An experimental study on Avocado oil-based TiO 2 cutting fluid for Minimum Quantity Lubrication in milling of AISI 4130 steel

An experimental study on Avocado oil-based TiO 2 cutting fluid for Minimum Quantity Lubrication in milling of AISI 4130 steel | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article An experimental study on Avocado oil-based TiO 2 cutting fluid for Minimum Quantity Lubrication in milling of AISI 4130 steel Temesgen Gelaneh, Semegn Cheneke, Betelhem Asefa This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7137059/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In machining operation, cutting fluid serves a great role through lubricating and cooling the work-tool interface and cleaning chips from the machining zone. Consequently, the tribological state at the interfaces is affected by a cutting fluid. However, conventional cutting fluids negatively affect the machining environment by excess use and reduced quality. This has given rise to a new kind of cutting fluid with good thermo-physical properties to reduce excessive use in machining. In this work, a cutting fluid is formed by dispersing TiO 2 nanoparticles into avocado oil-immersed water at different concentrations. The prepared cutting fluid is characterized by its thermal conductivity, density, pH value, viscosity, and stability. Moreover, its performance is evaluated in the milling of AISI 4130 steel by preparing the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) setup. A total of 27 machining experiments were done based on Taguchi’s orthogonal array. The experimental work revealed that the increase in the TiO 2 concentration in the base liquid enhanced its viscosity and thermal conductivity. Average enhancements of 61.98% and 48.2% are obtained in terms of viscosity and thermal conductivity respectively than the previously used cutting fluid. The performance of the optimized parameters by using Taguchi-based Grey Relational Analysis showed improvement of 9.412%, 9.21%, 26.087%, and 6.477% in terms of material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness (Ra), tool wear rate (Vb), and temperature respectively. A 17.2% and 91.48% improvement in Ra, 77.87% and 63.52% in temperature are achieved than the dry and flood conditions respectively. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results showed the selected parameters are significant with the consistent interactions among cutting fluid composition, speed, feed rate, and depth of cut (DOC) for the responses. Correctly chosen composition of cutting fluid and machining parameters with the MQL condition can enhance its properties and improve the machining performances. TiO2 Avocado oil MQL Nano-cutting fluid ANOVA Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7137059","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":488857893,"identity":"def4559f-2bb4-451c-9b86-b832961a5ef7","order_by":0,"name":"Temesgen Gelaneh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wolaita Sodo University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Temesgen","middleName":"","lastName":"Gelaneh","suffix":""},{"id":488857894,"identity":"1430d511-3b17-42fc-909a-e462dbd7583b","order_by":1,"name":"Semegn Cheneke","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBCDBCBmZmCoAFHMDaRoOQOiGEnRwtgGYhPQIt/enfjw6w67PH7p5sMGH+fVRvO3A7X8qNiGU4vBmbObjWXPJBdLzjmWnDhz2/HcGYcZGxh7ztzGrUUid5u0ZNuBxA03cowP8247ltsA1MLM2IZbi/z8t9t/g7Tsv5H/+fDfOcdy5xPSwnCDdxvjR5AtEjnMyYwNNbkbCGkxOJO7WZqxLTlxxo00Y8OeYwdyNwK1HMTnF/n2sxs//myzS+yfkfxY4kdNXe6884cPPvhRgcdhQMDMg2AfBpMH8KoHAsYfCHYdIcWjYBSMglEwAgEAM0Fi/TS2lSYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Ethiopian Defense University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Semegn","middleName":"","lastName":"Cheneke","suffix":""},{"id":488857895,"identity":"8c75e8a0-4609-4d14-92d3-d706b23e6dc1","order_by":2,"name":"Betelhem Asefa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wolaita Sodo University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Betelhem","middleName":"","lastName":"Asefa","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-16 07:38:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7137059/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7137059/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":88544389,"identity":"6c8c33f8-ff27-434c-b3a4-b18b2d89712f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-07 14:17:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":871800,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7137059/v1_covered_e6fcf1e5-1737-4b2f-bb8a-e2c7c2317895.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"An experimental study on Avocado oil-based TiO 2 cutting fluid for Minimum Quantity Lubrication in milling of AISI 4130 steel","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"TiO2, Avocado oil, MQL, Nano-cutting fluid, ANOVA","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7137059/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7137059/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn machining operation, cutting fluid serves a great role through lubricating and cooling the work-tool interface and cleaning chips from the machining zone. Consequently, the tribological state at the interfaces is affected by a cutting fluid. However, conventional cutting fluids negatively affect the machining environment by excess use and reduced quality. This has given rise to a new kind of cutting fluid with good thermo-physical properties to reduce excessive use in machining. In this work, a cutting fluid is formed by dispersing TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e nanoparticles into avocado oil-immersed water at different concentrations. The prepared cutting fluid is characterized by its thermal conductivity, density, pH value, viscosity, and stability. Moreover, its performance is evaluated in the milling of AISI 4130 steel by preparing the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) setup. A total of 27 machining experiments were done based on Taguchi\u0026rsquo;s orthogonal array. The experimental work revealed that the increase in the TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e concentration in the base liquid enhanced its viscosity and thermal conductivity. Average enhancements of 61.98% and 48.2% are obtained in terms of viscosity and thermal conductivity respectively than the previously used cutting fluid. The performance of the optimized parameters by using Taguchi-based Grey Relational Analysis showed improvement of 9.412%, 9.21%, 26.087%, and 6.477% in terms of material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness (Ra), tool wear rate (Vb), and temperature respectively. A 17.2% and 91.48% improvement in Ra, 77.87% and 63.52% in temperature are achieved than the dry and flood conditions respectively. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results showed the selected parameters are significant with the consistent interactions among cutting fluid composition, speed, feed rate, and depth of cut (DOC) for the responses. Correctly chosen composition of cutting fluid and machining parameters with the MQL condition can enhance its properties and improve the machining performances.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"An experimental study on Avocado oil-based TiO 2 cutting fluid for Minimum Quantity Lubrication in milling of AISI 4130 steel","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-23 11:36:33","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7137059/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"eaa1957e-81d0-4506-8f07-d7833960033d","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 23rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-07T14:08:51+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-23 11:36:33","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7137059","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7137059","identity":"rs-7137059","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}