Food Insecurity and Associated Factors Among HIV Patients in Health Centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Food Insecurity and Associated Factors Among HIV Patients in Health Centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Food Insecurity and Associated Factors Among HIV Patients in Health Centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Sindew Mahmud Ahmed, Girma Shuta This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5151477/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Food insecurity, defined as a lack of access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to meet dietary needs and maintain a healthy and active life. This leads to both increased risk of HIV transmission and more rapid HIV disease progression this result in higher morbidity and mortality, and they will develop resistance to antiretroviral therapy and that, in turn, will hinder the Ethiopian government from achieving the SDG targets set for the year 2030. Objective: To assess the magnitude of food insecurity and associated factors among HIV patients in health centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2024 Methods : An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among 339 HIV patients selected by systematic random sampling from health centers in Addis Ababa hospitals. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data was checked for completeness, clean and enter into Epi-Data version 3.1.and export into SPSS version 25 for analysis. The descriptive statistics result was presented with table and graph. Binary logistic regression was used for selected variables. A variable with p-value (p<0.25) entered in multi variable logistic regression analysis. Then the regression result was presented using AOR with 95% CI and p value less than 0.05 considered as having significance association with food insecurity in the final model. RESULT: A total of 323 participants were participated with the response rate of 92.2 %. The level of food insecurity was 43.9%95%CI(39.3, 48.8).The finding of the study showed that sex(being female)(AOR: 0.059, 95% CI (0.015, 0.235), religion(Muslim and protestant)(AOR: 11.8, 95% CI (3.31, 42.1), occupation(being employed)(AOR:0.069 95%CI (0.016, 0 .299), source of food(from support)(AOR: 0.228 95% CI (0.060,0.865). and ART duration (AOR:4.5695%CI (1.92, 10.83) were factors significantly associated with food security. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: The finding of the study showed that sex, religion, occupation, source of food and ART duration were factors significantly associated with food insecurity. All concerned body are recommended to integrate ART programs with food security intervention accordingly. Health sciences/Health care Health sciences/Health care/Disease prevention Health sciences/Health care/Disease prevention/Nutritional supplements HIV Food insecurity under-nutrition Addis Ababa Ethiopia Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction 1.1 Background Food insecurity, defined as a lack of access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to meet dietary needs and maintain a healthy and active life(1) and is associated with poor adherence to ART which can lead to virologic failure, impaired immunological recovery, and death. Understanding the relationships between HIV, malnutrition, and food insecurity has important implications for the effective integration of nutritional interventions into HIV programs(2). This is of particular importance in sub-Saharan Africa, which is home to 70% of the ~35 million people living with HIV and a quarter of the 805 million people worldwide who are undernourished (3). The immune system, as well as nutrient intake, absorption, and utilization, are all harmed by HIV. Malnutrition can amplify the symptoms of HIV and precipitate the onset of AIDS-related diseases in HIV- positive people. Adults with HIV have 10-30% higher energy requirements than healthy adults without HIV, while children with HIV have 50–100% higher requirements than usual(4). Nutritional supplementation with HAART can improve immune response, Body Mass Index (BMI), drug adherence and improve physical activity in PLWHA(5). Use of Ready to Use Therapeutic Foods (RUTF) has a vital role in community-based treatment for severe under-nutrition(6). It has a potential to improve under-nutrition among PLWHA with ART in the clinical settings(7). In 2016, there was 1 million AIDS-related fatalities worldwide, with 36.7 million individuals living with the virus (12). HIV/AIDS has had the greatest impact on Sub-Saharan Africa(8). Ethiopia is one of the worst-affected Sub-Saharan African countries, with 720,000 HIV-positive persons and 33,357 AIDS-related fatalities in 2016(8). In Ethiopia around 613,000 people are living with HIV. The different prevalence rates are significant when looking at the total number of PLHIV per region as population size varies from one region to another. Seventy-four percent of PLHIV are from Amhara, Oromia and Addis Ababa(9).Studies done in Africa showed that about 52.2% to 92% of the people living with HIV/AIDS are struggling to have access to safe and nutritious food for themselves and their families(8). Ethiopia is one of many sub- Saharan African countries intensely affected by food insecurity, and about 10% of the general population and 40.4% to 87.4% adult people living with HIV/AIDS will struggle to have access to ―safe, sufficient and nutritious food‖ for themselves and for their families(10). HIV/AIDS has become one of the world’s most serious health and development challenges(2). HIV/AIDS and food and nutrition insecurity are becoming increasingly entwined in a vicious cycle, with food insecurity heightening susceptibility to HIV exposure and infection, and HIV/AIDS in turn heightening vulnerability to food insecurity(11). More than 800 million people worldwide are chronically undernourished from which 200 million are living in SSA, and greater than 33 million are living with HIV infection(12) . A meta-analysis study conducted in Sub-Saharan countries reported that the pooling prevalence estimates of HIV-related under nutrition(BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) for women was 10.3% and the prevalence in Ethiopian was 13.2%; similar data for African men not available(3,13).As a consequence of climate change, conflict, and economic instability, the increasing burdens of food insecurity and malnutrition in West Africa represent a critical global health challenge(9) Food insecurity has a negative impact on the overall nutritional and health status for those people with HIV and often expresses that food is the greatest need for themselves and their families(14). Food insecurity, in turn, leads to both increased risk of HIV transmission and more rapid HIV disease progression across settings in both resource rich and resource-poor countries(15). Correspondingly, if PLHIV are not properly taking their medication due to food insufficiency, the clinical HIV outcome was poorer, there was higher morbidity and mortality, and they will develop resistance to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and that, in turn, will hinder the Ethiopian government from achieving the SDG targets set for the year 2030(16). Under nutrition inflicts long-lasting damages to adolescents and child including delayed physical and cognitive development, increased future vulnerability to chronic diseases and unfavorable future birth outcomes in girls(17).The nutritional problems have been shown to be significant and contribute to morbidity and mortality in HIV+/AIDS patients(18). Evidence indicates that even relatively small losses in weight (5%) are associated with decreased survival rate(19). Food insecurity and malnutrition within families can lead to reduced supervision of children, more expedient parenting, and compromised caring behaviors, thus leading to inadequate protection, care, and support(20). Fighting hunger, malnutrition and HIV pandemics has received significant momentum at global and national levels through initiatives such as the millennium development goals and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), thus significant achievement was made and in progress(21). The government of Ethiopia is committed to achieve the SDG target for ending the AIDS epidemic as a public health threat by 2030 and has made significant achievements on responding to epidemics(14). In order to alleviate food security problem among people living with HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia the government additionally has coordinated and integrated food assistance and HIV program at all levels, and has established linkage between community based nutrition intervention for PLWHA and likelihood support and food assistance interventions but the problem still exists especially in developing countries(14) Despite the progress, the deep-rooted nature of socioeconomic inequalities, political conditions and environmental factors in different regions of the world, mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa, are captivating policymakers and development partners to envisage food security and nutrition among the top development and health agendas(21). In order to develop effective and targeted interventions to address food insecurity and malnutrition, a better understanding of the relationships among various factors, including the predictors of food insecurity and factors in malnutrition are needed. Several studies showed that socio-demographic and economic characteristics, behavioral related factors as well as the clinical condition of the patient affect food insecurity(22) . So, this study intended to assess contextual factors of under-nutrition among PLWHA who may help to understand the relationships between HIV, under-nutrition, and first-line ART which are important implications for the effective integration of nutritional interventions into HIV programs. This study is also expected to add to the existing knowledge about factors that affect nutrition status among adult PLHIV in highly populated study area and thus vital in optimizing therapeutic success. OBJECTIVE The overall objective of this study was to assess the magnitude of food insecurity and associated factors among HIV patients found in health centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2024. Methods and materials Study Area and Period This study was conducted in public Hospitals of Addis Ababa from May 1- 30 2024. Study Design Institutional based cross-sectional study design was implemented. Population s The source population and the study population was all HIV patients’ who are enrolled in anti-retro viral therapy in Addis Ababa. Eligibility Criteria Inclusion The study includes all HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy in study area Exclusion Criteria Patients who was seriously ill and/or unable to communicate Sample Size Determination The sample size