Domestic Solid Waste Management- A Public Health Case Report and Review of Municipal Challenges in India!

Domestic Solid Waste Management- A Public Health Case Report and Review of Municipal Challenges in India! | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Case Report Domestic Solid Waste Management- A Public Health Case Report and Review of Municipal Challenges in India! Arunkumar K, Nagaveni SJ, K Suresh This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4007464/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Maintaining a harmonious relationship between humanity and the environment is paramount for sustainable existence and development. Over time, human activities have significantly impacted the natural world to cater to their needs and comforts, notably affecting developing nations like India. Amidst India's escalating population growth, the prospect of a waste management crisis looms large, particularly in the 7690 slums of Gadag and Betigeri city, housing a population of 36,762, constituting approximately 21.30% of the total city population. The impending challenge foresees a twofold surge in waste production within the next decade, reflecting a disconcerting global trend of a fivefold increase by 2025. Despite the commendable efforts of the Swachh Bharat initiative to promote cleanliness, Gadag and Betigeri grapple with persistent issues, including improper waste disposal practices, inadequate infrastructure, and a noticeable lack of awareness. These challenges pose a significant obstacle to the city's quest for effective waste management, emphasizing the urgent need for comprehensive solutions to address the impending crisis. In this cross-sectional study, we investigate the waste management dynamics of Gadag City across its 35 municipal wards through surveys of households and waste handlers. Our findings reveal a diverse demographic landscape, primarily consisting of individuals aged 26-35, with a notable male majority. We identify a significant knowledge gap in domestic waste management, indicating an urgent need for targeted educational interventions. Despite residents' positive attitudes towards waste segregation, dissatisfaction with current collection methods persists. However, there is a notable willingness among residents to invest in waste collection services and participate in education initiatives. This proactive engagement is reflected in the conscientious utilization of municipal waste infrastructure and meticulous waste segregation practices, suggesting potential for fostering sustainable waste management practices. Our study underscores the pivotal role of waste management in achieving sustainable development in India and aligning with the Swachh Bharat initiative’s goals. By addressing challenges such as improper disposal practices, inadequate infrastructure, and limited awareness, we highlight potential health risks associated with the current waste management landscape. By illuminating the knowledge gaps and attitudes towards waste management in Gadag City, our study aims to provide insights into managing household garbage effectively. OBJECTIVE: 1. To assess the Knowledge, attitude and practices of domestic waste management, among Residents of Gadag city. 2. To study the waste collection and management process in Gadag city. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study in Gadag City employed a comprehensive approach to gather primary data, involving interviews with family members in households and waste handlers. Additional insights were obtained through observations and interactions with municipal staff to understand waste collection and disposal processes. Encompassing all 35 wards of Gadag city in Karnataka State, the study focused on households within municipal limits and the Municipality of Gadag City. Respondents included heads of families or responsible adults in households and waste handlers. The cross-sectional study spanned a year, with a 45-day data collection period. Sample sizes were calculated using a formula, resulting in 400 households for the household survey and 35 waste handlers (one in each municipal ward). Proportionate stratified random sampling determined household survey participants in each ward, while a purposive sampling method was applied to select waste handlers. The selection of households in each ward was based on calculating proportionate sample sizes and aiming to survey 10% of households in each ward, ensuring a systematic yet random pattern. This research design provides a robust foundation for understanding waste management dynamics in Gadag City. RESULT: The research in Gadag City revealed a diverse participant group, predominantly aged 26-35 and mostly male, highlighting a significant knowledge gap in domestic waste management. While positive attitudes towards waste segregation were prevalent among participants, dissatisfaction with current waste collection methods was noted. Encouragingly, many residents expressed a willingness to pay for waste collection services and engage in waste management education. Residents actively utilized municipal waste infrastructure, while waste handlers demonstrated a high level of engagement, practicing segregation and adhering to safety measures. Challenges, particularly in plastic waste management, were identified, suggesting the need for manpower support, protective equipment, and improved waste segregation training. Both residents and waste handlers favoured landfills for disposal, and health issues, including injuries and respiratory problems, were reported among waste handlers. Overall, the findings shed light on the complexities of waste management in Gadag City, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions for improved practices. CONCLUSION: This study sheds light on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of residents and the waste collection process in Gadag City. It underscores the urgency of addressing waste management issues to achieve sustainable development in India. However, Gadag City faces challenges in optimizing waste revenue, highlighting the need for improved strategies. India's rapid population growth poses a significant waste management challenge, with waste production expected to double in a decade. This research addresses crucial waste management issues, aligning with the Swachh Bharat initiative's goals. Challenges like improper disposal practices, inadequate infrastructure, and limited awareness contribute to health risks. Domestic Waste Knowledge Attitude Practices Municipal Waste Infrastructure Revenue Generation Waste Utilization Figures Figure 1 Introduction India stands at the threshold of a monumental demographic transition, poised to witness an unprecedented surge in population from one billion to a staggering 1.4 billion by 2028[ 1 ]. This exponential growth presents a formidable challenge: the management of waste. With approximately 325 million inhabitants in urban centres and a staggering 852 million residing in rural areas, India's waste management conundrum reflects the intricate tapestry of its demographic landscape[ 2 ]. In September 2023, India's population surpassed a significant milestone, reaching 1,431,662,681 individuals. This demographic surge, coupled with rising living standards, portends a doubling of waste production within the next decade. Concurrently, global garbage generation is projected to escalate fivefold by 2025[ 3 ].Underscoring the urgency of addressing waste management as a critical environmental and public health concern[ 4 ]. Defined by the Global Waste Management Outlook as "unwanted or discarded materials rejected as worthless, undesired, or excess to requirements," waste encompasses a diverse array of materials—from organic matter to plastics, metals, and glass—requiring meticulous disposal strategies[ 5 ]. In response, India has embarked on ambitious initiatives such as the Swachh Bharat campaign, aimed at fostering hygiene and cleanliness nationwide[ 6 ]. Amidst India's complex public health landscape, environmental cleanliness and waste management assume paramount importance. Improper waste disposal practices, including burning, dumping, and unsustainable resource utilization, pose significant health hazards, exacerbating the risk of contamination and disease transmission[ 7 ]. This paper endeavours to elucidate the intricate interplay between domestic solid waste management and public health in India. By examining municipal challenges, prevalent attitudes, and community practices, it seeks to delineate pathways for informed policy interventions and sustainable waste management strategies. Through empirical analysis and theoretical frameworks, it aims to chart a course towards cleaner, healthier communities. By providing a comprehensive overview of the prevailing landscape, in smaller cities, this paper draws attention to the urgency of addressing domestic solid waste management, as a key public health action in contemporary India. Materials and Methods (a) SAMPLING DESIGN: Household survey: Proportionate stratified random sampling determined the number of households in each ward. Waste handlers survey: Purposive sampling method was used to select waste handlers in each ward. Table 1 Proportionate Sample size of each ward& households Ward Nos Total Households Proportionate sample size (10%) Ward Nos Total Households Proportionate sample size (10%) 1 2077 22 19 825 8 2 1167 12 20 860 9 3 1187 12 21 1377 14 4 1823 19 22 1798 19 5 2022 21 23 706 7 6 1007 10 24 579 6 7 907 9 25 545 6 8 582 6 26 647 7 9 998 10 27 751 8 10 822 8 28 946 10 11 1331 14 29 1708 18 12 712 7 30 720 7 13 582 6 31 568 6 14 821 8 32 776 8 15 801 8 33 1549 16 16 1108 11 34 1247 13 17 568 6 35 2269 24 18 686 7 Total 37072 400 (b) SELECTION OF HOUSEHOLDS IN EACH WARD: In the process of selecting households in each ward for the study, a systematic approach was adopted to ensure representative sampling. Firstly, the proportionate sample size for each ward was calculated using a formula based on the total number of households in the city. This allowed for an equitable distribution of the total sample size across all wards. Subsequently, the number of households to survey in each ward was determined with the aim of covering approximately 10% of the households within the ward. The selection of the initial household was done methodically, utilizing the 6-digit serial number on Indian rupee notes to introduce an element of randomness, especially in wards with fewer than 100 households. From this initial household, subsequent households were selected by moving in a consistent direction (e.g., right) and choosing every 10th house, thereby establishing a systematic yet random pattern of selection. Additionally, for the selection of waste handlers in each ward, a purposive sampling method was employed, ensuring representation from different areas of the ward. (a) METHODOLOGY: A Cross sectional study was conducted to assess the knowledge attitude and practices on domestic waste management in Gadag city. Prior to data collection, necessary permission from the concerned official were obtained and recorded written consent from the study participants was also obtained. The data collection was done at household level using Interview schedule and collected Data from waste handlers of Gadag City. Data was Analysed using Microsoft excel to generate frequency and percentage tables. The protocol for this study was approved by the Karnataka State Rural Development and Panchayat Raj University Institutional Ethics Committee (Approval No: RDPRU/SEP/IEC/4/2021/13). The research was conducted in accordance with the guidelines and regulations set forth by the aforementioned ethics committee. (b)Pilot study: Pilot study was conducted in Gadag city, Karnataka. Among ‘11’ households on 15th august 2022. Written permission from the concerned authority prior to the study was obtained. The purpose of the study was explained to the participants and confidentiality was assured & taken written consent from the participants. Result The results have been written under the following headings I . Households in Gadag city : 1. Socio demographic details: ∙ Demographic details of the respondent: ∙ Domestic Waste: 2. Knowledge: ▪ Knowledge of waste and its handling: ▪ Knowledge of the impact of waste: 3. Attitude: 4. Practice: 5. Satisfaction of the waste collection Service: II. Municipality of Gadag City : 1. Household Waste Management Practices : 2. Reasons for Not Segregating Waste : 3. Treatment of Segregated Waste : 4. Suggestions and Health Issues : The analysis and interpretation of the information collected from households about domestic waste management are the aim of this chapter. The study's objective was to access household knowledge attitude and practices of domestic waste management in the households of Gadag city, Karnataka. The collected information is tabulated, analysed and interpreted using descriptive statistics. Socio-Demographic details of respondent. This section deals with the description of respondent characteristics in terms of frequency and percentage. Table 2 Frequency & %age distribution of the subjects & their demographic variables (n = 400) Demographic Variable Frequency (f) Percentage (%) 1. Age in years a. 18–25 37 9.25% b. 26–35 154 38.5% c. 36–45 100 25% d. 46–55 60 15% e. ≥56 49 12.25% 2. Gender a. Male 225 56% b. Female 175 44% 3. Religion a. Hindu 335 83.75% b. Muslim 51 12.75% c. Christian 07 1.75% d. Jain 07 1.75% 4. Family type a. Nuclear 278 69.50% b. Joint 114 28.50% c. Extended 08 2% 5. Educational status a. Primary school 95 23.75% b. High school 150 37.50% c. PUC/Diploma 57 14.25% d. Graduate and above 33 8.25% e. No formal education 65 16.25% 6. Occupation a. Housewife 95 23.75% b. Government employee 51 12.75% c. Private Employee 106 26.50% d. Self employed 83 20.75% e. Unemployed 65 16.25% 7. Family income per month in Rupees a. ≤ 5000/- 157 39.25% b. 5001– 10000/- 141 35.25% c. 10001– 15000/- 71 17.75% d. ≥ 15000/- 31 7.75% Knowledge of Respondent: While the majority (89.5%) reported having knowledge of domestic waste management and a smaller percentage (10.5%) indicated otherwise. We found that most participants (47%) considered "Kitchen waste from houses" as domestic waste, while the least (7%) identified it as "Electronic waste from houses. When asked about the major source of information about domestic Waste management 47.79%. Participants replied that "Mass Media (Radio, Newspaper, TV, Magazines)" Was their primary source While 14.09% participants reported having no information about domestic waste. Table 3 Distribution of Information in Domestic Waste Management among respondents Variables Responses Frequency Percentage (%) 1. Types of domestic waste. 