Hypertension and associated factors in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral treatment in Burundi: a cross-sectional study

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Hypertension is a major public health issue in Africa, largely underdiagnosed. In addition, higher rates of hypertension are reported in HIV-infected persons, especially when under anti-retroviral therapy (ART). The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of hypertension and associated factors among HIV-infected adults in Burundi, treated by ART. Methods : A cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV-infected subjects older than age of 20, managed in 5 healthcare centers of people living with HIV (PLWH). The questionnaire and anthropometric measurements of the World Health Organization STEPWISE survey were used. Blood pressure was measured according to the ESC 2018 recommendations. Results: 1250 HIV-infected patients were included (18.4% men), mean age 42.8±7.4 years. The prevalence of hypertension was 17.4% (95% CI: 13.2-22.1). Almost 47.25 % of HIV patients with hypertension were previously undiagnosed. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with HTN were overweight (OR: 2.88; 95% CI: 1.46-5.62) and obesity (OR: 2.65; 95% CI: 1.27-5.55), longer duration of HIV infection: ≥ 10 years (OR: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.14-3.20), diabetes (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.37-3. 32) and age (OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.09-1.14). Conclusions Despite their young age, almost 20% of patients with ART-treated HIV had hypertension, among whom 50% were undiagnosed. Blood pressure monitoring is of major importance among these patients, especially among those identified at high-risk, with prompt life- and disability-saving interventions. Human immunodeficiency virus Hypertension Burundi Antiretroviral therapy Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Background Worldwide, 37.6 million people are living with HIV among whom 67% in sub-Saharan Africa 1 . The antiretroviral therapy (ART) protocols allowed a substantial decrease in HIV-related mortality and a better long-term survival. Previous studies reported that the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors is generally higher in HIV-infected patients compared to the general population 2 . Hypertension is a public health issue in Africa, especially as it is largely underdiagnosed 3,4 . Heterogenous studies suggested that HIV-infected persons under ART have a higher prevalence of HTN when compared non-infected individuals 5–9 and the reported prevalence of hypertension in people living with HIV (PLWH) on ART and the ART-naive PLWH ranged from 6 to 50% and 2 to 41%, respectively 10 . Another larger meta-analysis including all studies worldwide showed that 35% of all HIV-infected adults on ART have HTN in comparison with an estimated 12% of HIV-uninfected adults 11 . While according to data from the Demographic and Health Surveys III 2016–2017, HIV infection in Burundi is “epidemic” with a prevalence of 0.9% among the general population aged 15 to 49 years with a seroprevalence of 1.2% in women and 0.6% in men in the same age group 12 , the prevalence of HTN in PLWH in Burundi is unknown. Thus, the aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of HTN and associated factors in a large group of HIV infected rural and urban adults on ART in Burundi. Methods From december 2020 to october 2021, a cross-sectional study was conducted among all HIV-infected outpatients attending, consecutively, the healthcare centres in five regions covering rural and urban areas in Burundi. Inclusion criteria were: age ≥ 20 years, positive HIV status and currently under ART (≥ 1 years). The exclusion criteria were age under 20, no ART or refusal to participate. The study obtained the approval of the National Ethics review Committee (NEC) from Burundi (Comité National d’Ethique pour la protection des êtres humains sujets de la recherche biomedicale et comportementale, Burundi (FM/CE/01/11/2020). For those who accepted to participate in our study, the free and informed consent of all subjects was obtained. The research reported in the paper was undertaken in compliance with Helsinki Declaration. Definitions and data collection Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured, in seated position, after a rest of at least 15 minutes, using an automatic device (OMRON M3, OMRON Corporation Japan). Three measures were performed, in both arms, at 5-min intervals in accordance to the 2018 ESC Guidelines 13 . The average of the last two measurements was used in the analyses. Hypertension was defined according to self-reported ongoing antihypertensive treatment, or SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg. Weight was measured with no shoes and in light clothing using a Medisina® scale balance to the nearest 100g (Seca, Humburg, Germany) and height was measured using a stadiometer with no shoes to the nearest 0.1 cm. We calculated the body mass index (BMI) as: weight (kg)/height (m 2 ). BMI was classified as underweight BMI < 18.5 kg/m 2 , normal weight: BMI = 18.5–24.9 kg/m 2 , (BMI < 25kg/m 2 ), overweight (25-29.9 kg/m 2 and obese (BMI ≥ 30kg/m 2 ). Adequate physical activity was defined according to the WHO 2020 guidelines 14 as engaging in at least 150 minutes of moderate work or sports or at least 75 minutes of vigorous intensity work or sport per week. The participants were considered as smokers if they smoke at least one cigarette or other local tobacco products for the last 24 months and alcohol consumer if they take at least local beer or another alcohol drinks within the past two weeks. Diabetes was defined if fasting blood glucose is 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) 15 or higher or current antidiabetic treatment . Clinical information, as duration of HIV infection, duration on ART, HIV clinical stages and types of ART regimens, were recorded. According to current Burundian guidelines 16 viral load, < 1000 copies/mL is defined as viral suppression, while viral load < 50 copies/mL is defined as undetectable. We used an adapted standardized STEPS WHO questionnaire to collect data and data were collected through a face-to-face interview, a clinical examination and laboratory tests were done. Clinical data were extracted from Centre records. Statistical analysis Data forms were checked, validated, coded, entered into the computer, and checked for quality control. The quantitative variables were presented using mean ± standard deviation (SD). The normality of continuous variables was analyzed by the Shapiro-Wilk test. The distribution of quantitative variables was compared by Student's t-test for variables following a normal distribution and Man Whitney for variables not following a normal distribution. Qualitative variables were described as numbers, proportions, and quantitative variables as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Chi-square tests or Fisher’s exact test were used to compare proportions between groups. In order to determine independent risk factors associated with hypertension among HIV infected patients a multivariate logistic regression model with included backward stepwise procedure was performed. Variables included in the first multivariate model were those with a p-value ≤ 0.25 in the univariate model. The level of significance for all the statistical analyses was set at 0.05. Data were analysed using STATA 12 software packages (version 12.0, College Station, TX). Results From December 2020 to October 2021, 1250 were included in the study, 230 (18.4%) were men and 1020 (81.6%) women. The mean age of our participants was 42 ± 8.3 years with no difference between men and women (p = 0.06). The characteristics of our study population are detailed in Table 1 . The general prevalence of HTN in our population was 17.4% (95% CI: 12.41–22.47) similar in men and women (p = 0.32). Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants by sex. Characteristics Gender Total population n(%) Male n (%) Female n (%) p-value Male VS. female n = 1250 n = 230 n = 1020 Sociodemographic variables Age (yr,mean ± SD) 42 ± 8.3 43.53 ± 6.7 42.68 ± 7.5 0.06 Occupation Farmer/breeder 593(47.4) 86(37.3) 507(47.9) < 0.0001 Homemade/retired 336(26.8) 104(45.5) 232(22.7) Jobless 191(15.2) 32(13.9) 159(15.5) Employee/government 130(10.4) 8(3.4) 122(11.9) Residence Rural 867(68.3) 167(72.6) 700(68.6) 0.237 Urban 383(30.6) 63(27.3) 320(31.3) Marital status Single 29(2.32) 4(1.7) 25(2.4) < 0.0001 Married 820(65.6) 191(93.1) 629(61.6) Divorced 147(20.3) 15(6.5) 239(23.4) Widow 254(11.7) 20(8.7) 127(12.4) HIV risk factors Duration of HIV (yr,mean ± SD) 12.02 ± 4.3 11.5 ± 3.90 12.13 ± 4.46 0.96 WHO clinical stage Stage 1 209(16.7) 39(16.9) 170(16.6) 0.33 Sage 2 404(32.3) 68(29.5) 336(32.9) Stage 3 572(45.7) 115(50) 457(44.8) Stage 4 65(5.2) 8(3.4) 57(5.5) Cardiovascular risk factors Diabetes mellitus 136(10.8) 34(14.7) 102(10) 0.03 Current smoking 28(2.2) 9(93.9) 19(1.8) 0.06 Alcohol use 412(32.9) 78(33.9) 334(32.7) 0.73 Physical activity (< 150min/week) 33(2.6) 5(2.2) 28(2.7) 0.72 Hypertension 218(17.4) 15(15.2) 183(17.9) 0.32 Fruit and vegetables (< 5/week) 175(16.9) 43(19.7) 175(16.9) 0.32 Known hypertension 115(52.7) 19(54.2) 96(52.4) 0.84 Characteristics of HIV infected participants stratified by hypertension are presented in Table 2 . Prevalence of hypertension of our participants increased significantly with age (p = 0.007), duration of HIV (0.007), WHO clinical stage of HIV (p = 0.02), BMI (p < 0.0001), diabetes mellitus (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, no significant relation observed with alcohol use and prevalence of hypertension (p = 0.108). Table 2 Characteristics of HIV infected participants stratified by hypertension status Variables Hypertension Overall (n = 1250) yes( n=%)) no (n=%) p-value Sex 0.386 Male 230 (18.4) 35(16.1) 195(18.9) Female 1020(81.6) 183(83.9) 837(81.1) Mea age(yr,mean ± SD) 42.83 ± 7.4 47.55 ± 7.6 41.8 ± 6.9 < 0.0001 Residence Rural 867(69.3) 145(66.5) 722(69.9) 0.316 Urban 383(30.6) 73(33.4) 310(30.1) Marital status Single 29(2.3) 4(1.8) 25(2.4) < 0.0001 Married 820(65.) 110(50.4) 710(68.8) Divorced 147(20.3) 68(31.1) 186(18.1) Widow 254(11.7) 36(16.5) 111(10.7) Duration of HIV (mean) 12.1 ± 4.3 13.3 ± 4.2 11.75 ± 4.34 0.63 Duration of HIV 0.007 ≤ 5 years 51(4.1) 4(1.3) 47(4.5) 5–9 years 342(27.3) 46(21.1) 296(26.6) ≥ 10 years 857(68.5) 168(77.1) 689(66.7) Duration group on ART ≤ 5 years 58(4.6) 6(2.57) 52(5.1) 0.193 5–9 years 449(35.9) 73(33.4) 376(36.4) ≥ 10 years 743(59.4) 139(63.7) 604(58.5) WHO clinical stage 0.02 Stage 1 209(16.7) 41(41.8) 168(16.2) Stage 2 404(32.3) 82(37.6) 322(31.2) Stage 3 572(45.7) 91(41.7) 481(46.6) Stage 4 65(5.2) 4(1.8) 61(5.9) HIV viral load (dectable) 74(5.9) 5(2.2) 213(97.7) 0.083 Diabetes 136(10.8) 41(18.8) 95(9.2) < 0.0001 Current smokers 28(2.24) 0 28(2.7) 0.009 Alcohol use 412(32.9) 82(37.6) 330(31.9) 0.108 Occupation Farmer/breeder 593(47.4) 103(47.2) 490(47.4) 0.779 Homemade/retired 336(26.8) 56(25.6) 280(27.1) Jobless 191(15.2) 38(17.4) 153(14.8) Employee/government employee 130(10.4) 21(9.6) 109(10.5) Body Mass Index < 0.0001 < 18.5 133(10.6) 12(5.5) 121(11.7) 18.5–24.9 649(51.9) 98(44.9) 551(53.3) 25.0-29.9 82(37.6) 82(37.6) 236(25.4) ≥ 30.0 26(11.9) 26(11.9) 97(9.4) The awareness, treatment and controlled ratios of hypertension among male and female are presented in Fig. 1 . Awareness ratio differed between men and women (54.29% vs 52.46%; p = 0.0001). No difference in the prevalence was observed between men and women (15.22% vs 17.94%; p = 0.384). Among hypertensive participants, 47.2% were not aware of their condition (Fig. 2 ). Rural patients were higher (68.36%) and 47.4% were farmer or breeder, used less smokeless tobacco (2.2%) and had a longer duration of HIV infection and duration on ART. The SBP and DPP mean of unknown HTA was respectively 14.52 ± 0.6 cm Hg and 9.33 ± 0.5 cm Hg. Overall, 35(15.2%) men and 183 (17.94%) had blood pressure and there were no difference between men and women (p = 0.32) . Only 49.08% hypertensive HIV revealed receiving antihypertensive treatment (Fig. 2 ) and there was no difference in the prevalence of receiving antihypertensive between male and female (54.29% vs.48.09, p = 0.50 ) but thy we observed a difference between controlled hypertension in men and women (34.29% vs. 12.57%, p = 0.004). In multivariate analysis, hypertension was significantly and independently associated with older age, longer duration of HIV infection, diabetes and overweight/obesity (table 3). Table 3: Factors associated with hypertension among HIV infected patients under ART in Burundi univariate analysis Multivariate analysis Odds Ratio CI 95% p-value Odds Ratio CI 95% p-value Age 1.1 [1.1-1.1] <0.0001 1.1 [1.1-1.1] <0.0001 Sex Female ref Male 1.2 [0.8-1.8] 0.32 Age group 25-34 ref 35-44 1.3 [0.7-2.5] 0.304 ≥45 4.4 [2.4-7.9] <0.0001 4.2 [2.1-8.38] <0.0001 Residence Rural ref Urban 1.1 [0.85-1.60] 0.316 Marital status Single ref Married 0.9 [0.3-2.8] 0.95 Divorced 1.7 [0.7-6.8] 0.13 1.8 [0.1-1.1] 0.06 Widow 2 [0.6-6.2] 0.21 2.1 [0.2-2.4] 0.63 Duration of HIV ≤5 years ref 5-9 years 1.8 [0.62-5.30] 0.26 5.39 [0.6-42.4] 0.109 ≥10 years 2.8 [1-8.1] <0.0001 9.01 [1.0-76.2] 0.043 Duration group on ART 0.1 [0.9-1.1] 0.23 0.11 [0.7-1.2] 0.31 WHO clinical stage Stage 1 ref Stage 2 1.1 [0.6-1.5] 0.84 Stage 3 0.7 [0.5-1.1] 0.22 0.68 [0.4-1.1] 0.105 Stage 4 0.2 [0.0-0.7] 0.01 0.28 [0.01-0.8] 0.028 Diabetes 2.2 [1.5-3.4] <0.0001 2.05 [1.3-3.1] 0.001 Alcohol use 1.3 [0.9-1.7] 0.108 1.24 [0.8-1.7] 0.187 Occupation Farmer/breeder ref Homemade/retired 1.8 [0.7-1.7] 0.43 Jobless 0.9 [0.5-1.5] 0.73 Employee/government employe 0.9 [0.6-1.35] 0.78 Body Mass Index < 18.5 ref 18.5-24.9 1.7 [0.9-3.3] 0.07 1.62 [0.8-3.1] 0.145 25-29.9 3.1 [1.6-5.9] <0.0001 3.05 [1.5-5.9] 0.001 ≥ 30 2.7 [1.2-5.6] 0.008 2.4 [1.1-5.1] 0.026 Discussion To our knowledge, this is the first study in eastern Africa reporting the prevalence of hypertension in males and females outpatients treated in urban and rural areas for HIV infection. The main result and strong message of our study is the very high prevalence of HTN in PLWH despite the young age (almost 20%) whom almost one half are unaware of their condition. The prevalence of 17.5% in our population is comparable to those reported in Ethiopia (17.1%), South Africa (19.1%) and Malawi (19.5%) 17–19 , but lower than those reported in Cameroon (38.6%), Tanzania (28.7%), Senegal (28.1%) and Uganda(27.9%) 20–23 . The disparity in prevalence of HTN among different sub- Saharan African countries may be related for several reasons, including genetic and socioeconomic conditions, the duration and clinical stages of HIV, the types of ART therapy and the selected study population (e.g. hospitalized vs. outpatients). Long-term antiretroviral treatment, the chronic inflammation and the immune activation associated with HIV infection, even if successfully treated, as well as the co-existence of some traditional cardiovascular risk factors expose subjects living with HIV to various morphological and metabolic disturbances, including features of the metabolic syndrome. This partly explains the increased risk of CV disease described in the population living with HIV. Several studies demonstrated that possible risk factors of hypertension in HIV-infected population are older age, male gender, family history of HTN, longer duration of HIV infection, low CD4 count, high viral burden, high body mass index and certain medications combined with ART 24–26 . Divala and al. in their study about cardiovascular risk factors among adult Malawians in HIV found that hypertension was related with increasing age, diabetes and higher body mass index 27,28 . The pathophysiology leading to cardiovascular disease in HIV infected patients is still controversial. Animals studies suggested that a systemic inflammatory process and the activation of the adaptive immune systems would contribute to the development of HTN 29–31 . In our study HTN appears to be related to age, overweight and obesity, diabetes, duration of HIV and the combined antiretroviral therapy for more than 5 years. In our study, there was no relevant association between HTN and gender or smoking. This might be due to the general low percentage of current smokers in African country. Also, the majority of our study population were women. Compared prevoius heterogeneous studies 27,32,33 we do not repport HTN prevalence diffrenecs between urban and rural areas. Duration on ART and types of ART were reported, especially protease inhibitors 34–36 . No association was found in our study. This is possibly because Burundi run new protocol since july 2019 in order to rapidly advance the next set of 2030 AIDS goals: 95% of people living with HIV aware of their HIV status; 95% on treatment; and 95% of people on treatment with suppressed viral loads. The new recommendations of WHO switching to dolutegravir into first-line in settings where resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) is rising 37 . Our main study limitation is due to the cross-sectional design. Our study is not able to determine chronologically the relationships between HTA and associated factors. Also, by lack of data in Burundian population, our study do not compare HTN prevalence among HIV infected patients (17.4%) to the HTN prevalence in general population. Definition of HTN was limited to “one shot” measures as ambulatory or home blood pressure measurements are unavailable in Brundi. Conclusions The results show the influence of HIV infection on hypertension. These results highlight the need to integrate hypertension management into routine HIV care to prevent adverse outcomes and improve cardiovascular health in people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. Declarations Acknowledgments We thank the participants, HIV heath car for their facilities during our research. We thank also the University of Burundi and Limoges University specifically INSERM U 1094 for their supports. We gratefully would not fail to thank especially the National Ethics review Committee (NEC) from Burundi (Comité National d’Ethique pour la protection des êtres humains sujets de la recherche biomedicale et comportementale, Burundi) for their availability during the study period. Availability of data For reasonable request, the data used during the study are available from the corresponding author. References World Health Organization (WHO). HIV/AIDS Fact Sheet. Published 2021. 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Accessed January 19, 2022. https://www.aidsmap.com/news/jul-2019/dolutegravir-recommended-all-new-world-health-organization-guidelines Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 19 Oct, 2022 Reviews received at journal 01 Oct, 2022 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Sep, 2022 Reviewers invited by journal 16 Sep, 2022 Editor assigned by journal 16 Sep, 2022 Editor invited by journal 16 Aug, 2022 Submission checks completed at journal 16 Aug, 2022 First submitted to journal 09 Aug, 2022 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1945763","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":129311668,"identity":"df273a6f-99df-42af-a7eb-74cab850c3c2","order_by":0,"name":"Déo Harimenshi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAyA+AGYwg9gVQBYzcwMpWs6AtDAS1gJjGDAwtoGYBLSYs599eOhGxR17c3bmjQ8+zquN5m8HavlRsQ2nFsuedIPDOWeeJe5sZis2nLnteO6Mw4wNjD1nbuN22IE0hsO5bYcTDA7zmEnzbjuW2wDUwszYhkfL+WdALf8O2wO1mP/mnXMsdz5BLTdAtgBN3gC0hZm3oSZ3A2EtQFtyjh1O3HCYrVhyxrEDuRuBWg7i9cv5NObPOTVAh50/vPHDh5q63HnnDx988KMCtxZ0cBhMHiBaPRDUkaJ4FIyCUTAKRggAAJhmYkCrBV0XAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Inserm U1094, IRD U270, Univ. Limoges, CHU Limoges","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Déo","middleName":"","lastName":"Harimenshi","suffix":""},{"id":129311672,"identity":"12f34a44-43be-4078-af3e-1986f0218a93","order_by":1,"name":"Théodore Niyongabo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"CHU Kamenge","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Théodore","middleName":"","lastName":"Niyongabo","suffix":""},{"id":129311676,"identity":"aee76fb0-2ed6-4974-81fd-24ed43f7e490","order_by":2,"name":"Pierre-Marie Preux","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Inserm U1094, IRD U270, Univ. Limoges, CHU Limoges","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pierre-Marie","middleName":"","lastName":"Preux","suffix":""},{"id":129311679,"identity":"762af608-1665-4448-930b-48252846a9a6","order_by":3,"name":"Victor Aboyans","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"CHU Limoges","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Victor","middleName":"","lastName":"Aboyans","suffix":""},{"id":129311682,"identity":"b71bd9f8-f35b-4950-a85f-a1ab2a364fb3","order_by":4,"name":"Ileana Desormais","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"CHU Limoges","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ileana","middleName":"","lastName":"Desormais","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-08-09 14:59:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1945763/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1945763/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":25382710,"identity":"c939715b-3ffc-4e18-b3e5-59a853324620","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-18 17:14:57","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":132353,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHypertension awareness, treatment and control among 1250 HIV infected subjects on ART\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1945763/v1/ca67eb509dc9352027ff930d.png"},{"id":25383206,"identity":"c9a71784-37d7-45ce-ad28-d48efcae4425","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-18 17:19:57","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":67170,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePrevalence and the proportion of treatment, controlled and awareness hypertension in study participants stratified to values of systolic and diastolic blood pressures in males and females.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1945763/v1/77887afb0eced2329a86c33f.png"},{"id":25383207,"identity":"c639f4e5-915a-49c9-bced-5593f0d04c0c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-18 17:20:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":607050,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1945763/v1/3fb9c4f7-dec7-4f0b-8537-78f8b461b5c4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Hypertension and associated factors in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral treatment in Burundi: a cross-sectional study","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eWorldwide, 37.6\u0026nbsp;million people are living with HIV among whom 67% in sub-Saharan Africa\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e. The antiretroviral therapy (ART) protocols allowed a substantial decrease in HIV-related mortality and a better long-term survival.