Self-Assessed Life Expectancy Among Older Adults In Côte D’ivoire

Self-Assessed Life Expectancy Among Older Adults In Côte D’ivoire | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research article Self-Assessed Life Expectancy Among Older Adults In Côte D’ivoire Richard K Moussa, Vakaramoko Diaby This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-15595/v3 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 15 Jun, 2020 Read the published version in BMC Public Health → Version 3 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to estimate individuals’ expected longevity based on self-assessed survival probabilities and determine the predictors of such subjective life expectancy in a sample of elderly people (50 years and older) in Côte d’Ivoire. Methods Paper-based questionnaires were administered to a sample (n=267) of older adults residing in the city of Dabou, Côte d’Ivoire in May 2017. Information on subjective expectations regarding health, comorbidities, and self-assessed survival probabilities was collected. We estimated self-assessed life expectancy and its determinants using a two-pronged approach by: (i) estimating individuals’ life expectancy using the self-assessed survival probabilities (SSPs), and (ii) applying a finite mixture of regression models to form homogenous groups of individuals (clusters/components) and investigate the determinants. A spline-based approach was used to estimate the overall distribution of life expectancy for each individual using two to four points of self-assessed survival probabilities. A finite mixture of regression models was used to identify homogeneous groups of individuals (i.e. clusters/components) of the overall subjective life expectancy distribution of the study participants. Results The mean subjective life expectancy in older people varied according to four components/clusters. The average subjective life expectancy among the elderly was 79.51, 78.89, 80.02, and 77.79 years in the first, second, third, and fourth component of the subjects' overall subjective life expectancy, respectively. The effect of sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, and lifestyle on subjective life expectancy varied across components. For instance, a U-shape relationship between household per capita income and subjective life expectancy was found for individuals classified into the third component, and an inverse U-shape relationship was found for individuals classified into the fourth component. Conclusions We extended the estimation of subjective life expectancy by accounting for heterogeneity in the distribution of the estimated subjective life expectancy. This approach improved the usual methods for estimating individual subjective life expectancies and may provide insight into the elderly’s perception of aging, which could be used to forecast the demand for health services and long-term care needs. Health Economics & Outcomes Research Geriatrics & Gerontology Subjective life expectancy Self-assessed survival probabilities Finite mixture models Elderly Côte d’Ivoire Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Background Studies using subjective life expectancy (SLE) as a measure of longevity have stressed that SLE is an important determinant of changes in labor supply, health, and consumption behaviors [1-3]. SLE determines the intended retirement age [1] and the way older workers prepare for their retirement [2]. There is evidence that older workers take into consideration SLE in their decision to postpone retirement [2]. Even among retirees, SLE affects the decision to return to paid work [2]. Furthermore, SLE was shown to affect health self-regulation [3]. Individuals with low SLE have a weak intention to perform physical exercises, and when they do, they are less likely to plan for those exercises. SLE was also been shown to affect bequest, consumption, and savings [4]. Although important, given its social and economic implications, research on SLE in developing nations is lacking, particularly for the elderly. This paper focuses on the case of a sub-Saharan African country, Côte d’Ivoire. Côte d’Ivoire is a developing country with an average life expectancy of 56.8 years (Population and Housing Census of 2014)[5]. The poverty rate is relatively high (46.3% in 2015), with 30% of the overall population living in slums [6]. Several non-communicable and communicable illnesses that include Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS), tuberculosis, blood pressure, are highly prevalent, and unhealthy lifestyle such as smoking or alcohol consumption are also developing [7]. All these factors tend to affect individuals’ health conditions, and thus, their SLE. An individual’s SLE is key for understanding individual consumption choices and behaviors, especially for older individuals [8,9], and can potentially lead to the development of specific policies to address aging. However, measuring SLE is not a straightforward task. Several studies use the self-assessed survival probabilities (SSPs), i.e. assessment of the probability of surviving to a certain predefined age [4], to determine the time until the end of life. Previous studies established that the SSP is an independent predictor of real-life expectancy and mortality [8-11]. Besides, studies showed that the variance of the SSP declines with age [12]. Thus, it has been recommended that studies examining the end of life behaviors should use SLE instead of actuarial tables [6]. However, critics argue that the traditional approach for measuring the SLE using only one SSP fails to fully capture the expectations formation process of individuals who are subject to that exercise. In this paper, we aim to (i) estimate the SLE of individuals aged 50 years and older using the two to four SSPs, and (ii) identify the determinants of such SLE in Dabou, a county in Côte d'Ivoire. Methods Data Data were abstracted from the health section of a survey developed by students and researchers at the Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Statistique et d'Economie Appliquée (ENSEA - national school of statistics and applied economics in English) and administered to a sample of 15 to 65 years old in Dabou and its vicinity, a small town at 60 kilometers from Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, in May 2017. A multistage sampling strategy was used to collect data on the living condition, resilience, and health among the elderly in Dabou and its vicinity. We randomly selected households stratified according to the following categories: 1) group 1: Dabou (the town itself), 2) group 2: 4 villages (Dabou’s vicinity) with more than 700 households, 3) group 3: 3 villages with 400 to 700 households, 4) group 4: 8 villages with 150 to 400 households, and 5) group 5: 1 village with less than 150 households. We used the following respective sampling rate: 5%, 20%, 33%, 50% and 100%. This drawing allowed us to obtain a sample of 2776 households, among which 663 from group 1 (Dabou), 794 from group 2, 427 from group 3, 823 from group 4, and 69 in from group 5. Then, at the level of each household, a simple random draw was used to capture one individual among those 15 and above in age. Our sample size (n=2775) was calculated to ensure that with an alpha of 0.05 and a power of 0.9, a rate of resilience of 50%, the minimum detectable variation is under 3%. However, due to a 9% nonresponse rate, the final sample size was n= 2523 for the entire survey. We extracted information from this dataset regarding individuals aged 50 to 65 (n= 267). Two pre-tested questionnaires were used in the survey. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects (parent and/or legal guardian for participants under 18 ) before the administration of the survey. The first questionnaire was administered to the head of the household to gather information on the members of the household, including demographic characteristics, education and employment status, and dwelling/living conditions. The second questionnaire gathered information about the participants’ health, including overall self-assessed health, conditions, physical functioning, health behaviors (e.g. smoking, alcohol, diet, physical exercise), and self-assessed survival probabilities for four target ages (70, 75, 80 and 85). The dataset also contains some socioeconomic variables that include gender, age, employment status, and living conditions From this dataset, we extracted information about all individuals aged 50 to 65 to target elderly populations. Measures Outcome variable SLE is the outcome of this study. This variable is not directly collected in the questionnaire of the survey but was estimated based on SSPs. The SSPs were assessed by four items: On a scale of 0 to 100, what do you estimate your chances of being alive at target age 70 is? On a scale of 0 to 100, what do you estimate your chances of being alive at target age 75 is? On a scale of 0 to 100, what do you estimate your chances of being alive at target age 80 is? On a scale of 0 to 100, what do you estimate your chances of being alive at target age 85 is? Independent variables We included a comprehensive list of independent variables informed by the literature [13,14]. These variables were categorized into seven groups of variables: sociodemographic, economic, comorbidities, behavioral, quality of life, living conditions, and genetic information. Sociodemographic variables: Age was a continuous variable, measured in years. Two gender categories were created (1 if male, 0 if female). Two living with partner categories were created (1 if lives with a partner, 0 otherwise). Two educational levels categories were created (1 if the respondent attended primary school at most, 0 otherwise). Economic variables: Two employment categories were created (1 if the individual is employed, 0 otherwise). Income per capita was a continuous variable, measured in dollars. Comorbidities: Two comorbidities variables were considered: (1) Obese [1 if obese (Body Mass Index ≥ 30 Kg/m2), 0 otherwise]; (2) Chronic condition (1 if individual reports at least one chronic condition, 0 otherwise). Behavioral variables: Four categorical variables were used: (1) Current smoker (1 if the individual is currently a smoker, 0 otherwise), (2) Alcohol intake (1 if the individual consumes at least 2 glasses of alcohol per day, 0 otherwise), (3) Physical activity (1 if individual exercises, 0 otherwise), (4) Diet (1 if the individual observes a diet, 0 otherwise). Quality of life variables: Three categorical variables were created: (1) health conditions limiting adults' ability to perform activities of daily living (1 if the individual reports that his health condition limits his/her working ability, 0 otherwise), (2) Health status 1 (1 if individual reports poor health status, 0 otherwise), (3) Health status 2 (1 if the individual reports that his health is deteriorating compared to the previous year, 0 otherwise). Living conditions variables: Three categorical variables were used: (1) Toilet with flush (1 if the individual has access to a flush toilet, 0 otherwise), (2) Underground water (1 if the individual uses underground water as drinking water, 0 otherwise), (3) Septic tank (1 if the individual uses a septic tank for wastes, 0 otherwise). Genetic information variables: Three categorical variables were created: (1) Mother alive (1 if the individual’s mother is alive, 0 otherwise), (2) Father alive (1 if the individual’s father is alive, 0 otherwise), (3) Both parents alive (1 if the individual’s both parents are alive, 0 otherwise). Estimation of self-assessed life expectancy We estimated SLE and its determinants using a two-pronged approach by (i) estimating individuals’ life expectancy using the self-assessed survival probabilities (SSPs) (approach by Bellemare et al. (2012)) [15], and (ii) applying a finite mixture of regression models to form homogenous groups of individuals (clusters/components) and investigate the determinants. A technical note on the methodological approach is presented in the Appendix. The approach by Bellemare et al. is based on a cubic spline smoothing around each SSP value. This smoothing helps to estimate the cumulative distribution function of the SLE for each individual. Given that the cumulative distribution function is strictly monotonic, the function can be approximated by a cubic polynomial around each SSP. Subsequently, the cumulative distribution function of the SLE is estimated by connecting these local polynomials. Finally, the average life expectancy for each individual is calculated from the estimated cumulative distribution function. Suppose that a person reports 100 as its SSP for the target age of 70, 60 as its SSP for the target age of 75, 30 as its SSP for the target age of 80, and 0 as its SSP for the target age of 85. Then, on each of the intervals ( , and ) the cumulative distribution function is approximated by a cubic polynomial and the junction of these polynomials provides the overall cumulative distribution function for the individual. Statistical Analyses For comparison purposes, we plotted the distribution of the estimated SLE for both males and females (stratified by age groups) using kernel density estimation. In the second step of our methodological approach, we used a finite mixture model to assess the determinants of the estimated life expectancy, accounting for the heterogeneity in the distribution of the life expectancy among elders. This heterogeneity exists because the perception of life expectancy can differ among elders, even if they have the same characteristics. The finite mixture model allows creating homogenous clusters of SLE for elders based on individual characteristics, which are called concomitant variables. Variables, such as self-assessed health status, self-assessed health variation, or having a parent alive might affect the individual’s SLE and would be used as concomitant variables. Then, instead of a constant effect of the determinants on SLE for the whole population, this framework allows the determinants of the SLE to vary across clusters. The study was approved by the National Ethical Committee of Côte d’Ivoire (Comité Consultatif National de Bioéthique de la République de Côte d'Ivoire in French) and written informed consent forms were obtained from participants. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Results Descriptive Statistics The dataset used consists of 267 individuals with an average age of 56.4 and predominantly males (55.4%). 60% of the individuals had a low education level. Table 1 provides additional statistics on the dataset. From these average values in Table 1, we observed that the obesity rate grows slightly with age (12% on average for individuals aged 50-54, 13% for individuals aged 55-59 and 19% for individuals aged 60-64). Moreover, alcohol consumption declined slightly with age, while the smoking rate only declined after the age of 60. Besides, the employment rate decreased with age (from 71% for those aged 50-54 to 36% for those aged 60-64). It is also notable that only a relatively small proportion of older people perform physical activity (only 21% of those aged 50-65 perform physical activity). Furthermore, for each age group, the SSP declined with the target age. However, for the same target age, the average SSP increased with age groups. At the target age of 75, for example, the average SSP was 60% for individuals aged 50-54, 66% for those aged 55-59, and 71% for those aged 60-64. Estimation of self-assessed life expectancy We plotted the kernel densities per gender and age group and we added the national life expectancies trend line (red dashes) for comparison purposes and for each graph to describe better the estimated life expectancy. Figure 1 shows that the distribution of estimated life expectancy is not the same among the genders and age groups. Individuals in Dabou estimate their survival to be higher than the national average, and this is exacerbated for males (Table 2). However, for both males and females, and the three age groups considered herein, the distribution of estimated life expectancies appears to be a combination of at least two probability distributions. In each group, there is a proportion of individuals who had a low estimation of their life expectancy and those with medium or high estimations of their life expectancy. The same holds for the estimated global life expectancy distribution (Figure 2). Several reasons, like changes in self-reported health [2] or perceived health conditions, might explain these differences. The red dashes for each sex and age group are the national life expectancy calculated using the actuarial method by the National Statistics Office in Côte d’Ivoire. The blue curve represents the kernel density of the estimated SLE. For males aged 50-54, the national life expectancy is 73.5 (red dashes, by actuarial method), while the kernel density shows that the major part of the male aged 50-54 has an estimated SLE higher than 73.5 (the density distribution is primarily located at the right side of the red dashes). Determinants of the self-assessed life expectancy The determinants of the estimated life expectancy were modeled through a finite mixture of regression models. Based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and the log-likelihood, the model with four clusters/components was selected. Table 3 presents the AIC and log-likelihood values for the models with two, three, and four clusters/components. The results of this selected model are presented in Table 4 and illustrate the effects of concomitant variables on the probability of being in each cluster and Table 5 for the determinants of the estimated life expectancy. Descriptive statistics about the clusters are given in Table 6. The average probabilities of being appropriately classified