Interface Frictional Anisotropy of Dilative Sand

Interface Frictional Anisotropy of Dilative Sand | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Interface Frictional Anisotropy of Dilative Sand Muhammad Naqeeb Nawaz, Seung-Hun Lee, Song-Hun Chong, Taeseo Ku This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3646469/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 14 Mar, 2024 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Understanding direction-dependent friction anisotropy is necessary to optimize interface shear resistance across soil-structure. Previous studies estimated interface frictional anisotropy quantitatively using contractive sands. However, no studies have explored how sand with a high dilative tendency around the structural surface affects the interface shear response. In this study, a series of interface direct shear tests are conducted with selected French standard sand and snakeskin-inspired surfaces under three vertical stresses (50, 100, and 200 kPa) and two shearing directions (cranial → caudal or caudal → cranial). First, the sand-sand test observes a higher dilative response, and a significant difference between the peak and residual friction angles (ϕ peak - ϕ res = 8°) is obtained at even a lower initial relative density D r = 40%. In addition, the interface test results show that ( 1 ) shearing against the scales (cranial shearing) mobilizes a larger shear resistance and produces a dilative response than shearing along the scales (caudal shearing), ( 2 ) a higher scale height or shorter scale length exhibits a higher dilative tendency and produces a higher interface friction angle, and ( 3 ) the interface anisotropy response is more pronounced during cranial shearing in all cases. Further analysis reveals that the interface friction angle and dilation angle are decreased with the scale geometry ratio, and the first shearing effect is diminished during the second shearing response. Physical sciences/Engineering/Civil engineering Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Materials science Physical sciences/Materials science/Structural materials Frictional anisotropy dilative sand direct shear apparatus cranial shearing caudal shearing interface friction angle dilation angle Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 14 Mar, 2024 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 06 Feb, 2024 Reviews received at journal 04 Feb, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Jan, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 23 Nov, 2023 Editor assigned by journal 23 Nov, 2023 Editor invited by journal 23 Nov, 2023 Submission checks completed at journal 23 Nov, 2023 First submitted to journal 21 Nov, 2023 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3646469","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":252306512,"identity":"e98ee321-0924-4bd8-a018-a0f2c6734935","order_by":0,"name":"Muhammad Naqeeb Nawaz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sunchon National University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"Naqeeb","lastName":"Nawaz","suffix":""},{"id":252306513,"identity":"6c0fdccc-0b38-4f1e-a5f8-c50fdf47751b","order_by":1,"name":"Seung-Hun Lee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sunchon National University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Seung-Hun","middleName":"","lastName":"Lee","suffix":""},{"id":252306514,"identity":"45fe5225-8af5-491b-a1f4-7d6202a18a08","order_by":2,"name":"Song-Hun Chong","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAyElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCQY2ECWHJECkFmPStSQ2EK1Ffnbzswcfd9Smz28/e0yCocaOQXL2AfxaDO4cMzeceeZ47oYzeWkSDMeSGaT5Eghokchhk+ZtO5a7QYLHDOjIAwxyPIQcNgOiJV1+BkjLPyK0MNwAa6lJYLgB1MLYdoBBmpAWgxtpZpIz2w4YbjiTY2yR2JfMI9lD0GHJzyQ+ttXJy7efMbzx4ZudnMQZQg6DgMMQKoGBgaBPYKCOWIWjYBSMglEwEgEA0to5DOnSV+IAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Sunchon National University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Song-Hun","middleName":"","lastName":"Chong","suffix":""},{"id":252306515,"identity":"08ecbe9b-ae4c-4707-8050-b400310e8ddd","order_by":3,"name":"Taeseo Ku","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Konkuk University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Taeseo","middleName":"","lastName":"Ku","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-11-22 02:14:43","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3646469/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3646469/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56621-1","type":"published","date":"2024-03-14T15:00:51+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":52907488,"identity":"5552efb8-5193-4d9c-a36c-02e648c60681","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-18 15:12:40","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2321578,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ManuscriptScientificReports1stsubmission.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3646469/v1_covered_9ff32d13-cda8-4039-b2ac-b0b60d497c0f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Interface Frictional Anisotropy of Dilative Sand","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Frictional anisotropy, dilative sand, direct shear apparatus, cranial shearing, caudal shearing, interface friction angle, dilation angle","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3646469/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3646469/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eUnderstanding direction-dependent friction anisotropy is necessary to optimize interface shear resistance across soil-structure. Previous studies estimated interface frictional anisotropy quantitatively using contractive sands. However, no studies have explored how sand with a high dilative tendency around the structural surface affects the interface shear response. In this study, a series of interface direct shear tests are conducted with selected French standard sand and snakeskin-inspired surfaces under three vertical stresses (50, 100, and 200 kPa) and two shearing directions (cranial \u0026rarr; caudal or caudal \u0026rarr; cranial). First, the sand-sand test observes a higher dilative response, and a significant difference between the peak and residual friction angles (ϕ\u003csub\u003epeak\u003c/sub\u003e - ϕ\u003csub\u003eres =\u003c/sub\u003e 8\u0026deg;) is obtained at even a lower initial relative density D\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e = 40%. In addition, the interface test results show that (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) shearing against the scales (cranial shearing) mobilizes a larger shear resistance and produces a dilative response than shearing along the scales (caudal shearing), (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) a higher scale height or shorter scale length exhibits a higher dilative tendency and produces a higher interface friction angle, and (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) the interface anisotropy response is more pronounced during cranial shearing in all cases. Further analysis reveals that the interface friction angle and dilation angle are decreased with the scale geometry ratio, and the first shearing effect is diminished during the second shearing response.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Interface Frictional Anisotropy of Dilative Sand","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-11-28 15:23:49","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3646469/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-02-06T05:35:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-02-04T17:24:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"23442af1-c0b6-4994-956a-80d6dc5dde2b","date":"2024-01-25T17:50:44+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2023-11-23T08:53:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2023-11-23T08:52:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2023-11-23T05:17:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2023-11-23T05:16:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2023-11-22T02:03:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d2bd51df-1216-4242-ba79-cd17538ac161","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 28th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":26643077,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering/Civil engineering"},{"id":26643078,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":26643079,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"},{"id":26643080,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science/Structural materials"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-03-18T15:08:18+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3646469","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56621-1","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2024-03-14 15:00:51","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 14th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2023-11-28 15:23:49","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-024-56621-1","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56621-1","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3646469","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3646469","identity":"rs-3646469","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"cBFmMYwuxLRRLfASyISRj","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}