Repeat-based holocentromeres of the woodrushLuzula sylvaticareveal new insights into the evolutionary transition from mono- to holocentricity

Although the centromere is restricted to a single region of the chromosome in most studied eukaryotes, members of the rush family (Juncaceae) harbor either monocentric ( Juncus) or holocentric ( Luzula ) chromosomes. This provides an opportunity to study the evolutionary mechanisms involved in the transition to holocentricity. Here by combining chromosome-scale genome assembly, epigenetic analyses, immuno-FISH, and super-resolution microscopy, we report the occurrence of repeat-based holocentromeres in L. sylvatica . We found an irregular distribution of genes, centromeric units, and most repeats along the chromosomes. We determined the centromere function predominantly associated with two satellite DNA repeats, Lusy1 and Lusy2 of 124– and 174-bp monomer length, respectively, while CENH3 also binds satellite-free gene-poor regions. Comparative repeat analysis revealed that Lusy1 is present in most Luzula species, suggesting a conserved centromere role of this repeat. Synteny between L. sylvatica ( n = 6) and J. effusus ( n = 21) genomes further evidenced a chromosome number reduction in Luzula derived from multiple chromosome fusions of ancestral J. effusus -like chromosomes. We propose that the transition to holocentricity in Luzula involves: (i) fusion of small chromosomes resembling Juncus -like centromeres; (ii) expansion of atypical centromeric units; and (iii) colonization of satellite DNA for centromere stabilization.