Does a Widespread Species Have a Higher Competition Ability Than an Endemic Species? A Case Study in the Dongting Lake Wetlands

Does a Widespread Species Have a Higher Competition Ability Than an Endemic Species? 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A Case Study in the Dongting Lake Wetlands Yuhang Du, Qiaoqiao Zhou, Zenghui Peng, Fangcheng Peng, Lianlian Xi, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1369411/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study aimed to compare the competition abilities of Phragmites australis ( PA ), a widespread species, and Triarrhena lutarioriparia ( TL ), an endemic species, in the Dongting Lake wetlands. Field monitoring indicated that during flooding, the two plant species showed decreased survival percentage, which did not differ noticeably between them. Control experiment indicated that PA exhibited higher survival percentage than TL . In the field monitoring, PA showed higher aboveground biomass before flooding and higher relative elongation rate, whereas TL showed higher aboveground biomass after flooding and higher relative growth rate. However, in the control experiment, plant biomass, relative growth rate, and relative elongation rate were not obviously different between the two species, and PA showed higher competition ability than TL in the early stage and lower competition ability than those of TL in the middle and later stages. The relative yield total in both the field monitoring and control experiment were greater than one, indicating that the two plant species occupied different niches. Compared to TL , PA had higher competition ability in non-submergence habitat and lower competition ability in water submergence habitat. Niche difference between the two species enabled their coexistence in the Dongting Lake wetlands under the influence of seasonal flooding. survival growth competition niche submergence Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 1. Introduction The distribution of a plant can reflect its adaptation to different environmental conditions. Some plant species are widely distributed and are called widespread species. For example, Stemona tuberosa , a traditional medicinal plant, is distributed across more than ten countries in Asia 1 , and Menziesia pentandra , a shrub plant, is distributed across Japan, Sakhalin, and Southern Kuril Islands 2 . However, some plant species have narrow distributions and are called endemic species 3 , 4 . For instance, Cinnamomum kanehirae is endemic to Taiwan at an elevation range of 200–2,000 m 3 , and Pilea carautae is endemic to Cabo Frio region in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Southern Brazil 5 . Therefore, widespread plant species appear to have wider adaptations to different environments than endemic plant species. Plant competition has long been considered to be a major driver of plant adaptation to the environment as it reflects their ability to obtain resources (i.e., light, water, and nutrients) and their tolerance to resource stress 6 . For example, under the conditions of water and nitrogen deficiency, the higher competition ability of the invasive plant Xanthium italicum compared to that of the native plant X. sibiricum was main reason for the replacement of the latter by the former 7 . Plant competition includes intra- and interspecific competition, and is determined by competition intensity, effects, and outcomes 8 , 9 . Some researchers have used competitive effects to analyze and predict changes in plant population and community structure 10 , 11 . With an increase in nitrogen levels, Suaeda salsa was found to have higher competition ability than a congeneric species Suaeda glauca , and the former gradually dominated their mixed communities 12 . However, few studies have compared the competition ability of widespread and endemic species 2 , 13 . Phragmites australis is a widespread species that widely distributed in North America 14 , 15 , Europe 16 , 17 , and Asia 18 , 19 . Triarrhena lutarioriparia is an endemic species that is only distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China 20 , 21 . These plant species have similar morphological, growth, and propagation characteristics and are distributed at the same latitude on beaches of the Dongting Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China 22 , 23 . In recent years, we found that the area occupied by P. australis in the lake gradually expanded. With the aim of investigating the reasons for this change, we conducted an experiment to compare the intensity, effect, and outcomes of competition between the two species. We wanted to answer the question: Do widespread plant species have a higher competition ability than endemic plant species? 2. Results 2.1 Survival percentage In the field monitoring experiment, number of living individuals of both plant species decreased after flood retreat (Table 1 ). There was an obvious difference in the survival percentage between the two plant species, except in the boxes with the planting ratio of 14:1. With the increase in individual number, the survival percentage of P. australis increased, whereas that of T. lutarioriparia did not obviously change. Table 1 Individual numbers of Triarrhena lutarioriparia ( TL ) and Phragmites australis ( PA ) in 1 m 2 areas before and after flooding (BF and AF, respectively) in the five fixed communities in East Dongting Lake wetlands. Time 9:0 14:1 10:5 7:6 0:11 TL TL PA TL PA TL PA PA BF 9 14 1 10 5 7 6 11 AF 8 6 0 5 3 5 4 9 Note: The ratios 9:0, 14:1, 10:5, 7:6, and 0:11 are the ratios of individual numbers of TL to PA in a square meter. In the control experiment, both species had decreased survival percentage during the experiment, except for P. australis in boxes with the planting patterns of 3:1, 1:3, and 0:4 (Table 2 ). At the same harvest time, T. lutarioriparia showed a lower survival percentage than P. australis , except in boxes with the planting pattern of 1:3 on the 60th day. Table 2 Survival percentages (%) of Triarrhena lutarioriparia ( TL ) and Phragmites australis ( PA ) on the 60th, 120th, and 180th days of plant transplantation. Day 4:0 3:1 2:2 1:3 0:4 TL TL PA TL PA TL PA PA 60 90.6 95.8 100.0 93.8 100.0 100.0 95.8 100.0 120 87.5 79.2 100.0 68.8 93.8 50.0 95.8 100.0 180 75.0 58.3 100.0 68.8 87.5 37.5 95.8 100.0 Note: The ratios 4:0, 3:1, 2:2, 1:3, and 0:4 are the planting patterns described in Fig. 1 . 2.2 Plant biomass, relative growth rate, and relative elongation rate In the field monitoring experiment, T. lutarioriparia showed relatively higher aboveground biomass than P. australis before flooding and lower aboveground biomass than P. australis after flood retreat (Fig. 2 ). During the flooding period, T. lutarioriparia had a higher relative growth rate and lower relative elongation rate than P. australis . In the control experiment, T. lutarioriparia showed relatively higher biomass than P. australis in the early growth stage, whereas no obvious difference in the biomass between these two species was observed in the later growth stage (Fig. 3 ). In addition, plant biomass showed different change trends with the changes in planting patterns. On the 60th day, there was no significant difference in plant biomass between the two species in any of the four patterns. On the 120th day, the biomass of T. lutarioriparia was higher in boxes with the 1:3 planting pattern than in boxes with the other three patterns, and that of P. australis was higher in boxes with the 3:1 planting pattern than in boxes with the 2:2 planting pattern. On the 180th day, the biomass of T. lutarioriparia was higher in boxes with the 2:2 planting pattern than in boxes with the 4:0 and 3:1 planting pattern, whereas the biomass of P. australis did not show significant differences among the four planting patterns. In the control experiment, the relative growth and elongation rates were lower in T. lutarioriparia than in P. australis in the period of 60–120 days, whereas they were not significant different between the two plant species in the periods of 0–60 and 120–180 days. In the period of 0–60 days, there were no significant differences in the relative growth and elongation rates between the two species in any of the four patterns. In the period of 60–120 days, the relative growth rate of T. lutarioriparia was lower in boxes with the 3:1 planting pattern and higher in boxes with the 1:3 planting pattern, and that of P. australis was not significantly different in boxes with any of the four patterns. Furthermore, the relative elongation rate of either species did not differ among the four patterns. In the period of 120–180 days, the relative growth and elongation rates of T. lutarioriparia were lower in boxes with the 1:3 planting pattern than in boxes with the other patterns, and those of P. australis were lower in boxes with the 3:1 planting pattern than in boxes with the other patterns. 