was calculated by single population proportion formula by considering the study done on prevalence of Food insecurity and its associated factors among adult people with Human Immune deficit Virus in Ethiopia as 27.8% (23)and with Assumption of 95% two-sided confidence interval and 5% margin of error was used to determine the sample size and By adding a 10% nonresponse rate, the total sample size of this study was 339. Sampling Techniques/Procedure/ The required HIV infected patient who participated in the study was selected based on daily follow up of patient in ART follow up clinic during the specified study periods. Exit interview of respondent was conducted during followed up time by using systematic sampling methods. According to the health center report there was 6060 Art patient on chronic follow up, and the data was collected for 20 days duration. Finally, the study subjects was selected by systematic sampling method based on the registration book of ART patient by using the registration book as sampling frame. Study Variables Dependent Variable Food insecurity Independent Variables Socio-demographic and economic variables :-Age, sex, Marital status, Religion, Ethnicity, Education attendance, Occupation, Family monthly income, Residence, source of drinking water, source of food for household, daily eating pattern, Clinical and HAART related :- duration of illness, opportunistic infection, HIV stage, CD4 count, clinical AIDS staging, ART duration, side effect, are you taking bacterium, nutrition support, feeding style, disclose, GI disturbance. Behavioral related factors:- Smoking, Alcohol, Khat, shisha, Cocaine, morphine Operational Definitions and Terms Food Insecurity : - The respondent was first asked an occurrence question that is, whether the condition in the question happened at all in the past four weeks (yes or no). If the respondent answers yes‖ to an occurrence question, a frequency-of-occurrence question was asked to determine whether the condition happened rarely (once or twice), sometimes (three to ten times) or often (more than ten times) in the past four weeks. It was computed and dichotomized into two categories; which is food insecure and food secure by using FANTA scale(22). Body Mass Index - the weight (in kilograms) divided by the square of the height (in meters). BMI was stratified into the following groups according to established criteria: 25 kg/m2 (overweight and obese)(22). Data Collection Procedure. The data was collected by using Interviewer administered structured questionnaires by using three diploma nurses with the supervision of one BSc nurse who speak the local language (Amharic). The data was obtained at the institution level through face-to-face interviews. HIV patients are tolled of all the details of the study before giving their consent to participate. The participants who are willing to integrate asked to give verbal consent and sign the informed consent document if they are illiterate and if they are less than 18 ages their family or guardian was asked then interviewed in a quiet and spacious space. Data Quality Assurance To ensure the quality of the data first the data collection tool was prepare in English, translated in to Amharic, and then back to English to check its consistency then training of the data collectors and their supervisors was undertaken for one day by the principal investigator on the objectives, relevance of the study, methods of data collection, confidentiality of information and informed consent. Pre-test was taken by taking 5% HIV patient in other non-selected health centers before the actual data collection work to see for the accuracy of responses and to estimate time needed and the questionnaire was adjust accordingly. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire was checked by using cronbach alpha. The supervisor will check the data collection process on a daily basis. The investigator also takes corrective efforts to boost the validity of the conclusion by reviewing and cross-checking the questionnaires or data for completeness, accuracy, and consistency every day after completion of the daily data collection process. Data Processing and Analysis The data was checked for completeness and consistency before entered to computer. Then it was coded and entered, double verified using EPI-DATA 3.1 software. Then entered data was exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis and Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the data and the results are presented using frequency tables and graph. Factors associated with the dependent variable were assessed using binary logistic regression. Basic assumptions for binary logistic regression were done and model fitness was checked before running multiple logistic regression analysis. Initially binary logistic Regression was performed to determine association between dependent variable and independent variables. Then significant variable with p value ≤ 0.25 was considered as candidate variables for multivariate logistic regression analysis to control confounders between variables. Crude Odds ratio with 95%CI was used to determine presence of association between explanatory variables and Food insecurity. The degree of association between dependent and independent variables was measured using adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval at significance level of ≤ 0.05 Result Socio-Demographic Characteristics Of The Participants A total of 323 participants were participated with the response rate of 92.2%. Among the study participants 242 (74.9%) were females. Majority of the participant found in above 58 age group and 83(25.6%) were follower of orthodox in religion. Majority 83(25.6%) were divorced and 198(61.2%) of them had family size < 5. Regarding educational level and source of income, majority of them 156(48.3%) were complete primary education and 139(43.2%) engage in daily laborer activity and the main source of food were purchasing. Majority 241(74.6%) get monthly income less than 3000 birr. Regarding daily eating pattern most of the participants 139(43.2%) eat three meals and above daily ( Table 1 ). Table 1 Socio: -economic and Demographic Characteristics of Respondents health centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2024. Variables Category Frequency Percent Sex Male 81 25.1 Female 242 74.9 Age 19–28 47 14.6 29–38 91 28.3 39–48 81 25.1 49–58 21 6.3 Above 58 83 25.6 Level of education can’t read and write 28 8.8 primary education 156 48.3 secondary education and above 139 42.9 Marital status never married 60 18.5 Married 68 21.0 Separated 68 21.0 Widowed 45 13.9 Divorced 83 25.6 Residence Urban 285 88.3 Rural 38 11.7 number of people in the household =5 125 38.8 Occupation Students 58 17.6 daily laborers 139 43.2 Employed 84 25.9 Others 43 13.4 main source of food for household in the last six month purchase or farm 263 81.5 Relatives 23 7.1 welfare or support 37 11.5 Average monthly income =3000 82 25.4 source of drinking waters piped water 252 78.0 other water source water 71 22.0 daily eating pattern in the last 6 month three meals and above 139 43.2 two meals 112 34.6 less than two 72 22.2 any side effect on HAART in the last six Yes 67 21.0 No 255 79.0 HAART RELATED CLINICAL DATA All the study subjects were asked whether they had any side effect on HAART in the last six months from 323 respondents 68(21%) of told as they had side effect and majority 115(35.6%) were took Bactrim. Also they asked whether they got nutritional support or not 47(14.6%) of them claimed as they got support after they know their HIV status and were change their feeding style by increasing the frequency of food to cope up. Furthermore, participant asked for whom they disclose their HIV sero status from 323 participant 180(55.9%) of them didn’t disclose for anyone but from those who disclose majority were 51(38.4%) of them would to disclose for their husband or wife. Each participant had asked GI symptom in the past six month 68(21%0 of them agreed from these 45(13.9%) of them had eating difficulty in the past six months due to loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting. One hundred sixty-seven (51.7%) of participant proved as they had got nutritional counseling during health facility visit. Out of 323 HIV patient 73(22.7%) of they had PTB and had taken the anti TB drug. (Table 2 ). Table 2 HAART related clinical factor among HIV patients’ health centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2024. Variables Category Frequency Percent Side effect on HAART Yes 68 21 No 255 79 Taking bacterium Yes 115 35.6 No 208 64.4 Side effect from Bactrim or INH Yes 27 23.5 No 88 76.5 Nutritional support Yes 47 14.5 No 276 85.4 Side effect from Bactrim or INH Yes 88 27.2 No 235 72.8 Way of changing Quality food 17 19.6 Frequency 49 55.7 Eating cooked food 22 25 Disclose your HIV sero status to relative or any one Yes 143 44.3 No 180 55.7 If you disclose for whom Wife or husband 51 35.6 Own child 38 26.6 Brothers or sisters 27 18.8 Parents 14 9.7 Others 14 9.3 Had GI symptom in the past six months Yes 68 21.0 No 255 79.0 had eating difficulty in the past six months Yes 45 13.3 No 280 86.7 if yes what kind of difficulty Loss of appetite 17 36.8 nausea or Vomiting 28 63.2 had get nutritional counseling in health facility Yes 167 51.7 No 156 48.3 had PTB in the last six months Yes 73 22.7 No 250 77.3 if yes are you taking anti TB drug Yes 54 74.2 No 18 25.8 if yes have you had a side effect Yes 21 39 No 33 61 unwell in the last two weeks prior to the survey Yes 86 26.6 No 237 73.4 if yes, have you been taking any drug Yes 14 16.5 No 72 83.5 if yes, have you had any side effect Yes 8 55.5 No 6 44.5 CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STUDY PARTICIPANTS As the finding of the study indicated majority of the respondents 201(62.2%) were classified under stage two by WHO clinical staging. Also, the study accesses the level of adherence to HAART in the past six month 179(55.4%)of them describe as they perceive as having good adherence to treatment as a result the majority CD4 count found in the range between 500–1000 cell/mm3.However 61(19%) of the participant were new that means the start medication after 12 months in duration. One hundred three (32%) of them had opportunity infection such as diarrhea, TB and pneumonia. ( Table 3 ). Table 3 Clinical characteristics of study participants in health centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2024. Variables Category Frequency Percent WHO clinical AIDS staging of pt. stage 1 63 19.5 stage 2 201 62.2 stage 3 49 15.1 stage 4 10 3.2 adherence to HAART in the past six months Good 179 55.4 Fair 104 32.2 Poor 40 12.4 current CD4 cell count =1000 132 41.0 ART duration . =12 months 262 81.0 opportunity infection in the past six months Yes 103 32.0 No 220 68.0 if yes what was the problem acute or chronic diarrhea 49 47.3 TB 43 41.9 pneumonia 11 10.7 BEHAVIORAL RELATED FACTORS Regarding substance usage 88(27.3%) smoke cigarette, 69(21.5%) drunk alcohols, 73(22.7%) chew khat and 47(14.6%) took morphine and shisha previously. However,32(36.6%), 41(59.1%), 42(57%), 14(30%) of the respondents were of them smoke cigarette, drunk alcohol, chew khat and used shisha currently respectively (Table 4 ). Table 4 Behavioral related factors among HIV patients in health centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2024. Variables Category Frequency Percent smoke cigarette Yes 88 27.3 No 235 72.7 if yes do you smoke cigarette currently Yes 32 36.6 No 56 63.4 drunk alcohol Yes 69 21.5 No 254 78.5 if yes do you drink alcohol now Yes 41 59.1 No 28 40.9 used khat and shisha Yes 73 22.7 No 280 77.3 if yes do you use khat and shisha currently Yes 42 57.0 No 31 43 used cocaine and morphine Yes 47 14.6 No 276 85.4 if yes do you use cocaine and morphine currently Yes 14 30.0 No 33 70.0 FOOD INSECURITY STATUS The overall magnitude of food insecurity among people living with HIV(PLWHIV) was 43.9% ,95%CI (39.3%,48.8%) ( Fig. 1 ) Nutritional status of the study participants As indicated below 26.3% of HIV patient who were following in health centers of Addis Ababa were under weight.