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious studies reported that the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors is generally higher in HIV-infected patients compared to the general population \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. Hypertension is a public health issue in Africa, especially as it is largely underdiagnosed \u003csup\u003e3,4\u003c/sup\u003e. Heterogenous studies suggested that HIV-infected persons under ART have a higher prevalence of HTN when compared non-infected individuals \u003csup\u003e5\u0026ndash;9\u003c/sup\u003e and the reported prevalence of hypertension in people living with HIV (PLWH) on ART and the ART-naive PLWH ranged from 6 to 50% and 2 to 41%, respectively\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e. Another larger meta-analysis including all studies worldwide showed that 35% of all HIV-infected adults on ART have HTN in comparison with an estimated 12% of HIV-uninfected adults\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile according to data from the Demographic and Health Surveys III 2016\u0026ndash;2017, HIV infection in Burundi is \u0026ldquo;epidemic\u0026rdquo; with a prevalence of 0.9% among the general population aged 15 to 49 years with a seroprevalence of 1.2% in women and 0.6% in men in the same age group \u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e, the prevalence of HTN in PLWH in Burundi is unknown.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, the aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of HTN and associated factors in a large group of HIV infected rural and urban adults on ART in Burundi.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eFrom december 2020 to october 2021, a cross-sectional study was conducted among all HIV-infected outpatients attending, consecutively, the healthcare centres in five regions covering rural and urban areas in Burundi. Inclusion criteria were: age\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;20 years, positive HIV status and currently under ART (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1 years). The exclusion criteria were age under 20, no ART or refusal to participate. The study obtained the approval of the National Ethics review Committee (NEC) from Burundi (Comit\u0026eacute; National d\u0026rsquo;Ethique pour la protection des \u0026ecirc;tres humains sujets de la recherche biomedicale et comportementale, Burundi (FM/CE/01/11/2020). For those who accepted to participate in our study, the free and informed consent of all subjects was obtained. The research reported in the paper was undertaken in compliance with Helsinki Declaration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDefinitions and data collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured, in seated position, after a rest of at least 15 minutes, using an automatic device (OMRON M3, OMRON Corporation Japan). Three measures were performed, in both arms, at 5-min intervals in accordance to the 2018 ESC Guidelines \u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e. The average of the last two measurements was used in the analyses. Hypertension was defined according to self-reported ongoing antihypertensive treatment, or SBP\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;140 mmHg and/or DBP\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;90 mmHg. Weight was measured with no shoes and in light clothing using a Medisina\u0026reg; scale balance to the nearest 100g (Seca, Humburg, Germany) and height was measured using a stadiometer with no shoes to the nearest 0.1 cm. We calculated the body mass index (BMI) as: weight (kg)/height (m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e). BMI was classified as underweight BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;18.5 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, normal weight: BMI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18.5\u0026ndash;24.9 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, (BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), overweight (25-29.9 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e and obese (BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;30kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e). Adequate physical activity was defined according to the WHO 2020 guidelines \u003csup\u003e14\u003c/sup\u003e as engaging in at least 150 minutes of moderate work or sports or at least 75 minutes of vigorous intensity work or sport per week.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe participants were considered as smokers if they smoke at least one cigarette or other local tobacco products for the last 24 months and alcohol consumer if they take at least local beer or another alcohol drinks within the past two weeks. Diabetes was defined if fasting blood glucose is 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e or higher or current antidiabetic treatment .\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical information, as duration of HIV infection, duration on ART, HIV clinical stages and types of ART regimens, were recorded.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to current Burundian guidelines \u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e viral load, \u003cem\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;1000 copies/mL is defined as viral suppression, while viral load\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;50 copies/mL is defined as undetectable. We used an adapted standardized STEPS WHO questionnaire to collect data and data were collected through a face-to-face interview, a clinical examination and laboratory tests were done. Clinical data were extracted from Centre records.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData forms were checked, validated, coded, entered into the computer, and checked for quality control. The quantitative variables were presented using mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation (SD). The normality of continuous variables was analyzed by the Shapiro-Wilk test. The distribution of quantitative variables was compared by Student's t-test for variables following a normal distribution and Man Whitney for variables not following a normal distribution.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQualitative variables were described as numbers, proportions, and quantitative variables as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation (SD). Chi-square tests or Fisher\u0026rsquo;s exact test were used to compare proportions between groups. In order to determine independent risk factors associated with hypertension among HIV infected patients a multivariate logistic regression model with included backward stepwise procedure was performed. Variables included in the first multivariate model were those with a p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.25 in the univariate model. The level of significance for all the statistical analyses was set at 0.05. Data were analysed using STATA 12 software packages (version 12.0, College Station, TX).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eFrom December 2020 to October 2021, 1250 were included in the study, 230 (18.4%) were men and 1020 (81.6%) women. The mean age of our participants was 42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.3 years with no difference between men and women (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.06). The characteristics of our study population are detailed in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The general prevalence of HTN in our population was 17.4% (95% CI: 12.41\u0026ndash;22.47) similar in men and women (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.32).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic and clinical characteristics of study participants by sex.