1.Kitchen waste from the houses = organic waste generated in households through cooking and food preparation activities. 2.Electronic waste from houses= waste includes discarded electronic devices and equipment from households. 3.Hazardous waste from houses = This refers to waste materials that pose a potential threat to human health or the environment due to their chemical or biological characteristics 4.Garbage from Houses = This is a broad term that encompasses non-recyclable and non compostable waste generated from households. 1.Kitchen waste from the houses 2.Electronic waste from houses 3.Hazardous waste from houses 4. Garbage From Houses 188 28 116 68 47% 7% 29% 17% 2.Information of domestic waste management 1.yes 2.no 358 42 89.5% 10.5% 3.Source of information regarding household waste management 1.Mass Media (Radio, Newspaper, TV, Magazines) 2.friends 3.Family 4.No Information 217 60 113 64 47.79% 13.22% 24.89% 14.09% Table 4 Distribution of Knowledge Regarding Domestic Waste Management among respondents. Variables Responses Frequency Percentage (%) 4.Knowledge about Domestic waste management 1.Segregation and treatment of waste This involves separating waste into different categories such as organic, recyclable, and hazardous waste. 2.Dumping waste in a pit = It can lead to groundwater contamination, the spread of diseases, and the release of harmful gases. 3.Burning waste in front of house = Burning waste, especially in an open area, releases toxic pollutants into the air and can contribute to air pollution. It can also lead to the emission of hazardous chemicals and particulate matter. 1.Segregation and treatment of waste 2. Dumping waste in a pit 3. Burning waste in front of house 4.Segregation of waste in one corner of the house 284 51 49 16 71% 12.75% 12.25% 4% 4.Segregation of waste in one corner of the house = While segregating waste is a positive step, simply accumulating waste in a corner without proper treatment, recycling, or disposal methods doesn't contribute to effective waste Management. 5.Biodegradable waste/wet waste 1.Meat/food wastes 2.Plastic 3.Thermocol, cloths 4.Batteries 280 77 14 29 70% 19.25% 3.5% 7.25% 6.Non-bio-degradable waste/dry waste 1.Plastic 2.Meat/food wastes 3.Thermocol, cloths 4.Batteries 280 77 14 29 70% 19.25% 3.5% 7.25% Table 5 Distribution of Knowledge in Domestic Waste Management among respondents Variables Responses Frequency Percentage (%) 8. hazardous health wastes generated at households 1.Used bandages, expired medicines 2.Sanitary pads menstrual items , related material 3.Baby diapers 4.All of the above 92 191 20 97 23% 47.75% 5% 24.25% 9. most preferable step in waste utilization. 1.Recycle 2.Restoration 3.Both of the above 4.don't know 253 49 18 80 63.25% 12.25% 4.5% 20% 10. Diseases developed due to improper disposal of domestic waste 1.Viral fever 2.Heart disease 3.Cirrhosis of liver 4.Renal disease 238 44 113 5 59.5% 11% 28.25% 1.25% 11.Effect of waste materials to the environment 1.Pollute air, water and soil 2.Protect the environment 3.Strengthens the ecosystem 4.Purify the air, water and soil 300 14 72 14 75% 3.5% 18% 3.5% 12. Impact of disposing non biodegradable waste by burial method 1.Produces toxins in the soil 2.Increases soil fertility 3.Protect the environment 4.Increases the oxygen content in the soil 319 29 20 32 79.75% 7.25% 5% 8% Attitude of participants: Table 6 Frequency and percentage of the Attitude questionnaires. Attitude Questions Options Frequency Percentage (%) 1.Segregation and disposal of Waste. Yes No 351 49 87.75% 12.25% 2. satisfied with your current waste Segregation? Yes No 119 281 29.75% 70.25% 3.willing to pay the waste collection fee Yes No 296 104 74% 26% 4. willing to teach others to separate trash if you are knowledgeable about it? Agree Disagree 325 75 81.25% 18.75% Table 7 Frequency and percentage of the Attitude questionnaires. Attitude Questions Options Frequency Percentage (%) 5. Agreeing to place landfill in the commune Agree Disagree 339 61 84.75% 15.25% 6. responsibility to clean waste in the residential area Residence District Council Community Private Waste Managers 244 88 49 19 61% 22% 12.25% 4.75% 7. Educating your household on proper waste disposal Yes No 342 58 85.5% 14.5% 8. priority concern about waste in any area Effect on human health littering and looks bad Effect on environment Improper collection 114 174 70 42 28.5% 43.5% 17.5% 10.5% Table 8 Frequency and percentage of the Practice questionnaires. Practice Questions Options Frequency Percentage (%) 1. most frequently waste collected from home for separation and disposal Food wastes Papers Plastics Electronics Rubber cardboard 359 101 24 4 55 90 56.71% 16% 3.79% 0.7% 8.69% 14.21% 2. Storing of household rubbish Trash can/ drum Plastic bags not storing 186 159 55 46.5% 39.75% 13.75% 3. Appropriate Way to manage household waste a. Composting b. Utilizing waste disposal services (Hiring company for Waste collection) c. Engaging waste collection professionals (Municipality services) d. Using separate landfill or open sites for waste disposals. 18 32 245 105 4.5% 8% 61.25 26.25 4. Using dry & wet trash bins for waste collection Yes No 298 102 74.5% 25.5% 5.Types of household domestic wastes dumping into wet waste bin fruit/vegetable peels, tea leaves Rubber Thermocol, cloths 312 8 80 78% 2% 20% Table 9 Frequency and percentage of the Practice questionnaires. Practice Questions Options Frequency Percentage (%) 6. Types of household domestic wastes dumping into dry waste bin Paper fruit/vegetable peels, tea leaves 229 106 65 57.25% 26.5% 16.25 7. Collecting Waste by Waste Handlers Every day twice a week Three times a week Don't know 217 65 30w 88 54.25% 16.25% 7.5% 22% 8.Management of Hazardous healthcare wastes generated in homes (sanitary, napkin, diaper) segregate and store in separate container Throwing into pit/ open space mixing with dry/ and wet waste Direct combustion Dumping into pit/ toilet 45 43 303 7 2 11.25% 10.75% 75.75% 1.75% .5% 9. Composting of wet waste Yes No 58 14.5% 85.5% 10.practicing domestic waste composting method Practising for 1 to 5 years Not practising 59 341 14.75% 85.25% 11.composting being Useful Yes No 55 345 13.75% 86.25% Table 10 Frequency and percentage table for the Satisfaction of waste collection Service Questions Options Frequency Percentage (%) 1.Satisfaction of current waste collection service Satisfied Not Satisfied 279 121 69.75% 30.25% 2.Reason for level of satisfaction/dissatisfaction Costs Improper collection Reliable 78 198 124 19.5% 49.5% 31% The waste handling process in Gadag City involves two main dumping sites, Belaganur and the Municipality Dumping Ground. Of the collected waste, approximately 35% is subject to storage and segregation at the Municipality Dumping Ground, while the remaining 65% is directly deposited at the Belaganur Dumping Ground. Within the municipal area, the waste is meticulously segregated into two distinct categories: dry and wet waste. Wet waste, primarily composed of organic materials, is channelled into the production of compost, subsequently put to use in enhancing the municipality's gardens, with any surplus compost distributed to households. Conversely, dry waste is subjected to a baling process, resulting in compacted waste that is then transported to a cement factory without incurring any cost. Additionally, scrap waste is directly collected by a self-help group operating from the segregation site. Any remaining waste, which does not fit into the specified categories or is deemed unwanted, is promptly transported and disposed of at the Belaganur Dumping Ground. This comprehensive waste management process is designed to optimize resource utilization while minimizing the environmental impact associated with waste disposal in Gadag City. Table 10 Household Waste Management Practices Waste Handlers(n) = 35 Variable Improved Description Frequency Percentage 1.4) Household Use of Municipally Provided Bins Utilization of bins provided by the municipality 1, 34 3%, 97% 1.5) Household Practice of Waste Segregation Engagement in waste segregation at home 4, 31 11.42%, 88.57% 1.6) Use of Safety Equipment During Waste Collection Adoption of safety equipment during waste collection 35 100% 1.7) Types of Protective Gear Used During Waste Collection Types of safety gear used: Gloves, Mask, Goggles, Aprons, None 35, 27, 33, 27, 34, 0 22.4%, 17%, 21%, 27%, 22% 1.8) Source of Protective Gear (Municipality Provided or Not) Whether protective gear is provided by the municipality 35, 0 100% 1.9) Waste Segregation After Collection Segregation of waste after collection 35, 0 100% Reasons for Not Segregating Waste Table 11 Reasons for Not Segregating Waste Variable Improved Description Frequency 2) Primary Reasons for Not Segregating Waste Reasons for not segregating waste: Lack of awareness, Inadequate infrastructure, Difficulty in removal, Lack of rules, Other 10, 25, 29, 6, - 2.1) Types of Segregated Waste (Multiple Choices) Types of waste segregated: Dry waste, Wet waste, Medical waste, None 34,18,10,1 2.2) Challenges and Problems Faced During Waste Collection and Segregation Challenges during waste collection and segregation 29,19,19,0 2.3) Safety Equipment for Waste Separation Safety equipment used during waste separation: Gloves& safety Mask, Goggles, Aprons, Not using any protective measures -20%,- 20%,- 20%, Treatment of Segregated Waste Table 12 Treatment of Segregated Waste Variable Improved Description Frequency 2.4) How is Dry waste treated after segregation? Treatment of dry waste after segregation 10, 25, 29, 6 2.5) Treatment of Wet Waste After Separation Treatment of wet waste after separation 3, 31, 1, - 2.6) Treatment of Plastic Waste Treatment of plastic waste after separation 6, 29, 1, - 2.7) Treatment of Metal Waste Treatment of metal waste after separation 28, 1, 6, - Suggestions and Health Issues Table 13 Suggestions and Health Issues Variable Improved Description Frequency 2.8) Suggestions for Improving Waste Collection and Transportation Efficiency Suggestions to enhance waste collection and transportation efficiency: Manpower support, Protective equipment, Waste segregation training, Equipment and vehicles, Other (please specify): 19 16 11 12 0 Final Disposal Location for Collected Waste Locations for final disposal of collected waste: Composting Recycling, Landfill/dumping ground, burial place, A private agency. 15 11 17 1 1 Common Health Problems Encountered in the Job Health issues encountered during waste collection: Injuries and Accidents Skin Issues Musculoskeletal Problems Respiratory Issues Didn't faced any health issues 23 24 14 14 7 Table 14 Estimation of Waste Collection & By-Products for Municipality by dumping Site Waste Type Municipality Dumping Site Belaganur Dumping Site (Future) Dry Waste (Plastic) 25 Tonnes/Day 35 Tonnes/Day By-product 250 Kg/Day 28.5 Tonnes/Day Process Bailing Process Bailing Process Utilizing Sending to Cement Factory Can Send to Cement Factory Wet Waste 22 Tonnes/Day 40 Tonnes/Day By-product 5 Tonnes/Day 10.5 Tonnes/Day Process Composting Composting Utilizing Used for Municipality Garden & Households Can Be Used for Municipal Garden & Households Scrap Waste Around 10–12 Tonnes/Day Around 10–12 Tonnes/Day Process Recycling Re-using Table 15 Revenue Generating from Waste Bangalore (Approximately) Whole Karnataka 1167TPD Dry waste/day 3237T Dry waste/day PD 612TPD(Generating) 3.3TPD Sending to cement Factory 551.7TPD sending to landfill 1114.8TPD Recycled 215 Tonne = Refused Fuel 118TPD = To Cement Industry 1167TPD/day 3237TPD/Day for making RDX from cement= Refused Fuel RDX price = 600–2400/Tonne RDX = Refused Fuel 2399TPD wet waste 5743.7TPD wet waste 2399 Converted to make 218TPD compost*5Rs/kg = 1090000Rs revenue generating/day 4011.8 converted to 424,77TPD compost*5Rs/kg = 2123850Rs revenue generating/day Composting Composting Revenue Generating = 1090000Rs Revenue Generating = 2123850Rs The waste management landscape in Bangalore and Karnataka showcases significant opportunities for revenue generation through efficient waste utilization and innovative practices. In Bangalore, where approximately 1167 Tons Per Day (TPD) of dry waste is generated, 612 TPD is effectively recycled, contributing to a daily revenue of Rs 3,076,500. Furthermore, 3.3 TPD of dry waste is sent to cement factories, adding Rs 16,500 per day to the coffers. On the wet waste front, while specific data for Bangalore's wet waste is not provided, Karnataka as a whole demonstrates immense potential, with an estimated daily revenue of Rs 20,059,000 from wet waste composting, involving 4011.8 TPD of compost sold at Rs 5/kg. Additional prospects like Refused Fuel remain to be explored[ 8 ]. In contrast, Gadag City faces challenges in optimizing waste revenue, with economic losses stemming from underutilized dumping sites. With the right strategies, Gadag can align itself with the successful waste management practices of Bangalore and Karnataka. Discussion Demographic Details: Understanding the Study Participants: The study conducted in Gadag city, Karnataka, sheds light on various aspects of domestic waste management, offering valuable insights for improving waste utilization. and profitability. The demographic analysis of the respondents reveals that a significant proportion (38.5%) falls within the 26–35 age group, with the minority (9.25%) aged 18–25. The majority of respondents are male (56.0%), while 44.0% are female. Additionally, a substantial number (28.50%) belong to joint families, with a smaller percentage (2%) in extended families. In terms of occupation, private employment is the predominant category (26.50%), while an average number of respondents are housewives. Education-wise, the study indicates that a majority (37.50%) have completed high school education, while a smaller percentage (8.25%) have achieved graduate-level education and above. Knowledge: Bridging the Knowledge Gap in Waste Management: The results of the present study, conducted in Gadag City, reveal a noteworthy knowledge gap among families regarding