(figur2) FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH FOOD INSECURITY In this study, both bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was computed. In binary logistic regression analysis, sex, religion, educational level, number of people in the household, occupation, main source of food, average monthly income, daily eating pattern, any side effect on HAART, Having GI symptom, behavioral related factors, WHO clinical stage, current CD4 cell count, ART duration and opportunity infection were candidate for multiple logistic regression with (p-value < 0.25).Finally variables with p-value less than 0.05 was declared as they are significantly associated with the outcome variable. Being female, being student, patient who get their food by purchasing with those who had support, such as NGO and ART duration greater than 12 month was significantly associated with food insecurity AOR (95%CI), 0.06(0.02,0.24), (AOR: 0.059, 95% CI (.015,.235) and AOR:0.23,95%CI(,06,.870) and (AOR: 4.695%CI ( 1.92, 10.83) respectively (Table 5 . Table 5 multiple regression table on food insecurity among HIV patients in health centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2024 Variable Category Food security status COR (95%CI) AOR (95%CI) Food Insecure Food secure Sex Male(ref) 13 69 1 1 Female 129 112 0.16(0.09,0.29) 0.06(0.02,0.24) * Religion orthodox(ref) 148 129 1 1 Muslim and others 32 101 3.62(0.17,0.44) 11.8(3.31,42.09) * Occupation students(ref) 6 50 1 1 daily laborers 64 76 0.15(0.07,00.33 ) 0.37(0.09,1.48) Employed 43 40 0.12(0.051,0.27) 0.07(0.02, 0.30) * Others 28 15 0.07(0.026,0.17) 0.05(0.01, 0.21) * main source of food for household in the last six months purchase or farm(ref) 106 157 1 1 Relatives 13 10 .54(.25,1.17) .09(.02,.42) * welfare or support 24 13 .38(.20,.72) .23(,06,.87) * ART duration .=12 months 94 168 6.42(3.59,11.50 4.56(1.92,10.83)* Discussion According to this study, level of food insecurity among PLWHIV was 43.9%. this is low compared from previous research conducted in differ parts of the world and signals high food insecurity level is a cause for concern in sustainability treatment. This study result of 43.9% is lower than study done at KembataTemparo (57.3%)( 23 ), Debre Markos 84.5%( 25 ). But higher than study done Arba Minch General Hospital, Southern Ethiopia (19.5%) ( 22 ) and study done in west shoa zone central Ethiopia with prevalence of household food insecurity was 35.2% ( 24 ). The variation among different parts of the countries due to the existence of different socio-economic status, the health intervention measurement taken, difference in study years and study setting. In addition, the low prevalence of food insecurity due to variation in measurement methods some of the measure of food insecurity was done by combing moderate and sever insecurity as food insecure but in this study food insecurity is measured by considering sever food insecurity patients based on FANTA household food security measuring tools by adapting to individual’s level. Among socio demographic characteristics sex of respondents had significant association with food insecurity. The odd of being a female was by 94% less likely to food secure than male or being a female 16 times more likely to be food insecure than male AOR, 95%CI 0.06 (0.02, 0.24).This result comparable with the study done at Arba Minch General Hospital, Southern Ethiopia which state that PLWHA who were female are 2.93 ( 15 , 19 , 25 , 26 )more likely food insecure than male( 27 ) This study also found significant and positive association between religion of respondents and food insecurity. Religion had significant association with food insecurity. The odd of being Muslim, catholic and protestant were almost 11 times more likely to be food security than orthodox followers. This might be due to difference in religious leaders e on health education for their followers about nutritional intake (AOR: 11.8, 95% CI:(3.31, 42.1). The major factors which had significant association with food insecurity were occupation. The odd of being employed was almost 93% less likely to be food secure than being daily laborer. This might be due to those who employed couldn’t had enough money to purchase food with the current inflation. AOR95%CI (0.07 (0.02, 0.30) The other predictor which has significant association with food security was source of food. The odd of having support from others such as NGO were 93% less likely for food security or 4.25 times more likely to than others AOR: 0.23,95%CI(,06,.870).This study supported by study done at KembataTemparo ( 28 ). This might be due to sustainability issue because those who get support from NGO and relatives might be stop any time. The other factors which had significant association with food insecurity were duration of ART. The odd of being positive before one year’s 4.6 times more likely to for food security(by 78% less likely to be food insecure) than ART duration greater than one years. This is similar to the study conducted among people living with HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia(29,30)The study signposted that as the number of years on ART advances, the probability of being predisposed to malnutrition declines. This is because as PLHIV stay longer on ART, their immunity improves, and their physical strength increases, leading to a reduction in the risk of contracting OIs. Also it suggest that This might be because ART treatment for long period of time improves immunity and reduces risk of opportunistic infections, diarrhea, and vomiting as a result patient could have better appetite, increased dietary intake, and improved nutritional status. Conclusion and Recommendations Conclusions According to this study, the level of food insecurity among PLWHIV was low compared from previous research conducted in differ parts of the world. it was concluded that the level of food insecurity was higher in the study area. Sex, religion, occupation, food source and duration of ART were factors significantly associated with food insecurity. Recommendations Based on the study findings the following recommendations have been forwarded to concerned bodies. The government and NGOs should collaborate to design better copying strategy rather than supporting some food for HIV patients to alleviate food insecurity. Religious leaders should create awareness about the benefit of food security for their community. Addis Ababa Health Bureau with Addis Ababa city Administration should create job opportunity for those HIV patients by advocating the status for NGO and also integrate ART programs with food security intervention. Abbreviations AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome AOR Adjusted Odd Ratio BMI Body Mass Index CI Confidence Interval COR Crude Odd Ratio EDHS Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey HAART Highly Active Anti Retro Viral Therapy SDG Sustainable Development Goal SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version Ois Opportunistic Infections PLWHIV People Living with HIV/AIDS UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund WHO World Health Organization Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate. Ethical clearance was obtained from the ethical review committee of Yanet Health College. Then the concerned officials from Addis Ababa health bureau and at each level were communicated through formal letter. Informed consent was obtained from each study participants. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Acknowledgements The authors are pleased to acknowledge Yanet medical college, study participants, managers of public Hospitals included in this study and data collection facilitators for their contribution to the study. Contributors SA and GS, designed the study, facilitated data collection, and conducted data analysis. Conflict of interest The Authors declared that there is no potential conflicting interest, such as receiving funds or fees by, or holding stocks and shares in, an organization that may profit or lose through publication of our paper. Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials The primary data is available in the hand of the correspondent author and available upon request.". Funding There is no external funding to conduct this research and the author declared that there is no financial conflict. References World Agricultural, P. ;1–37. (2024). Report, W. World report | 2019. (2019). Tesfaw, A., Jara, D. & Temesgen, H. Dietary Diversity and Associated Factors among HIV Positive Adult Patients Attending Public Health Facilities in Motta Town, East Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia, (2017). 2018;2018. Security, F. & Secretariat, N. A Multi-sectoral Strategy for the Government of Liberia. 2015;(June). Evans, D. et al. Impact of nutritional supplementation on immune response, body mass index and bioelectrical impedance in HIV-positive patients starting antiretroviral therapy. Nutr. J. 12 (1), 1 (2013). Strategy, U. M. & sectoral N.. Community-based Manage. Acute Malnutrition ;1–6. (2025). Data 2017; (2017). NATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR COMPREHENSIVE HIV PREVENTION. CARE AND TREATMENT. 2018;(February). Biressaw, W. Clustering of HIV Patients in Ethiopia. ;581–92. (2021). Alemu, F. Assessment of the impact of malnutrition on children at Dilla referral hospital and unity pediatric clinic. Ethiopia . 