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal population\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMale VS. female\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;230\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSociodemographic variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (yr,mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e 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\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEmployee/government\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130(10.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(3.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122(11.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRural\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e867(68.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e167(72.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e700(68.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.237\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUrban\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e383(30.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63(27.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320(31.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSingle\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29(2.32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(1.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25(2.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarried\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e820(65.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e191(93.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e629(61.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDivorced\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147(20.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(6.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e239(23.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWidow\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e254(11.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20(8.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127(12.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHIV risk factors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration of HIV (yr,mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 \u0026plusmn; 3.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.13 \u0026plusmn; 4.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWHO clinical stage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStage 1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e209(16.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39(16.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170(16.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSage 2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e404(32.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68(29.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e336(32.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStage 3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e572(45.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115(50)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e457(44.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStage 4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65(5.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(3.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57(5.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCardiovascular risk factors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiabetes mellitus\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136(10.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34(14.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102(10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.03\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCurrent smoking\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28(2.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(93.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19(1.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlcohol use\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e412(32.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78(33.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e334(32.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical activity (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;150min/week)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33(2.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(2.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28(2.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypertension\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e218(17.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(15.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183(17.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFruit and vegetables (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5/week)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175(16.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43(19.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175(16.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnown hypertension\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115(52.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19(54.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96(52.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of HIV infected participants stratified by hypertension are presented in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Prevalence of hypertension of our participants increased significantly with age (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.007), duration of HIV (0.007), WHO clinical stage of HIV (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.02), BMI (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001), diabetes mellitus (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001). Furthermore, no significant relation observed with alcohol use and prevalence of hypertension (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.108).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of HIV infected participants stratified by hypertension status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypertension\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1250)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eyes( n=%))\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno (n=%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSex\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.386\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e230 (18.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35(16.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e195(18.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1020(81.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183(83.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e837(81.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMea age(yr,mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResidence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e867(69.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145(66.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e722(69.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.316\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e383(30.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73(33.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e310(30.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29(2.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(1.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25(2.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e820(65.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110(50.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e710(68.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147(20.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68(31.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e186(18.