Cold exposure distinctively modulates parathyroid and thyroid hormones in cold-acclimatized and non-acclimatized humans

Context Cold-induced activation of thermogenesis modulates energy metabolism, but the role of humoral mediators is not completely understood. Objective To investigate the role of parathyroid and thyroid hormones in acute and adaptive response to cold in humans. Design Cross-sectional study examining acute response to ice-water swimming and to experimental non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) induction in individuals acclimatized and non-acclimatized to cold. Seasonal variation in energy metabolism of ice-water swimmers and associations between circulating PTH and molecular components of thermogenic program in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of neck-surgery patients were evaluated. Setting Clinical Research Center. Patients, Participants Ice-water swimmers (winter swim n=15, NST-induction n=6), non-acclimatized volunteers (NST-induction, n=11, elective neck surgery n = 36). Main Outcomes and Results In ice-water swimmers, PTH and TSH increased in response to 15min winter swim, while activation of NST failed to regulate PTH and lowered TSH. In non-acclimatized men, NST-induction decreased PTH and TSH. Positive correlation between systemic levels of PTH and whole-body metabolic preference for lipids as well as BAT 18F-FDG uptake was found across the two populations. Moreover, NST-cooling protocol-induced changes in metabolic preference for lipids correlated positively with changes in PTH. Finally, variability in circulating PTH correlated positively with UCP1 /UCP1, PPARGC1A and DIO2 in BAT from neck surgery patients. Conclusions Regulation of PTH and thyroid hormones during cold exposure in humans depends on the cold acclimatization level and/or cold stimulus intensity. Role of PTH in NST is substantiated by its positive relationships with whole-body metabolic preference for lipids, BAT volume and UCP1 content.