into each cluster are all above 80%, indicating that the model has good classification power. The first cluster represents 24.73% of the population, and the average SLE in this cluster is 79.51 years. The second cluster contains 20.97% of the sample. The average SLE of this cluster is quite similar to that of cluster 1 (78.89 years). That being said, compared to individuals in cluster 1, which reported a poor state of health reduces individual probability while having a mother alive or thinking that health limits the working capability increases the probability to be in cluster 2. Individuals in cluster 3 (33.33% of the sample) are characterized by deteriorating health and a chronic condition and the average SLE is the highest (80.02 years). Cluster 4 represents 20.97% of the population and is the cluster with the lowest average SLE (77.79 years). Having a chronic condition reduces an individual’s likelihood to be in cluster 4 while having a mother alive has the opposite effect. These results are consistent with the literature because individuals with a poor health state are pessimistic about their life expectancy [9]. Additionally, the literature confirms that having a parent alive increases individuals’ SLE [12]. However, we only found evidence that having a mother alive affects SLE. As for the determinants of SLE, there are some differences across clusters. In terms of demographic characteristics, couples have increased SLE for clusters 1 and 2, while having an opposite effect on cluster 4. Nonetheless, there was no significant effect of being a couple on the SLE of individuals in cluster 3. In both the highest (cluster 3 – optimistic individuals) and the lowest (cluster 4 – pessimistic individuals) SLE clusters, being male increases the SLE. However, this positive effect is reduced when the age increases. The opposite effect is observed for individuals in the two middle clusters (cluster 1 and 2 – moderate individuals) in which being a male decreases the SLE and this effect slows as age increases. Apart from cluster 1, where aging is negatively correlated with SLE, estimates reveal a positive and significant effect of aging on SLE. This finding is consistent with the results reported in the literature on the same topic [9]. Living in rural areas negatively affects the SLE for individuals for the two middle clusters (clusters 1 and 2). However, for both individuals with the lowest and highest estimates of SLE (clusters 3 and 4), living in rural areas increases the predicted life expectancy. The effects of obesity also depend on the clusters. We did not find a significant association between obesity and SLE for individuals in the lowest cluster. However, for individuals in the highest two clusters of SLE, being obese reduces the SLE, while for those in cluster 2, obesity seems to increase their SLE. In terms of unhealthy behavior, we found that smoking reduces SLE for individuals in the highest cluster as well as those in cluster 2. However, for those in the lowest cluster and those in cluster 1, smoking has a positive effect on the SLE. This result has been explained in the literature as the optimism of smokers regarding their survival [16]. Excessive alcohol consumption also reduces SLE in all clusters, apart from individuals in the lowest cluster for whom it increases SLE. Rappange et al. also report that excessive alcohol consumption is positively associated with SSPs for some categories of individuals [13]. For individuals with the highest (cluster 3) and lowest (cluster 4) SLE, we found that performing physical activities increases individual SLE, while for those in the middle clusters (clusters 1 and 2), there is a decrease in SLE. Not having a specific diet increases SLE for individuals in all clusters, apart from those in the first middle cluster (cluster 1), for whom it reduces the SLE. In terms of employment, we found that being employed reduces an individual’s SLE in both the highest and lowest SLE clusters, while the opposite effect was found for the two middle clusters. Having a low education/school level reduces an individual’s SLE in all clusters, apart from those in the first middle cluster, for which no significant effect was observed. This finding is consistent with the literature that highlights the heterogeneous effect of education on SLE [9,17]. Estimates also show that the effect of income on an individual’s SLE is not linear. The effects of variable income on SLE are not linear across clusters. A U-shape effect is observed for individuals in the two highest clusters, while the opposite effect was found for those in the two lowest clusters. In other words, for those in the two highest clusters of SLE, an increase in household per capita income increased the SLE, but this increase abates when the household income per capita increases. The reverse effect is observed for those in the two lowest clusters. This result implies that for the pessimistic clusters, an increase in per capita income does not enhance the perceived life expectancy. The effects of living standards on SLE are also very heterogeneous. Consuming underground water reduces SLE for those in the two highest SLE clusters and increases SLE for individuals in the two lowest clusters. Having toilets that flush increases the SLE for individuals in all clusters, apart from those in the highest cluster where the opposite effect is observed. Additionally, we found that having a septic tank increases SLE for the two lowest clusters, but reduces the SLE for those in cluster 1. For an individual in the highest cluster, no significant effect was found. Discussion This manuscript analyzed the SLE among elders in Côte d’Ivoire. We proposed a novel approach to estimate the SLE. This approach builds on the method by Bellemare et al. that is based on splines [15]. It requires at least two points of SSPs to be assessed by individuals. Based on the estimated SLE, an analysis of its determinants is proposed. This analysis uses a finite mixture of the regression model to account for the heterogeneous distributions that compose the overall distribution of the SLE. The estimated model allows for the classification of older people into clusters of people that have optimistic, pessimistic, and moderate self-assessment of their life expectancy. These clusters are discriminated against by the self-assessed poor state of health, the self-assessed decreasing health, the self-assessed working capacity limitation due to health, an observed chronic condition, and the mother being alive. In terms of determinants of SLE, the results suggest that the determinants of SLE vary among clusters. The pessimistic cluster is positively associated with poor health behavior (smoking, alcohol consumption, and having no diet). Results also suggest that low education levels and being employed are negatively associated with SLE while having a physical activity is positively associated with SLE for both pessimistic and optimistic clusters. Furthermore, a U-shape relationship was found between a household’s income per capita and SLE for the optimistic while a reverse U-shape relationship was found for the pessimistic. The role of socioeconomic and living condition variables has also been highlighted. It is worth noting that our results are in line with existing literature dealing with different aspects of SLE [9,12,16,17]. These results suggest that promoting a healthy lifestyle, improving health and living conditions, as well as employment status, are key to increasing elders’ SLE. However, even though the results are promising, they lack generalizability. The dataset used covers only one region of the country. Furthermore, due to its geographic proximity (under 50 kilometers and accessible by paved road) with the largest urban center of the country (the economic capital, Abidjan), this region benefits from the health facilities provided in the capital. This might affect individuals’ perception of their health and this region could differ from others. Finally, Subjective expectations of outcomes such as life expectancy depend on the subject's psychological profile or personality traits. However, we did not collect information on the subject’s psychological profile or personal traits and therefore did not adjust for them in our analyses. Conclusion In this paper, we combined a spline-based approach and a finite mixture of regression models to estimate the SLE based on the SSPs and identified the determinants of the SLE among elders, respectively. Doing so, we improved the estimation of subjective life expectancy by accounting for the heterogeneity of the distribution of the estimated subjective life expectancy. This approach is an improvement of the usual practices for estimating individual subjective life expectancy and may provide insights into the elderly’s perception of aging, which could be used to forecast the demand for health services and long-term care needs. It may also provide important information for the development of health policy strategies aimed at addressing the determinants of subjective life expectancy. Further studies on the estimation of subjective life expectancy in developing countries, Côte d’Ivoire for instance, are warranted. List Of Abbreviations SLE: Subjective life expectancy HIV/AIDS: Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome SSPs: Self-assessed survival probabilities ENSEA: Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Statistique et d'Economie Appliquée Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was approved by the National Ethical Committee of Côte d’Ivoire (Comité Consultatif National de Bioéthique de la République de Côte d'Ivoire in French) and written informed consent forms were obtained from participants. Consent for publication: Not applicable Availability of data and materials: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the Mendeley repository, https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/28r5wwvwt7/2 Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests Funding: Not applicable Acknowledgments: We gratefully acknowledge insightful comments from reviewers on earlier versions of this manuscript. Authors' contributions: RM: conception of study design, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting the article. VD: providing intellectual content of critical importance to the work described; revising the article; final approval of the version to be published. all authors have read and approved the manuscript. References Van Solinge H, Henkens K. Living longer, working longer? The impact of subjective life expectancy on retirement intentions and behaviour. Eur J Public Health . 20(1): 47-51 (2009). Griffin B, Hesketh B, Loh V. 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Tables Table 1: Descriptive statistics Variable Aged 50-55 (SD) Aged 55-60 (SD) Aged 60-65 (SD) All ages (SD) Proportion (in %) 37.08 35.21 27.72 100 Age 51.94 (1.44) 56.79 (1.4) 61.92 (1.57) 56.41 (4.25) Male 0.55 (0.5) 0.54 (0.5) 0.58 (0.5) 0.55 (0.5) Obese 0.12 (0.33) 0.13 (0.34) 0.19 (0.39) 0.14 (0.35) Rural 0.86 (0.35) 0.85 (0.36) 0.8 (0.4) 0.84 (0.37) Low education level 0.60 (0.49) 0.59 (0.50) 0.61 (0.49) 0.60 (0.49) Employed 0.71 (0.46) 0.6 (0.49) 0.36 (0.48) 0.57 (0.5) Current smoker 0.08 (0.27) 0.1 (0.3) 0.05 (0.23) 0.08 (0.27) Alcohol consumption 0.48 (0.5) 0.44 (0.5) 0.32 (0.47) 0.42 (0.49) Physical activity (Exercise) 0.2 (0.4) 0.23 (0.43) 0.2 (0.4) 0.21 (0.41) Time horizon (to 70)* 18.06 (1.44) 13.21 (1.4) 8.08 (1.57) 13.59 (4.25) SSPs at target age 70 0.71(0.26) 0.76 (0.22) 0.76 (0.26) 0.74 (0.25) SSPs at target age 75 0.6 (0.27) 0.66 (0.25) 0.71 (0.29) 0.65 (0.27) SSPs at target age 80 0.53 (0.27) 0.58 (0.27) 0.63 (0.29) 0.57 (0.28) SSPs at target age 85 0.45 (0.27) 0.48 (0.27) 0.56 (0.3) 0.49 (0.28) Note: SD: Standard deviations; *: Age 70 minus current age Table 2: Comparison tests for estimated SLE and national average Category Estimated SLE National average Difference Male 50-54 79.41 (0.58) 73.5 5.92*** Female 50-54 79.31 (1.04) 75.9 3.41*** Male 54-59 79.61 (0.65) 75.2 4.41*** Female 54-59 78.92 (1.20) 77.1 1.82 Male 60-64 79.91 (1.11) 77.4 2.51** Female 60-64 79.30 (1.72) 78.7 0.60 *** significant at <0.001, ** significant at 5%, standard error in parenthesis Table 3: Information criterion for model selection Number of components AIC Log-L 2 1440.088 −674.0438 3 1453.651 −653.8253 4 1426.568 −613.284 AIC: Akaike Information Criterion; Log-L: Log-likelihood Table 4: Effects of concomitant variables on the probability to be classified in each cluster (component) Concomitant variables Component 2 Component 3 Component 4 Chronic condition −1.01 (0.63) −0.99 ** (0.45) −1.71 ∗∗∗ (0.52) Health condition limits working ability 2.16 ∗∗ (0.87) 0.2 (0.52) 0.13 (0.58) Deteriorating health −0.37 (0.87) −1.36 ∗∗ (0.56) −0.4 (0.54) Poor health −2.07 ∗∗∗ (0.78) 0.16 (0.52) 0.56 (0.56) Mother alive 1.32 ∗∗ (0.63) −15.47 (781.08) 1.46 ∗∗∗ (0.53) Father alive −3.49 (6.15) −0.43 (0.97) −16.16 (2722.68) Both parents alive −3.54 (11513) 16.22 (1585.7) 16.8 (1585.7) Intercept −0.09 (0.44) 0.89 ∗∗ (0.38) −0.12 (0.42) Note: Standard errors are in parenthesis; ***: significant at the 1% level, **: significant at the 5% level; *: significant at the 10% level. Component 1 is the reference group. Table 5: Determinants of the estimated subjective life expectancy Variables Component 1 (SD) [24 .73%] + Component 2 (SD) [20 .97%] + Component 3 (SD) [33 .33%] + Component 4 (SD) [20 .97%] + Age −0.3 ∗∗∗ (0.04) 0.21 ∗∗∗ (0.04) 0.45 ∗∗∗ (0.06) 0.75 ∗∗∗ (0.06) Male −48.45 ∗∗∗ (4.19) −6.18 ∗∗ (2.64) 30.85 ∗∗∗ (5.16) 11.65 ∗∗∗ (4.15) Male x Age 0.83 ∗∗∗ (0.07) 0.12 ∗∗ (0.05) −0.54 ∗∗∗ (0.09) −0.15 ∗∗ (0.07) In a couple 0.65 ∗∗ (0.28) 2.71 ∗∗∗ (0.27) −0.36 (0.41) −1.75 ∗∗∗ (0.52) Employed 2.32 ∗∗∗ (0.42) 5.23 ∗∗∗ (0.29) −0.78∗ (0.45) −5.23 ∗∗∗ (0.56) Low school level 0.33 (0.3) −0.88 ∗∗∗ (0.3) −2.51 ∗∗∗ (0.43) −3.46 ∗∗∗ (0.43) Income per capita −0.38 ∗∗ (0.15) 1.29 ∗∗∗ (0.11) −0.81 ∗∗∗ (0.28) 1.11 ∗∗∗ (0.27) Squared income per capita 0.03 ∗∗∗ (0.01) −0.11 ∗∗∗ (0.01) 0.05 ∗∗ (0.02) −0.12 ∗∗∗ (0.02) Obese −1.85 ∗∗∗ (0.37) 2.95 ∗∗∗ (0.2) −1.75 ∗∗∗ (0.48) 0.02 (0.36) Current smoke 8.46 ∗∗∗ (0.73) −5.62 ∗∗∗ (0.41) −6.21 ∗∗∗ (0.81) 4.91 ∗∗∗ (0.58) Alcohol consumption −0.67∗ (0.34) −2.29 ∗∗∗ (0.23) −2.4 ∗∗∗ (0.43) 2.45 ∗∗∗ (0.36) Does physical exercises −2.05 ∗∗∗ (0.31) −2.48 ∗∗∗ (0.25) 1.85 ∗∗∗ (0.53) 4.56 ∗∗∗ (0.49) No diet −2.86 ∗∗∗ (0.28) 5.2 ∗∗∗ (0.26) 2.39 ∗∗∗ (0.38) 3.8 ∗∗∗ (0.37) Rural −6.03 ∗∗∗ (0.51) −1.67 ∗∗∗ (0.31) 1.48 ∗∗∗ (0.55) 1.25 ∗∗∗ (0.45) Toilet with flush 1.72 ∗∗∗ (0.33) 1.43 ∗∗∗ (0.26) −2.48 ∗∗∗ (0.46) 1.6 ∗∗∗ (0.47) Underground water −2.46 ∗∗∗ (0.32) 7.98 ∗∗∗ (0.25) −2.42 ∗∗∗ (0.44) 1.06 ∗∗ (0.47) Septic tank −4.16 ∗∗∗ (0.32) 2.88 ∗∗∗ (0.31) −0.63 (0.54) 5.22 ∗∗∗ (0.55) Intercept 105.15 ∗∗∗ (2.69) 54.67 ∗∗ (2.46) 60.01 ∗∗∗ (3.84) 32.5 ∗∗∗ (3.73) Sigma 0.89 0.97 1.42 1.25 Note: Standard errors; ***: significant at the 1% level.**: significant at the 5% level; *: significant at the 10% level. +: Figures within brackets denote the proportion of respondents in the cluster/component . Table 6: Average values of key variables by clusters/components Variables Frequency (%) Age (SD) Expected life expectancy (SD) Probability of classification (%) Component 1 24 . 73 56 (0 . 52) 79 . 51(0 . 48) 86 . 83 Component 2 20 . 97 57 . 02 (0 . 55) 78 . 89 (0 . 49) 80 . 32 Component 3 33 . 33 56 . 78 (0 . 46) 80 . 02 (0 . 36) 85 . 3 Component 4 20 . 97 55 . 71 (0 . 57) 77 . 79 (0 . 61) 90 . 56 SD: Standard deviations Supplementary Files Appendix.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 15 Jun, 2020 Read the published version in BMC Public Health → Version 3 posted Editorial decision: Minor revision 27 May, 2020 Editor assigned by journal 25 May, 2020 Editor invited by journal 24 May, 2020 Submission checks completed at journal 22 May, 2020 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-15595","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":604458,"identity":"51af3a06-c809-4892-a57a-ca52b22a538a","order_by":0,"name":"Richard K Moussa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universite de Cergy-Pontoise","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Richard","middleName":"K","lastName":"Moussa","suffix":""},{"id":604459,"identity":"42f0bbfc-98da-4c3d-972e-6c3d756ecd80","order_by":1,"name":"Vakaramoko Diaby","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACgwOMDQxyELaNBZBIIE6LMYSdJkGcFgaglsQGorUYHGDeeODnjsPp/e29B5h5EiQY+NlzDAhoYSs42HvmcO6MM+cSwFoke97g1yLZwGNwgLftcO4GiRwDZt4fEgwGNwjYAtJy8G/b4XQDkBaQLfaEtPAz8BgcBtqSANcCYuDXwsxWcFj2TLohyC8H5yRI8EiceVaAVwsbe/Pmj293WMvzt/cefPAmwUaOvz15A14tDMxgshmIeRgOgEkiQR0pikfBKBgFo2CkAQAlBENWfsvmGwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6251-0773","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vakaramoko","middleName":"","lastName":"Diaby","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2020-02-27 15:04:10","currentVersionCode":3,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-15595/v3","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-15595/v3","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09034-4","type":"published","date":"2020-06-15T12:00:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":1221795,"identity":"c0af568a-093f-4d21-9220-35cab90112a3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-06-01 15:50:53","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":68765,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Estimated life expectancy per gender and age groups\nNotes: The y-axis represents the density (probabilities). The blue curve is the kernel density of the estimated subjective life expectancy for the whole population (both males and females for all age groups) while the red line is the national level life expectancy.","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-15595/v3/1.jpg"},{"id":1221796,"identity":"70766a9d-7112-4dfa-b3b0-ae57082171bf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-06-01 15:50:53","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":34297,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Estimated life expectancy of both males and females aged 50 to 64 years old\nNote: The blue curve is the kernel density of the estimated subjective life expectancy for the whole population (both males and females for all age groups).","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-15595/v3/2.jpg"},{"id":13534662,"identity":"57a449dd-191d-4c22-bf78-6f4f36e7b4f2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 01:25:21","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":491545,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-15595/v3/8ea7d15b-c549-4a96-ab58-2ad1e19d45be.pdf"},{"id":1221797,"identity":"386196b1-e215-4758-b71a-116182cf9e67","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-06-01 15:50:53","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":290063,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Appendix.