2.3 Relative competition intensity and relative yield In the field monitoring experiment, the relative competition intensity of the two plant species was different between two time points (before and after flooding) and three mixed communities (Table 3 ). In T. lutarioriparia , flooding increased the relative competition intensity in boxes with the 14:1 and 10:5 patterns and decreased in boxes with the 7:6 pattern. In P. australis , flooding increased the relative competition intensity in boxes with the 14:1 and 7:6 patterns and decreased in boxes with the 10:5 pattern. The relative competition intensity of T. lutarioriparia was higher than that of P. australis . The relative yield of the two plant species also differed between two time points (before and after flooding) and three mixed communities. The relative yield of T. lutarioriparia (≤ 1) was lower than that of P. australis (≥ 1). Generally, the relative yield total in the three mixed communities and at the two time points was greater than one, indicating that the plants had different niches in the different communities. Table 3 Relative competition intensity ( RCI ), relative yield ( RY ), and relative yield total ( RYT ) of Triarrhena lutarioriparia ( TL ) and Phragmites australis ( PA ) before and after flooding (BF and AF, respectively). Time Communities RCI RY RYT TL PA TL PA BF 14:1 0.02 -0.53 0.98 1.53 1.26 10:5 -0.03 -0.13 1.03 1.13 1.08 7:6 0.31 -0.34 0.70 1.34 1.02 AF 14:1 0.53 0.01 0.47 0.99 0.73 10:5 0.06 -1.45 0.94 2.46 1.70 7:6 0.30 -1.78 0.70 2.78 1.74 Note: The ratios 14:1, 10:5, and 7:6 are the individual numbers of TL to PA in a square meter. In the control experiment, the relative competition intensity of T. lutarioriparia decreased in boxes with the 3:1 and 2:2 planting patterns and increased in boxes with the 1:3 planting pattern over time (Table 3 ). However, the relative competition intensity of P. australis decreased in boxes with the 3:1 and 1:3 planting patterns and increased in boxes with the 2:2 planting pattern. In general, T. lutarioriparia had lower relative competition intensity than P. australis in boxes with the 1:3 planting pattern on the 60th day and in boxes with the 2:2 planting pattern on the 120th day, and higher relative competition intensity than P. australis did in boxes with the other patterns. The relative yield of T. lutarioriparia increased in boxes with the 3:1, 2:2, and 1:3 planting patterns over time (Table 4 ). However, the relative yield of P. australis decreased in boxes with the 2:2 planting pattern of and increased in boxes with the 3:1 and 1:3 planting patterns over time. In general, T. lutarioriparia showed lower relative yield than P. australis in boxes with the 1:3 and 2:2 planting patterns on the 60th day and in boxes with the 1:3 planting pattern on the 120th day, and higher relative yield than P. australis did in boxes with the other patterns. Relative yield total of both plants in all three patterns and three harvest times was greater than one, indicating that the plants had different niches in different planting patterns. Table 4 Relative competition intensity ( RCI ), relative yield ( RY ), and relative yield total ( RYT ) of Triarrhena lutarioriparia ( TL ) and Phragmites australis ( PA ) on the 60th, 120th, and 180th days of plant transplantation. The ratios 4:0, 3:1, 2:2, 1:3, and 0:4 are the planting patterns described in Fig. 1 . Days Patterns RCI RY RYT TL PA TL PA 60 3:1 0.14 -0.31 * 0.86 e 1.31 a 1.09 2:2 0.07 -0.08 * 0.93 e 1.08 a 1.01 1:3 -0.37 * 0.22 1.37 a 0.78 e 1.08 120 3:1 0.21 -0.92 * 0.79 e 1.92 a 1.36 2:2 -0.42 * 0.14 1.42 a 0.86 e 1.14 1:3 -1.80 * 0.05 2.80 a 0.95 e 1.88 180 3:1 -0.25 * -0.07 1.25 a 1.07 a 1.16 2:2 -0.87 * 0.14 1.87 a 0.86 e 1.37 1:3 -0.40 * -0.08 1.40 a 1.08 a 1.24 Note: * indicates that the competition ability was strong; a indicates that intraspecific competition was higher than interspecific competition; e indicates that intraspecific competition was lower than interspecific competition. 2.4 Relative efficiency index and expected relative efficiency index In the field monitoring experiment, relative efficiency index was lower than expected relative efficiency index, indicating that P. australis would be the dominant species over time (Table 5 ). In the period of 0–60 days, the relative efficiency index was lower than expected in boxes with the 3:1 and 2:2 patterns and higher than expected in boxes with the 1:3 pattern; indicating that in this period, P. australis would be the dominant species in boxes with the former patterns and T. lutarioriparia would be the dominant species in boxes with the latter pattern (Table 6 ). In the same way, in the period of 60–120 days, P. australis would be the dominant species in boxes with the 3:1 pattern, and T. lutarioriparia would be the dominant species in boxes with the 2:2 and 1:3 patterns. In the period of 120–180 days, T. lutarioriparia would be the dominant species in boxes with the 3:1 and 2:2 patterns, and P. australis would be the dominant species in boxes with the 1:3 pattern. During the whole experimental period (0–180 days), T. lutarioriparia would be the dominant species in boxes with mixed patterns. Table 5 Relative efficiency index ( REI ) and expected relative efficiency index ( REI exp ) during flooding. REI REI exp 14:1 10:5 7:6 Single communities 0.89 P 0.31 P 0.47 P 1.19 Note: The ratios 14:1, 10:5, and 7:6 are the individual numbers of TL to PA in a square meter; P indicates that Phragmites australis would be the dominant species. Table 6 Relative efficiency index ( REI ) and expected relative efficiency index ( REI exp ) in the periods of 0–60, 60–120, 120–180, and 0–180 days. Days REI REI exp 3:1 2:2 1:3 Single planting 0–60 -0.03 P 0.25 P 0.96 T 0.39 60–120 -1.08 P 0.04 T -0.10 T -0.61 120–180 0.78 T 0.01 T -1.09 P -0.28 0–180 -0.33 T 0.29 T -0.23 T -0.49 Note: The ratios 3:1, 2:2, and 1:3 are the planting patterns described in Fig. 1 ; T indicates that Triarrhena lutarioriparia would be the dominant species; P indicates that means Phragmites australis would be the dominant species. 3. Discussion Plant survival is one of the most direct reflections of plant adaptation, especially under environmental stress. In our field monitoring experiment, both investigated plant species showed decreased survival percentage during flooding, and this decreased survival percentage was not obviously different between the species. However, in the control experiment, the survival percentage of T. lutarioriparia decreased greatly and that of P. australis did not vary obviously over time, indicating that P. australis exhibited higher survival percentage than T. lutarioriparia . The possible reason for this is that P. australis , which is a widespread species, has higher ability of adaptation to environmental changes than T. lutarioriparia , an endemic species, does 15 . Plant growth also can reflect plant adaptation to environmental stress. In our field monitoring experiment, P. australis had higher aboveground biomass before flooding and higher relative elongation rate, whereas T. lutarioriparia had higher aboveground biomass after flooding and higher relative growth rate. However, in the control experiment, plant biomass, relative growth rate, and relative elongation rate were not obviously different between the two species. These different results in plant growth between the field monitoring experiment and the control experiment may be because of flooding. In the field experiment, five-month flooding caused different response patterns in the plants: the well-developed stem porosity in T. lutarioriparia led to increased oxygen transmission from the aboveground parts to the belowground parts and resulted in increased growth, whereas the relatively lower stem porosity in P. australis forced rapid vertical stem elongation so that stems are able to reach the water surface and access oxygen from the air 24 , 25 . In the control experiment, the two plants showed similar growth characteristics because of the absence of flooding stress. Plant competition can be determined by competition intensity and is associated with community characteristics, such as biomass, density, and proportion 26 . Similar to the growth performance, the competition performance of the two species also differed between the field monitoring experiment and the control experiment. In the control experiment, P. australis showed a higher competition ability than T. lutarioriparia in the early growth stage and lower competition ability than T. lutarioriparia in the middle and later growth stages. However, in the field monitoring experiment, P. australis showed higher competition ability than T. lutarioriparia both before and after flooding. These differences may be related to flooding stress; in the field monitoring experiment, five-month flooding reduced the competition ability of T. lutarioriparia and improved the competition ability of P. australis . Plant competition ability includes the ability of intraspecific and interspecific competition 8 , 9 . In the field monitoring experiment, intraspecific competition was higher in P. australis , and interspecific competition was higher in T. lutarioriparia . However, over time, the competition changed from intraspecific to interspecific in P. australis and from intraspecific to interspecific in T. lutarioriparia . Competition often leads to species occupying different ecological niches 27 . Relative yield total in both the field monitoring and the control experiment were greater than one, indicating that the two plant species had different niches. We found that P. australis would become the dominant species in the field monitoring experiment, and T. lutarioriparia would become the dominant species in the control experiment. Altogether, the present study showed that the competition ability of plant species varied depending on environmental conditions. In the non-submergence habitat, the competition ability of P. australis was higher than that of T. lutarioriparia , whereas the opposite was true in the water submergence habitat. In the Dongting Lake wetlands, the five-month flooding period led to P. australis becoming the dominant species, and the seven-month non-flooding period led to T. lutarioriparia becoming the dominant species. Therefore, niche differences between the two species enable their coexistence in the Dongting Lake wetlands under the influence of seasonal flooding. 4. Methods 4.1 Study site The Yangtze River is connected to Dongting Lake through three inlets (Songzikou, Taipingkou, Ouchikou) and one outlet (Chenglingji). Dongting Lake covers an area of 2625 km 2 (28°38′–29°45′ N, 111°40′–113°10′ E) and is divided into East, South, and West Dongting Lake. The lake is characterized by a subtropical monsoon climate, with an average annual temperature of 16.2–17.8°C and 259–277 frost-free days. The mean annual precipitation ranges from 1,200 to 1,415 mm, with the rainy season lasting from May to September. The average humidity is 80%, and the average evaporation is 1,270 mm. The annual mean wind speed is 2.0–3.0 m s − 1 and the elevation is 28–35 m above sea level. 4.2 Field monitoring 4.2.1 Fixed plot selection In May 2018, five fixed plots consisting of three mixed and two single communities were selected in the beach of the Dongting Lake wetlands. The plots are submerged due to flooding from May to September and exposed from October to April of the next year. The fixed plot area was 25 m 2 (5×5 m), and the basic characteristics of the plots are provided in Table 1 . 4.2.2 Fixed plot monitoring In the fixed plots, the height and number of living individuals was recorded before flooding and after flood retreat. Simultaneously, six individuals were selected from each of the five plots, and their aboveground parts (leaves and stems) were collected and taken to the laboratory where they were dried until they reached a constant weight. 