Development and Application Research of Self-Healing/Self-Adhesive Conductive MXene Hydrogels

Development and Application Research of Self-Healing/Self-Adhesive Conductive MXene Hydrogels | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Development and Application Research of Self-Healing/Self-Adhesive Conductive MXene Hydrogels Lang Liu, Susu Ge, Limei Zuo, Zhiqiang Li, Yanyan Wei This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8023207/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study employs polyvinyl alcohol borax hydrogels as a substrate. By incorporating tannic acid-modified cellulose nanocrystals (TA@CNC) and applying freeze-thaw cycles, the hydrogels acquire self-adhesive properties and enhanced mechanical performance. Concurrently, the addition of MXene and Al³⁺, coupled with reduced freeze-thaw duration, significantly improves the hydrogels' extensibility and strain-sensing capabilities. The prepared hydrogel exhibits macroscopically reparable damage through the cleavage and reformation of borate bonds. Increasing the TA@CNC content from 0 wt% to 0.4 wt% resulted in tensile strength increasing from 13.5 kPa to 33.3 kPa, elongation at break rising from 1350% to over 2000%, maximum adhesion to aluminium reaching 16.2 kPa, and a 60-second self-healing efficiency of 99.4%. MXene primarily imparts excellent electrical conductivity to the hydrogel due to its unique functional groups exhibiting good dispersion in water. With the incorporation of Al³⁺, the self-healing efficiency of the hydrogel after 24 hours increased from 73.9% to 87.3%. The recovery rate of the cyclic tensile curve under 200% strain reached 91.1%, demonstrating excellent resilience and fatigue resistance. This enables the conductive hydrogel not only to convert large strains into regular electrical signal curves but also to detect minute strains. Borate ester bond MXene Al³⁺ Self-adhesion Self-healing Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 01 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 31 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 09 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 04 Nov, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 04 Nov, 2025 First submitted to journal 03 Nov, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8023207","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":558652672,"identity":"c7e33548-cf32-4652-9b31-df57bb05513c","order_by":0,"name":"Lang Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lang","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":558652673,"identity":"8d38e4a5-f8e6-41da-a6e0-8697b517c067","order_by":1,"name":"Susu Ge","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Susu","middleName":"","lastName":"Ge","suffix":""},{"id":558652674,"identity":"b172ad74-40a7-455e-953b-88b3318127a2","order_by":2,"name":"Limei Zuo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Limei","middleName":"","lastName":"Zuo","suffix":""},{"id":558652676,"identity":"e72b7819-cae5-45bd-9abb-6bc2c7f498ca","order_by":3,"name":"Zhiqiang Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhiqiang","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":558652678,"identity":"79518072-4f1e-427e-be80-2c12081d2a55","order_by":4,"name":"Yanyan Wei","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAxklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLCChAoog4d4LWeABBtJWhjbSNFicCPH8MHDedaJ8+c3MD5428Ygb06EFmODxG3piRuOMTAbzm1jMNzZQFBL7jaJxG2HEzewMbBJ87YxJBgcIKxl+4/EOYcT57cxsP8mVss2hsSGw4kNxxjYmInSInnm/WeJhGPpxhuOJTZLzjknYbiBkBa+42mJH3/UWMvObz588MObMht5grYoXEgAUcxAzNgAJCQIqAcC+f4DMC2jYBSMglEwCnAAAOFCQ8gFlN3KAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yanyan","middleName":"","lastName":"Wei","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-11-04 01:23:24","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8023207/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8023207/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":98431387,"identity":"638980e4-d8cb-4681-bae8-255369345047","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:47:36","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2408349,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"DevelopmentandApplicationResearchofSelf.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/33043d11a8ee68be1a0929aa.docx"},{"id":98187644,"identity":"2ea3373b-1a55-41c0-9ec2-1fdadc5f03c9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 04:06:12","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6486,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"8701ad61c80f4e498a2c1bb65b500f38.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/c4a1313fba06aea935a33d1f.json"},{"id":98187649,"identity":"c51626d9-87d7-4d59-bbf1-27f45db79da4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 04:06:12","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":102606,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"8701ad61c80f4e498a2c1bb65b500f381enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/0794ad3eff2272f7fcf34cbe.xml"},{"id":98431607,"identity":"728f88eb-32fa-4567-bdda-e370f1188076","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:48:01","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":22574,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/75f266dbcff892aff8a4c52c.png"},{"id":98187643,"identity":"507ece8f-d454-4cd7-9a8d-5b32cdeddd85","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 04:06:12","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":60311,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/26356f2ec65d2518576f965d.png"},{"id":98432324,"identity":"2a9063a1-e0da-47ae-a28d-f612372f28f4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:49:24","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":112314,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/90948bc732d042068c3c2d69.png"},{"id":98431767,"identity":"06ce5f0e-d857-4bd3-8a9f-85aae4701c50","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:48:18","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":73779,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/f84668c5821966b4ba387714.png"},{"id":98430743,"identity":"7ce8a9fe-17ae-43f6-ad5a-0ecddeb6c5f6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:46:08","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":306986,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/65030e1854c94e14aa2dfbd0.png"},{"id":98623071,"identity":"af332cf0-a121-44ac-84af-835466d64556","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:04:23","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30566,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/1de3a9444eaddb6ad4dad54c.png"},{"id":98431283,"identity":"01095e82-90c2-4e26-bcf7-277f8cd0408a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:47:27","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":424026,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage15.