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-15595/v3/Appendix.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessed Life Expectancy Among Older Adults In Côte D’ivoire\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eStudies using subjective life expectancy \u0026nbsp;(SLE) as a measure of longevity have stressed that SLE is an important determinant of changes in labor supply, health, and consumption behaviors [1-3]. SLE determines the intended retirement age [1] and the way older workers prepare for their retirement [2]. There is evidence that older workers take into consideration SLE in their decision to postpone retirement [2]. Even among retirees, SLE affects the decision to return to paid work [2]. Furthermore, SLE was shown to affect health self-regulation [3]. Individuals with low SLE have a weak intention to perform physical exercises, and when they do, they are less likely to plan for those exercises. SLE was also been shown to affect bequest, consumption, and savings [4]. Although important, given its social and economic implications, research on SLE in developing nations is lacking, particularly for the elderly.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis paper focuses on the case of a sub-Saharan African country, C\u0026ocirc;te d\u0026rsquo;Ivoire. C\u0026ocirc;te d\u0026rsquo;Ivoire is a developing country with an average life expectancy of 56.8 years (Population and Housing Census of 2014)[5]. The poverty rate is relatively high (46.3% in 2015), with 30% of the overall population living in slums [6]. Several non-communicable and communicable illnesses that include Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS), tuberculosis, blood pressure, are highly prevalent, and unhealthy lifestyle such as smoking or alcohol consumption are also developing [7]. All these factors tend to affect individuals\u0026rsquo; health conditions, and thus, their SLE. An individual\u0026rsquo;s SLE is key for understanding individual consumption choices and behaviors, especially for older individuals [8,9], and can potentially lead to the development of specific policies to address aging. However, measuring SLE is not a straightforward task.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeveral studies use the self-assessed survival probabilities (SSPs), i.e. assessment of the probability of surviving to a certain predefined age [4], to determine the time until the end of life. Previous studies established that the SSP is an independent predictor of real-life expectancy and mortality [8-11]. Besides, studies showed that the variance of the SSP declines with age [12]. Thus, it has been recommended that studies examining the end of life behaviors should use SLE instead of actuarial tables [6]. However, critics argue that the traditional approach for measuring the SLE using only one SSP fails to fully capture the expectations formation process of individuals who are subject to that exercise.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this paper, we aim to (i) estimate the SLE of individuals aged 50 years and older using the two to four SSPs, and (ii) identify the determinants of such SLE in Dabou, a county in C\u0026ocirc;te d'Ivoire.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were abstracted from the health section of a survey developed by students and researchers at the Ecole Nationale Sup\u0026eacute;rieure de Statistique et d'Economie Appliqu\u0026eacute;e (ENSEA - national school of statistics and applied economics in English) and administered to a sample of 15 to 65 years old in Dabou and its vicinity, a small town at 60 kilometers from Abidjan, C\u0026ocirc;te d\u0026rsquo;Ivoire, in May 2017.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA multistage sampling strategy was used to collect data on \u003cem\u003ethe living condition, resilience, and health among the elderly\u003c/em\u003e in Dabou and its vicinity. We randomly selected households stratified according to the following categories: 1) group 1: Dabou (the town itself), 2) group 2: 4 villages (Dabou\u0026rsquo;s vicinity) with more than 700 households, 3) group 3: 3 villages with 400 to 700 households, 4) group 4: 8 villages with 150 to 400 households, and 5) group 5: 1 village with less than 150 households. We used the following respective sampling rate: 5%, 20%, 33%, 50% and 100%. This drawing allowed us to obtain a sample of 2776 households, among which 663 from group 1 (Dabou), 794 from group 2, 427 from group 3, 823 from group 4, and 69 in from group 5. Then, at the level of each household, a simple random draw was used to capture one individual among those 15 and above in age.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur sample size (n=2775) was calculated to ensure that with an alpha of 0.05 and a power of 0.9, a rate of resilience of 50%, the minimum detectable variation is under 3%. However, due to a 9% nonresponse rate, the final sample size was n= 2523 for the entire survey. We extracted information from this dataset regarding individuals aged 50 to 65 (n= 267).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTwo pre-tested questionnaires were used in the survey. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects (parent and/or legal guardian for participants under 18 ) before the administration of the survey. The first questionnaire was administered to the head of the household to gather information on the members of the household, including demographic characteristics, education and employment status, and dwelling/living conditions. The second questionnaire gathered information about the participants\u0026rsquo; health, including overall self-assessed health, conditions, physical functioning, health behaviors (e.g. smoking, alcohol, diet, physical exercise), and self-assessed survival probabilities for four target ages (70, 75, 80 and 85). The dataset also contains some socioeconomic variables that include gender, age, employment status, and living conditions \u0026nbsp;From this dataset, we extracted information about all individuals aged 50 to 65 to target elderly populations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eOutcome variable\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSLE is the outcome of this study. This variable is not directly collected in the questionnaire of the survey but was estimated based on SSPs. The SSPs were assessed by four items:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col style=\"list-style-type: upper-alpha;\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOn a scale of 0 to 100, what do you estimate your chances of being alive at target age 70 is?\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOn a scale of 0 to 100, what do you estimate your chances of being alive at target age 75 is?\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOn a scale of 0 to 100, what do you estimate your chances of being alive at target age 80 is?\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOn a scale of 0 to 100, what do you estimate your chances of being alive at target age 85 is?\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eIndependent variables\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe included a comprehensive list of independent variables informed by the literature [13,14]. These variables were categorized into seven groups of variables: sociodemographic, economic, comorbidities, behavioral, quality of life, living conditions, and genetic information.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSociodemographic variables: Age was a continuous variable, measured in years. Two gender categories were created (1 if male, 0 if female). Two living with partner categories were created (1 if lives with a partner, 0 otherwise). Two educational levels categories were created (1 if the respondent attended primary school at most, 0 otherwise).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEconomic variables: Two employment categories were created (1 if the individual is employed, 0 otherwise). Income per capita was a continuous variable, measured in dollars.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComorbidities: Two comorbidities variables were considered: (1) Obese [1 if obese (Body Mass Index \u0026ge; 30 Kg/m2), 0 otherwise]; (2) Chronic condition (1 if individual reports at least one chronic condition, 0 otherwise).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBehavioral variables: Four categorical variables were used: (1) Current smoker (1 if the individual is currently a smoker, 0 otherwise), (2) Alcohol intake (1 if the individual consumes at least 2 glasses of alcohol per day, 0 otherwise), (3) Physical activity\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; (1 if individual exercises, 0 otherwise), (4) Diet (1 if the individual observes a diet, 0 otherwise).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuality of life variables: Three categorical variables were created: (1) health conditions limiting adults' ability to perform activities of daily living (1 if the individual reports that his health condition limits his/her working ability, 0 otherwise), (2) Health status 1 (1 if individual reports poor health status, 0 otherwise), (3) Health status 2 (1 if the individual reports that his health is deteriorating compared to the previous year, 0 otherwise).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLiving conditions variables: Three categorical variables were used: (1) Toilet with flush (1 if the individual has access to a flush toilet, 0 otherwise), (2) Underground water\u0026nbsp; (1 if the individual uses underground water as drinking water, 0\u0026nbsp; otherwise), (3) Septic tank (1 if the individual uses a septic tank for wastes, 0\u0026nbsp; otherwise).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGenetic information variables: Three categorical variables were created: (1) Mother alive (1 if the individual\u0026rsquo;s mother is alive, 0 otherwise), (2) Father alive (1 if the individual\u0026rsquo;s father is alive, 0 otherwise), (3) Both parents alive (1 if the individual\u0026rsquo;s both parents are alive, 0 otherwise).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEstimation of self-assessed life expectancy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe estimated SLE and its determinants using a two-pronged approach by (i) estimating individuals\u0026rsquo; life expectancy using the self-assessed survival probabilities (SSPs) (approach by Bellemare et al. (2012)) [15], and (ii) applying a finite mixture of regression models to form homogenous groups of individuals (clusters/components)\u0026nbsp; and investigate the determinants. A technical note on the methodological approach is presented in the Appendix.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe approach by Bellemare et al. is based on a cubic spline smoothing around each SSP value. This smoothing helps to estimate the cumulative distribution function of the SLE for each individual. Given that the cumulative distribution function is strictly monotonic, the function can be approximated by a cubic polynomial around each SSP. Subsequently, the cumulative distribution function of the SLE is estimated by connecting these local polynomials. Finally, the average life expectancy for each individual is calculated from the estimated cumulative distribution function. Suppose that a person reports 100 as its SSP for the target age of 70, 60 as its SSP for the target age of 75, 30 as its SSP for the target age of 80, and 0 as its SSP for the target age of 85. Then, on each of the intervals ( , \u0026nbsp;and ) the cumulative distribution function is approximated by a cubic polynomial and the junction of these polynomials provides the overall cumulative distribution function for the individual.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical Analyses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor comparison purposes, we plotted the distribution of the estimated SLE for both males and females (stratified by age groups) using kernel density estimation. In the second step of our methodological approach, we used a finite mixture model to assess the determinants of the estimated life expectancy, accounting for the heterogeneity in the distribution of the life expectancy among elders. This heterogeneity exists because the perception of life expectancy can differ among elders, even if they have the same characteristics. The finite mixture model allows creating homogenous clusters of SLE for elders based on individual characteristics, which are called concomitant variables. Variables, such as self-assessed health status, self-assessed health variation, or having a parent alive might affect the individual\u0026rsquo;s SLE and would be used as concomitant variables. Then, instead of a constant effect of the determinants on SLE for the whole population, this framework allows the determinants of the SLE to vary across clusters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was approved by the National Ethical Committee of C\u0026ocirc;te d\u0026rsquo;Ivoire (Comit\u0026eacute; Consultatif National de Bio\u0026eacute;thique de la R\u0026eacute;publique de C\u0026ocirc;te d'Ivoire in French) and written informed consent forms were obtained from participants. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescriptive Statistics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dataset used consists of 267 individuals with an average age of 56.4 and predominantly males (55.4%). 60% of the individuals had a low education level. Table 1 provides additional statistics on the dataset. From these average values in Table 1, we observed that the obesity rate grows slightly with age (12% on average for individuals aged 50-54, 13% for individuals aged 55-59 and 19% for individuals aged 60-64). Moreover, alcohol consumption declined slightly with age, while the smoking rate only declined after the age of 60. Besides, the employment rate decreased with age (from 71% for those aged 50-54 to 36% for those aged 60-64). It is also notable that only a relatively small proportion of older people perform physical activity (only 21% of those aged 50-65 perform physical activity). Furthermore, for each age group, the SSP declined with the target age. However, for the same target age, the average SSP increased with age groups. At the target age of 75, for example, the average SSP was 60% for individuals aged 50-54, 66% for those aged 55-59, and 71% for those aged 60-64.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEstimation of self-assessed life expectancy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe plotted the kernel densities per gender and age group and we added the national life expectancies trend line (red dashes) for comparison purposes and for each graph to describe better the estimated life expectancy. Figure 1 shows that the distribution of estimated life expectancy is not the same among the genders and age groups. Individuals in Dabou estimate their survival to be higher than the national average, and this is exacerbated for males (Table 2). However, for both males and females, and the three age groups considered herein, the distribution of estimated life expectancies appears to be a combination of at least two probability distributions. In each group, there is a proportion of individuals who had a low estimation of their life expectancy and those with medium or high estimations of their life expectancy. The same holds for the estimated global life expectancy distribution (Figure 2). Several reasons, like changes in self-reported health [2] or perceived health conditions, might explain these differences.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe red dashes for each sex and age group are the national life expectancy calculated using the actuarial method by the National Statistics Office in C\u0026ocirc;te d\u0026rsquo;Ivoire. The blue curve represents the kernel density of the estimated SLE. For males aged 50-54, the national life expectancy is 73.5 (red dashes, by actuarial method), while the kernel density shows that the major part of the male aged 50-54 has an estimated SLE higher than 73.5 (the density distribution is primarily located at the right side of the red dashes).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeterminants of the self-assessed life expectancy\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe determinants of the estimated life expectancy were modeled through a finite mixture of regression models. Based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and the log-likelihood, the model with four clusters/components was selected. Table 3 presents the AIC and log-likelihood values for the models with two, three, and four clusters/components.