domestic waste management. A majority of the participants (54.25%) demonstrated good knowledge in this domain, while 41.25% displayed average knowledge, and 4.5% exhibited poor knowledge of domestic waste management. These findings underscore the need for educational interventions to enhance the understanding of waste management practices. Attitude: Shaping Responsible Attitudes in Waste Management: The research reveals that the majority of participants (87.7%) value proper waste segregation. However, satisfaction with current waste collection methods was low, with only 29.75% expressing contentment, and a significant 70.25% voiced dissatisfaction. Additionally, 74% were willing to pay for waste collection services, showing their support. Furthermore, 81.25% expressed readiness to educate others about waste management. When considering these factors, the overall attitude percentage toward waste management was approximately 71.44%. Practice: Practical Implications and Challenges: In the practice part the present study, it's evident that many household residents rely on municipality services for waste collection but often combine household waste with medical waste (76%). This mixing of waste types can pose Environmental issues & health risks. Comparison with Similar Studies: Universality of Concerns Results obtained from the present study consistent to the results reported in another study conducted in the Southern Part of Coastal Karnataka by Eshwari, K, where knowledge levels were reported at 60.3%, attitudes at 61.5%, and practices at 72.8%. Here, over 90% of residents were aware of the adverse health and environmental consequences of inappropriate waste management[ 9 ]. The parallel findings in the present study and the referenced study emphasize the universality of concerns regarding waste management and the need for consistent educational efforts to promote responsible practices. Overall, present study highlights the importance of fostering not only knowledge but also positive attitudes and practical behaviours related to domestic waste management. When comparing the findings of the present study with the referenced research conducted in Kuttar and Manjanadi Panchayath, several key similarities and differences emerge. Notably, both studies reveal a significant awareness of the adverse consequences of improper waste disposal. In the referenced study, 82.5% of respondents acknowledged the links between poor waste disposal and issues such as diseases, unpleasant odours, unsightly environments, and rodent problems. However, differences in waste disposal practices become apparent[ 10 ]. The referenced study identified 78 households disposing of waste by discarding it outside their homes, which contrasts with present study found a majority (87.7%) recognizing the importance of proper waste segregation. Conversely, present study revealed a prevalent practice of combining household waste with medical waste (76%) . Maximizing Revenue and Waste Management Profitability: To address these issues and maximize revenue generation, it is recommended that Gadag city adopts an economic viability assessment like the successful Bangalore model[ 11 ]. This assessment should estimate potential earnings from various waste categories, including dry, wet, and medical waste. Furthermore, transforming the non working dumpsite into a fully functional waste management site presents an opportunity to enhance earnings significantly Education and Awareness: Bridging the Knowledge Gap Education and awareness campaigns are crucial to bridge the knowledge gap among residents regarding proper waste management. Providing separate medical waste collection bags for all households can mitigate the issue of mixed medical waste. Additionally, adopting a "waste to energy" and "waste to wealth" approach[ 12 ], including composting, sending waste to cement factories, and exploring Refused Fuel (RDX) production, can boost earnings and promote sustainable waste management practices[ 13 ]. Conclusion In conclusion, the study underscores the need for Gadag city in efficient waste management practices in Gadag city, Karnataka. The study revealed varying levels of knowledge, attitude, and practice among residents regarding domestic waste management. While a majority of participants demonstrated awareness of proper waste segregation and treatment, knowledge gaps related to specific waste types and their handling were evident. These knowledge gaps were influenced by demographic characteristics such as age, gender, education, and income, highlighting the need for tailored interventions. Moreover, the study identified positive attitudes towards waste management, including a willingness to educate others and a preference for responsible waste disposal methods. However, concerns about the effectiveness of current waste collection services, particularly in terms of improper collection, were raised. In light of these findings, the research recommends that Gadag city explores the waste utilization and revenue generation model successfully implemented in Bangalore. Detailed calculations for potential earnings from different waste categories, including dry, wet, and medical waste, should be conducted to estimate the financial benefits of improved waste management practices in Gadag. Transforming the non-working dumpsite into a functional waste management site holds promise for significantly enhancing earnings and promoting environmental sustainability. Addressing the issue of mixed medical waste, which poses health risks to waste handlers, is crucial. Providing separate medical waste collection bags for all households is a recommended measure to mitigate this issue. Additionally, adopting a comprehensive "waste to energy" and "waste to wealth" approach, including composting, sending waste to cement factories, and exploring Refused Fuel (RDX) production, can not only increase earnings but also contribute to a cleaner and healthier environment. In conclusion, this research emphasizes the need for a holistic and strategic approach to waste management in Gadag city. By implementing the recommended measures, the municipality can improve waste management practices, generate revenue, ensure the safety of waste handlers, and contribute to a sustainable and cleaner city environment Recommendations: Based on the findings of this study and the insights drawn from successful waste management models like Bangalore, the following recommendations are presented for Gadag city to enhance waste management practices and generate revenue: Economic Viability Assessment: It is imperative that Gadag city conducts a comprehensive economic assessment to estimate potential earnings from different waste categories. This assessment should mirror the successful model employed in Bengaluru and provide a clear financial outlook for the municipality. Dumpsite Transformation: The transformation of the non-working dumpsite into a fully functional waste management site is crucial. This endeavour has the potential to Maximize revenue generation, reduce environmental impact, and improve overall waste management efficiency. Waste Categorization and Education: Identifying the most common types of waste, such as meat and food waste as biodegradable and plastics as non-biodegradable, underscores the importance of waste categorization and proper disposal. Educational programs should be implemented to inform residents about the correct disposal methods for different waste types. Waste Reduction Initiatives: Encourage residents to adopt waste reduction methods, such as installing biogas plants to process organic waste and producing fertilizer for kitchen gardens. These initiatives can help minimize waste generation and promote sustainability. Medical Waste Separation: To address the pressing issue of mixed medical waste, the municipality should provide separate medical waste collection bags for all households. This measure is vital for ensuring the safety of waste handlers and preventing health risks associated with improper medical waste disposal. Enforcement and Fines: Establish and enforce policies that penalize violators who do not adhere to waste management guidelines. Implementing fines for non-compliance can serve as a deterrent and promote responsible waste handling. Health Policy and Research: Consider conducting health policy and system research to identify and implement improved solutions for waste management. This research can inform evidence-based strategies for enhancing the health and well-being of both waste handlers and the community at large. Incorporating these recommendations into Gadag city's waste management framework can lead to improved efficiency, increased revenue, and a cleaner, more sustainable environment. These measures align with a holistic approach to waste management, promoting economic viability, environmental responsibility, and public health. Declarations Funding: Nil Conflicts of interest/Competing interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data availability: Yes, Code availability: Not applicable Institutional Ethical Committee approval number is: RDPRU/SEP/IEC/4/2021/13 Author Contribution 1) Mr. Arunkumar K conceptualized the study, data collection, collation, analysis, and draft inference drawing/figure and wrote draft manuscript.2) Dr. Nagaveni S. J Guided and supervised data collation, did first manuscript review and editing. 3) Dr. Suresh Kishanrao, Expert consultation, for data collation, analysis, and inferences & final manuscript review. Acknowledgement Special thanks to Dr. Nagaveni S. J., MPH Program Coordinator & Research Guide, for their unwavering support and invaluable guidance throughout the research process.Heartfelt gratitude to Dr. Suresh Kishanrao, a Public Health Consultant and Hon. Professor of Practice, whose expertise, insights, and meticulous review of the final manuscript added a touch of excellence to this research endeavor.I am deeply appreciative of the dedication and assistance provided by the municipality staffs.My sincere appreciation extends to my esteemed professor and mentor, Dr. Gulappa Devagappanavar, MPH guest faculty, for their sage counsel, unwavering support, and inspiration throughout this journey.To my family, whose unwavering support and understanding have been my pillars of strength, I extend my heartfelt gratitude.Lastly, I want to express my appreciation to my fellow graduate-level peers for their insightful contributions and to all individuals, directly or indirectly involved, in the completion of this study. Your collective efforts have truly made a difference. Data Availability Yes, I have research data to declare. The analyzed data are presented in tables within the manuscript, while additional referenced data can be accessed via the provided citations. References Reddy AR, Khamparia S, Waghmare R. Municipal Solid Waste Management in Developed Countries and India - An overview of current practices, challenges, opportunities, and threats. Spec Educ. 2022. Mahima S, Lavanya VL. A Study on Problems of Solid Waste Management with Special Reference to Palakkad Municipality, Kerala, India. 2016;5. Akmal T, Jamil F. Assessing Health Damages from Improper Disposal of Solid Waste in Metropolitan Islamabad–Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Sustainability. 2021;13(5):2717. Emenike EC, Okorie CJ, Ojeyemi T, Egbemhenghe A, Iwuozor KO, Saliu OD, et al. From oceans to dinner plates: The impact of microplastics on human health. Heliyon. 2023;9(10):e20440. Sapmaz Veral E. Atık Yönetiminde Döngüsel Ekonomi Modeli ve Döngülerin Tasarımına İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme. Eur J Sci Technol. 2019;18–27. Thakre S, Shende D. Automation of dry-wet waste collection to support Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and its monitoring over IOT enabled WSN. Int J Comput Sci Eng. 2018;6(6):477–9. Georganas A, Giamouri E, Pappas AC, Papadomichelakis G, Galliou F, Manios T, et al. Bioactive Compounds in Food Waste: A Review on the Transformation of Food Waste to Animal Feed. Foods. 2020;9(3):291. Nandan A, Yadav BP, Baksi S, Bose D. Recent Scenario of Solid Waste Management in India. 2017. Eshwari K, Shetty RS, Akhila D, James BS, Pandey AK. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Towards Household Solid Waste Management among Semi-Urban Residents-A Community based Cross Sectional Study from Southern Part of Coastal Karnataka, India. Indian J Public Health Res Dev. 2019;10(9):385. Kiran KG, Kini S, R K, SN P, Kiran NU. KAP study of solid waste disposal of households in Kuttar & Manjanadi Panchayath covered under gramaskhema programme of K.S. Hegde Medical Academy. J Health Allied Sci NU. 2015;05(03):029–35. Naveen B. Corrigendum to Scenarios of waste management in Bangalore [Energy Nexus 1, 2021 100004]. Energy Nexus. 2024;13:100271. Sahoo NG, editor. Waste and Waste Management. Nova Science; 2021. https://doi.org/10.52305/SBRJ2174 . Cottrell L, Dupuy K. The Disparity Between HMA and Commercial Best Practices. 2021. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4007464","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Case Report","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":292273595,"identity":"baf84e73-1800-4bcb-a4a1-63d7338235aa","order_by":0,"name":"Arunkumar K","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Karnataka State Rural Development and Panchayat Raj University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Arunkumar","middleName":"","lastName":"K","suffix":""},{"id":292273596,"identity":"77bc59a2-2405-4f44-9176-ea8654c32c5f","order_by":1,"name":"Nagaveni SJ","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Karnataka State Rural Development and Panchayat Raj University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nagaveni","middleName":"","lastName":"SJ","suffix":""},{"id":292273597,"identity":"ed9e0cf5-cf20-450c-ac68-9cdcb6d40303","order_by":2,"name":"K Suresh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Karnataka State Rural Development and Panchayat Raj University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"K","middleName":"","lastName":"Suresh","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-03 03:59:43","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4007464/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4007464/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":55319243,"identity":"86f93180-a649-461e-86a5-113276fb301d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-25 15:59:24","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":957047,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTo study the waste collection and management process in Gadag city\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1141.