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/efd72a1e3afc28b583acb379.jpeg"},{"id":98431417,"identity":"0bca4512-c1b1-44a9-a6a5-dd40614e2402","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:47:39","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":20686,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/d29071348618791cf796d27d.png"},{"id":98187680,"identity":"0588f0db-86f5-42bf-831e-fd65a942b350","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 04:06:13","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":592292,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/f46f8d04f728407a05091f37.png"},{"id":98187663,"identity":"24a37fb7-2d45-465c-b710-837ad10df2b5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 04:06:12","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":839836,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/ee805fef4bc230bc8acec45d.png"},{"id":98432131,"identity":"1e3252c3-3630-434e-926f-a1d620d5d04c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:49:04","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":27160,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/6eb7548739be05880fd45120.png"},{"id":98187652,"identity":"d5b6bfea-40df-4641-b32f-511b348fc985","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 04:06:12","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30698,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/80c65ee02e65b3bf7d927f95.png"},{"id":98187669,"identity":"d77c6377-1b39-4393-bc84-e4ac63767d25","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 04:06:13","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":85529,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/fed671dfe714db166f82e11d.png"},{"id":98187655,"identity":"deace68f-8028-428d-9ffc-cb251d9b29ac","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 04:06:12","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":78136,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/e542231a25f0fb55a7ade9a2.png"},{"id":98187650,"identity":"82838144-5b06-4628-9b7e-78f965f78b5f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 04:06:12","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":28237,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/f50f5d36adc9ff1916d1448c.png"},{"id":98431790,"identity":"e142c0cf-7b74-4cef-9976-fb37b8659f7f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:48:22","extension":"wmf","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":846,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image1.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/11cb1921c3c5cac0b9f81f2b.wmf"},{"id":98431567,"identity":"a2ce1d8e-241a-43ff-bffc-3a4ceefcbaea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:47:56","extension":"wmf","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":798,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image2.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/89e198f8799183f8cd02f438.wmf"},{"id":98431659,"identity":"05870991-2262-46e6-b6f5-f5c718493950","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:48:07","extension":"wmf","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":774,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image3.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/75e4654a37014c5c988d344a.wmf"},{"id":98187671,"identity":"d0801522-99d6-406f-b515-170009a5e0e9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 04:06:13","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":14542,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/6ff388729af8317294969d03.png"},{"id":98431976,"identity":"af5b73ba-5486-4678-b766-f17f51b4090d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:48:43","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":11576,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/53c0092efdda5f61d98326a5.png"},{"id":98187667,"identity":"79ba57d9-f3fb-4099-ae56-06cca46d5fdf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 04:06:13","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17124,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/8eb51562c6b76a6361f078e4.png"},{"id":98187656,"identity":"4081bad2-62b2-4790-84e8-bebc96c49ea2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 04:06:12","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":13494,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/5a4607277fd0780ae16ff74d.png"},{"id":98187674,"identity":"4fedc4de-6a58-4168-b9d9-9e7c29bcf0ad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 04:06:13","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":45305,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/8aa054530a81acbc9c6981ce.png"},{"id":98187657,"identity":"4fe3063c-fcf7-4fcd-874b-fd4cb946b051","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 04:06:12","extension":"png","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":13549,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/5c8e070afbdc66c3cf9eb546.png"},{"id":98431969,"identity":"77b3b883-fc4e-4bb2-9ad1-c0fdd08fa75e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:48:42","extension":"png","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":76030,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/d8a7b7345c1edda9914c57a5.png"},{"id":98187659,"identity":"7bcf7916-8663-42ea-9ea1-ba4356398bb7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 04:06:12","extension":"png","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":13424,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/47eb722482782fd527e76b02.png"},{"id":98187665,"identity":"476ca473-daf5-407e-aed2-f5b0f2e664ab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 04:06:13","extension":"png","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":137485,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/c4aec1ae08fe3aa46ed63c44.png"},{"id":98187676,"identity":"328e279b-8651-40b4-98c9-89df2adb2f0b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 04:06:13","extension":"png","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":196115,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/72067294861b39782cbb2372.png"},{"id":98431363,"identity":"04fb1bb4-0647-4275-b9e1-81fe62e1fcb7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:47:34","extension":"png","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":11615,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/6a58aaaee8e5f2e4944a1825.png"},{"id":98187678,"identity":"57ae42d6-8145-45a0-81e1-94f79e37b28f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 