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of this selected model are presented in Table 4 and illustrate the effects of concomitant variables on the probability of being in each cluster and Table 5 for the determinants of the estimated life expectancy. Descriptive statistics about the clusters are given in Table 6. The average probabilities of being appropriately classified into each cluster are all above 80%, indicating that the model has good classification power. The first cluster represents 24.73% of the population, and the average SLE in this cluster is 79.51 years. The second cluster contains 20.97% of the sample. The average SLE of this cluster is quite similar to that of cluster 1 (78.89 years). That being said, compared to individuals in cluster 1, which reported a poor state of health reduces individual probability while having a mother alive or thinking that health limits the working capability increases the probability to be in cluster 2. Individuals in cluster 3 (33.33% of the sample) are characterized by deteriorating health and a chronic condition and the average SLE is the highest (80.02 years). Cluster 4 represents 20.97% of the population and is the cluster with the lowest average SLE (77.79 years). Having a chronic condition reduces an individual\u0026rsquo;s likelihood to be in cluster 4 while having a mother alive has the opposite effect. These results are consistent with the literature because individuals with a poor health state are pessimistic about their life expectancy [9]. Additionally, the literature confirms that having a parent alive increases individuals\u0026rsquo; SLE [12]. However, we only found evidence that having a mother alive affects SLE. As for the determinants of SLE, there are some differences across clusters. In terms of demographic characteristics, couples have increased SLE for clusters 1 and 2, while having an opposite effect on cluster 4. Nonetheless, there was no significant effect of being a couple on the SLE of individuals in cluster 3. In both the highest (cluster 3 \u0026ndash; optimistic individuals) and the lowest (cluster 4 \u0026ndash; pessimistic individuals) SLE clusters, being male increases the SLE. However, this positive effect is reduced when the age increases. The opposite effect is observed for individuals in the two middle clusters (cluster 1 and 2 \u0026ndash; moderate individuals) in which being a male decreases the SLE and this effect slows as age increases. Apart from cluster 1, where aging is negatively correlated with SLE, estimates reveal a positive and significant effect of aging on SLE. This finding is consistent with the results reported in the literature on the same topic [9]. Living in rural areas negatively affects the SLE for individuals for the two middle clusters (clusters 1 and 2). However, for both individuals with the lowest and highest estimates of SLE (clusters 3 and 4), living in rural areas increases the predicted life expectancy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe effects of obesity also depend on the clusters. We did not find a significant association between obesity and SLE for individuals in the lowest cluster. However, for individuals in the highest two clusters of SLE, being obese reduces the SLE, while for those in cluster 2, obesity seems to increase their SLE. In terms of unhealthy behavior, we found that smoking reduces SLE for individuals in the highest cluster as well as those in cluster 2. However, for those in the lowest cluster and those in cluster 1, smoking has a positive effect on the SLE. This result has been explained in the literature as the optimism of smokers regarding their survival [16]. Excessive alcohol consumption also reduces SLE in all clusters, apart from individuals in the lowest cluster for whom it increases SLE. Rappange et al. also report that excessive alcohol consumption is positively associated with SSPs for some categories of individuals [13]. For individuals with the highest (cluster 3) and lowest (cluster 4) SLE, we found that performing physical activities increases individual SLE, while for those in the middle clusters (clusters 1 and 2), there is a decrease in SLE. Not having a specific diet increases SLE for individuals in all clusters, apart from those in the first middle cluster (cluster 1), for whom it reduces the SLE.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn terms of employment, we found that being employed reduces an individual\u0026rsquo;s SLE in both the highest and lowest SLE clusters, while the opposite effect was found for the two middle clusters. Having a low education/school level reduces an individual\u0026rsquo;s SLE in all clusters, apart from those in the first middle cluster, for which no significant effect was observed. This finding is consistent with the literature that highlights the heterogeneous effect of education on SLE [9,17]. \u0026nbsp;Estimates also show that the effect of income on an individual\u0026rsquo;s SLE is not linear. The effects of variable income on SLE are not linear across clusters. A U-shape effect is observed for individuals in the two highest clusters, while the opposite effect was found for those in the two lowest clusters. In other words, for those in the two highest clusters of SLE, an increase in household per capita income increased the SLE, but this increase abates when the household income per capita increases. The reverse effect is observed for those in the two lowest clusters. This result implies that for the pessimistic clusters, an increase in per capita income does not enhance the perceived life expectancy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe effects of living standards on SLE are also very heterogeneous. Consuming underground water reduces SLE for those in the two highest SLE clusters and increases SLE for individuals in the two lowest clusters. Having toilets that flush increases the SLE for individuals in all clusters, apart from those in the highest cluster where the opposite effect is observed. Additionally, we found that having a septic tank increases SLE for the two lowest clusters, but reduces the SLE for those in cluster 1. For an individual in the highest cluster, no significant effect was found.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis manuscript analyzed the SLE among elders in C\u0026ocirc;te d\u0026rsquo;Ivoire. We proposed a novel approach to estimate the SLE. This approach builds on the method by Bellemare et al. that is based on splines [15]. It requires at least two points of SSPs to be assessed by individuals. Based on the estimated SLE, an analysis of its determinants is proposed. This analysis uses a finite mixture of the regression model to account for the heterogeneous distributions that compose the overall distribution of the SLE.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe estimated model allows for the classification of older people into clusters of people that have optimistic, pessimistic, and moderate self-assessment of their life expectancy. These clusters are discriminated against by the self-assessed poor state of health, the self-assessed decreasing health, the self-assessed working capacity limitation due to health, an observed chronic condition, and the mother being alive. In terms of determinants of SLE, the results suggest that the determinants of SLE vary among clusters. The pessimistic cluster is positively associated with poor health behavior (smoking, alcohol consumption, and having no diet). Results also suggest that low education levels and being employed are negatively associated with SLE while having a physical activity is positively associated with SLE for both pessimistic and optimistic clusters. Furthermore, a U-shape relationship was found between a household\u0026rsquo;s income per capita and SLE for the optimistic while a reverse U-shape relationship was found for the pessimistic. The role of socioeconomic and living condition variables has also been highlighted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is worth noting that our results are in line with existing literature dealing with different aspects of SLE [9,12,16,17]. These results suggest that promoting a healthy lifestyle, improving health and living conditions, as well as employment status, are key to increasing elders\u0026rsquo; SLE. However, even though the results are promising, they lack generalizability. The dataset used covers only one region of the country. Furthermore, due to its geographic proximity (under 50 kilometers and accessible by paved road) with the largest urban center of the country (the economic capital, Abidjan), this region benefits from the health facilities provided in the capital. This might affect individuals\u0026rsquo; perception of their health and this region could differ from others. Finally, Subjective expectations of outcomes such as life expectancy depend on the subject's psychological profile or personality traits. However, we did not collect information on the subject\u0026rsquo;s psychological profile or personal traits and therefore did not adjust for them in our analyses.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this paper, we combined a spline-based approach and a finite mixture of regression models to estimate the SLE based on the SSPs and identified the determinants of the SLE among elders, respectively. Doing so, we improved the estimation of subjective life expectancy by accounting for the heterogeneity of the distribution of the estimated subjective life expectancy. This approach is an improvement of the usual practices for estimating individual subjective life expectancy and may provide insights into the elderly\u0026rsquo;s perception of aging, which could be used to forecast the demand for health services and long-term care needs. It may also provide important information for the development of health policy strategies aimed at addressing the determinants of subjective life expectancy. Further studies on the estimation of subjective life expectancy in developing countries, C\u0026ocirc;te d\u0026rsquo;Ivoire for instance, are warranted.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"List Of Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eSLE: Subjective life expectancy\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHIV/AIDS: Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSSPs: Self-assessed survival probabilities\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eENSEA: Ecole Nationale Sup\u0026eacute;rieure de Statistique et d'Economie Appliqu\u0026eacute;e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate: \u003c/strong\u003eThe study was approved by the National Ethical Committee of C\u0026ocirc;te d\u0026rsquo;Ivoire (Comit\u0026eacute; Consultatif National de Bio\u0026eacute;thique de la R\u0026eacute;publique de C\u0026ocirc;te d'Ivoire in French) and written informed consent forms were obtained from participants.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u003c/strong\u003e The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the Mendeley repository, https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/28r5wwvwt7/2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare that they have no competing interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u003c/strong\u003e We gratefully acknowledge insightful comments from reviewers on earlier versions of this manuscript.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e RM: conception of study design, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting the article. VD: providing intellectual content of critical importance to the work described; revising the article; final approval of the version to be published. all authors have read and approved the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVan Solinge H, Henkens K. Living longer, working longer? The impact of subjective life expectancy on retirement intentions and behaviour. \u003cem\u003eEur J Public Health\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003e20(1):\u003c/strong\u003e 47-51 (2009).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGriffin B, Hesketh B, Loh V. The influence of subjective life expectancy on retirement transition and planning: A longitudinal study. \u003cem\u003eJ Vocat Behav\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003e81(2):\u003c/strong\u003e129-137 (2012).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZiegelmann JP, Lippke S, Schwarzer R. Subjective residual life expectancy in health self-regulation. \u003cem\u003eThe Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003e61(4):\u003c/strong\u003e P201 (2006).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGan L, Gong G, Hurd M, McFadden D. Subjective mortality risk and \u003cem\u003eJ Econ\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003e188(2):\u003c/strong\u003e 514-525 (2015).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePopulation and Housing Census of 2014. Access: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ins.ci/n/index.php?option=com_content\u0026amp;view=article\u0026amp;id=84:indicateurs-demographiques\u0026amp;catid=48:isd\"\u003ehttp://www.ins.ci/n/index.php?option=com_content\u0026amp;view=article\u0026amp;id=84:indicateurs-demographiques\u0026amp;catid=48:isd\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTracking Improvement in the Lives of Slum Dwellers. Slum almanac. Access: https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/download-manager-files/Slum%20Almanac%202015-2016_PSUP.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOrganisation mondiale de la Sant\u0026eacute;.\u0026nbsp;(\u0026lrm;2018)\u0026lrm;.\u0026nbsp;OMS Strat\u0026eacute;gie de coop\u0026eacute;ration : un aper\u0026ccedil;u : C\u0026ocirc;te d\u0026rsquo;Ivoire.\u0026nbsp;Organisation mondiale de la Sant\u0026eacute;.\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/137145\"\u003ehttps://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/137145\u003c/a\u003e. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSalm M. Subjective mortality expectations and consumption and saving behaviours among the elderly. \u003cem\u003eCanadian Journal of Economics/Revue Economique Canadienne\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003e43(3):\u003c/strong\u003e1040-1057 (2010).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003evan Solinge H, Henkens K. Subjective life expectancy and actual mortality: Results of a 10-year panel study among older workers. \u003cem\u003eEuropean Journal of Ageing\u003c/em\u003e.\u003cstrong\u003e 1-10\u003c/strong\u003e (2017).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHurd MD, McFadden D, Merrill A. Predictors of mortality among the elderly. In: \u003cem\u003eThemes in the economics of aging. \u003c/em\u003eUniversity of Chicago Press; 171-198 (2001).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBenitez-Silva H, Ni H. Health status and health dynamics in an empirical model of expected longevity. \u003cem\u003eJ Health Econ\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003e27(3):\u003c/strong\u003e564-584 (2008).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHamermesh DS. Expectations, life expectancy, and economic behavior. \u003cem\u003eThe Quarterly Journal \u003c/em\u003eof Economics. 100(2): 389-408 (1985).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGriffin, Barbara, Vanessa Loh, and Beryl Hesketh. \"A mental model of factors associated with subjective life expectancy.\"\u0026nbsp;Social Science \u0026amp; Medicine\u0026nbsp;82 (2013): 79-86.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBae, Jaekyoung, Yeon-Yong Kim, and Jin-Seok Lee. \"Factors associated with subjective life expectancy: comparison with actuarial life expectancy.\"\u0026nbsp;Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health\u0026nbsp;50.4 (2017): 240.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBellemare C, Bissonnette L, Kroger S. Flexible approximation of subjective expectations using probability questions. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Business \u0026amp; Economic Statistics\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003e30(1):\u003c/strong\u003e125-131 (2012).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBissonnette L, Hurd MD, Michaud P. Individual survival curves comparing subjective and observed mortality risks. \u003cem\u003eHealth Econ\u003c/em\u003e. (2014).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRappange DR, Brouwer WB. Exel, J. Rational expectations? an explorative study of subjective survival probabilities and lifestyle across Europe. \u003cem\u003eHealth Expectations\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003e19(1):\u003c/strong\u003e121-137 (2016).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-indent:0in;color:#4F81BD;font-weight:bold;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal; font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: normal;\"\u003e1: Descriptive statistics\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 102%;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:120.5pt;border-top:solid black 1.5pt;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:18.85pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;text-indent:0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:79.3pt;border-top:solid black 1.5pt;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:18.85pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAged 50-55 (SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:85.35pt;border-top:solid black 1.5pt;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:18.85pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAged 55-60 (SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:82.3pt;border-top:solid black 1.5pt;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:18.85pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAged 60-65 (SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:97.6pt;border-top:solid black 1.5pt;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:18.85pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAll ages (SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:120.