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e254(11.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36(16.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111(10.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDuration of HIV (mean)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 \u0026plusmn; 4.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDuration of HIV\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.007\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51(4.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(1.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47(4.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;9 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e342(27.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46(21.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e296(26.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;10 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e857(68.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168(77.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e689(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDuration group on ART\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58(4.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(2.57)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52(5.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;9 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e449(35.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73(33.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e376(36.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;10 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e743(59.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139(63.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e604(58.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWHO clinical stage\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.02\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStage 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e209(16.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41(41.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168(16.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStage 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e404(32.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82(37.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e322(31.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStage 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e572(45.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91(41.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e481(46.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStage 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65(5.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(1.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61(5.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHIV viral load\u003c/b\u003e (dectable)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74(5.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(2.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e213(97.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiabetes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136(10.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41(18.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95(9.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCurrent smokers\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28(2.24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28(2.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlcohol use\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e412(32.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82(37.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e330(31.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOccupation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarmer/breeder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e593(47.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103(47.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e490(47.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.779\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomemade/retired\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e336(26.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56(25.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e280(27.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJobless\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e191(15.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38(17.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153(14.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployee/government employee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130(10.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21(9.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109(10.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBody Mass Index\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;18.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133(10.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(5.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121(11.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5\u0026ndash;24.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e649(51.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98(44.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e551(53.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.0-29.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82(37.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82(37.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236(25.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;30.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26(11.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26(11.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97(9.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe awareness, treatment and controlled ratios of hypertension among male and female are presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Awareness ratio differed between men and women (54.29% vs 52.46%; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001). No difference in the prevalence was observed between men and women (15.22% vs 17.94%; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.384).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong hypertensive participants, 47.2% were not aware of their condition (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Rural patients were higher (68.36%) and 47.4% were farmer or breeder, used less smokeless tobacco (2.2%) and had a longer duration of HIV infection and duration on ART.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe SBP and DPP mean of unknown HTA was respectively 14.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6 cm Hg and 9.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5 cm Hg. Overall, 35(15.2%) men and 183 (17.94%) had blood pressure and there were no difference between men and women (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.32) .