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4007464/v1/12acc202355d7160778b12f5.png"},{"id":61298074,"identity":"94f7e99f-c564-4a21-8798-b1708ad52131","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-29 08:30:48","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2923205,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4007464/v1/d5eef238-c109-4628-a199-9c299fdd0360.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Domestic Solid Waste Management- A Public Health Case Report and Review of Municipal Challenges in India!","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndia stands at the threshold of a monumental demographic transition, poised to witness an unprecedented surge in population from one billion to a staggering 1.4\u0026nbsp;billion by 2028[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. This exponential growth presents a formidable challenge: the management of waste. With approximately 325\u0026nbsp;million inhabitants in urban centres and a staggering 852\u0026nbsp;million residing in rural areas, India's waste management conundrum reflects the intricate tapestry of its demographic landscape[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn September 2023, India's population surpassed a significant milestone, reaching 1,431,662,681 individuals. This demographic surge, coupled with rising living standards, portends a doubling of waste production within the next decade. Concurrently, global garbage generation is projected to escalate fivefold by 2025[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].Underscoring the urgency of addressing waste management as a critical environmental and public health concern[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefined by the Global Waste Management Outlook as \"unwanted or discarded materials rejected as worthless, undesired, or excess to requirements,\" waste encompasses a diverse array of materials\u0026mdash;from organic matter to plastics, metals, and glass\u0026mdash;requiring meticulous disposal strategies[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. In response, India has embarked on ambitious initiatives such as the Swachh Bharat campaign, aimed at fostering hygiene and cleanliness nationwide[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmidst India's complex public health landscape, environmental cleanliness and waste management assume paramount importance. Improper waste disposal practices, including burning, dumping, and unsustainable resource utilization, pose significant health hazards, exacerbating the risk of contamination and disease transmission[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis paper endeavours to elucidate the intricate interplay between domestic solid waste management and public health in India. By examining municipal challenges, prevalent attitudes, and community practices, it seeks to delineate pathways for informed policy interventions and sustainable waste management strategies. Through empirical analysis and theoretical frameworks, it aims to chart a course towards cleaner, healthier communities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy providing a comprehensive overview of the prevailing landscape, in smaller cities, this paper draws attention to the urgency of addressing domestic solid waste management, as a key public health action in contemporary India.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(a) SAMPLING DESIGN:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold survey: Proportionate stratified random sampling determined the number of households in each ward.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWaste handlers survey: Purposive sampling method was used to select waste handlers in each ward.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProportionate Sample size of each ward\u0026amp; households\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWard Nos\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Households\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProportionate\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003esample size (10%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWard Nos\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Households\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProportionate\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003esample size (10%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2077\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e825\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1167\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e860\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1377\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1823\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1798\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e706\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e579\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e907\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e545\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e582\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e647\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e998\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e751\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e822\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e28\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e946\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1331\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e29\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1708\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e712\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e720\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e582\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e31\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e568\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e821\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e32\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e776\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e801\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e33\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1549\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e34\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e568\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e35\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2269\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e686\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e400\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(b) SELECTION OF HOUSEHOLDS IN EACH WARD:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the process of selecting households in each ward for the study, a systematic approach was adopted to ensure representative sampling. Firstly, the proportionate sample size for each ward was calculated using a formula based on the total number of households in the city. This allowed for an equitable distribution of the total sample size across all wards. Subsequently, the number of households to survey in each ward was determined with the aim of covering approximately 10% of the households within the ward. The selection of the initial household was done methodically, utilizing the 6-digit serial number on Indian rupee notes to introduce an element of randomness, especially in wards with fewer than 100 households. From this initial household, subsequent households were selected by moving in a consistent direction (e.g., right) and choosing every 10th house, thereby establishing a systematic yet random pattern of selection. Additionally, for the selection of waste handlers in each ward, a purposive sampling method was employed, ensuring representation from different areas of the ward.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e(a) METHODOLOGY:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Cross sectional study was conducted to assess the knowledge attitude and practices on domestic waste management in Gadag city. Prior to data collection, necessary permission from the concerned official were obtained and recorded written consent from the study participants was also obtained. The data collection was done at household level using Interview schedule and collected Data from waste handlers of Gadag City. Data was Analysed using Microsoft excel to generate frequency and percentage tables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe protocol for this study was approved by the Karnataka State Rural Development and Panchayat Raj University Institutional Ethics Committee (Approval No: RDPRU/SEP/IEC/4/2021/13). The research was conducted in accordance with the guidelines and regulations set forth by the aforementioned ethics committee.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e(b)Pilot study:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePilot study was conducted in Gadag city, Karnataka. Among ‘11’ households on 15th august 2022. Written permission from the concerned authority prior to the study was obtained. The purpose of the study was explained to the participants and confidentiality was assured \u0026amp; taken written consent from the participants.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Result","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results have been written under the following headings\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eI\u003c/b\u003e. \u003cb\u003eHouseholds in Gadag city\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003e1. Socio demographic details:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e∙ Demographic details of the respondent:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e∙ Domestic Waste:\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2. Knowledge:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e▪ Knowledge of waste and its handling:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e▪ Knowledge of the impact of waste:\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003e3. Attitude:\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4. Practice:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5. Satisfaction of the waste collection Service:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eII. Municipality of Gadag City\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. \u003cb\u003eHousehold Waste Management Practices\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. \u003cb\u003eReasons for Not Segregating Waste\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. \u003cb\u003eTreatment of Segregated Waste\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. \u003cb\u003eSuggestions and Health Issues\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe analysis and interpretation of the information collected from households about domestic waste management are the aim of this chapter. The study's objective was to access household knowledge attitude and practices of domestic waste management in the households of Gadag city, Karnataka. The collected information is tabulated, analysed and interpreted using descriptive statistics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSocio-Demographic details of respondent.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis section deals with the description of respondent characteristics in terms of frequency and percentage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency \u0026amp; %age distribution of the subjects \u0026amp; their demographic variables (n = 400)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Age in years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea. 18–25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e37\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb. 26–35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e154\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec. 36–45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed. 46–55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e60\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ee. ≥56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e49\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2. Gender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea. Male\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb. Female\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3. Religion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea. Hindu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e335\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb. Muslim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec. Christian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed. Jain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4. Family type\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea. Nuclear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.50%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb. Joint\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.50%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec. Extended\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5. Educational status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea. Primary school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb. High school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.50%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec. PUC/Diploma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed. Graduate and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ee. No formal education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6. Occupation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea. Housewife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb. Government\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eemployee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec. Private\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.50%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed. Self employed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ee. Unemployed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7. Family income per month in Rupees\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea. ≤ 5000/-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb. 5001– 10000/-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec. 10001– 15000/-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed. ≥ 15000/-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ch2\u003eKnowledge of Respondent:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile the majority (89.5%) reported having knowledge of domestic waste management and a smaller percentage (10.5%) indicated otherwise. We found that most participants (47%) considered \"Kitchen waste from houses\" as domestic waste, while the least (7%) identified it as \"Electronic waste from houses. When asked about the major source of information about domestic Waste management 47.79%. Participants replied that \"Mass Media (Radio, Newspaper, TV, Magazines)\" Was their primary source While 14.09% participants reported having no information about domestic waste.