4.3 Control experiment 4.3.1 Seed collection and germination In December 2017, seeds of T. lutarioriparia and P. australis were collected from the bottomland (29°15'15''N, 112°49'20''E) of the East Dongting Lake wetlands and brought back to the laboratory at Hunan Agricultural University. The weight of thousand seeds was 0.350 ± 0.018 g (mean ± standard error) for T. lutarioriparia and 0.280 ± 0.004 g for P. australis . Seed length was 2.33 ± 0.034 mm for T. lutarioriparia and 2.030 ± 0.037 mm for P. australis , and seed width was 0.540 ± 0.014 mm for T. lutarioriparia and 0.570 ± 0.013 mm for P. australis . In March 2018, the seeds were sown in the field and germinated. 4.3.2 Seedling transplantation In April 2018, seedlings with aboveground height of 6–8 cm were transplanted into basins (12 cm length, 12 cm width, and 15 cm height) containing 14 cm of soil (21 g kg − 1 organic matter, 141 mg kg − 1 exchangeable N, and 11.4 mg kg − 1 exchangeable P). Four seedlings were planted in each basin, and five planting patterns ( TL : PA = 4:0, TL : PA = 3:1, TL : PA = 2:2, TL : PA = 1:3, and TL : PA = 0:4) were used (Fig. 1 ). For example, the pattern of 3:1 indicated that there were three TL seedlings and one PA seedling in the basin. There were 24 basins for each pattern, with a total of 120 basins. Subsequently, 15 basins were placed into a bucket (68 cm length, 47 cm width, and 41 cm height) in the outdoors, and a total of eight buckets were used for the experiment (Fig. 1 ). Meanwhile, 12 plants of each species were collected initially and their dry weights were measured. Following seedling transplantation, water was added into the buckets until it reached the soil surface in the basin. This was the only time that water was added artificially into the bucket in order to simulate the natural environment. 4.3.3 Seedling harvest After transplanting into basins, the plants were grown for 60 days, 120 days, and 180 days and harvested. For a specific planting pattern, eight basins were selected for harvesting. The plants were dug out of the soil and separated to maintain their integrity. The number of living plants, buds, and tillers for each species in a planting pattern were recorded. Dry biomass of their leaves, stems, roots, and buds was determined after drying at 80℃ until reaching constant weight. 4.4 Data calculation and analysis 4.4.1 Plant growth parameters Survival percentage was calculated as the number of living plants divided by the initial number of plants. Relative growth rate ( RGR ) was calculated using the following Eq. 2 8 : where Y 1 is biomass at harvest time t 1 , and Y 2 is biomass at harvest time t 2 . Relative elongation rate ( RER ) was calculated using the following Eq. 2 8 : where h 1 is plant height at harvest time t 1 , and h 2 is plant height at harvest time t 2 . 4.4.2 Plant competition parameters Relative competition intensity ( RCI ) can reflect plant competition ability in three mixed communities (14:1, 10:5, and 7:6) in field monitoring and three mixed planting patterns (3:1, 2:2, and 1:3) in control experiment and was calculated using the following equations 29 : where Y i and Y j are biomasses of species i and species j in two single communities (9:0 and 0:11) in field monitoring and two single planting patterns (4:0 and 0:4) in control experiment, respectively; Y ij and Y ji are biomasses of species i and species j in mixed communities or planting patterns, respectively. RCI i > RCI j indicates that species j has a higher competition ability than species i ; RCI i = RCI j indicates that species j and i have the same competition ability; and RCI i < RCI j indicates that species i has a higher competition ability than species j . The known trend is that the lower the relative competition intensity ( RCI ), the greater the competition ability. Relative yield ( RY ) and relative yield total ( RYT ) can reflect plant interspecific or intraspecific competition, and they were calculated using the following equations 28 , 30 : where RY 1 indicates that plants have lower interspecific competition than intraspecific competition. RYT 1 indicates that plants have different niches. Relative efficiency index ( REI ) and expected relative efficiency index ( REI exp ) are used to predict the dynamic changes in plant species in mixed communities or patterns, and were calculated using the following equations (Shipley, 1993; Grace, 1995): where Y ij1 and Y ij2 is the biomass of species i in mixed communities or planting patterns at harvest times t 1 and t 2 , respectively; Y ji1 and Y ji2 is the biomass of species j in mixed communities or planting patterns at harvest times t 1 and t 2 , respectively. Y i1 and Y i2 is the biomass of species i in single communities or planting patterns at harvest times t 1 and t 2 , respectively; Y j1 and Y j2 is the biomass of species j in single communities or planting patterns at harvest times t 1 and t 2 , respectively. REI < REI exp indicates that in mixed communities or planting patterns, species j will show increasing dominance over time; REI = REI exp indicates that in mixed communities or planting patterns, species j will show stable dominance over time; and REI > REI exp indicates that in mixed communities or planting patterns, species j will show decreasing dominance over time. Multiple comparisons at the significance level of 0.05 were used to analyze the difference in biomass, relative growth rate, relative elongation rate, tiller number, and bud number among different species and planting patterns. For these analyses, the IBM SPSS Statistics Version 22.0 software was used. Declarations Acknowledgments This study was supported by the Joint Fund for Regional Innovation and Development of NSFC (U21A2009), the Leading Plan for Scientific and Technological Innovation of High-tech Industries in Hunan Province (2020SK2019), the Key Program of Research and Development of Hunan Province (2022SK2088, 2019SK2336, 2019NK2011), and the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2021JJ30330). Author contributions Y L designed the study. Y D, Q Z, and Z P performed the field monitoring. Q Z and L X conducted the control experiment. All authors wrote the manuscript. Competing financial interests : The authors declare no competing financial interests. All authors declare that experimental research and field studies on plants (either cultivated or wild), including the collection of plant material complied with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation. 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Plant distribution can be reflected by the different growth and morphological responses to water level and shade in two emergent macrophyte seedlings in the Sanjiang Plain. Aquatic Ecology, 45 ( 1 ), 89–97 (2011). Liu, L., Zhu, M. & Zhu, T. Exploitation and utilization of Miscanthus & Triarrhena. Journal of Natural Resources, 16 ( 6 ), 562–563 (2001). Wang, Y., Molinos, J.G., Shi, L., Zhang, M., Wu, Z., Zhang, H. & Xu, J. Drivers and changes of the Poyang Lake Wetland ecosystem. Wetlands, 39 , 35–44 (2019). Zhuang, Y., Sun, Y.X., Wang, Z.S., Yang, L.L, Deng, Z.F, Yao, Z.G. & An, S.Q. Research advances in ecotypes of Phragmites australis . Acta Ecologica Sinica, 30 ( 8 ), 2173–2181 (in Chinese, 2010). Li, X., Song, B.B., Li, F., Zeng, J., Hou, Z.Y., Xie, Y.H., Chen, X.S. & Deng, Z.M. Population distribution patterns and growing status of Triarrhena lutarioripa along a gentle elevation gradient of Lake Dongting Wetlands. Journal of Lake Science, 28 ( 5 ), 1039–1046 (in Chinese, 2016). Jackson, M.B. Ethylene-promoted elongation: an adaptation to submergence stress. Annals of Botany, 101 , 229–248 (2008). Ding, X., Zou, J., Li, Y., Yao, X., Zou, D., Zhang, C., Yang, N., Niu, Y., Bian, H., Deng, J. & Ge, Z. Acclimation of Salix triandroides cuttings to incomplete submergence is reduced by low light. Aquatic Ecology, 51 , 321–330 (2017). Zhang, Z. & van Kleunen, M. Common alien plants are more competitive than rare natives but not than common natives. Ecology Letters, 22 ( 9 ), 1378–1386 (2019). Sophie, T. & Sylvie, D.B. Coexistence of introduced and native common reed ( Phragmites australis ) in freshwater wetlands. Ecoscience, 19 ( 2 ), 99–105 (2012). Wang, J. Study on the eco-physiological characteristics and relative competitive ability of two native species under mixture in loess Hilly-gully Region. Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shanxi, China (in Chinese, 2013). Grace, J.B. On the measurement of plant competition intensity. Ecology, 76 ( 1 ), 305–308 (1995). Jiang, Z.L., Wang, W.Y., Lei, G.S., Gui, F.R., Liu, W.X. & Li Z.Y. Root growth characteristics and competitive effects of ageratina adenophora and four functional type herbaceous plants. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 25 ( 10) , 2833–2839 (in Chinese, 2014). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1369411","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":87394018,"identity":"25184d36-a501-4651-a99a-175e2d205946","order_by":0,"name":"Yuhang Du","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hunan Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuhang","middleName":"","lastName":"Du","suffix":""},{"id":87394019,"identity":"e135fc16-c6f3-4ae1-9b31-f490ec3f2441","order_by":1,"name":"Qiaoqiao Zhou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hunan Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qiaoqiao","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhou","suffix":""},{"id":87394020,"identity":"ef2955c8-ea54-48e8-8397-cc88f63e5793","order_by":2,"name":"Zenghui Peng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hunan Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zenghui","middleName":"","lastName":"Peng","suffix":""},{"id":87394023,"identity":"7e3830f2-5061-46d6-a9a9-707b88eda7d5","order_by":3,"name":"Fangcheng Peng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hunan Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fangcheng","middleName":"","lastName":"Peng","suffix":""},{"id":87394025,"identity":"78c1f868-a80d-410a-b4c0-afc62b2137d7","order_by":4,"name":"Lianlian Xi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hunan Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lianlian","middleName":"","lastName":"Xi","suffix":""},{"id":87394026,"identity":"e0876d0a-153b-41fd-9281-c547a077cf07","order_by":5,"name":"Youzhi Li","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPmYwdYCHn5mxweCDgY0dQS1sMC2S7c0HCmcUpCUT1gKhDjAYnDmW8JnnwyHGBoJa2HkMH/P8uSPDcCPHcLONwQFmBvbDRzfgdxiPsTEPzzMexhk5xsY5Bnf4GHjS0m4Q0GImzSNxmIdZIscMqOUZM4MEjxkRWgwO87BJ5Jj/tjA4zNhAnJaEwzw8PMcSjBmI08JWbDjnwGEeCfbmA4Y9BmnJbIT8ws9/eOODN38O29sDzTf48cfGjp/98DG8WhgYOAzQ7MWvHATYHxBWMwpGwSgYBSMbAACNJkLAMw8qUgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Hunan Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Youzhi","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-02-17 12:29:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1369411/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1369411/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":18839993,"identity":"6b75fb5f-604a-4677-aecb-25bcbb9bc9d8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-03-03 21:47:30","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":148086,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePlanting patterns of the two species in each bucket in the control experiment (𝌅\u0026nbsp;: bucket, □: basin, Δ: \u003cem\u003eTriarrhena lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e○: \u003cem\u003ePhragmites australis\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"fig1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1369411/v1/e2afb55f56b60d32016723f7.jpg"},{"id":18839992,"identity":"59e87ace-c8de-44d1-9257-4431243434b7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-03-03 21:47:30","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":79539,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAboveground biomass of \u003cem\u003eTriarrhena lutarioriparia \u003c/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e) and \u003cem\u003ePhragmites australis\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e) before and after flooding (BF and AF, respectively), and their relative growth and elongation rates during the flooding period. The ratios 9:0, 14:1, 10:5, 7:6, and 0:11 are the ratios of individual number of \u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e to\u003cem\u003e PA\u003c/em\u003e in a square meter. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among planting patterns at the 0.05 significance level.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"fig2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1369411/v1/dd5f57b03801f5b0ce204974.jpg"},{"id":18840131,"identity":"21a4abf6-8989-462c-b9e0-814a831d7dad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-03-03 21:50:30","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":89723,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBiomass of \u003cem\u003eTriarrhena lutarioriparia \u003c/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e) and \u003cem\u003ePhragmites australis\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e) on the 60\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, 120\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, and 180\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e days of plant transplantation, and their relative growth and elongation rates in the periods of 0–60, 60–120, and 120–180 days. The ratios 4:0, 3:1, 2:2, 1:3, and 0:4 are the planting patterns described in Figure 1. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among planting patterns at the 0.05 significance level.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"fig3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1369411/v1/09519c732d51040b4c1081b8.jpg"},{"id":19805872,"identity":"b361da57-0efa-4d08-972b-104c6e0e4dc2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-03-31 06:14:24","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":720831,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1369411/v1/0d6c60c2-bf4e-4226-83f1-148269395519.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eDoes a Widespread Species Have a Higher Competition Ability Than an Endemic Species? A Case Study in the Dongting Lake Wetlands\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe distribution of a plant can reflect its adaptation to different environmental conditions. Some plant species are widely distributed and are called widespread species. For example, \u003cem\u003eStemona tuberosa\u003c/em\u003e, a traditional medicinal plant, is distributed across more than ten countries in Asia\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eMenziesia pentandra\u003c/em\u003e, a shrub plant, is distributed across Japan, Sakhalin, and Southern Kuril Islands\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, some plant species have narrow distributions and are called endemic species\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. For instance, \u003cem\u003eCinnamomum kanehirae\u003c/em\u003e is endemic to Taiwan at an elevation range of 200\u0026ndash;2,000 m\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePilea carautae\u003c/em\u003e is endemic to Cabo Frio region in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Southern Brazil\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, widespread plant species appear to have wider adaptations to different environments than endemic plant species.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant competition has long been considered to be a major driver of plant adaptation to the environment as it reflects their ability to obtain resources (i.e., light, water, and nutrients) and their tolerance to resource stress\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. For example, under the conditions of water and nitrogen deficiency, the higher competition ability of the invasive plant \u003cem\u003eXanthium italicum\u003c/em\u003e compared to that of the native plant \u003cem\u003eX. sibiricum\u003c/em\u003e was main reason for the replacement of the latter by the former\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Plant competition includes intra- and interspecific competition, and is determined by competition intensity, effects, and outcomes\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Some researchers have used competitive effects to analyze and predict changes in plant population and community structure\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. With an increase in nitrogen levels, \u003cem\u003eSuaeda salsa\u003c/em\u003e was found to have higher competition ability than a congeneric species \u003cem\u003eSuaeda glauca\u003c/em\u003e, and the former gradually dominated their mixed communities\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, few studies have compared the competition ability of widespread and endemic species\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003ePhragmites australis\u003c/em\u003e is a widespread species that widely distributed in North America\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, Europe\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, and Asia\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. \u003cem\u003eTriarrhena lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e is an endemic species that is only distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. These plant species have similar morphological, growth, and propagation characteristics and are distributed at the same latitude on beaches of the Dongting Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In recent years, we found that the area occupied by \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e in the lake gradually expanded. With the aim of investigating the reasons for this change, we conducted an experiment to compare the intensity, effect, and outcomes of competition between the two species. We wanted to answer the question: Do widespread plant species have a higher competition ability than endemic plant species?\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Survival percentage\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the field monitoring experiment, number of living individuals of both plant species decreased after flood retreat (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). There was an obvious difference in the survival percentage between the two plant species, except in the boxes with the planting ratio of 14:1. With the increase in individual number, the survival percentage of \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e increased, whereas that of \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e did not obviously change.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividual numbers of \u003cem\u003eTriarrhena lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e) and \u003cem\u003ePhragmites australis\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e) in 1 m\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e areas before and after flooding (BF and AF, respectively) in the five fixed communities in East Dongting Lake wetlands.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"14\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9:0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10:5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7:6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0:11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"14\"\u003eNote: The ratios 9:0, 14:1, 10:5, 7:6, and 0:11 are the ratios of individual numbers of \u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e to \u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e in a square meter.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the control experiment, both species had decreased survival percentage during the experiment, except for \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e in boxes with the planting patterns of 3:1, 1:3, and 0:4 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). At the same harvest time, \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e showed a lower survival percentage than \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e, except in boxes with the planting pattern of 1:3 on the 60th day.