Synergic Interaction between Permethrin and Bt toxins discovered using RNA-seq

Acting against the development of resistance to antibiotics and insecticides, involving negatively correlated cross-resistance (NCR) is an alternative to use- and-discard approach. It is termed NCR that toxic chemicals interact with each other and resistance of target organisms to one chemical is sometimes associated with increased susceptibility to a second chemical when; an allele confers resistance to one toxic chemical and hyper-susceptibility to another, NCR occurs. However, only 11 toxin pairs have been revealed to cause NCR in insects. Finding novel NCRs is needed for integrated pest management. We analyzed permethrin, an insecticide, induced transcriptomes of cultured fat bodies of the silkworm Bombyx mori , a lepidopteran model insect. Differentially expressed gene analyses suggested Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin was an NCR toxin of permethrin. NCR to permethrin and Bt toxins in Thysanoplusia intermixta , the agricultural pest moth, was examined; the children of permethrin survivor T. intermixta had increased susceptibility to Bt toxin. A novel NCR toxin pair, permethrin and Bt toxin, was discovered. The screening and developmental method for negatively correlated cross-resistance toxins established in this study was effective, in vitro screening using model organisms and in vivo verification using agricultural pests.