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;text-indent:0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eProportion (in %)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:79.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e37.08\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:85.35pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e35.21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:82.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e27.72\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:97.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.59 (0.50)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:82.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.61 (0.49)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:97.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.60 (0.49)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:120.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;text-indent:0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eEmployed\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:79.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.71 (0.46)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:85.35pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.6 (0.49)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:82.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.36 (0.48)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:97.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.57 (0.5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:120.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;text-indent:0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eCurrent smoker\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:79.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.08 (0.27)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:85.35pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.1 (0.3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:82.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.05 (0.23)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:97.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.08 (0.27)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:120.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;text-indent:0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eAlcohol consumption\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:79.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.48 (0.5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:85.35pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.44 (0.5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:82.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.32 (0.47)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:97.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.42 (0.49)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:120.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;text-indent:0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003ePhysical activity (Exercise)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:79.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.2 (0.4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:85.35pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.23 (0.43)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:82.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.2 (0.4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:97.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.21 (0.41)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:120.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;text-indent:0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eTime horizon (to 70)*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:79.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e18.06 (1.44)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:85.35pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e13.21 (1.4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:82.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e8.08 (1.57)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:97.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e13.59 (4.25)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:120.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;text-indent:0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eSSPs at target age 70\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:79.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.71(0.26)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:85.35pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.76 (0.22)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:82.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.76 (0.26)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:97.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.74 (0.25)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:120.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;text-indent:0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eSSPs at target age 75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:79.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.6 (0.27)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:85.35pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.66 (0.25)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:82.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.71 (0.29)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:97.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.65 (0.27)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:120.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;text-indent:0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eSSPs at target age 80\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:79.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.53 (0.27)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:85.35pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.58 (0.27)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:82.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.63 (0.29)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:97.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.57 (0.28)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:120.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;text-indent:0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eSSPs at target age 85\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:79.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.45 (0.27)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:85.35pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.48 (0.27)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:82.3pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.56 (0.3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:97.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.0pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.49 (0.28)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:35.3pt;margin:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eNote: SD: Standard deviations; *:\u0026nbsp;Age 70 minus current age\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:35.3pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:35.3pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-indent:0in;color:#4F81BD;font-weight:bold;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: normal;\"\u003eTable 2: Comparison tests for estimated SLE and national average\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width:408.3pt;margin-left:9.0pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126.8pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:-.85pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:.55pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategory\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEstimated SLE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 103.35pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:-1.65pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNational average\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78.95pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:-2.35pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDifference\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126.8pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:-.85pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:.55pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eMale 50-54\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e79.41 (0.58)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 103.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:-1.65pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e73.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n 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rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eFemale 50-54\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e79.31 (1.04)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 103.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:-1.65pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e75.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78.95pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:-2.35pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e3.41***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126.8pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:-.85pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:.55pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eMale 54-59\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e79.61 (0.65)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 103.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:-1.65pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e75.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78.95pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:-2.35pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e4.41***\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126.8pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:-.85pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:.55pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eFemale 54-59\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e78.92 (1.20)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 103.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:-1.65pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e77.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78.95pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:-2.35pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e1.82\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126.8pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:-.85pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:.55pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eMale 60-64\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e79.91 (1.11)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 103.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:-1.65pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e77.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78.95pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:-2.35pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e2.51**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126.8pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:-1.35pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eFemale 60-64\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e79.30 (1.72)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 103.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:-1.65pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e78.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78.95pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:-2.35pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.60\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:35.3pt;margin:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e*** significant at \u0026lt;0.001, ** significant at 5%, standard error in parenthesis\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:35.3pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:9.0pt;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-indent:0in;color:#4F81BD;font-weight:bold;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: normal;\"\u003eTable 3: Information criterion for model selection\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 89%;margin-left:9.0pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:9.0pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of components\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.5pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:9.0pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157.5pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:9.0pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLog-L\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:9.0pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:9.0pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e1440.088\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:9.0pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;674.0438\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:9.0pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:9.0pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e1453.651\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:9.0pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;653.8253\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2.25in;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:9.0pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.5pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:9.0pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e1426.568\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 157.5pt;border-top: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:9.0pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;613.284\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:0in;color:#4F81BD;font-weight:bold;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: normal;\"\u003eAIC: Akaike Information Criterion; Log-L: Log-likelihood\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:35.3pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-indent:0in;color:#4F81BD;font-weight:bold;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-indent:0in;color:#4F81BD;font-weight:bold;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: normal;\"\u003eTable 4: Effects of concomitant variables on the probability to be classified in each cluster (component)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:41.75pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;text-indent:35.3pt;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"width: 100%;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142.75pt;border-top: 1.5pt solid black;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;text-indent:0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConcomitant variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105pt;border-top: 1.5pt solid black;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;text-indent:0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComponent 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100.85pt;border-top: 1.5pt solid black;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;text-indent:0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComponent 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105pt;border-top: 1.5pt solid black;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;text-indent:0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComponent 4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:142.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:22.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;text-indent:0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eChronic condition\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:105.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:22.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;1.01\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e(0.63)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:100.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:22.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;0.99\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e(0.45)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:105.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:22.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;1.71\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e(0.52)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:142.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.1pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;text-indent:0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eHealth condition limits working ability\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:105.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.1pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e2.16\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e(0.87)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:100.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.1pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e(0.52)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:105.