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurvival percentages (%) of \u003cem\u003eTriarrhena lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e) and \u003cem\u003ePhragmites australis\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e) on the 60th, 120th, and 180th days of plant transplantation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"14\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4:0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0:4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"14\"\u003eNote: The ratios 4:0, 3:1, 2:2, 1:3, and 0:4 are the planting patterns described in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Plant biomass, relative growth rate, and relative elongation rate\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the field monitoring experiment, \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e showed relatively higher aboveground biomass than \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e before flooding and lower aboveground biomass than \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e after flood retreat (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). During the flooding period, \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e had a higher relative growth rate and lower relative elongation rate than \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the control experiment, \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e showed relatively higher biomass than \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e in the early growth stage, whereas no obvious difference in the biomass between these two species was observed in the later growth stage (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, plant biomass showed different change trends with the changes in planting patterns. On the 60th day, there was no significant difference in plant biomass between the two species in any of the four patterns. On the 120th day, the biomass of \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e was higher in boxes with the 1:3 planting pattern than in boxes with the other three patterns, and that of \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e was higher in boxes with the 3:1 planting pattern than in boxes with the 2:2 planting pattern. On the 180th day, the biomass of \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e was higher in boxes with the 2:2 planting pattern than in boxes with the 4:0 and 3:1 planting pattern, whereas the biomass of \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e did not show significant differences among the four planting patterns.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the control experiment, the relative growth and elongation rates were lower in \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e than in \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e in the period of 60\u0026ndash;120 days, whereas they were not significant different between the two plant species in the periods of 0\u0026ndash;60 and 120\u0026ndash;180 days. In the period of 0\u0026ndash;60 days, there were no significant differences in the relative growth and elongation rates between the two species in any of the four patterns. In the period of 60\u0026ndash;120 days, the relative growth rate of \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e was lower in boxes with the 3:1 planting pattern and higher in boxes with the 1:3 planting pattern, and that of \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e was not significantly different in boxes with any of the four patterns. Furthermore, the relative elongation rate of either species did not differ among the four patterns. In the period of 120\u0026ndash;180 days, the relative growth and elongation rates of \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e were lower in boxes with the 1:3 planting pattern than in boxes with the other patterns, and those of \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e were lower in boxes with the 3:1 planting pattern than in boxes with the other patterns.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Relative competition intensity and relative yield\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the field monitoring experiment, the relative competition intensity of the two plant species was different between two time points (before and after flooding) and three mixed communities (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). In \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e, flooding increased the relative competition intensity in boxes with the 14:1 and 10:5 patterns and decreased in boxes with the 7:6 pattern. In \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e, flooding increased the relative competition intensity in boxes with the 14:1 and 7:6 patterns and decreased in boxes with the 10:5 pattern. The relative competition intensity of \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e was higher than that of \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e. The relative yield of the two plant species also differed between two time points (before and after flooding) and three mixed communities. The relative yield of \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e (\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;1) was lower than that of \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1). Generally, the relative yield total in the three mixed communities and at the two time points was greater than one, indicating that the plants had different niches in the different communities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative competition intensity (\u003cem\u003eRCI\u003c/em\u003e), relative yield (\u003cem\u003eRY\u003c/em\u003e), and relative yield total (\u003cem\u003eRYT\u003c/em\u003e) of \u003cem\u003eTriarrhena lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e) and \u003cem\u003ePhragmites australis\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e) before and after flooding (BF and AF, respectively).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRY\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRYT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10:5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7:6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10:5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7:6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eNote: The ratios 14:1, 10:5, and 7:6 are the individual numbers of \u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e to \u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e in a square meter.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the control experiment, the relative competition intensity of \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e decreased in boxes with the 3:1 and 2:2 planting patterns and increased in boxes with the 1:3 planting pattern over time (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). However, the relative competition intensity of \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e decreased in boxes with the 3:1 and 1:3 planting patterns and increased in boxes with the 2:2 planting pattern. In general, \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e had lower relative competition intensity than \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e in boxes with the 1:3 planting pattern on the 60th day and in boxes with the 2:2 planting pattern on the 120th day, and higher relative competition intensity than \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e did in boxes with the other patterns. The relative yield of \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e increased in boxes with the 3:1, 2:2, and 1:3 planting patterns over time (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). However, the relative yield of \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e decreased in boxes with the 2:2 planting pattern of and increased in boxes with the 3:1 and 1:3 planting patterns over time. In general, \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e showed lower relative yield than \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e in boxes with the 1:3 and 2:2 planting patterns on the 60th day and in boxes with the 1:3 planting pattern on the 120th day, and higher relative yield than \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e did in boxes with the other patterns. Relative yield total of both plants in all three patterns and three harvest times was greater than one, indicating that the plants had different niches in different planting patterns.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative competition intensity (\u003cem\u003eRCI\u003c/em\u003e), relative yield (\u003cem\u003eRY\u003c/em\u003e), and relative yield total (\u003cem\u003eRYT\u003c/em\u003e) of \u003cem\u003eTriarrhena lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e) and \u003cem\u003ePhragmites australis\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e) on the 60th, 120th, and 180th days of plant transplantation. The ratios 4:0, 3:1, 2:2, 1:3, and 0:4 are the planting patterns described in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatterns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRY\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRYT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.31 \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86 \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.08 \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93 \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.37 \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.37 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78 \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.92 \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79 \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.92 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.42 \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.42 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86 \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.80 \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.80 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95 \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.25 \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.87 \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.87 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86 \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.40 \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.40 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eNote: * indicates that the competition ability was strong; a indicates that intraspecific competition was higher than interspecific competition; e indicates that intraspecific competition was lower than interspecific competition.