interface behaviour of fiber optic strain sensors in cement-improved soil","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-10 02:42:24","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7813427/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3c23a3ad-7a35-466e-8a69-558c6d097047","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 10th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-10T02:42:24+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-10 02:42:24","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7813427","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7813427","identity":"rs-7813427","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}