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution of Information in Domestic Waste Management among respondents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResponses\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1. Types of domestic waste.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.Kitchen waste from the houses =\u003c/b\u003e organic waste generated in households through cooking and food preparation activities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.Electronic waste from\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ehouses=\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewaste includes discarded\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eelectronic devices and\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eequipment from households.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.Hazardous waste from houses =\u003c/b\u003e This refers to waste materials that pose a potential threat to human health or the environment due to their\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003echemical or biological\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003echaracteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.Garbage from Houses =\u003c/b\u003e This is a broad term that encompasses non-recyclable and non\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ecompostable waste generated from households.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.Kitchen waste from the houses\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.Electronic waste from houses\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.Hazardous waste from houses\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Garbage From Houses\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.Information of domestic waste management\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1.yes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.no\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e358\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.Source of information regarding household waste management\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.Mass Media (Radio,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNewspaper, TV, Magazines) 2.friends\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.Family\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.No Information\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e217\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.79% 13.22%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.89%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.09%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution of Knowledge Regarding Domestic Waste Management among respondents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResponses\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.Knowledge about Domestic waste management\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.Segregation and treatment of waste This\u003c/b\u003e involves separating waste into different categories such as organic, recyclable, and hazardous waste.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.Dumping waste in a pit =\u003c/b\u003e It can lead to groundwater contamination, the spread of diseases, and the release of harmful gases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.Burning waste in front of\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ehouse =\u003c/b\u003e Burning waste, especially in an open area, releases toxic pollutants into the air and can contribute to air\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003epollution. It can also lead to the emission of hazardous chemicals and particulate matter.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.Segregation and treatment of waste\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Dumping waste in a pit\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Burning waste in\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003efront of house\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.Segregation of waste in one corner of the house\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e284\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71% 12.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.25% 4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.Segregation of waste in one corner of the house =\u003c/b\u003e While segregating waste is a positive step, simply accumulating waste in a corner without proper treatment, recycling, or disposal methods doesn't contribute to effective waste\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManagement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.Biodegradable waste/wet waste\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.Meat/food wastes 2.Plastic\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.Thermocol, cloths\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.Batteries\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70% 19.25% 3.5% 7.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.Non-bio-degradable waste/dry waste\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.Plastic\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.Meat/food wastes 3.Thermocol, cloths\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.Batteries\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution of Knowledge in Domestic Waste Management among respondents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResponses\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8. hazardous health wastes generated at households\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.Used bandages, expired medicines 2.Sanitary pads\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emenstrual items ,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003erelated material\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.Baby diapers\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.All of the above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e191\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9. most preferable step in waste utilization.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.Recycle\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.Restoration\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.Both of the above\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.don't know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e253\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10. Diseases developed due to improper disposal of\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003edomestic waste\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.Viral fever\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.Heart disease\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.Cirrhosis of liver 4.Renal disease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e238\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11.Effect of waste materials to the environment\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.Pollute air, water and soil\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.Protect the\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eenvironment\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.Strengthens the ecosystem\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.Purify the air,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewater and soil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12. Impact of disposing non biodegradable waste by burial method\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.Produces toxins in the soil\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.Increases soil\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003efertility\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.Protect the\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eenvironment\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.Increases the\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eoxygen content in the soil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e319\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAttitude of participants:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency and percentage of the Attitude questionnaires.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude Questions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.Segregation and disposal of Waste.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e351\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2. satisfied with your current waste Segregation?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e281\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.willing to pay the waste collection fee\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e296\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4. willing to teach others to separate trash if you are knowledgeable about it?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e325\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency and percentage of the Attitude questionnaires.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude Questions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5. Agreeing to place\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elandfill in the commune\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e339\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6. responsibility to clean waste in the residential area\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidence\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistrict Council\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate Waste\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManagers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7. Educating your\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ehousehold on proper\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ewaste disposal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e342\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8. priority concern about waste in any area\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect on human\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ehealth\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003elittering and looks bad\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect on\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eenvironment\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproper collection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e174\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency and percentage of the Practice questionnaires.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractice Questions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1. most frequently waste collected from home for separation and disposal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFood wastes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePapers\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlastics\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronics\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRubber\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ecardboard\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e359\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.71%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.79%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.69%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.21%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2. Storing of household rubbish\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrash can/ drum\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlastic bags\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003enot storing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e159\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3. Appropriate Way to manage household waste\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea. Composting\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eb. Utilizing waste\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003edisposal services (Hiring company for Waste collection)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ec. Engaging waste collection\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eprofessionals\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Municipality\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eservices)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ed. Using separate\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003elandfill or open sites for waste disposals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e245\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4. Using dry \u0026amp; wet trash bins for waste collection\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e298\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.Types of household domestic wastes dumping into wet waste bin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efruit/vegetable\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003epeels, tea leaves\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRubber\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermocol, cloths\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e312\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency and percentage of the Practice questionnaires.