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.1pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e(0.58)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:142.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.1pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;text-indent:0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eDeteriorating health\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:105.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.1pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;0.37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e(0.87)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:100.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.1pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;1.36\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e(0.56)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:105.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.1pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;0.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e(0.54)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:142.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:26.7pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;text-indent:0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003ePoor health\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:105.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:26.7pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;2.07\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e(0.78)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:100.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:26.7pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e(0.52)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:105.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:26.7pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.56\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e(0.56)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:142.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.1pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;text-indent:0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eMother alive\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:105.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.1pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e1.32\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e(0.63)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:100.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.1pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;15.47\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e(781.08)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:105.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.1pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e1.46\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e(0.53)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:142.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.05pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;text-indent:0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eFather alive\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:105.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.05pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;3.49\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e(6.15)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:100.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.05pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;0.43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e(0.97)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:105.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.05pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;16.16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e(2722.68)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:142.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.05pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;text-indent:0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eBoth parents alive\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:105.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.05pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;3.54\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e(11513)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:100.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.05pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e16.22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e(1585.7)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:105.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:14.05pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e16.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e(1585.7)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:142.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;text-indent:0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eIntercept\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:105.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;0.09\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e(0.44)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:100.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.89\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e(0.38)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:105.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.95pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;0.12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e(0.42)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:35.3pt;margin:0in;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eNote: Standard errors are in parenthesis; ***: significant at the 1% level,\u0026nbsp;**: significant at the 5% level; *: significant at the 10% level.\u0026nbsp;Component 1 is the reference group.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:35.3pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-indent:0in;color:#4F81BD;font-weight:bold;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: normal;\"\u003eTable 5: Determinants of the estimated subjective life expectancy\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 106%;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.7pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:0in;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.6pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComponent 1 (SD) [24\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.73%]\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.5pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComponent\u0026nbsp;2 (SD)\u0026nbsp;[20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.97%]\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.25pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComponent\u0026nbsp;3\u0026nbsp;(SD) [33\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.33%]\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.45pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 11.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComponent 4\u0026nbsp;(SD) [20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.97%]\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.7pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eAge\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.6pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;0.3\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.04)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.21\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.04)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.25pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.45\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.06)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.45pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.75\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.06)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.7pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 21.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eMale\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.6pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 21.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;48.45\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (4.19)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 21.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;6.18\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (2.64)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.25pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 21.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 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initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 21.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eMale x Age\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.6pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 21.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 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21.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;0.54\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.09)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.45pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 21.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 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Helvetica;\"\u003eEmployed\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.6pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e2.32\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.42)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e5.23\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.29)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.25pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 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windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 22.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eLow school level\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.6pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 22.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.33 (0.3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 22.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;0.88\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.25pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 22.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;2.51\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.43)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.45pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 22.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;3.46\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.43)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.7pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 20.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eIncome per capita\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.6pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 20.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;0.38\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.15)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 20.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e1.29\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e(0.11)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.25pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 20.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;0.81\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e(0.28)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.45pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 20.8pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e1.11\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e(0.27)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.7pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eSquared income per capita\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.6pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.03\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.01)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;0.11\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.01)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.25pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.05\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e(0.02)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.45pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;0.12\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.02)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.7pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eObese\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.6pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;1.85\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.37)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e2.95\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.25pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;1.75\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.48)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.45pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.2pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.02 (0.36)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.7pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eCurrent smoke\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.6pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e8.46\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.73)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;5.62\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.41)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.25pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;6.21\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.81)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.45pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e4.91\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.58)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.7pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eAlcohol consumption\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.6pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;0.67\u0026lowast;\u0026nbsp;(0.34)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;2.29\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.23)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.25pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;2.4\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.43)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.45pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e2.45\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.36)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.7pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eDoes physical exercises\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.6pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 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windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e1.85\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.53)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.45pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 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Helvetica;\"\u003e5.2\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.26)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.25pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e2.39\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.38)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.45pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e3.8\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.37)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.7pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eRural\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.6pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;6.03\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.51)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;1.67\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.31)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.25pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 14.95pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 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initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eToilet with flush\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.6pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e1.72\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.33)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e1.43\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.26)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.25pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;2.48\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.46)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.45pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 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top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;2.46\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.32)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e7.98\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.25)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.25pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;2.42\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.44)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.45pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e1.06\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.47)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.7pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eSeptic tank\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.6pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;4.16\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.32)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e2.88\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.31)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.25pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026minus;0.63 (0.54)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.45pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e5.22\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (0.55)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.7pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eIntercept\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.6pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e105.15\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (2.69)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e54.67\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (2.46)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.25pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e60.01\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (3.84)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.45pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 19.