5 (6), 105–113 (2013). Id, A. E. et al. Impact of household economic strengthening intervention on food security among caregivers of orphans and vulnerable children in Tanzania. ;1–19. (2022). SUPPORT FOR ADOLESCENTS LIVING WITH HIV IN EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA. Care, P. Dietary diversity and associated factors among HIV positive adults attending antiretroviral therapy clinics at Hiwot Fana and Dilchora Hospitals. East. Ethiopia ;63–72. (2018). Birhanu, T. T. & Tadesse, A. W. Food Insecurity and Mental Distress among Mothers in Rural Tigray and SNNP Regions, Ethiopia. ;2019. (2019). Hidru, H. D. et al. Review Article Prevalence of Food Insecurity and Its Associated Factors among Adult People with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ;2021. (2021). Article, O. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy by adults living with HIV / aids: a cross-sectional study. ; 75 (2):1–8. (2022). Bundy, D. A. P., Jamison, D. T. & Patton, G. C. Re-Imagining School Feeding: A High-Return Investment in Human Capital and Local Economies. DI. Wessels, J., NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF PATIENTS, WITH TUBERCULOSIS AND TB & HIV CO-INFECTION AT STANDERTON TB SPECIALISED HOSPITAL, MPUMALANGA. (2017). Gebremichael, D. Y., Hadush, K. T., Kebede, E. M., Zegeye, R. T. & Food Insecurity Nutritional Status, and Factors Associated with Malnutrition among People Living with HIV / AIDS Attending Antiretroviral Therapy at Public Health Facilities in West Shewa Zone, Central Ethiopia. ;2018. (2018). Chilton, M. & Jones, S. J. Food insecurity, hunger, and malnutrition. 2020;(November). Of, T. H. E. S. FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN THE WORLD THE STATE OF. (2018). Oluma, A., Abadiga, M., Mosisa, G., Etafa, W. & Fekadu, G. Food Insecurity among People Living with HIV / AIDS on ART Follower at Public Hospitals of Western Ethiopia. ;2020. (2020). Demissie, D. B. & Tesfaye, T. Food Insecurity and Associated Factors among People Living with HIV Attending ART Clinic in Fitche Zonal Hospital, Ethiopia Food Insecurity and Associated Factors among People Living with HIV Attending ART Clinic in Fitche Zonal Hospital, Ethiopia. 2015;(January). Benzekri, N. A., Sambou, J., Diaw, B., Hadji, E. & Sall, I. High Prevalence of Severe Food Insecurity and Malnutrition among HIV-Infected Adults in Senegal, West Africa. ;1–17. (2015). Demisse, A., Demena, M., Hawulte, B., Id, A. & Id, A. M. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH Food insecurity and associated factors among adult HIV patients on anti-retroviral therapy in Dessie referral hospital, South Wollo Zone, North central Ethiopia. ;1–11. (2022). Gebreyesus, S. H., Lunde, T., Mariam, D. H., Woldehanna, T. & Lindtjørn, B. Is the adapted Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) developed internationally to measure food insecurity valid in urban and rural households of. Ethiopia ? ;1–10. (2015). Gebru, T. H., Mekonen, H. H. & Kiros, K. G. Undernutrition and associated factors among adult HIV / AIDS patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in eastern zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia : a cross-sectional study. ;1–8. (2020). Gebremedhin, S. Undernutrition Among HIV-Positive Adolescents on Antiretroviral Therapy in Southern Ethiopia. 2020;(August). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5151477","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":387874937,"identity":"5a87b02e-115a-4655-9c06-1edeecbe7ef4","order_by":0,"name":"Sindew Mahmud Ahmed","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABFklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZgYGCRBtAMQSHwwkePhBvIQCIrVIzqiwkJFsAGkxwG8RXIs0z5kKG4MDMC4OIN/Oe/DGx7Zt8uZiZwxv8LZJ8BifX5344YEBgzy/2AGsWgwO8yVbzmy7bbhzdo6xhSRQi9mNt5slgA4znDk7AbsWZh4zad5ttxk33M4xkzAEazm7AaQlweA2di3yzUAtf7fdtgdrSQQ5bMbZzT/waWE4DNTCuO12IljLgTMSPAb8vdvw2mJwmMfYsvff7eQNt9OKLRsqJHgkbvBus0gwkMDpF/l+YED9OHPbdsPt5I23/xjU2fP3n91880eFjTy/NA6HYQIJsEoJYpWDAP8BUlSPglEwCkbBCAAACPVgkczvZ/8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Menelik II Medical and Health Science College","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sindew","middleName":"Mahmud","lastName":"Ahmed","suffix":""},{"id":387874938,"identity":"308b5c87-d54e-4804-9f6c-505c44af2518","order_by":1,"name":"Girma Shuta","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yanet Health College","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Girma","middleName":"","lastName":"Shuta","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-09-25 11:08:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5151477/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5151477/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":71480826,"identity":"31fc7b1b-902a-4ba0-97d8-c2d45c2947a5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-16 05:59:28","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":5820,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eShows prevalence of food insecurity among HIV patients in health centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2024.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5151477/v1/c5e9a4348bb524ce55373e5b.png"},{"id":71480824,"identity":"681e7620-b5b6-4236-ba1d-7c034cb43052","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-16 05:59:27","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":5310,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNutritional status of HIV patients in health centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2024.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5151477/v1/d097ba05ceb773628cad7359.png"},{"id":87251037,"identity":"7cb1e131-e321-4409-b186-bafa7f7e5a8b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-22 04:31:38","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1010997,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5151477/v1/49dd7508-8f5f-4260-9ab9-2834ea7db6bb.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eFood Insecurity and Associated Factors Among HIV Patients in Health Centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.1 Background\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFood insecurity, defined as a lack of access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to meet dietary needs and maintain a healthy and active life(1) and is associated with poor adherence to ART which can lead to virologic failure, impaired immunological recovery, and death. Understanding the relationships between HIV, malnutrition, and food insecurity has important implications for the effective integration of nutritional interventions into HIV programs(2). This is of particular importance in sub-Saharan Africa, which is home to 70% of the ~35 million people living with HIV and a quarter of the 805 million people worldwide who are undernourished (3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe immune system, as well as nutrient intake, absorption, and utilization, are all harmed by HIV. Malnutrition can amplify the symptoms of HIV and precipitate the onset of AIDS-related diseases in HIV- positive people. Adults with HIV have 10-30% higher energy requirements than healthy adults without HIV, while children with HIV have 50\u0026ndash;100% higher requirements than usual(4). Nutritional supplementation with HAART can improve immune response, Body Mass Index (BMI), drug adherence and improve physical activity in PLWHA(5). Use of Ready to Use Therapeutic Foods (RUTF) has a vital role in community-based treatment for severe under-nutrition(6). It has a potential to improve under-nutrition among PLWHA with ART in the clinical settings(7).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 2016, there was 1 million AIDS-related fatalities worldwide, with 36.7 million individuals living with the virus (12). HIV/AIDS has had the greatest impact on Sub-Saharan Africa(8). Ethiopia is one of the worst-affected Sub-Saharan African countries, with 720,000 HIV-positive persons and 33,357 AIDS-related fatalities in 2016(8).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Ethiopia around 613,000 people are living with HIV. The different prevalence rates are significant when looking at the total number of PLHIV per region as population size varies from one region to another. Seventy-four percent of PLHIV are from Amhara, Oromia and Addis Ababa(9).Studies done in Africa showed that about 52.2% to 92% of the people living with HIV/AIDS are struggling to have access to safe and nutritious food for themselves and their families(8). Ethiopia is one of many sub- Saharan African countries intensely affected by food insecurity, and about 10% of the general population and 40.4% to 87.4% adult people living with HIV/AIDS will struggle to have access to ―safe, sufficient and nutritious food‖ for themselves and for their families(10).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHIV/AIDS has become one of the world\u0026rsquo;s most serious health and development challenges(2). HIV/AIDS and food and nutrition insecurity are becoming increasingly entwined in a vicious cycle, with food insecurity heightening susceptibility to HIV exposure and infection, and HIV/AIDS in turn heightening vulnerability to food insecurity(11).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMore than 800 million people worldwide are chronically undernourished from which 200 million are living in SSA, and greater than 33 million are living with HIV infection(12) . A meta-analysis study conducted in Sub-Saharan countries reported that the pooling prevalence estimates of HIV-related under nutrition(BMI \u0026lt; 18.5 kg/m2) for women was 10.3% and the prevalence in Ethiopian was 13.2%; similar data for African men not available(3,13).As a consequence of climate change, conflict, and economic instability, the increasing burdens of food insecurity and malnutrition in West Africa represent a critical global health challenge(9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFood insecurity has a negative impact on the overall nutritional and health status for those people with HIV and often expresses that food is the greatest need for themselves and their families(14). Food insecurity, in turn, leads to both increased risk of HIV transmission and more rapid HIV disease progression across settings in both resource rich and resource-poor countries(15). Correspondingly, if PLHIV are not properly taking their medication due to food insufficiency, the clinical HIV outcome was poorer, there was higher morbidity and mortality, and they will develop resistance to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and that, in turn, will hinder the Ethiopian government from achieving the SDG targets set for the year 2030(16). Under nutrition inflicts long-lasting damages to adolescents and child including delayed physical and cognitive development, increased future vulnerability to chronic diseases and unfavorable future birth outcomes in girls(17).The nutritional problems have been shown to be significant and contribute to morbidity and mortality in HIV+/AIDS patients(18). Evidence indicates that even relatively small losses in weight (5%) are associated with decreased survival rate(19). Food insecurity and malnutrition within families can lead to reduced supervision of children, more expedient parenting, and compromised caring behaviors, thus leading to inadequate protection, care, and support(20).