Investigation of partial span full chord twist morphing as a means for rotary-wing aerodynamic performance enhancement  

Investigation of partial span full chord twist morphing as a means for rotary-wing aerodynamic performance enhancement | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Investigation of partial span full chord twist morphing as a means for rotary-wing aerodynamic performance enhancement Mars Burke, Alvin Gatto This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8216629/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Rotary-wing platforms have been instrumental in the advancement of modern aviation given their unique vertical take-off and landing(VTOL) capabilities. Their applications vary in both scope and scale to include search and rescue, transport logistics, medical evacuation and surveillance and reconnaissance to name but a few. Compared to their fixed-wing counterparts however, rotary-wing platforms operate within a substantially different flow-field environment resulting in much lower aerodynamically efficient flight characteristics. One main element giving rise to these inherent characteristics is the highly transitory, dynamic, and uniquely complicated airflow environment setup on the rotating blades during normal flight regimes(hover, forward flight, etc). Realising significant additional aerodynamic performance gains therefore can be extremely difficult to achieve, particularly given the near universal current use of a fixed, rigid, and sub-optimal/compromised rotor blade design principles. Such conditions represent a limited ability to integrate within a real-world operational environment any degree of reactive adaptability to changes in optimal flight requirements. This work investigates the ability of a novel full-chord, partial-span(FCPS) blade-twist morphing concept to improve this metric yet to be considered extensively within currently available literature. Overall, the work leverages the software package, CROTOR © to identify the optimal spanwise distribution with which to integrate this morphing functionality for best performance. Spanwise positions ranging from 0.75r/R - where r/R is the ratio of spanwise blade position to length - to 0.95r/R at the rotor blade’s tip and from 0.10r/R to 0.20r/R at the rotor blade’s root are evaluated over a twist range of − 10° to + 20° with the overall cost/benefit analysis considered. A full-scale Sikorsky Sea King helicopter rotor system is selected as the baseline analysis case with key performance parameter comparisons for lift coefficient, lift-to-drag ratio, Figure of Merit (FoM) as well as power and thrust coefficients all presented and evaluated. This investigation demonstrates that the FCPS twist morphing rotor concept can be tailored to mission-specific operational requirements. For a balanced performance(enhancing efficiency without incurring significant power penalties or secondary losses), the 0.85r/R configuration constitutes the most favourable solution achieving C L /C D gains of 20.3%(hover), 14%(take-off), and 12.2%(cruise) accompanied by FoM increases of 3.8%(hover) and 1.3%(take-off), and a propulsive efficiency(ηₚ) rise of 2.73%. These correspond to 3.8% endurance, 2.5% payload, and 15.3% range improvements. The implications of linear and non-linear FCPS morphing are also considered. Ultimately, the full-chord blade twist angle(both root and tip) was identified as the main determinant for this enhancement highlighting the potential benefits available within rotary-wing applications if such a concept can be practically realised. Rotary morphing Full-chord partial-span morphing Adaptive structures helicopter rotor blade Rotational aerodynamics Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8216629","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":558331209,"identity":"88849893-693c-4ada-98cb-479e7d1091e0","order_by":0,"name":"Mars 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","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Rotary morphing, Full-chord partial-span morphing, Adaptive structures, helicopter rotor blade, Rotational aerodynamics","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8216629/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8216629/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eRotary-wing platforms have been instrumental in the advancement of modern aviation given their unique vertical take-off and landing(VTOL) capabilities. Their applications vary in both scope and scale to include search and rescue, transport logistics, medical evacuation and surveillance and reconnaissance to name but a few. Compared to their fixed-wing counterparts however, rotary-wing platforms operate within a substantially different flow-field environment resulting in much lower aerodynamically efficient flight characteristics. One main element giving rise to these inherent characteristics is the highly transitory, dynamic, and uniquely complicated airflow environment setup on the rotating blades during normal flight regimes(hover, forward flight, etc). Realising significant additional aerodynamic performance gains therefore can be extremely difficult to achieve, particularly given the near universal current use of a fixed, rigid, and sub-optimal/compromised rotor blade design principles. Such conditions represent a limited ability to integrate within a real-world operational environment any degree of reactive adaptability to changes in optimal flight requirements. This work investigates the ability of a novel full-chord, partial-span(FCPS) blade-twist morphing concept to improve this metric yet to be considered extensively within currently available literature. Overall, the work leverages the software package, CROTOR\u003csub\u003e\u0026copy;\u003c/sub\u003e to identify the optimal spanwise distribution with which to integrate this morphing functionality for best performance. Spanwise positions ranging from 0.75r/R - where r/R is the ratio of spanwise blade position to length - to 0.95r/R at the rotor blade\u0026rsquo;s tip and from 0.10r/R to 0.20r/R at the rotor blade\u0026rsquo;s root are evaluated over a twist range of \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;10\u0026deg; to +\u0026thinsp;20\u0026deg; with the overall cost/benefit analysis considered. A full-scale Sikorsky Sea King helicopter rotor system is selected as the baseline analysis case with key performance parameter comparisons for lift coefficient, lift-to-drag ratio, Figure of Merit (FoM) as well as power and thrust coefficients all presented and evaluated. This investigation demonstrates that the FCPS twist morphing rotor concept can be tailored to mission-specific operational requirements. For a balanced performance(enhancing efficiency without incurring significant power penalties or secondary losses), the 0.85r/R configuration constitutes the most favourable solution achieving \u003cem\u003eC\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e/C\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e gains of 20.3%(hover), 14%(take-off), and 12.2%(cruise) accompanied by FoM increases of 3.8%(hover) and 1.3%(take-off), and a propulsive efficiency(ηₚ) rise of 2.73%. These correspond to 3.8% endurance, 2.5% payload, and 15.3% range improvements. The implications of linear and non-linear FCPS morphing are also considered. Ultimately, the full-chord blade twist angle(both root and tip) was identified as the main determinant for this enhancement highlighting the potential benefits available within rotary-wing applications if such a concept can be practically realised.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Investigation of partial span full chord twist morphing as a means for rotary-wing aerodynamic performance enhancement ","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-12 06:59:50","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8216629/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"06c16af4-85ee-40ff-989c-9bbb6c6f6541","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 12th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-07T16:09:18+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-12 06:59:50","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8216629","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8216629","identity":"rs-8216629","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}