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractice Questions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6. Types of household\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003edomestic wastes dumping into dry waste bin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaper\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003efruit/vegetable\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003epeels, tea leaves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e229\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7. Collecting Waste by Waste Handlers\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvery day\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003etwice a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree times a\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDon't know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e217\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30w\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.Management of\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHazardous healthcare\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ewastes generated in\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ehomes (sanitary, napkin, diaper)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esegregate and\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003estore in separate container\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThrowing into pit/ open space\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emixing with dry/ and wet waste\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect combustion Dumping into pit/ toilet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e303\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9. Composting of wet waste\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10.practicing domestic waste composting method\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractising for 1 to 5 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot practising\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e341\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11.composting being\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUseful\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e345\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency and percentage table for the Satisfaction of waste collection Service\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.Satisfaction of current waste collection service\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSatisfied\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot Satisfied\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e279\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.25%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.Reason for level of\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003esatisfaction/dissatisfaction\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCosts\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproper\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ecollection\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReliable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e31%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe waste handling process in Gadag City involves two main dumping sites, Belaganur and the Municipality Dumping Ground. Of the collected waste, approximately 35% is subject to storage and segregation at the Municipality Dumping Ground, while the remaining 65% is directly deposited at the Belaganur Dumping Ground. Within the municipal area, the waste is meticulously segregated into two distinct categories: dry and wet waste. Wet waste, primarily composed of organic materials, is channelled into the production of compost, subsequently put to use in enhancing the municipality's gardens, with any surplus compost distributed to households. Conversely, dry waste is subjected to a baling process, resulting in compacted waste that is then transported to a cement factory without incurring any cost. Additionally, scrap waste is directly collected by a self-help group operating from the segregation site. Any remaining waste, which does not fit into the specified categories or is deemed unwanted, is promptly transported and disposed of at the Belaganur Dumping Ground. This comprehensive waste management process is designed to optimize resource utilization while minimizing the environmental impact associated with waste disposal in Gadag City.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold Waste Management Practices Waste Handlers(n) = 35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproved Description\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.4) Household Use of Municipally Provided Bins\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUtilization of bins provided by the municipality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3%, 97%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.5) Household\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePractice of Waste\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSegregation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEngagement in waste segregation at home\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4, 31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.42%,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.57%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.6) Use of Safety\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEquipment During\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWaste Collection\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdoption of safety equipment during waste collection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.7) Types of\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProtective Gear Used During Waste\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCollection\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of safety gear used: Gloves, Mask, Goggles, Aprons, None\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35, 27, 33,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27, 34, 0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4%, 17%,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21%, 27%, 22%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.8) Source of\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProtective Gear\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(Municipality Provided or Not)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhether protective gear is provided by the municipality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35, 0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.9) Waste\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSegregation After\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCollection\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSegregation of waste after collection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35, 0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ch2\u003eReasons for Not Segregating Waste\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab12\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReasons for Not Segregating Waste\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproved Description\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2) Primary Reasons for Not Segregating Waste\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReasons for not segregating waste: Lack of awareness, Inadequate infrastructure, Difficulty in removal, Lack of rules, Other\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10, 25, 29, 6, -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1) Types of Segregated Waste (Multiple Choices)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of waste segregated: Dry waste, Wet waste, Medical waste, None\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34,18,10,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2) Challenges and\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems Faced During Waste Collection and Segregation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChallenges during waste collection and segregation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29,19,19,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.3) Safety Equipment for Waste Separation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSafety equipment used during waste separation:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGloves\u0026amp; safety Mask, Goggles, Aprons, Not using any protective measures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-20%,-\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20%,-\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e20%,\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ch2\u003eTreatment of Segregated Waste\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab13\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 12\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment of Segregated Waste\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproved Description\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.4) How is Dry\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ewaste treated after segregation?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment of dry waste after segregation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10, 25, 29, 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.5) Treatment of Wet Waste After\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSeparation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment of wet waste after separation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3, 31, 1, -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.6) Treatment of Plastic Waste\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment of plastic waste after separation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6, 29, 1, -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.7) Treatment of Metal Waste\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment of metal waste after separation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28, 1, 6, -\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSuggestions and Health Issues\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab14\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 13\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuggestions and Health Issues\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproved Description\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.8) Suggestions for Improving Waste\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCollection and\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTransportation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEfficiency\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuggestions to enhance waste collection and\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003etransportation efficiency: Manpower support,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtective equipment,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWaste segregation training,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquipment and vehicles,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther (please specify):\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFinal Disposal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLocation for Collected Waste\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocations for final disposal of collected waste: Composting Recycling,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLandfill/dumping ground,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eburial place,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA private agency.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCommon Health\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProblems\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEncountered in the Job\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth issues encountered during waste collection: Injuries and Accidents\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin Issues\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMusculoskeletal Problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespiratory Issues\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDidn't faced any health issues\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab15\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 14\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimation of Waste Collection \u0026amp; By-Products for Municipality by dumping Site\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWaste Type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMunicipality Dumping Site\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBelaganur Dumping Site (Future)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDry Waste (Plastic)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 Tonnes/Day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 Tonnes/Day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBy-product\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250 Kg/Day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5 Tonnes/Day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProcess\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBailing Process\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBailing Process\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUtilizing\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSending to Cement Factory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCan Send to Cement Factory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWet Waste\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 Tonnes/Day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 Tonnes/Day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBy-product\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 Tonnes/Day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Tonnes/Day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProcess\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUtilizing\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for