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e32.5\u003csup\u003e\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u0026lowast;\u003c/sup\u003e (3.73)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134.7pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: 0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eSigma\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.6pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.89\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.97\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87.25pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e1.42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85.45pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e1.25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eNote: Standard errors; ***: significant at the 1% level.**: significant at the 5% level; *: significant at the 10% level. +: Figures within brackets denote the proportion of respondents in the cluster/component\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-indent:0in;color:#4F81BD;font-weight:bold;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: normal;\"\u003eTable 6: Average values of key variables by clusters/components\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 4.7e+2pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:92.9pt;border-top:solid black 1.5pt;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:28.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:85.7pt;border-top:solid black 1.5pt;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:28.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:76.5pt;border-top:solid black 1.5pt;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:28.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge (SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:116.55pt;border-top:solid black 1.5pt;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:28.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExpected\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003elife expectancy (SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:100.85pt;border-top:solid black 1.5pt;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:28.35pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProbability of\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclassification (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:92.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.85pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eComponent\u0026nbsp;1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:85.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:19.85pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:41.75pt;margin-left:6.15pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;text-indent: 0in;margin:0in;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 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\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Subjective life expectancy, Self-assessed survival probabilities, Finite mixture models, Elderly, Côte d’Ivoire","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-15595/v3","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-15595/v3","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground \u003c/strong\u003eThe purpose of this study was to estimate individuals’ expected longevity based on self-assessed survival probabilities and determine the predictors of such subjective life expectancy in a sample of elderly people (50 years and older) in Côte d’Ivoire.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods \u003c/strong\u003ePaper-based questionnaires were administered to a sample (n=267) of older adults residing in the city of Dabou, Côte d’Ivoire in May 2017. Information on subjective expectations regarding health, comorbidities, and self-assessed survival probabilities was collected. We estimated self-assessed life expectancy and its determinants using a two-pronged approach by: (i) estimating individuals’ life expectancy using the self-assessed survival probabilities (SSPs), and (ii) applying a finite mixture of regression models to form homogenous groups of individuals (clusters/components) and investigate the determinants. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA spline-based approach was used to estimate the overall distribution of life expectancy for each individual using two to four points of self-assessed survival probabilities. A finite mixture of regression models was used to identify homogeneous groups of individuals (i.e. clusters/components) of the overall subjective life expectancy distribution of the study participants. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e The mean subjective life expectancy in older people varied according to four components/clusters. The average subjective life expectancy among the elderly was 79.51, 78.89, 80.02, and 77.79 years in the first, second, third, and fourth component of the subjects' overall subjective life expectancy, respectively. The effect of sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, and lifestyle on subjective life expectancy varied across components. For instance, a U-shape relationship between household per capita income and subjective life expectancy was found for individuals classified into the third component, and an inverse U-shape relationship was found for individuals classified into the fourth component.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions \u003c/strong\u003eWe extended the estimation of subjective life expectancy by accounting for heterogeneity in the distribution of the estimated subjective life expectancy. This approach improved the usual methods for estimating individual subjective life expectancies and may provide insight into the elderly’s perception of aging, which could be used to forecast the demand for health services and long-term care needs.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Self-Assessed Life Expectancy Among Older Adults In Côte D’ivoire","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":3,"date":"2020-06-01 15:50:53","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-15595/v3","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Minor revision","date":"2020-05-27T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2020-05-25T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2020-05-24T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2020-05-22T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":2,"date":"2020-04-29 01:11:17","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-15595/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Minor revision","date":"2020-05-15T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2020-05-10T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Accept without revision\nForm responses:\n---\n\nComments to Author:\n---\nAll review comments have been satisfactorily addressed by the authors. The revised manuscript requires some few language editing before publication.* Are the methods appropriate and well described?: **Yes**\n* Does the work include the necessary controls?: **Yes**\n* Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the data shown?: **Yes**\n* Are you able to assess any statistics in the manuscript or would you recommend an additional statistical review?: **I am able to assess the statistics**\n* Quality of written English: **Needs some language corrections before being published**\n* Declaration of competing interests: **I declare that I have no competing interests.**\n* Reviewer Publication Consent. I agree for my report to be made available under an Open Access Creative Commons CC-BY License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) if this manuscript is accepted for publication. Any comments that I do not wish to be included in the published report have been included as confidential comments to the editor, which will not be published.: **I agree to the terms of the CC-BY 4.0 license; please publish my name with my report.**\n"},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2020-04-22T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2020-04-21T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2020-04-20T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2020-04-19T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2020-04-19T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2020-03-02 17:43:15","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-15595/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2020-03-13T12:00:00+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Major revisions required\nForm responses:\n---\n\nComments to Author:\n---\nReview Comments\n\nThis quantitative study was conducted to estimate individuals' expected longevity based on self-assessed survival probabilities and determine the predictors of such subjective life expectancy in a sample of elderly people in Côte d'Ivoire. The subject matter is quite interesting and fits within the scope of the BMC Public Health. That said, there are some major concerns that authors need to address before the manuscript is accepted for publication.\n\nAbstract\n\nThe abstract is okay. The following comments should be worked on by the authors:\n\nLine 10 pg.2: The statement should read \"…….were administered to a sample of 267 older adults residing in ...\"\n\nKeywords: Some of the keywords appear more of phrases than words, for example, Finite mixture of regression models. Authors, work on this.\n\n\nBackground\n\nThe introduction is good and clearly spells out the rationale for the conduct of the study. That said, the authors should work on these few comments:\n\nLine 32, pg.4: \"Sub-Saharan African\" should be written as \"sub-Saharan African\".\n\nLine 34-37, pg.4: the sentence should read \"Cote d'Ivoire is a developing country with a life expectancy of 55.7 years [4]\" (where 4 is PHC, 2014)\n\nMethods\n\nThough the section has relevant information, it is however not well sectioned. Instead of this \"Sampling strategy, data collection, and outcome measures\", I suggest that each sub-section should have its heading with its corresponding information presented under as typical of any published research article. Added to this, there should be a sub-section on data management and analysis, and ethical issues.\n\nAlso, authors should use the past tense in this section because it is a record of what they did.\n\n\nResults\n\nThe findings of the study are well presented, however, like the methods section, authors should use the past tense in this section because it is a record of what they found.\n\n\nDiscussion\n\nThe discussion is good, however, some of the study findings are partially discussed and authors should specifically work on this comment:\nLine 24-27, p.g. 14: Authors write that \"It is worth noting that our results are in line with existing literature dealing with different aspects of subjective life expectancy [7,10,12,13]\" The question is which results specifically relate to this statement? Authors should elaborate further as this barely adds to the discussion section.\n\nConclusion\n\nThe conclusion draws from the study findings and discussion which is good.\n\nFigure Legend\nThis comment apply to all the figures presented: The X and Y axis of all the figures are not labelled. Authors should rectify this anomaly.\n\nP.g. 21: \"Table 2: Average values of some key variables by clusters/components\": A note indicating the constituents of each component would be appreciated.\n* Are the methods appropriate and well described?: **No**\n* Does the work include the necessary controls?: **Yes**\n* Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the data shown?: **Yes**\n* Are you able to assess any statistics in the manuscript or would you recommend an additional statistical review?: **I am able to assess the statistics**\n* Quality of written English: **Needs some language corrections before being published**\n* Declaration of competing interests: **I declare that I have no competing interests**\n* I agree to the open peer review policy of the journal. I understand that my name will be included on my report to the authors and, if the manuscript is accepted for publication, my named report including any attachments I upload will be posted on the website along with the authors' responses. I agree for my report to be made available under an Open Access Creative Commons CC-BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). I understand that any comments which I do not wish to be included in my named report can be included as confidential comments to the editors, which will not be published.: ** I agree to the open peer review policy of the journal**\n"},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2020-03-13T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2020-03-04T12:00:00+00:00","index":4,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2020-03-03T12:00:00+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2020-03-03T12:00:00+00:00","index":3,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2020-02-24T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Major revisions required\nForm responses:\n---\n\nComments to Author:\n---\nReview of the manuscript titled A Study on Self-Assessed Life Expectancy Among Older Adults In Côte D'Ivoire\n\n\n--- General comment:\n\nThe manuscript describes the methods and results of asking 267 adults aged 50 years and older in city of Dabou and surrounding villages in Côte d'Ivoire in 2017, about their expectations of how much they would leave - the exact question/s asked not mentioned in the manuscript. The estimation of subjective life expectancy was performed using a spline-based approach proposed by Bellemare et al. This seems to be the first instance of using Bellemare's method for subjective life expectancy. Then the relations of those estimates with determinants were assessed using finite mixture regression.\n\nLarge gaps exist in description or / and conduct of the methods, statistical analysis, and in presentation of results, as mentioned in the comments below. The most pressing issue is that the complex design of sampling is not accounted for the analyses, which renders most of the results invalid. If accounting for sampling design was performed, why it is not mentioned. If it was not performed, then it should be.\n\n\n\n--- Major comments:\n\n(1) Page 2. Lines 10-12. Abstract. Methods. \"Paper-based questionnaires were administered to a sample (n=267) of older adults residing in the city of Dabou, Côte d'Ivoire in May 2017.\" --- (a) Context of the sampling is not mentioned. (b) What age group is meant for \"older adults\".\n\n(2) Page 2. Lines 32-37. Abstract. Results. \"The average subjective life expectancy among the elderly was 79.51, 78.89, 80.02 and 77.79 years in the first, second, third and fourth component of the subjects' overall subjective life expectancy, respectively.\" --- (a) Life expectancy estimate values without the reference age or age bracket are very uninformative. (b) Confidence intervals for the point estimates. (c) Meaning of \"in the first, second, third and fourth component of the subjects' overall subjective life expectancy\" is not clear.\n\n(3) Page 5. Lines 5-10. Background. \"Previous studies have established that the SSP is a good predictor of real life expectancy and mortality [6-9]. Interestingly, the variance of the SSP declines with age [10], thus, the SSP gives an accurate measure of life expectancy as age increases.\" --- How good is \"a good predictor of real life expectancy and mortality\"? How much accurate is \"an accurate measure of life expectancy as age increases\"? Quantitative findings need to be mentioned.\n\n(4) Page 5. Lines 22-24. Background. \"In this paper, we aim to (i) estimate older adults' SLE using the two to four SSPs, and (ii) identify the determinants of such SLE in Côte d'Ivoire.\" --- Age in years instead of \"older adults\". (b) \"in Côte d'Ivoire\" connotes results representative at the national level: the country of Côte d'Ivoire. Where a sample of 267 people in one city were studies, wording of the study objective needs modification. Same applies to the first sentence in Discussion section.\n\n(5) Page 5. Lines 24-34. Background. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 1 presents the methods used to address the above aims. Section 2 presents the dataset used herein and is followed by a description of the methodological approach. Section 3 is devoted to the presentation and discussion of the results and is followed by a conclusion in section 4. --- No clear reason or rationale is seeable to modify or diverge from the journal requirements for titles and partitions of the manuscript. \"Data\" goes insides the Methods, and not a separate section at the level of Methods, Results, and Discussion. The title \"Approach\" for instance, equals \"Statistical Analysis\". \"presentation and discussion of the results\" come in separate sections, as per journal requirements. Do not they?\n\n(6) Page 6. Lines 5-15. Methods. \"For this study, data were taken from the health section of a survey developed by students and researchers at the Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Statistique et d'Economie Appliquée (ENSEA - national school of statistics and applied economics in English) and administered to a sample of 15- to 65-year-olds from Dabou and its vicinity, a small town at 60 kilometers from Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.\" --- (b) Reference/s for \"a survey developed by students and researchers\". Have the methods and results of that survey been published - so that the audience of this manuscript would be able to gauge the validity of those methods and results? If the overall or main results of that survey have not been published yet, what is the justifiable rationale for publishing a part of it first? (b) Abstract mentions that the study was conducted in May 2017 but the main text does not.\n\n(7) Page 6. Lines 20-32. Methods. \"We randomly selected households stratified on 5 levels: 1) group 1: Dabou (1 locality), 2) group 2: 4 villages (Dabou's vicinity) with more than 700 households, 3) group 3: 3 villages with 400 to 700 households, 4) group 4: 8 villages with 150 to 400 households, and 5) group 5: 1 village with less than 150 households.\" --- (a) Sample size and power estimation details pertinent to the objectives of this manuscript. (b) Does \"group 1: Dabou (1 locality)\" mean the town itself? If so, more clear indication needed. (c) Does \"We randomly selected\" mean that the authors of this manuscript were among the \"researchers at the Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Statistique et d'Economie Appliquée (ENSEA - national school of statistics and applied economics in English)\"?\n\n(8) Page 6. Lines 36-39. Methods. \"Then, at the level of each household, a simple random draw was used to capture one individual among those 15 and above in age.\" --- Why a method such as Kish's method was not used to prevent unbalance in the selected one individual in the family. Without that, the profile of selected individuals biases away from employed male individuals with less disabling diseases.\n\n(9) Page 6. Lines 39-41. Methods. \"The number of individuals aged 15 and above retained amounted to 2523, with a refusal rate estimated at 9%.\" --- (a) What was the protocol within the household level after refusal of the selected individual? (b) What was done to compare the known attributes of those who refused to participate with those who did not refuse.\n\n(10) Page 6. Lines 49. Methods. \"Two questionnaires, validated through a pre-test procedure, were used in the survey.\" --- Mention the validation methodology and the results.\n\n(11) Page 6. Lines 54-56. Methods. \"The first questionnaire was administered to the head of the household to gather information on the members of the household …\" --- What was the protocol if the head of the household was not at home.\n\n(12) Pages 6-7. Lines 59 and 1-10. Methods. \"The second questionnaire gathered information about the participants' health, including overall self-assessed health, conditions, physical functioning, health behaviors (e.g. smoking, alcohol, diet, exercise), and self-assessed survival probabilities for four target ages (70, 75, 80 and 85). The dataset also contains some socioeconomic variables that include gender, age, employment status, and living conditions (Appendix A).\" --- (a) The Table number should be mentioned. (b) Tables in the main text and tables in the Appendices should be numbered separately. (c) \"Table 3: Variable name and definition\", on the last un-numbered page of Appendix A, contains no \"overall self-assessed health\" variable. (d) What was the rationale to use \"Low education level\" (defined as \"1 if the school level of the individual is at the most primary school level, 0 otherwise\") instead of literate / literate. (e) What is the validity of direst questioning about income, as in \"Income per capita\" (defined as \"Household income per capita\")? (f) What was the real operational definition of \"Exercise/physical activity\" defined as \"1 if individual exercises, 0 otherwise\"? What was the question? Provision of the actual two questionnaires that were used would be necessary at this stage - to read the actual questions. This would be necessary for examining the following variables (and definitions) as well: Diet (1 if the individual observes a diet, 0 otherwise), Chronic condition (1 if individual reports at least one chronic condition, 0 otherwise), Health condition limits working ability (1 if the individual reports that his health condition limits his/her working ability, 0 otherwise), Deteriorating health (1 if the individual report that his health is deteriorating, 0 otherwise), SSPs at target age 70 (Subjective survival probability at age 70), SSPs at target age 75, SSPs at target age 80, SSPs at target age 85. (g) The variable \"Both parents alive\" was not asked - was it? - but was a variable defined in data preparation and management. Was that so?\n\n(13) Page 7. Lines 18-28. Methods. \"The methodological approach used in this paper is twofold: (i) using the approach developed by Bellemare et al. (2012) to calculate the life expectancy using the SSPs as an input [11], and (ii) using a finite mixture of regression models to investigate the determinants of the estimated life expectancy. A technical note on the methodological approach is presented in Appendix B.\" AND Appendix B, Page 1, Lines 1-3. \"The approach by Bellemare et al. [1] is based on a cubic spline smoothing around each SSP value. This smoothing helps to estimate the cumulative distribution function of the subjective life expectancy for each individual.\" --- (a) Are there any instances of publications that have used the method proposed by Bellemare et al. (2012) \"Flexible Approximation of Subjective Expectations Using Probability Questions\" for estimation of subjective life expectancy? If yes, reference/s are not provided here. If no, what was the rationale for use of Bellemare's method for estimation of subjective life expectancy in preference to the other methods that have already been used to estimate subjective life expectancy? (b) The above-mentioned sentence from Appendix B connotes that Bellemare used the method to estimate subjective life expectancy. Bellemare et al. \"illustrate[d] the method by revisiting the determinants of income expectations in the United States\". Disambiguation needed. (c) Methods used to verify the assumptions of Bellemare's method (and the findings). (d) Methods used to assess fitness (and the findings). (e) As per descriptions in the Methods section (including the Statistical Analysis) it seems that the uncertainty in estimation of subjective life expectancy was not touched.\n\n(14) Page 8. Lines 22-32. Methods. \"Variables, such as self-assessed health status, self-assessed health variation, or having a parent alive might affect the individual's subjective life expectancy and would be used as concomitant variables. Then, instead of a constant effect of the determinants on subjective life expectancy for the whole population, this framework allows the determinants of the subjective life expectancy to vary across clusters.\" --- (a) Variables \"self-assessed health status\" and \"self-assessed health variation\" [variation?] cannot be readily locatable in \"Table 3: Variable name and definition\" (where most probably they are supposed to be presented). (b) Useful to provide reference/s for the used \"finite mixture model\". (c) Methods used to verify model assumptions and (d) fit.\n\n(15) Methods. --- (a) Software [Stata and R], version, reference. (b) chosen level of statistical significance.\n\n(16) Appendix B. Page 2 of 7. Last paragraph. \"Step 1: Stata commands for estimating the subjective life expectancy (SLE) based on subjective survival probabilities (SSPs). The command \"splinesBBK\" has been implemented in Stata by Bissonnette based on Bellemare et al. (2012) [1].\" --- Search from within Stata and search using plain google does not return any result for \"splinesBBK\", meaning that \"splinesBBK\" does not exist in public domain of internet as of February 23, 2020. Where is it?\n\n(17) Methods. --- How the sampling design accounted for the analysis. It is not figurable for the apparently non-findable Stata command \"splinesBBK\" (in regard with the approach developed by Bellemare et al.). For the R package 'flemix' (regarding finite mixture of regression models to investigate the determinants of the estimated life expectancy), the 'rflexmix' (calling 'rFLXM') accounts for cluster membership. The letters do not seem to have been used as per description of the used R routines - in Appendix B. If stratification and clustering are not accounted for in analysis - as it set forward in the manuscript - then most of the findings are wrong. All the inferential results are wrong, and among the descriptive results, only the pint estimates are correct, but all variances and interval estimates are wrong. If stratification and clustering are not accounted for in analysis, then why the manuscript does not reflect as such? As such, I guess the Stata and R command files and outputs need to be seen to verify what was performed.\n\n(18) Methods. --- Subjective expectations of outcomes such as life expectancy depend on the subject's psychologic profile or personality traits, and that needs to be taken into account and adjusted for in the analysis. What methods were used in this regard, beyond the clusters defined by the finite mixture regression?\n\n(19) Page 9. Lines 56-58. Results. [In Figure 1] \"The red dashes for each sex and age group are the national life expectancy calculated using the actuarial method by the National Statistics Office in Côte d'Ivoire.\" --- (a) Reference for the national life expectancy calculated using the actuarial method by the National Statistics Office in Côte d'Ivoire. (b) How does that compare to internal estimates. (c) What about uncertainty limits?\n\n(20) Results. --- (a) The estimated parameters for the flexible approximation of subjective life expectancy are not reported. (b) The estimated parameters for the mixture regression models are not reported.\n\n(21) Page 10. Lines 30-32. Results. \"Some descriptive statistics about the clusters are given in Table 2 in Appendix A.\" --- Why just \"some\" but not all?\n\n(22) Discussion. --- Study limitations.\n\n\n\n--- Minor comments:\n\n(23) Title: A Study on Self-Assessed Life Expectancy Among Older Adults in Côte D'Ivoire. --- \"A Study on\" is not informative.\n\n(24) Page 4. Lines 32-37. Background. \"Côte d'Ivoire is a developing country with a low life expectancy (55.7 years on average at the national level, based on the Population and Housing Census of 2014).\" --- (a) Reference for \"Population and Housing Census of 2014\". (b) National life expectancy estimates from international organizations / studies.\n\n(25) Page 4. Lines 36-39. Background. \"The poverty rate is relatively high (46.3% in 2015), with 30% of the overall population living in slums [5].\" --- poverty rate based on (…)?\n\n(26) Page 4. Lines 39-49. Background. \"Several non-communicable and communicable illnesses that include Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS), tuberculosis, blood pressure, are highly prevalent, and unhealthy behaviors like smoking or alcohol consumption are also developing.\" --- Reference/s.\n\n(27) Page 8. Lines 1-5. Methods. \"For comparison purposes, we plotted the distribution of the estimated subjective life expectancy for both males and females (stratified by age groups) using kernel density estimation.\" --- Titles of Figure 1 (\"Estimated life expectancy per gender and age groups\") and Figure 2 (\"Estimated life expectancy of both males and females aged 50 to 65 years old\") are not accurate. The \"distribution\" element (y-axis) needs to be added.\n\n(28) Reference number 5. \"Tracking Improvement in the Lives of Slum Dwellers. Slum almanac.\" --- Is it not cited in a standard and retrievable format.\n\n(29) Page 16. Lines 13-17. Declarations. \"Availability of data and materials: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the Mendeley repository, http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/28r5wwvwt7.1\" - Data dictionary is defective. (a) A smaller proportion of variables do not have a variable label. (b) A larger proportion of variables that do have variable labels, but those variable labels do not confer enough meaning to the audience readers. This defies the purpose of sharing the data. (c) The variable labels - where existent - are in French. This also weakens the purpose of sharing the data with a manuscript written in English.\n\n(30) Page 9. Lines 12-20. Results. \"Furthermore, for each age group the SSP declines with the target age. However, for the same target age, the average SSP increases with age groups. At the target age of 75, for example, the average SSP is 60% for individuals aged 50-55, 66% for those aged 55-60, and 71% for those aged 60-65.\" --- (a) The default presentation of SSP estimates' results should be the other way around. Life expectancy means the expectation of remaining years of life at age x dependent upon the assumptions. Objective life expectancy at age 60 (or 60-64) refers to people aged 60 (60-64). So is the subjective life expectancy at age 60. Then, the disaggregation of such SSP at age 60-64 estimates can be performed according to age groups of subjects who responded. (b) Age grouping is usually done for five-year age brackets, such as 50-54, 55-59, and so on. Why it is said \"50-55\", \"55-60\", and \"60-65\" in this manuscript?\n\n(31) Page 9. Lines 34-39. Results. \"Individuals in Dabou estimate their survival to be higher than the national average, and this situation is pronounced for males.\" --- (a) What was the national average? (b) Are they significantly different or not?\n\n(32) Appendices. --- (a) The \"Table 3: Variable name and definition\" in Appendix A and the \"Table 1: Variables, code names and definitions\" in Appendix B are mostly the same. Could not the two tables unified in one table - or is there a specific reason that the two tables convey different information. (b) What is the rationale for having two separate appendices. Why all of the material could not be presented in one appendix?\n\n(33) Page 11. Lines 51-53. Results. \"We found no evidence for an effect of obesity on subjective life expectancy for individuals in the lowest cluster.\" --- (a) No evidence at all or no evidence of significant effect (better to say association). (b) Having provided the quantitative details annuls such question on quantitative results.\n\n* Are the methods appropriate and well described?: **No**\n* Does the work include the necessary controls?: **Yes**\n* Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the data shown?: **Yes**\n* Are you able to assess any statistics in the manuscript or would you recommend an additional statistical review?: **I am able to assess the statistics**\n* Quality of written English: **Acceptable**\n* Declaration of competing interests: **I declare that I have no competing interests.**\n* I agree to the open peer review policy of the journal. I understand that my name will be included on my report to the authors and, if the manuscript is accepted for publication, my named report including any attachments I upload will be posted on the website along with the authors' responses. I agree for my report to be made available under an Open Access Creative Commons CC-BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). I understand that any comments which I do not wish to be included in my named report can be included as confidential comments to the editors, which will not be published.: ** I agree to the open peer review policy of the journal**\n"},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2020-02-21T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2020-02-21T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2020-02-21T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2020-02-20T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2020-02-20T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"15b40bc4-49c1-4ad7-8567-c55f0d026a9a","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 1st, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":110849,"name":"Health Economics \u0026 Outcomes Research"},{"id":110850,"name":"Geriatrics \u0026 Gerontology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2020-06-21T17:01:23+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-15595","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09034-4","journal":{"identity":"bmc-public-health","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Public Health"},"publishedOn":"2020-06-15 12:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"June 15th, 2020"},"versionCreatedAt":"2020-06-01 15:50:53","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12889-020-09034-4","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09034-4","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v3","identity":"rs-15595","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-15595","identity":"rs-15595","version":["v3"]},"buildId":"FbvkV6FR0MCFSLy54lSbu","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}