Management of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Current Strategies and Future Prospects

Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), now known as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), has envisioned significant treatment breakthroughs in the past decade. Treatment has focused on improving patient survival and quality of life and delaying disease progression. Current therapies are categorized based on targeting different pathways known to contribute to PAH, including endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs), phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE-5 inhibitors), prostacyclin analogs, soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators, activin signaling inhibitors as Sotatercept. The latest addition to treatment options is soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators, such as Riociguat, which directly stimulates the nitric oxide pathway, facilitating vasodilation. Looking to the future, advancements in PAH treatment focus on precision medicine involving the sub-stratification of patients through a deep characterization of altered Transforming Growth Factor- β(TGF-β) signaling and molecular therapies. Gene therapy, targeting specific genetic mutations linked to PAH, and cell-based therapies, such as mesenchymal stem cells, are under investigation. Novel pharmacologic targets are also developing, including growth factors and inflammation-modulating pathways. Ongoing clinical trials aim to refine these emerging treatments and better understand their long-term benefits and safety profiles. This review will discuss the current therapies that help delay the progression and improve survival and future PAH treatments that hold potential for curative approaches targeting underlying disease mechanisms.