\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnly 49.08% hypertensive HIV revealed receiving antihypertensive treatment (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) and there was no difference in the prevalence of receiving antihypertensive between male and female (54.29% vs.48.09,\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.50\u003c/em\u003e) but thy we observed a difference between controlled hypertension in men and women (34.29% vs. 12.57%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn multivariate analysis, hypertension was significantly and independently associated with older age, longer duration of HIV infection, diabetes and overweight/obesity (table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3: Factors associated with hypertension among HIV infected patients under ART\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ein Burundi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.61072902338377%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 33.1986%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.28748280605227%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eunivariate \u0026nbsp;analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 24.5864%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.621733149931224%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMultivariate analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.691884456671252%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOdds Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCI 95%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOdds Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCI 95%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[1.1-1.1]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[1.1-1.1]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.8-1.8]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25-34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35-44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.7-2.5]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.304\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;45\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[2.4-7.9]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[2.1-8.38]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResidence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.85-1.60]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.316\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.3-2.8]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.7-6.8]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.1-1.1]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.6-6.2]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.2-2.4]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDuration of HIV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;5 years \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-9 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.62-5.30]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.6-42.4]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;10 years\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[1-8.1]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[1.0-76.2]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.043\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDuration group on ART\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.9-1.1]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.7-1.2]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWHO clinical stage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStage 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStage 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.6-1.5]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStage 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.5-1.1]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.4-1.1]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStage 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.0-0.7]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.01-0.8]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.028\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[1.5-3.4]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[1.3-3.1]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlcohol use\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.9-1.7]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.8-1.7]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.187\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccupation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFarmer/breeder\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHomemade/retired\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.7-1.7]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJobless\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.5-1.5]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployee/government employe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.6-1.35]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBody Mass Index\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 18.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.5-24.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.9-3.3]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.8-3.1]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25-29.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[1.6-5.9]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[1.5-5.9]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.6147%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.650137741046834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge; 30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.1125%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.15702479338843%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.4739%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.49862258953168%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[1.2-5.6]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.4733%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.539944903581267%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9183%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.947658402203857%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[1.1-5.1]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6681%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.707988980716253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.026\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo our knowledge, this is the first study in eastern Africa reporting the prevalence of hypertension in males and females outpatients treated in urban and rural areas for HIV infection. The main result and strong message of our study is the very high prevalence of HTN in PLWH despite the young age (almost 20%) whom almost one half are unaware of their condition. The prevalence of 17.5% in our population is comparable to those reported in Ethiopia (17.1%), South Africa (19.1%) and Malawi (19.5%)\u003csup\u003e17\u0026ndash;19\u003c/sup\u003e, but lower than those reported in Cameroon (38.6%), Tanzania (28.7%), Senegal (28.1%) and Uganda(27.9%)\u003csup\u003e20\u0026ndash;23\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe disparity in prevalence of HTN among different sub- Saharan African countries may be related for several reasons, including genetic and socioeconomic conditions, the duration and clinical stages of HIV, the types of ART therapy and the selected study population (e.g. hospitalized vs. outpatients).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLong-term antiretroviral treatment, the chronic inflammation and the immune activation associated with HIV infection, even if successfully treated, as well as the co-existence of some traditional cardiovascular risk factors expose subjects living with HIV to various morphological and metabolic disturbances, including features of the metabolic syndrome. This partly explains the increased risk of CV disease described in the population living with HIV.