Municipality Garden \u0026amp; Households\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCan Be Used for Municipal Garden \u0026amp; Households\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eScrap Waste\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAround 10–12 Tonnes/Day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAround 10–12 Tonnes/Day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProcess\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecycling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRe-using\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab16\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 15\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRevenue Generating from Waste\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBangalore (Approximately)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhole Karnataka\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1167TPD Dry waste/day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3237T Dry waste/day PD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e612TPD(Generating)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3TPD Sending to cement Factory\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e551.7TPD sending to landfill\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1114.8TPD Recycled\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e215 Tonne = Refused Fuel\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e118TPD = To Cement Industry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1167TPD/day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3237TPD/Day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efor making RDX from cement= Refused Fuel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRDX price = 600–2400/Tonne RDX = Refused Fuel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2399TPD wet waste\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5743.7TPD wet waste\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2399 Converted to make 218TPD compost*5Rs/kg = 1090000Rs revenue generating/day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4011.8 converted to 424,77TPD\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ecompost*5Rs/kg = 2123850Rs revenue generating/day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRevenue Generating = 1090000Rs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRevenue Generating = 2123850Rs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe waste management landscape in Bangalore and Karnataka showcases significant opportunities for revenue generation through efficient waste utilization and innovative practices. In Bangalore, where approximately 1167 Tons Per Day (TPD) of dry waste is generated, 612 TPD is effectively recycled, contributing to a daily revenue of Rs 3,076,500. Furthermore, 3.3 TPD of dry waste is sent to cement factories, adding Rs 16,500 per day to the coffers. On the wet waste front, while specific data for Bangalore's wet waste is not provided, Karnataka as a whole demonstrates immense potential, with an estimated daily revenue of Rs 20,059,000 from wet waste composting, involving 4011.8 TPD of compost sold at Rs 5/kg. Additional prospects like Refused Fuel remain to be explored[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast, Gadag City faces challenges in optimizing waste revenue, with economic losses stemming from underutilized dumping sites. With the right strategies, Gadag can align itself with the successful waste management practices of Bangalore and Karnataka.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDemographic Details: Understanding the Study Participants:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study conducted in Gadag city, Karnataka, sheds light on various aspects of domestic waste management, offering valuable insights for improving waste utilization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eand profitability. The demographic analysis of the respondents reveals that a significant proportion (38.5%) falls within the 26\u0026ndash;35 age group, with the minority (9.25%) aged 18\u0026ndash;25. The majority of respondents are male (56.0%), while 44.0% are female. Additionally, a substantial number (28.50%) belong to joint families, with a smaller percentage (2%) in extended families. In terms of occupation, private employment is the predominant category (26.50%), while an average number of respondents are housewives. Education-wise, the study indicates that a majority (37.50%) have completed high school education, while a smaller percentage (8.25%) have achieved graduate-level education and above.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKnowledge: Bridging the Knowledge Gap in Waste Management:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the present study, conducted in Gadag City, reveal a noteworthy knowledge gap among families regarding domestic waste management. A majority of the participants (54.25%) demonstrated good knowledge in this domain, while 41.25% displayed average knowledge, and 4.5% exhibited poor knowledge of domestic waste management. These findings underscore the need for educational interventions to enhance the understanding of waste management practices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAttitude: Shaping Responsible Attitudes in Waste Management:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe research reveals that the majority of participants (87.7%) value proper waste segregation. However, satisfaction with current waste collection methods was low, with only 29.75% expressing contentment, and a significant 70.25% voiced dissatisfaction. Additionally, 74% were willing to pay for waste collection services, showing their support. Furthermore, 81.25% expressed readiness to educate others about waste management. When considering these factors, the overall attitude percentage toward waste management was approximately 71.44%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePractice: Practical Implications and Challenges:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the practice part the present study, it's evident that many household residents rely on municipality services for waste collection but often combine household waste with medical waste (76%). This mixing of waste types can pose Environmental issues \u0026amp; health risks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eComparison with Similar Studies: Universality of Concerns\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults obtained from the present study consistent to the results reported in another study conducted in the Southern Part of Coastal Karnataka by Eshwari, K, where knowledge levels were reported at 60.3%, attitudes at 61.5%, and practices at 72.8%. Here, over 90% of residents were aware of the adverse health and environmental consequences of inappropriate waste management[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. The parallel findings in the present study and the referenced study emphasize the universality of concerns regarding waste management and the need for consistent educational efforts to promote responsible practices. Overall, present study highlights the importance of fostering not only knowledge but also positive attitudes and practical behaviours related to domestic waste management.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen comparing the findings of the present study with the referenced research conducted in Kuttar and Manjanadi Panchayath, several key similarities and differences emerge. Notably, both studies reveal a significant awareness of the adverse consequences of improper waste disposal. In the referenced study, 82.5% of respondents acknowledged the links between poor waste disposal and issues such as diseases, unpleasant odours, unsightly environments, and rodent problems. However, differences in waste disposal practices become apparent[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. The referenced study identified 78 households disposing of waste by discarding it outside their homes, which contrasts with present study found a majority (87.7%) recognizing the importance of proper waste segregation. Conversely, present study revealed a prevalent practice of combining household waste with medical waste (76%) .\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMaximizing Revenue and Waste Management Profitability:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo address these issues and maximize revenue generation, it is recommended that Gadag city adopts an economic viability assessment like the successful Bangalore model[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. This assessment should estimate potential earnings from various waste categories, including dry, wet, and medical waste. Furthermore, transforming the non working dumpsite into a fully functional waste management site presents an opportunity to enhance earnings significantly\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEducation and Awareness: Bridging the Knowledge Gap\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation and awareness campaigns are crucial to bridge the knowledge gap among residents regarding proper waste management. Providing separate medical waste collection bags for all households can mitigate the issue of mixed medical waste. Additionally, adopting a \"waste to energy\" and \"waste to wealth\" approach[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], including composting, sending waste to cement factories, and exploring Refused Fuel (RDX) production, can boost earnings and promote sustainable waste management practices[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the study underscores the need for Gadag city in efficient waste management practices in Gadag city, Karnataka. The study revealed varying levels of knowledge, attitude, and practice among residents regarding domestic waste management. While a majority of participants demonstrated awareness of proper waste segregation and treatment, knowledge gaps related to specific waste types and their handling were evident. These knowledge gaps were influenced by demographic characteristics such as age, gender, education, and income, highlighting the need for tailored interventions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, the study identified positive attitudes towards waste management, including a willingness to educate others and a preference for responsible waste disposal methods. However, concerns about the effectiveness of current waste collection services, particularly in terms of improper collection, were raised.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn light of these findings, the research recommends that Gadag city explores the waste utilization and revenue generation model successfully implemented in Bangalore. Detailed calculations for potential earnings from different waste categories, including dry, wet, and medical waste, should be conducted to estimate the financial benefits of improved waste management practices in Gadag. Transforming the non-working dumpsite into a functional waste management site holds promise for significantly enhancing earnings and promoting environmental sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddressing the issue of mixed medical waste, which poses health risks to waste handlers, is crucial. Providing separate medical waste collection bags for all households is a recommended measure to mitigate this issue. Additionally, adopting a comprehensive \"waste to energy\" and \"waste to wealth\" approach, including composting, sending waste to cement factories, and exploring Refused Fuel (RDX) production, can not only increase earnings but also contribute to a cleaner and healthier environment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, this research emphasizes the need for a holistic and strategic approach to waste management in Gadag city. By implementing the recommended measures, the municipality can improve waste management practices, generate revenue, ensure the safety of waste handlers, and contribute to a sustainable and cleaner city environment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRecommendations:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the findings of this study and the insights drawn from successful waste management models like Bangalore, the following recommendations are presented for Gadag city to enhance waste management practices and generate revenue:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEconomic Viability Assessment:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is imperative that Gadag city conducts a comprehensive economic assessment to estimate potential earnings from different waste categories. This assessment should mirror the successful model employed in Bengaluru and provide a clear financial outlook for the municipality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDumpsite Transformation:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe transformation of the non-working dumpsite into a fully functional waste management site is crucial. This endeavour has the potential to\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaximize revenue generation, reduce environmental impact, and improve overall waste management efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eWaste Categorization and Education:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentifying the most common types of waste, such as meat and food waste as biodegradable and plastics as non-biodegradable, underscores the importance of waste categorization and proper disposal. Educational programs should be implemented to inform residents about the correct disposal methods for different waste types.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec28\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eWaste Reduction Initiatives:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEncourage residents to adopt waste reduction methods, such as installing biogas plants to process organic waste and producing fertilizer for kitchen gardens. These initiatives can help minimize waste generation and promote sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec29\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMedical Waste Separation:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo address the pressing issue of mixed medical waste, the municipality should provide separate medical waste collection bags for all households. This measure is vital for ensuring the safety of waste handlers and preventing health risks associated with improper medical waste disposal.