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Relative efficiency index and expected relative efficiency index\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the field monitoring experiment, relative efficiency index was lower than expected relative efficiency index, indicating that \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e would be the dominant species over time (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). In the period of 0\u0026ndash;60 days, the relative efficiency index was lower than expected in boxes with the 3:1 and 2:2 patterns and higher than expected in boxes with the 1:3 pattern; indicating that in this period, \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e would be the dominant species in boxes with the former patterns and \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e would be the dominant species in boxes with the latter pattern (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). In the same way, in the period of 60\u0026ndash;120 days, \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e would be the dominant species in boxes with the 3:1 pattern, and \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e would be the dominant species in boxes with the 2:2 and 1:3 patterns. In the period of 120\u0026ndash;180 days, \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e would be the dominant species in boxes with the 3:1 and 2:2 patterns, and \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e would be the dominant species in boxes with the 1:3 pattern. During the whole experimental period (0\u0026ndash;180 days), \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e would be the dominant species in boxes with mixed patterns.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative efficiency index (\u003cem\u003eREI\u003c/em\u003e) and expected relative efficiency index (\u003cem\u003eREI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eexp\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) during flooding.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eREI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eREI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eexp\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10:5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7:6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle communities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89 \u003csup\u003eP\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31 \u003csup\u003eP\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47 \u003csup\u003eP\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eNote: The ratios 14:1, 10:5, and 7:6 are the individual numbers of \u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e to \u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e in a square meter; P indicates that \u003cem\u003ePhragmites australis\u003c/em\u003e would be the dominant species.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative efficiency index (\u003cem\u003eREI\u003c/em\u003e) and expected relative efficiency index (\u003cem\u003eREI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eexp\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) in the periods of 0\u0026ndash;60, 60\u0026ndash;120, 120\u0026ndash;180, and 0\u0026ndash;180 days.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eREI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eREI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eexp\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2:2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle planting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.03 \u003csup\u003eP\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25 \u003csup\u003eP\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96 \u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u0026ndash;120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.08 \u003csup\u003eP\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04 \u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.10 \u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u0026ndash;180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78 \u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01 \u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.09 \u003csup\u003eP\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.33 \u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29 \u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.23 \u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eNote: The ratios 3:1, 2:2, and 1:3 are the planting patterns described in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e; T indicates that \u003cem\u003eTriarrhena lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e would be the dominant species; P indicates that means \u003cem\u003ePhragmites australis\u003c/em\u003e would be the dominant species.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003ePlant survival is one of the most direct reflections of plant adaptation, especially under environmental stress. In our field monitoring experiment, both investigated plant species showed decreased survival percentage during flooding, and this decreased survival percentage was not obviously different between the species. However, in the control experiment, the survival percentage of \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e decreased greatly and that of \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e did not vary obviously over time, indicating that \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e exhibited higher survival percentage than \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e. The possible reason for this is that \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e, which is a widespread species, has higher ability of adaptation to environmental changes than \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e, an endemic species, does\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant growth also can reflect plant adaptation to environmental stress. In our field monitoring experiment, \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e had higher aboveground biomass before flooding and higher relative elongation rate, whereas \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e had higher aboveground biomass after flooding and higher relative growth rate. However, in the control experiment, plant biomass, relative growth rate, and relative elongation rate were not obviously different between the two species. These different results in plant growth between the field monitoring experiment and the control experiment may be because of flooding. In the field experiment, five-month flooding caused different response patterns in the plants: the well-developed stem porosity in \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e led to increased oxygen transmission from the aboveground parts to the belowground parts and resulted in increased growth, whereas the relatively lower stem porosity in \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e forced rapid vertical stem elongation so that stems are able to reach the water surface and access oxygen from the air\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In the control experiment, the two plants showed similar growth characteristics because of the absence of flooding stress.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant competition can be determined by competition intensity and is associated with community characteristics, such as biomass, density, and proportion\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Similar to the growth performance, the competition performance of the two species also differed between the field monitoring experiment and the control experiment. In the control experiment, \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e showed a higher competition ability than \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e in the early growth stage and lower competition ability than \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e in the middle and later growth stages. However, in the field monitoring experiment, \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e showed higher competition ability than \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e both before and after flooding. These differences may be related to flooding stress; in the field monitoring experiment, five-month flooding reduced the competition ability of \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e and improved the competition ability of \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant competition ability includes the ability of intraspecific and interspecific competition\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In the field monitoring experiment, intraspecific competition was higher in \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e, and interspecific competition was higher in \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e. However, over time, the competition changed from intraspecific to interspecific in \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e and from intraspecific to interspecific in \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e. Competition often leads to species occupying different ecological niches\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Relative yield total in both the field monitoring and the control experiment were greater than one, indicating that the two plant species had different niches. We found that \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e would become the dominant species in the field monitoring experiment, and \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e would become the dominant species in the control experiment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAltogether, the present study showed that the competition ability of plant species varied depending on environmental conditions. In the non-submergence habitat, the competition ability of \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e was higher than that of \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e, whereas the opposite was true in the water submergence habitat. In the Dongting Lake wetlands, the five-month flooding period led to \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e becoming the dominant species, and the seven-month non-flooding period led to \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e becoming the dominant species. Therefore, niche differences between the two species enable their coexistence in the Dongting Lake wetlands under the influence of seasonal flooding.