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFighting hunger, malnutrition and HIV pandemics has received significant momentum at global and national levels through initiatives such as the millennium development goals and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), thus significant achievement was made and in progress(21). The government of Ethiopia is committed to achieve the SDG target for ending the AIDS epidemic as a public health threat by 2030 and has made significant achievements on responding to epidemics(14). In order to alleviate food security problem among people living with HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia the government additionally has coordinated and integrated food assistance and HIV program at all levels, and has established linkage between community based nutrition intervention for PLWHA and likelihood support and food assistance interventions but the problem still exists especially in developing countries(14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite the progress, the deep-rooted nature of socioeconomic inequalities, political conditions and environmental factors in different regions of the world, mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa, are captivating policymakers and development partners to envisage food security and nutrition among the top development and health agendas(21).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to develop effective and targeted interventions to address food insecurity and malnutrition, a better understanding of the relationships among various factors, including the predictors of food insecurity and factors in malnutrition are needed. Several studies showed that socio-demographic and economic characteristics, behavioral related factors as well as the clinical condition of the patient affect food insecurity(22)\u003cstrong\u003e. \u003c/strong\u003eSo, this study intended to assess contextual factors of under-nutrition among PLWHA who may help to understand the relationships between HIV, under-nutrition, and first-line ART which are important implications for the effective integration of nutritional interventions into HIV programs. This study is also expected to add to the existing knowledge about factors that affect nutrition status among adult PLHIV in highly populated study area and thus vital in optimizing therapeutic success.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e OBJECTIVE\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e The overall objective of this study was to assess the magnitude of food insecurity and associated factors among HIV patients found in health centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2024.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods and materials","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Area and Period\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted in public Hospitals of Addis Ababa from May 1- 30 2024. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Design\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInstitutional based cross-sectional study design was implemented.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePopulation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003es\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe source population and the study population was all HIV patients\u0026rsquo; who are enrolled in anti-retro viral therapy in Addis Ababa.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEligibility Criteria\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInclusion\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study includes all HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy in study area\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Exclusion Criteria\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatients who was seriously ill and/or unable to communicate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample Size Determination\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample size was calculated by single population proportion formula by considering the study done on prevalence of Food insecurity and its associated factors among adult people with Human Immune deficit Virus in Ethiopia as 27.8% (23)and with Assumption of 95% two-sided confidence interval and 5% margin of error was used to determine the sample size and By adding a 10% nonresponse rate, the total sample size of this study was 339. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSampling Techniques/Procedure/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe required HIV infected patient who participated in the study was selected based on daily follow up of patient in ART follow up clinic during the specified study periods. Exit interview of respondent was conducted during followed up time by using systematic sampling methods. According to the health center report there was 6060 Art patient on chronic follow up, and the data was collected for 20 days duration. Finally, the study subjects was selected by systematic sampling method based on the registration book of ART patient by using the registration book as sampling frame.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eStudy Variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDependent Variable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFood insecurity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eIndependent Variables\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic and economic variables :-Age, sex, Marital status, Religion, Ethnicity, Education attendance, Occupation, Family monthly income, Residence, source of drinking water, source of food for household, daily eating pattern,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClinical and HAART related :- duration of illness, opportunistic infection, HIV stage, CD4 count, clinical AIDS staging, ART duration, side effect, are you taking bacterium, nutrition support, feeding style, disclose, GI disturbance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBehavioral related factors:- Smoking, Alcohol, Khat, shisha, Cocaine, morphine\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOperational Definitions and Terms\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFood Insecurity\u003c/strong\u003e: - The respondent was first asked an occurrence question that is, whether the condition in the question happened at all in the past four weeks (yes or no). If the respondent answers yes‖ to an occurrence question, a frequency-of-occurrence question was asked to determine whether the condition happened rarely (once or twice), sometimes (three to ten times) or often (more than ten times) in the past four weeks. It was computed and dichotomized into two categories; which is food insecure and food secure by using FANTA scale(22).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBody Mass Index\u003c/strong\u003e- the weight (in kilograms) divided by the square of the height (in meters). BMI was stratified into the following groups according to established criteria: \u0026lt; 17 kg/m2 (moderate to severe malnutrition), 17 to 18.5 kg/m2 (mild malnutrition), 18.5 to 25 kg/m2 (normal) and \u0026gt;25 kg/m2 (overweight and obese)(22).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Data Collection Procedure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data was collected by using Interviewer administered structured questionnaires by using three diploma nurses with the supervision of one BSc nurse who speak the local language (Amharic). The data was obtained at the institution level through face-to-face interviews. HIV patients are tolled of all the details of the study before giving their consent to participate. The participants who are willing to integrate asked to give verbal consent and sign the informed consent document if they are illiterate and if they are less than 18 ages their family or guardian was asked then interviewed in a quiet and spacious space.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Quality Assurance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo ensure the quality of the data first the data collection tool was prepare in English, translated in to Amharic, and then back to English to check its consistency then training of the data collectors and their supervisors was undertaken for one day by the principal investigator on the objectives, relevance of the study, methods of data collection, confidentiality of information and informed consent. Pre-test was taken by taking 5% HIV patient in other non-selected health centers before the actual data collection work to see for the accuracy of responses and to estimate time needed and the questionnaire was adjust accordingly. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire was checked by using cronbach alpha. The supervisor will check the data collection process on a daily basis. The investigator also takes corrective efforts to boost the validity of the conclusion by reviewing and cross-checking the questionnaires or data for completeness, accuracy, and consistency every day after completion of the daily data collection process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData Processing and Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data was checked for completeness and consistency before entered to computer. Then it was coded and entered, double verified using EPI-DATA 3.1 software. Then entered data was exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis and Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the data and the results are presented using frequency tables and graph. Factors associated with the dependent variable were assessed using binary logistic regression. Basic assumptions for binary logistic regression were done and model fitness was checked before running multiple logistic regression analysis. Initially binary logistic Regression was performed to determine association between dependent variable and independent variables. Then significant variable with p value \u0026le; 0.25 was considered as candidate variables for multivariate logistic regression analysis to control confounders between variables. Crude Odds ratio with 95%CI was used to determine presence of association between explanatory variables and Food insecurity. The degree of association between dependent and independent variables was measured using adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval at significance level of \u0026le; 0.05\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Result","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSocio-Demographic Characteristics Of The Participants\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA total of 323 participants were participated with the response rate of 92.2%. Among the study participants 242 (74.9%) were females. Majority of the participant found in above 58 age group and 83(25.6%) were follower of orthodox in religion. Majority 83(25.6%) were divorced and 198(61.2%) of them had family size \u0026lt; 5. Regarding educational level and source of income, majority of them 156(48.3%) were complete primary education and 139(43.2%) engage in daily laborer activity and the main source of food were purchasing. Majority 241(74.6%) get monthly income less than 3000 birr. Regarding daily eating pattern most of the participants 139(43.2%) eat three meals and above daily \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio: -economic and Demographic Characteristics of Respondents health centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2024.