School instability in South Africa: a Systematic Review of Reflections and Experiences for a way forward

The attainment of objectives within the school system is contingent upon the presence of a favourable environment (Ajani, 2022). The escalation of school violence in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) province, which has resulted in the disruption of academic activities, has raised concerns among education stakeholders regarding the crises in schools. Numerous instances of violent incidents resulting in fatalities and damage to both human life and property have been documented (Mahaye, Dlomo & Ajani, 2022). The occurrence of multiple established incidents has resulted in a lack of stability within schools, thereby creating an environment that is not conducive to effective teaching and learning. The present study investigates diverse factors contributing to educational instability in KwaZulu-Natal, drawing upon data derived from published literature and the authors' firsthand involvement as education administrators. The study's findings show that crime and violence are primarily responsible for school instability. Typically, incidents of violence and criminality in educational settings are the result of internal factors involving both learners and school staff members or maybe the result of external forces coming from members of the local community. Multiple strategies have been identified to mitigate instances of violence in the school setting, to foster a secure and favourable atmosphere for educational activities. In addition, several proposed measures have been put forward to ensure the stability of schools in the KwaZulu-Natal province. These include moral guidance, heightened security measures, the cultivation of emotional intelligence, instruction in philosophy, specifically African philosophy (Ubuntu), and the enhancement of teacher welfare packages.