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Methods","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec9\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Study site\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Yangtze River is connected to Dongting Lake through three inlets (Songzikou, Taipingkou, Ouchikou) and one outlet (Chenglingji). Dongting Lake covers an area of 2625 km\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e (28\u0026deg;38\u0026prime;\u0026ndash;29\u0026deg;45\u0026prime; N, 111\u0026deg;40\u0026prime;\u0026ndash;113\u0026deg;10\u0026prime; E) and is divided into East, South, and West Dongting Lake. The lake is characterized by a subtropical monsoon climate, with an average annual temperature of 16.2\u0026ndash;17.8\u0026deg;C and 259\u0026ndash;277 frost-free days. The mean annual precipitation ranges from 1,200 to 1,415 mm, with the rainy season lasting from May to September. The average humidity is 80%, and the average evaporation is 1,270 mm. The annual mean wind speed is 2.0\u0026ndash;3.0 m s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and the elevation is 28\u0026ndash;35 m above sea level.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec10\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Field monitoring\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section3\" id=\"Sec11\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.2.1 Fixed plot selection\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn May 2018, five fixed plots consisting of three mixed and two single communities were selected in the beach of the Dongting Lake wetlands. The plots are submerged due to flooding from May to September and exposed from October to April of the next year. The fixed plot area was 25 m\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e (5\u0026times;5 m), and the basic characteristics of the plots are provided in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section3\" id=\"Sec12\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.2.2 Fixed plot monitoring\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn the fixed plots, the height and number of living individuals was recorded before flooding and after flood retreat. Simultaneously, six individuals were selected from each of the five plots, and their aboveground parts (leaves and stems) were collected and taken to the laboratory where they were dried until they reached a constant weight.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec13\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.3 Control experiment\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section3\" id=\"Sec14\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.3.1 Seed collection and germination\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn December 2017, seeds of \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e were collected from the bottomland (29\u0026deg;15\u0026apos;15\u0026apos;\u0026apos;N, 112\u0026deg;49\u0026apos;20\u0026apos;\u0026apos;E) of the East Dongting Lake wetlands and brought back to the laboratory at Hunan Agricultural University. The weight of thousand seeds was 0.350\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.018 g (mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard error) for \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e and 0.280\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.004 g for \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e. Seed length was 2.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.034 mm for \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e and 2.030\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.037 mm for \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e, and seed width was 0.540\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.014 mm for \u003cem\u003eT. lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e and 0.570\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.013 mm for \u003cem\u003eP. australis\u003c/em\u003e. In March 2018, the seeds were sown in the field and germinated.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section3\" id=\"Sec15\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.3.2 Seedling transplantation\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn April 2018, seedlings with aboveground height of 6\u0026ndash;8 cm were transplanted into basins (12 cm length, 12 cm width, and 15 cm height) containing 14 cm of soil (21 g kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e organic matter, 141 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e exchangeable N, and 11.4 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e exchangeable P). Four seedlings were planted in each basin, and five planting patterns (\u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e:\u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4:0, \u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e:\u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3:1, \u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e:\u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2:2, \u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e:\u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1:3, and \u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e:\u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0:4) were used (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). For example, the pattern of 3:1 indicated that there were three \u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e seedlings and one \u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e seedling in the basin. There were 24 basins for each pattern, with a total of 120 basins. Subsequently, 15 basins were placed into a bucket (68 cm length, 47 cm width, and 41 cm height) in the outdoors, and a total of eight buckets were used for the experiment (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Meanwhile, 12 plants of each species were collected initially and their dry weights were measured. Following seedling transplantation, water was added into the buckets until it reached the soil surface in the basin. This was the only time that water was added artificially into the bucket in order to simulate the natural environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section3\" id=\"Sec16\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.3.3 Seedling harvest\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter transplanting into basins, the plants were grown for 60 days, 120 days, and 180 days and harvested. For a specific planting pattern, eight basins were selected for harvesting. The plants were dug out of the soil and separated to maintain their integrity. The number of living plants, buds, and tillers for each species in a planting pattern were recorded. Dry biomass of their leaves, stems, roots, and buds was determined after drying at 80℃ until reaching constant weight.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec17\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.4 Data calculation and analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section3\" id=\"Sec18\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.4.1 Plant growth parameters\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurvival percentage was calculated as the number of living plants divided by the initial number of plants.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative growth rate (\u003cem\u003eRGR\u003c/em\u003e) was calculated using the following Eq.\u0026nbsp;2\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cem\u003eY\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is biomass at harvest time \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eY\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is biomass at harvest time \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative elongation rate (\u003cem\u003eRER\u003c/em\u003e) was calculated using the following Eq.\u0026nbsp;2\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cem\u003eh\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is plant height at harvest time \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eh\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is plant height at harvest time \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section3\" id=\"Sec19\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.4.2 Plant competition parameters\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative competition intensity (\u003cem\u003eRCI\u003c/em\u003e) can reflect plant competition ability in three mixed communities (14:1, 10:5, and 7:6) in field monitoring and three mixed planting patterns (3:1, 2:2, and 1:3) in control experiment and was calculated using the following equations\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Equation\" id=\"Equ4\"\u003e\u003cimg 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\u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cem\u003eY\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eY\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e are biomasses of species \u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e and species \u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e in two single communities (9:0 and 0:11) in field monitoring and two single planting patterns (4:0 and 0:4) in control experiment, respectively; \u003cem\u003eY\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eij\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eY\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eji\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e are biomasses of species \u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e and species \u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e in mixed communities or planting patterns, respectively. \u003cem\u003eRCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026gt; RCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e indicates that species \u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e has a higher competition ability than species \u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e; \u003cem\u003eRCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cem\u003e= RCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e indicates that species \u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e have the same competition ability; and \u003cem\u003eRCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026lt; RCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e indicates that species \u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e has a higher competition ability than species \u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e. The known trend is that the lower the relative competition intensity (\u003cem\u003eRCI\u003c/em\u003e), the greater the competition ability.