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e242\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19–28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29–38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39–48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49–58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbove 58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel of education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecan’t read and write\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eprimary education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esecondary education and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003enever married\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeparated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e285\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003enumber of people in the household\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;=5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edaily laborers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emain source of food for household in the\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003elast six month\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epurchase or farm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelatives\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewelfare or support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage monthly income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 3000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e241\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;=3000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esource of drinking waters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epiped water\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e252\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eother water source\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewater\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edaily eating pattern in the last 6 month\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ethree meals and\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eabove\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etwo meals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eless than two\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eany side effect on HAART in the last six\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e255\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eHAART RELATED CLINICAL DATA\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll the study subjects were asked whether they had any side effect on HAART in the last six months from 323 respondents 68(21%) of told as they had side effect and majority 115(35.6%) were took Bactrim. Also they asked whether they got nutritional support or not 47(14.6%) of them claimed as they got support after they know their HIV status and were change their feeding style by increasing the frequency of food to cope up. Furthermore, participant asked for whom they disclose their HIV sero status from 323 participant 180(55.9%) of them didn’t disclose for anyone but from those who disclose majority were 51(38.4%) of them would to disclose for their husband or wife. Each participant had asked GI symptom in the past six month 68(21%0 of them agreed from these 45(13.9%) of them had eating difficulty in the past six months due to loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting. One hundred sixty-seven (51.7%) of participant proved as they had got nutritional counseling during health facility visit. Out of 323 HIV patient 73(22.7%) of they had PTB and had taken the anti TB drug. (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHAART related clinical factor among HIV patients’ health centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2024.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSide effect on HAART\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e255\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaking bacterium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e208\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSide effect from Bactrim or INH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutritional support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSide effect from Bactrim or INH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWay of changing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality food\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEating cooked food\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisclose your HIV sero status to relative or any one\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIf you disclose for whom\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWife or husband\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOwn child\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrothers or sisters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHad GI symptom in the past six months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e255\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehad eating difficulty in the past six months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eif yes what kind of difficulty\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoss of appetite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003enausea or Vomiting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehad get nutritional counseling in health\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003efacility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e167\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehad PTB in the last six months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eif yes are you taking anti TB drug\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eif yes have you had a side effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eunwell in the last two weeks prior to the\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003esurvey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e237\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eif yes, have you been taking any drug\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eif yes, have you had any side effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eCLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STUDY PARTICIPANTS\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs the finding of the study indicated majority of the respondents 201(62.2%) were classified under stage two by WHO clinical staging. Also, the study accesses the level of adherence to HAART in the past six month 179(55.4%)of them describe as they perceive as having good adherence to treatment as a result the majority CD4 count found in the range between 500–1000 cell/mm3.However 61(19%) of the participant were new that means the start medication after 12 months in duration. One hundred three (32%) of them had opportunity infection such as diarrhea, TB and pneumonia. \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical characteristics of study participants in health centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2024.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWHO clinical AIDS staging of pt.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003estage 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003estage 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003estage 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003estage 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eadherence to HAART in the past six\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emonths\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e179\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFair\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecurrent CD4 cell count\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;=500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500–1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;=1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eART duration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 12 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;. =12 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eopportunity infection in the past six months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eif yes what was the problem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eacute or chronic diarrhea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epneumonia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eBEHAVIORAL RELATED FACTORS\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegarding substance usage 88(27.3%) smoke cigarette, 69(21.5%) drunk alcohols, 73(22.7%) chew khat and 47(14.6%) took morphine and shisha previously. However,32(36.6%), 41(59.1%), 42(57%), 14(30%) of the respondents were of them smoke cigarette, drunk alcohol, chew khat and used shisha currently respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBehavioral related factors among HIV patients in health centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2024.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esmoke cigarette\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eif yes do you smoke cigarette currently\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edrunk alcohol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e254\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eif yes do you drink alcohol now\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eused khat and shisha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eif yes do you use khat and shisha\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ecurrently\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eused cocaine and morphine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eif yes do you use cocaine and morphine currently\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eFOOD INSECURITY STATUS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe overall magnitude of food insecurity among people living with HIV(PLWHIV) was 43.9% ,95%CI (39.3%,48.8%) \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eNutritional status of the study participants\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs indicated below 26.3% of HIV patient who were following in health centers of Addis Ababa were under weight.