04:06:13","extension":"png","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":8003,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/c0f4f131320b55cf9b4aab36.png"},{"id":98187658,"identity":"7204a1ed-1409-4cb6-9a96-ea534740023a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 04:06:12","extension":"png","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":20746,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/83fde713980cfe8df5f2f41b.png"},{"id":98187679,"identity":"9f115f1b-f027-45c0-a113-c2ffce0a20cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 04:06:13","extension":"png","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":16134,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/a0ea249b2085395c5f0f6b85.png"},{"id":98187684,"identity":"87f22cd1-1aa8-462e-9019-a45b80c4cb3c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 04:06:14","extension":"png","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":10520,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/c8d0e4c046aea525e38214f5.png"},{"id":98431462,"identity":"ba1a812f-1028-44c3-b585-ab7c9ff23e9d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:47:44","extension":"png","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1008,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/d7898afce3334df217466333.png"},{"id":98431401,"identity":"2ff5b025-4e95-4521-a3d8-10bbe29bb982","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:47:38","extension":"png","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":912,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/1965d36105a95d80f959533e.png"},{"id":98187677,"identity":"812fd221-0e2c-465b-8ad7-a4df907aa5b6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 04:06:13","extension":"png","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":976,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/edefd9136d2f5cde4e4425e0.png"},{"id":98431377,"identity":"7da6bfd2-fb44-4225-abad-00cd93874356","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:47:36","extension":"xml","order_by":39,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":100776,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"8701ad61c80f4e498a2c1bb65b500f381structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/b24e987b82094e8772a747b0.xml"},{"id":98187682,"identity":"7a5e3ad0-cb2e-417b-b9de-0948632cf4d5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 04:06:13","extension":"html","order_by":40,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":109146,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1/ecc6a33422ad57b6fdf2244c.html"},{"id":98631267,"identity":"5bd865a8-2899-481e-94f2-80ffb54afc86","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:19:36","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1031838,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"DevelopmentandApplicationResearchofSelf.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8023207/v1_covered_ff6d81b4-07a1-444c-962f-0c311779da76.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Development and Application Research of Self-Healing/Self-Adhesive Conductive MXene Hydrogels","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"polymer-bulletin","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pobu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Polymer Bulletin](http://link.springer.com/journal/289)","snPcode":"289","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/289/3","title":"Polymer Bulletin","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Borate ester bond, MXene, Al³⁺, Self-adhesion, Self-healing","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8023207/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8023207/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study employs polyvinyl alcohol borax hydrogels as a substrate. By incorporating tannic acid-modified cellulose nanocrystals (TA@CNC) and applying freeze-thaw cycles, the hydrogels acquire self-adhesive properties and enhanced mechanical performance. Concurrently, the addition of MXene and Al\u0026sup3;⁺, coupled with reduced freeze-thaw duration, significantly improves the hydrogels' extensibility and strain-sensing capabilities. The prepared hydrogel exhibits macroscopically reparable damage through the cleavage and reformation of borate bonds. Increasing the TA@CNC content from 0 wt% to 0.4 wt% resulted in tensile strength increasing from 13.5 kPa to 33.3 kPa, elongation at break rising from 1350% to over 2000%, maximum adhesion to aluminium reaching 16.2 kPa, and a 60-second self-healing efficiency of 99.4%. MXene primarily imparts excellent electrical conductivity to the hydrogel due to its unique functional groups exhibiting good dispersion in water. With the incorporation of Al\u0026sup3;⁺, the self-healing efficiency of the hydrogel after 24 hours increased from 73.9% to 87.3%. The recovery rate of the cyclic tensile curve under 200% strain reached 91.1%, demonstrating excellent resilience and fatigue resistance. This enables the conductive hydrogel not only to convert large strains into regular electrical signal curves but also to detect minute strains.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Development and Application Research of Self-Healing/Self-Adhesive Conductive MXene Hydrogels","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-15 04:06:07","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8023207/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-02T03:57:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-31T07:19:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"7959371278811437423370587511305490616","date":"2025-12-10T07:11:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-10T04:43:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-04T14:15:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-04T14:12:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Polymer Bulletin","date":"2025-11-04T01:17:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"polymer-bulletin","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pobu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Polymer Bulletin](http://link.springer.com/journal/289)","snPcode":"289","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/289/3","title":"Polymer Bulletin","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a6abfd8a-25ed-47c9-922b-a844c18c55b7","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 15th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-19T02:09:07+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-15 04:06:07","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8023207","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8023207","identity":"rs-8023207","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}