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEnforcement and Fines:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstablish and enforce policies that penalize violators who do not adhere to waste management guidelines. Implementing fines for non-compliance can serve as a deterrent and promote responsible waste handling.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec31\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHealth Policy and Research:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsider conducting health policy and system research to identify and implement improved solutions for waste management. This research can inform evidence-based strategies for enhancing the health and well-being of both waste handlers and the community at large.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncorporating these recommendations into Gadag city's waste management framework can lead to improved efficiency, increased revenue, and a cleaner, more sustainable environment. These measures align with a holistic approach to waste management, promoting economic viability, environmental responsibility, and public health.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eFunding: Nil\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConflicts of interest/Competing interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData availability: Yes, \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCode availability: Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInstitutional Ethical Committee approval number is: RDPRU/SEP/IEC/4/2021/13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e1) Mr. Arunkumar K conceptualized the study, data collection, collation, analysis, and draft inference drawing/figure and wrote draft manuscript.2) Dr. Nagaveni S. J Guided and supervised data collation, did first manuscript review and editing. 3) Dr. Suresh Kishanrao, Expert consultation, for data collation, analysis, and inferences \u0026amp; final manuscript review.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecial thanks to Dr. Nagaveni S. J., MPH Program Coordinator \u0026amp; Research Guide, for their unwavering support and invaluable guidance throughout the research process.Heartfelt gratitude to Dr. Suresh Kishanrao, a Public Health Consultant and Hon. Professor of Practice, whose expertise, insights, and meticulous review of the final manuscript added a touch of excellence to this research endeavor.I am deeply appreciative of the dedication and assistance provided by the municipality staffs.My sincere appreciation extends to my esteemed professor and mentor, Dr. Gulappa Devagappanavar, MPH guest faculty, for their sage counsel, unwavering support, and inspiration throughout this journey.To my family, whose unwavering support and understanding have been my pillars of strength, I extend my heartfelt gratitude.Lastly, I want to express my appreciation to my fellow graduate-level peers for their insightful contributions and to all individuals, directly or indirectly involved, in the completion of this study. Your collective efforts have truly made a difference.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes, I have research data to declare. The analyzed data are presented in tables within the manuscript, while additional referenced data can be accessed via the provided citations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eReddy AR, Khamparia S, Waghmare R. Municipal Solid Waste Management in Developed Countries and India - An overview of current practices, challenges, opportunities, and threats. Spec Educ. 2022.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMahima S, Lavanya VL. A Study on Problems of Solid Waste Management with Special Reference to Palakkad Municipality, Kerala, India. 2016;5.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAkmal T, Jamil F. Assessing Health Damages from Improper Disposal of Solid Waste in Metropolitan Islamabad\u0026ndash;Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Sustainability. 2021;13(5):2717.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEmenike EC, Okorie CJ, Ojeyemi T, Egbemhenghe A, Iwuozor KO, Saliu OD, et al. From oceans to dinner plates: The impact of microplastics on human health. Heliyon. 2023;9(10):e20440.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSapmaz Veral E. Atık Y\u0026ouml;netiminde D\u0026ouml;ng\u0026uuml;sel Ekonomi Modeli ve D\u0026ouml;ng\u0026uuml;lerin Tasarımına İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme. Eur J Sci Technol. 2019;18\u0026ndash;27.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThakre S, Shende D. Automation of dry-wet waste collection to support Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and its monitoring over IOT enabled WSN. Int J Comput Sci Eng. 2018;6(6):477\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGeorganas A, Giamouri E, Pappas AC, Papadomichelakis G, Galliou F, Manios T, et al. Bioactive Compounds in Food Waste: A Review on the Transformation of Food Waste to Animal Feed. Foods. 2020;9(3):291.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNandan A, Yadav BP, Baksi S, Bose D. Recent Scenario of Solid Waste Management in India. 2017.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEshwari K, Shetty RS, Akhila D, James BS, Pandey AK. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Towards Household Solid Waste Management among Semi-Urban Residents-A Community based Cross Sectional Study from Southern Part of Coastal Karnataka, India. Indian J Public Health Res Dev. 2019;10(9):385.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKiran KG, Kini S, R K, SN P, Kiran NU. KAP study of solid waste disposal of households in Kuttar \u0026amp; Manjanadi Panchayath covered under gramaskhema programme of K.S. Hegde Medical Academy. J Health Allied Sci NU. 2015;05(03):029\u0026ndash;35.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNaveen B. Corrigendum to Scenarios of waste management in Bangalore [Energy Nexus 1, 2021 100004]. Energy Nexus. 2024;13:100271.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSahoo NG, editor. Waste and Waste Management. Nova Science; 2021. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.52305/SBRJ2174\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.52305/SBRJ2174\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCottrell L, Dupuy K. The Disparity Between HMA and Commercial Best Practices. 2021.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Domestic Waste, Knowledge, Attitude, Practices, Municipal Waste Infrastructure, Revenue Generation, Waste Utilization","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4007464/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4007464/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eMaintaining a harmonious relationship between humanity and the environment is paramount for sustainable existence and development. Over time, human activities have significantly impacted the natural world to cater to their needs and comforts, notably affecting developing nations like India. Amidst India's escalating population growth, the prospect of a waste management crisis looms large, particularly in the 7690 slums of Gadag and Betigeri city, housing a population of 36,762, constituting approximately 21.30% of the total city population. The impending challenge foresees a twofold surge in waste production within the next decade, reflecting a disconcerting global trend of a fivefold increase by 2025. Despite the commendable efforts of the Swachh Bharat initiative to promote cleanliness, Gadag and Betigeri grapple with persistent issues, including improper waste disposal practices, inadequate infrastructure, and a noticeable lack of awareness. These challenges pose a significant obstacle to the city's quest for effective waste management, emphasizing the urgent need for comprehensive solutions to address the impending crisis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this cross-sectional study, we investigate the waste management dynamics of Gadag City across its 35 municipal wards through surveys of households and waste handlers. Our findings reveal a diverse demographic landscape, primarily consisting of individuals aged 26-35, with a notable male majority. We identify a significant knowledge gap in domestic waste management, indicating an urgent need for targeted educational interventions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite residents' positive attitudes towards waste segregation, dissatisfaction with current collection methods persists. However, there is a notable willingness among residents to invest in waste collection services and participate in education initiatives. This proactive engagement is reflected in the conscientious utilization of municipal waste infrastructure and meticulous waste segregation practices, suggesting potential for fostering sustainable waste management practices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur study underscores the pivotal role of waste management in achieving sustainable development in India and aligning with the Swachh Bharat initiative’s goals. By addressing challenges such as improper disposal practices, inadequate infrastructure, and limited awareness, we highlight potential health risks associated with the current waste management landscape.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBy illuminating the knowledge gaps and attitudes towards waste management in Gadag City, our study aims to provide insights into managing household garbage effectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOBJECTIVE:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. To assess the Knowledge, attitude and practices of domestic waste management, among Residents of Gadag city.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. To study the waste collection and management process in Gadag city.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMATERIALS AND METHODS:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study in Gadag City employed a comprehensive approach to gather primary data, involving interviews with family members in households and waste handlers. Additional insights were obtained through observations and interactions with municipal staff to understand waste collection and disposal processes. Encompassing all 35 wards of Gadag city in Karnataka State, the study focused on households within municipal limits and the Municipality of Gadag City. Respondents included heads of families or responsible adults in households and waste handlers. The cross-sectional study spanned a year, with a 45-day data collection period. Sample sizes were calculated using a formula, resulting in 400 households for the household survey and 35 waste handlers (one in each municipal ward). Proportionate stratified random sampling determined household survey participants in each ward, while a purposive sampling method was applied to select waste handlers. The selection of households in each ward was based on calculating proportionate sample sizes and aiming to survey 10% of households in each ward, ensuring a systematic yet random pattern. This research design provides a robust foundation for understanding waste management dynamics in Gadag City.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRESULT:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research in Gadag City revealed a diverse participant group, predominantly aged 26-35 and mostly male, highlighting a significant knowledge gap in domestic waste management. While positive attitudes towards waste segregation were prevalent among participants, dissatisfaction with current waste collection methods was noted. Encouragingly, many residents expressed a willingness to pay for waste collection services and engage in waste management education. Residents actively utilized municipal waste infrastructure, while waste handlers demonstrated a high level of engagement, practicing segregation and adhering to safety measures. Challenges, particularly in plastic waste management, were identified, suggesting the need for manpower support, protective equipment, and improved waste segregation training. Both residents and waste handlers favoured landfills for disposal, and health issues, including injuries and respiratory problems, were reported among waste handlers. Overall, the findings shed light on the complexities of waste management in Gadag City, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions for improved practices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONCLUSION:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study sheds light on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of residents and the waste collection process in Gadag City. It underscores the urgency of addressing waste management issues to achieve sustainable development in India. However, Gadag City faces challenges in optimizing waste revenue, highlighting the need for improved strategies. India's rapid population growth poses a significant waste management challenge, with waste production expected to double in a decade. This research addresses crucial waste management issues, aligning with the Swachh Bharat initiative's goals. Challenges like improper disposal practices, inadequate infrastructure, and limited awareness contribute to health risks.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Domestic Solid Waste Management- A Public Health Case Report and Review of Municipal Challenges in India!","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-25 15:59:19","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4007464/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2aca726d-7973-4075-9116-adebe49240ce","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 25th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-29T08:22:40+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-25 15:59:19","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4007464","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4007464","identity":"rs-4007464","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}