(figur2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH FOOD INSECURITY\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, both bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was computed. In binary logistic regression analysis, sex, religion, educational level, number of people in the household, occupation, main source of food, average monthly income, daily eating pattern, any side effect on HAART, Having GI symptom, behavioral related factors, WHO clinical stage, current CD4 cell count, ART duration and opportunity infection were candidate for multiple logistic regression with (p-value \u0026lt; 0.25).Finally variables with p-value less than 0.05 was declared as they are significantly associated with the outcome variable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeing female, being student, patient who get their food by purchasing with those who had support, such as NGO and ART duration greater than 12 month was significantly associated with food insecurity AOR (95%CI), 0.06(0.02,0.24), (AOR: 0.059, 95% CI (.015,.235) and AOR:0.23,95%CI(,06,.870) and (AOR: 4.695%CI ( 1.92, 10.83) respectively (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emultiple regression table on food insecurity among HIV patients in health centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFood security status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFood\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsecure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFood secure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale(ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16(0.09,0.29)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06(0.02,0.24) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eorthodox(ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuslim and others\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.62(0.17,0.44)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8(3.31,42.09) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003estudents(ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edaily laborers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15(0.07,00.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37(0.09,1.48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12(0.051,0.27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07(0.02, 0.30) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07(0.026,0.17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05(0.01, 0.21) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emain source of food for household in the last six months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epurchase or farm(ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelatives\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.54(.25,1.17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.09(.02,.42) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewelfare or support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.38(.20,.72)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.23(,06,.87) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eART duration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 12 months(ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;.=12 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.42(3.59,11.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.56(1.92,10.83)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to this study, level of food insecurity among PLWHIV was 43.9%. this is low compared from previous research conducted in differ parts of the world and signals high food insecurity level is a cause for concern in sustainability treatment. This study result of 43.9% is lower than study done at KembataTemparo (57.3%)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e), Debre Markos 84.5%(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e). But higher than study done Arba Minch General Hospital, Southern Ethiopia (19.5%) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e) and study done in west shoa zone central Ethiopia with prevalence of household food insecurity was 35.2% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). The variation among different parts of the countries due to the existence of different socio-economic status, the health intervention measurement taken, difference in study years and study setting. In addition, the low prevalence of food insecurity due to variation in measurement methods some of the measure of food insecurity was done by combing moderate and sever insecurity as food insecure but in this study food insecurity is measured by considering sever food insecurity patients based on FANTA household food security measuring tools by adapting to individual’s level.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong socio demographic characteristics sex of respondents had significant association with food insecurity. The odd of being a female was by 94% less likely to food secure than male or being a female 16 times more likely to be food insecure than male AOR, 95%CI 0.06 (0.02, 0.24).This result comparable with the study done at Arba Minch General Hospital, Southern Ethiopia which state that PLWHA who were female are 2.93 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e)more likely food insecure than male(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study also found significant and positive association between religion of respondents and food insecurity. Religion had significant association with food insecurity. The odd of being Muslim, catholic and protestant were almost 11 times more likely to be food security than orthodox followers. This might be due to difference in religious leaders e on health education for their followers about nutritional intake (AOR: 11.8, 95% CI:(3.31, 42.1).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe major factors which had significant association with food insecurity were occupation. The odd of being employed was almost 93% less likely to be food secure than being daily laborer. This might be due to those who employed couldn’t had enough money to purchase food with the current inflation. AOR95%CI (0.07 (0.02, 0.30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe other predictor which has significant association with food security was source of food. The odd of having support from others such as NGO were 93% less likely for food security or 4.25 times more likely to than others AOR: 0.23,95%CI(,06,.870).This study supported by study done at KembataTemparo (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). This might be due to sustainability issue because those who get support from NGO and relatives might be stop any time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe other factors which had significant association with food insecurity were duration of ART. The odd of being positive before one year’s 4.6 times more likely to for food security(by 78% less likely to be food insecure) than ART duration greater than one years. This is similar to the study conducted among people living with HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia(29,30)The study signposted that as the number of years on ART advances, the probability of being predisposed to malnutrition declines. This is because as PLHIV stay longer on ART, their immunity improves, and their physical strength increases, leading to a reduction in the risk of contracting OIs. Also it suggest that This might be because ART treatment for long period of time improves immunity and reduces risk of opportunistic infections, diarrhea, and vomiting as a result patient could have better appetite, increased dietary intake, and improved nutritional status.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion and Recommendations","content":"\u003cp\u003eConclusions\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to this study, the level of food insecurity among PLWHIV was low compared from previous research conducted in differ parts of the world. it was concluded that the level of food insecurity was higher in the study area. Sex, religion, occupation, food source and duration of ART were factors significantly associated with food insecurity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eRecommendations\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on the study findings the following recommendations have been forwarded to concerned bodies. The government and NGOs should collaborate to design better copying strategy rather than supporting some food for HIV patients to alleviate food insecurity. Religious leaders should create awareness about the benefit of food security for their community. Addis Ababa Health Bureau with Addis Ababa city Administration should create job opportunity for those HIV patients by advocating the status for NGO and also integrate ART programs with food security intervention.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAIDS \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAOR\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Adjusted Odd Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBMI\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Body Mass Index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCI\u0026nbsp;Confidence Interval\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCOR\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Crude Odd Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEDHS\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHAART\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Highly Active Anti Retro Viral Therapy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSDG\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Sustainable Development Goal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSPSS\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOis\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Opportunistic Infections\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePLWHIV\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;People Living with HIV/AIDS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUNICEF\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;United Nations Children\u0026apos;s Fund\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWHO \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;World Health Organization\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical clearance was obtained from the ethical review committee of Yanet Health College. Then the concerned officials from Addis Ababa health bureau and at each level were communicated through formal letter. Informed consent was obtained from each study participants. \u0026nbsp;All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors are pleased to acknowledge Yanet medical college, study participants, managers of public Hospitals included in this study and data collection facilitators for their contribution to the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContributors\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSA and GS, designed the study, facilitated data collection, and conducted data analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Authors declared that there is no potential conflicting interest, such as receiving funds or fees by, or holding stocks and shares in, an organization that may profit or lose through publication of our paper.