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral studies demonstrated that possible risk factors of hypertension in HIV-infected population are older age, male gender, family history of HTN, longer duration of HIV infection, low CD4 count, high viral burden, high body mass index and certain medications combined with ART\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e24\u0026ndash;26\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Divala and al. in their study about cardiovascular risk factors among adult Malawians in HIV found that hypertension was related with increasing age, diabetes and higher body mass index \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e27,28\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe pathophysiology leading to cardiovascular disease in HIV infected patients is still controversial. Animals studies suggested that a systemic inflammatory process and the activation of the adaptive immune systems would contribute to the development of HTN \u003csup\u003e29\u0026ndash;31\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study HTN appears to be related to age, overweight and obesity, diabetes, duration of HIV and the combined antiretroviral therapy for more than 5 years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study, there was no relevant association between HTN and gender or smoking. This might be due to the general low percentage of current smokers in African country. Also, the majority of our study population were women.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompared prevoius heterogeneous studies \u003csup\u003e27,32,33\u003c/sup\u003e we do not repport HTN prevalence diffrenecs between urban and rural areas.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration on ART and types of ART were reported, especially protease inhibitors \u003csup\u003e34\u0026ndash;36\u003c/sup\u003e. No association was found in our study. This is possibly because Burundi run new protocol since july 2019 in order to rapidly advance the next set of 2030 AIDS goals: 95% of people living with HIV aware of their HIV status; 95% on treatment; and 95% of people on treatment with suppressed viral loads. The new recommendations of WHO switching to dolutegravir into first-line in settings where resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) is rising \u003csup\u003e37\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur main study limitation is due to the cross-sectional design. Our study is not able to determine chronologically the relationships between HTA and associated factors. Also, by lack of data in Burundian population, our study do not compare HTN prevalence among HIV infected patients (17.4%) to the HTN prevalence in general population. Definition of HTN was limited to \u0026ldquo;one shot\u0026rdquo; measures as ambulatory or home blood pressure measurements are unavailable in Brundi.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results show the influence of HIV infection on hypertension. These results highlight the need to integrate hypertension management into routine HIV care to prevent adverse outcomes and improve cardiovascular health in people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe thank the participants, HIV heath car for their facilities during our research. We thank also the University of Burundi and Limoges University specifically INSERM U 1094 for their supports.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe gratefully would not fail to thank especially the National Ethics review Committee (NEC) from Burundi (Comit\u0026eacute; National d\u0026rsquo;Ethique pour la protection des \u0026ecirc;tres humains sujets de la recherche biomedicale et comportementale, Burundi) for their availability during the study period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor reasonable request, the data used during the study are available from the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Health Organization (WHO). HIV/AIDS Fact Sheet. Published 2021. 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Dolutegravir recommended for all in new World Health Organization guidelines. aidsmap.com. Published 2019. Accessed January 19, 2022. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.aidsmap.com/news/jul-2019/dolutegravir-recommended-all-new-world-health-organization-guidelines\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.aidsmap.com/news/jul-2019/dolutegravir-recommended-all-new-world-health-organization-guidelines\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Human immunodeficiency virus, Hypertension, Burundi, Antiretroviral therapy","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1945763/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1945763/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e Nowadays, the life expectancy of people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and people in general population, are comparable. Hypertension is a major public health issue in Africa, largely underdiagnosed. In addition, higher rates of hypertension are reported in HIV-infected persons, especially when under anti-retroviral therapy (ART). The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of hypertension and associated factors among HIV-infected adults in Burundi, treated by ART.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e: A cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV-infected subjects older than age of 20, managed in 5 healthcare centers of people living with HIV (PLWH). The questionnaire and anthropometric measurements of the World Health Organization STEPWISE survey were used. Blood pressure was measured according to the ESC 2018 recommendations. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e 1250 HIV-infected patients were included (18.4% men), mean age 42.8±7.4 years. The prevalence of hypertension was 17.4% (95% CI: 13.2-22.1). Almost 47.25 % of HIV patients with hypertension were previously undiagnosed. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with HTN were overweight (OR: 2.88; 95% CI: 1.46-5.62) and obesity (OR: 2.65; 95% CI: 1.27-5.55), longer duration of HIV infection: ≥ 10 years (OR: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.14-3.20), diabetes (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.37-3. 32) and age (OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.09-1.14).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite their young age, almost 20% of patients with ART-treated HIV had hypertension, among whom 50% were undiagnosed. Blood pressure monitoring is of major importance among these patients, especially among those identified at high-risk, with prompt life- and disability-saving interventions.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Hypertension and associated factors in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral treatment in Burundi: a cross-sectional study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-08-18 17:14:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1945763/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2022-10-19T09:32:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2022-10-01T16:20:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"3c0d77d2-7e0f-450d-bc57-145f4357b086","date":"2022-09-16T08:29:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2022-09-16T04:38:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2022-09-16T04:27:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2022-08-16T13:46:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2022-08-16T13:42:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2022-08-09T14:51:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"24947b41-f65a-4755-905f-51746cbea348","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 18th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-11-23T06:29:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-08-18 17:14:55","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1945763","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1945763","identity":"rs-1945763","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"FbvkV6FR0MCFSLy54lSbu","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}