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative yield (\u003cem\u003eRY\u003c/em\u003e) and relative yield total (\u003cem\u003eRYT\u003c/em\u003e) can reflect plant interspecific or intraspecific competition, and they were calculated using the following equations\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Equation\" id=\"Equ7\"\u003e\u003cimg 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\u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cem\u003eRY\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1 indicates that plants have higher interspecific competition than intraspecific competition; \u003cem\u003eRY\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1 indicates that plants have the same interspecific and intraspecific competition; and \u003cem\u003eRY\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1 indicates that plants have lower interspecific competition than intraspecific competition. \u003cem\u003eRYT\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1 indicates that plants inhabit the same niches; \u003cem\u003eRYT\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1 indicates that plants have partially the same niches; \u003cem\u003eRYT\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1 indicates that plants have different niches.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative efficiency index (\u003cem\u003eREI\u003c/em\u003e) and expected relative efficiency index (\u003cem\u003eREI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eexp\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) are used to predict the dynamic changes in plant species in mixed communities or patterns, and were calculated using the following equations (Shipley, 1993; Grace, 1995):\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cem\u003eY\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eij1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eY\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eij2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the biomass of species \u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e in mixed communities or planting patterns at harvest times \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, respectively; \u003cem\u003eY\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eji1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eY\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eji2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the biomass of species \u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e in mixed communities or planting patterns at harvest times \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, respectively. \u003cem\u003eY\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eY\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the biomass of species \u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e in single communities or planting patterns at harvest times \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, respectively; \u003cem\u003eY\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ej1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eY\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ej2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the biomass of species \u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e in single communities or planting patterns at harvest times \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, respectively. \u003cem\u003eREI\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eREI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eexp\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e indicates that in mixed communities or planting patterns, species \u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e will show increasing dominance over time; \u003cem\u003eREI\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eREI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eexp\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e indicates that in mixed communities or planting patterns, species \u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e will show stable dominance over time; and \u003cem\u003eREI\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eREI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eexp\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e indicates that in mixed communities or planting patterns, species \u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e will show decreasing dominance over time.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultiple comparisons at the significance level of 0.05 were used to analyze the difference in biomass, relative growth rate, relative elongation rate, tiller number, and bud number among different species and planting patterns. For these analyses, the IBM SPSS Statistics Version 22.0 software was used.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was supported by the Joint Fund for Regional Innovation and Development of NSFC (U21A2009), the Leading Plan for Scientific and Technological Innovation of High-tech Industries in Hunan Province (2020SK2019), the Key Program of Research and Development of Hunan Province (2022SK2088, 2019SK2336, 2019NK2011), and the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2021JJ30330).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eY L designed the study. Y D, Q Z, and Z P performed the field monitoring. Q Z and L X conducted the control experiment. All authors wrote the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting financial interests\u003c/strong\u003e: The authors declare no competing financial interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors declare that experimental research and field studies on plants (either cultivated or wild), including the collection of plant material complied with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors indicate that the datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChen, G., Sun, W., Wang, X., Kongkiatpaiboon, S. \u0026amp; Cai, X. Conserving threatened widespread species: a case study using a traditional medicinal plant in Asia. 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Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, \u003cb\u003e25\u003c/b\u003e(\u003cb\u003e10)\u003c/b\u003e, 2833\u0026ndash;2839 (in Chinese, 2014).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"survival, growth, competition, niche, submergence","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1369411/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1369411/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to compare the competition abilities of \u003cem\u003ePhragmites australis\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e), a widespread species, and \u003cem\u003eTriarrhena lutarioriparia\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e), an endemic species, in the Dongting Lake wetlands. Field monitoring indicated that during flooding, the two plant species showed decreased survival percentage, which did not differ noticeably between them. Control experiment indicated that \u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e exhibited higher survival percentage than \u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e. In the field monitoring, \u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e showed higher aboveground biomass before flooding and higher relative elongation rate, whereas \u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e showed higher aboveground biomass after flooding and higher relative growth rate. However, in the control experiment, plant biomass, relative growth rate, and relative elongation rate were not obviously different between the two species, and \u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e showed higher competition ability than \u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e in the early stage and lower competition ability than those of \u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e in the middle and later stages. The relative yield total in both the field monitoring and control experiment were greater than one, indicating that the two plant species occupied different niches. Compared to \u003cem\u003eTL\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePA\u003c/em\u003e had higher competition ability in non-submergence habitat and lower competition ability in water submergence habitat. Niche difference between the two species enabled their coexistence in the Dongting Lake wetlands under the influence of seasonal flooding.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Does a Widespread Species Have a Higher Competition Ability Than an Endemic Species? A Case Study in the Dongting Lake Wetlands","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-03-03 21:47:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1369411/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"707e76ee-9c16-4d0c-a90b-1ae8459ff39d","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 3rd, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-03-31T06:14:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-03-03 21:47:28","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1369411","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1369411","identity":"rs-1369411","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}