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe primary data is available in the hand of the correspondent author and available upon request.\u0026quot;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is no external funding to conduct this research and the author declared that there is no financial conflict.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Agricultural, P. ;1\u0026ndash;37. (2024).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eReport, W. World report | 2019. (2019).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTesfaw, A., Jara, D. \u0026amp; Temesgen, H. Dietary Diversity and Associated Factors among HIV Positive Adult Patients Attending Public Health Facilities in Motta Town, East Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia, (2017). 2018;2018.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSecurity, F. \u0026amp; Secretariat, N. A Multi-sectoral Strategy for the Government of Liberia. 2015;(June).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEvans, D. et al. Impact of nutritional supplementation on immune response, body mass index and bioelectrical impedance in HIV-positive patients starting antiretroviral therapy. \u003cem\u003eNutr. J.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e12\u003c/b\u003e (1), 1 (2013).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStrategy, U. M. \u0026amp; sectoral N.. \u003cem\u003eCommunity-based Manage. Acute Malnutrition\u003c/em\u003e ;1\u0026ndash;6. (2025).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eData 2017; (2017).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR COMPREHENSIVE HIV PREVENTION. CARE AND TREATMENT. 2018;(February).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBiressaw, W. Clustering of HIV Patients in Ethiopia. ;581\u0026ndash;92. (2021).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlemu, F. Assessment of the impact of malnutrition on children at Dilla referral hospital and unity pediatric clinic. \u003cem\u003eEthiopia\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e (6), 105\u0026ndash;113 (2013).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eId, A. E. et al. Impact of household economic strengthening intervention on food security among caregivers of orphans and vulnerable children in Tanzania. ;1\u0026ndash;19. (2022).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSUPPORT FOR ADOLESCENTS LIVING WITH HIV IN EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCare, P. Dietary diversity and associated factors among HIV positive adults attending antiretroviral therapy clinics at Hiwot Fana and Dilchora Hospitals. \u003cem\u003eEast. Ethiopia\u003c/em\u003e ;63\u0026ndash;72. (2018).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBirhanu, T. T. \u0026amp; Tadesse, A. W. Food Insecurity and Mental Distress among Mothers in Rural Tigray and SNNP Regions, Ethiopia. ;2019. (2019).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHidru, H. D. et al. Review Article Prevalence of Food Insecurity and Its Associated Factors among Adult People with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ;2021. (2021).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArticle, O. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy by adults living with HIV / aids: a cross-sectional study. ;\u003cb\u003e75\u003c/b\u003e(2):1\u0026ndash;8. (2022).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBundy, D. A. P., Jamison, D. T. \u0026amp; Patton, G. C. Re-Imagining School Feeding: A High-Return Investment in Human Capital and Local Economies. DI.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWessels, J., NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF PATIENTS, WITH TUBERCULOSIS AND TB \u0026amp; HIV CO-INFECTION AT STANDERTON TB SPECIALISED HOSPITAL, MPUMALANGA. (2017).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGebremichael, D. Y., Hadush, K. T., Kebede, E. M., Zegeye, R. T. \u0026amp; Food Insecurity Nutritional Status, and Factors Associated with Malnutrition among People Living with HIV / AIDS Attending Antiretroviral Therapy at Public Health Facilities in West Shewa Zone, Central Ethiopia. ;2018. (2018).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChilton, M. \u0026amp; Jones, S. J. Food insecurity, hunger, and malnutrition. 2020;(November).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOf, T. H. E. S. FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN THE WORLD THE STATE OF. (2018).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOluma, A., Abadiga, M., Mosisa, G., Etafa, W. \u0026amp; Fekadu, G. Food Insecurity among People Living with HIV / AIDS on ART Follower at Public Hospitals of Western Ethiopia. ;2020. (2020).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDemissie, D. B. \u0026amp; Tesfaye, T. Food Insecurity and Associated Factors among People Living with HIV Attending ART Clinic in Fitche Zonal Hospital, Ethiopia Food Insecurity and Associated Factors among People Living with HIV Attending ART Clinic in Fitche Zonal Hospital, Ethiopia. 2015;(January).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBenzekri, N. A., Sambou, J., Diaw, B., Hadji, E. \u0026amp; Sall, I. High Prevalence of Severe Food Insecurity and Malnutrition among HIV-Infected Adults in Senegal, West Africa. ;1\u0026ndash;17. (2015).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDemisse, A., Demena, M., Hawulte, B., Id, A. \u0026amp; Id, A. M. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH Food insecurity and associated factors among adult HIV patients on anti-retroviral therapy in Dessie referral hospital, South Wollo Zone, North central Ethiopia. ;1\u0026ndash;11. (2022).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGebreyesus, S. H., Lunde, T., Mariam, D. H., Woldehanna, T. \u0026amp; Lindtj\u0026oslash;rn, B. Is the adapted Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) developed internationally to measure food insecurity valid in urban and rural households of. \u003cem\u003eEthiopia ?\u003c/em\u003e ;1\u0026ndash;10. (2015).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGebru, T. H., Mekonen, H. H. \u0026amp; Kiros, K. G. Undernutrition and associated factors among adult HIV / AIDS patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in eastern zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia : a cross-sectional study. ;1\u0026ndash;8. (2020).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGebremedhin, S. Undernutrition Among HIV-Positive Adolescents on Antiretroviral Therapy in Southern Ethiopia. 2020;(August).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"HIV, Food insecurity, under-nutrition, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5151477/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5151477/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground: \u003c/strong\u003eFood insecurity, defined as a lack of access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to meet dietary needs and maintain a healthy and active life. This leads to both increased risk of HIV transmission and more rapid HIV disease progression this result in higher morbidity and mortality, and they will develop resistance to antiretroviral therapy and that, in turn, will hinder the Ethiopian government from achieving the SDG targets set for the year 2030.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjective: \u003c/strong\u003eTo assess the magnitude of food insecurity and associated factors among HIV patients in health centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2024\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e: An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among 339 HIV patients selected by systematic random sampling from health centers in Addis Ababa hospitals. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data was checked for completeness, clean and enter into Epi-Data version 3.1.and export into SPSS version 25 for analysis. The descriptive statistics result was presented with table and graph. Binary logistic regression was used for selected variables. A variable with p-value (p\u0026lt;0.25) entered in multi variable logistic regression analysis. Then the regression result was presented using AOR with 95% CI and p value less than 0.05 considered as having significance association with food insecurity in the final model.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRESULT: \u003c/strong\u003eA total of 323 participants were participated with the response rate of 92.2 %. The level of food insecurity was 43.9%95%CI(39.3, 48.8).The finding of the study showed that sex(being female)(AOR: 0.059, 95% CI (0.015, 0.235), religion(Muslim and protestant)(AOR: 11.8, 95% CI (3.31, 42.1), occupation(being employed)(AOR:0.069 95%CI (0.016, 0 .299), source of food(from support)(AOR: 0.228 95% CI (0.060,0.865). and ART duration (AOR:4.5695%CI (1.92, 10.83) were factors significantly associated with food security.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION:\u003c/strong\u003e The finding of the study showed that sex, religion, occupation, source of food and ART duration were factors significantly associated with food insecurity. All concerned body are recommended to integrate ART programs with food security intervention accordingly.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Food Insecurity and Associated Factors Among HIV Patients in Health Centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-16 05:59:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5151477/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"43b6a0bf-31d8-4695-84a4-7656ce9e611a","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 16th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":41468279,"name":"Health sciences/Health care"},{"id":41468280,"name":"Health sciences/Health care/Disease prevention"},{"id":41468281,"name":"Health sciences/Health care/Disease prevention/Nutritional supplements"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-22T04:23:29+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-16 05:59:22","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5151477","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5151477","identity":"rs-5151477","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}