Imaging of nonlinear media response using pressure dependent nonlinearity index

Imaging of nonlinear media response using pressure dependent nonlinearity index | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Imaging of nonlinear media response using pressure dependent nonlinearity index A. Nowicki, J. Tasinkiewicz, P. Karwat, I. Trots, N. Żołek, R. Tymkiewicz This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4281746/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Oct, 2024 Read the published version in Archives of Acoustics → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: In the range of acoustic pressures used in ultrasound imaging, the waves propagating in tissue are distorted due to the nonlinear properties of the tissue. The adipose tissue exhibits up to 2 times greater nonlinear behavior than other tissue. In general, the nonlinear property of the media is addressed by using the B/A nonlinearity parameter measured in transmission mode and requiring wide band reception systems. Method: We propose a new simple approach for estimating the non-linear properties of tissue. The proposed method involves the use of several waves transmissions with significantly different acoustic pressures and recording the echoes only in the fundamental frequency band. The set of images of "linear" tissues (B/A=0) will differ only in amplitude proportional to the amplitude of the transmitted wave. Therefore, the ratios of the echoes’ amplitudes recorded for the sequence of low and high pressure transmission, after compensating for different transmit acoustic pressures, should be close to one. If there are areas in the imaging space with B/A¹0, the amplitude ratios will differ from one and this value should increase with increasing nonlinearity coefficient of the imaged tissue. The research was carried out in three steps. In the first step of the evaluation, the amplitude of the first and higher harmonics in water and in vegetable oil was measured for various sound pressures. Sound pressures were measured using a needle hydrophone at a depth of 1 cm up to 6 cm from the face of the ultrasonic head. In the second part the echoes from the thread phantom in water and sunflower oil were analyzed. Finally, we studied the backscattered ultrasound measurements from the sample of beef liver with oil mimicking fatty tissue. Results: We have introduced a simple non-linearity index ( NLI ) in the form of the quotient of the backscattered signals amplitudes EP1 and EP2 for two different transmitted pressures, after compensating for the transmitted pressures, NLI=EP1/EP2. Biological sciences/Biophysics Health sciences/Medical research Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Oct, 2024 Read the published version in Archives of Acoustics → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4281746","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":296457114,"identity":"87bff4c6-8275-4d61-af5d-7791f1624815","order_by":0,"name":"A. Nowicki","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Fundamental Technological Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"A.","middleName":"","lastName":"Nowicki","suffix":""},{"id":296457116,"identity":"6b7bdadb-d68f-4647-8bbb-e684756015a4","order_by":1,"name":"J. Tasinkiewicz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Fundamental Technological Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"J.","middleName":"","lastName":"Tasinkiewicz","suffix":""},{"id":296457118,"identity":"04b50310-2a76-49b9-ae6b-b48b25848a34","order_by":2,"name":"P. Karwat","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Fundamental Technological Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"P.","middleName":"","lastName":"Karwat","suffix":""},{"id":296457119,"identity":"73a886be-614b-44e0-8462-477f226b2690","order_by":3,"name":"I. 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The adipose tissue exhibits up to 2 times greater nonlinear behavior than other tissue. In general, the nonlinear property of the media is addressed by using the B/A nonlinearity parameter measured in transmission mode and requiring wide band reception systems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethod:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eWe propose a new simple approach for estimating the non-linear properties of tissue. The proposed method involves the use of several waves transmissions with significantly different acoustic pressures and recording the echoes only in the fundamental frequency band. The set of images of \"linear\" tissues (B/A=0) will differ only in amplitude proportional to the amplitude of the transmitted wave. Therefore, the ratios of the echoes’ amplitudes recorded for the sequence of low and high pressure transmission, after compensating for different transmit acoustic pressures, should be close to one. If there are areas in the imaging space with B/A¹0, the amplitude ratios will differ from one and this value should increase with increasing nonlinearity coefficient of the imaged tissue.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research was carried out in three steps. In the first step of the evaluation, the amplitude of the first and higher harmonics in water and in vegetable oil was measured for various sound pressures. Sound pressures were measured using a needle hydrophone at a depth of 1 cm up to 6 cm from the face of the ultrasonic head. In the second part the echoes from the thread phantom in water and sunflower oil were analyzed. Finally, we studied the backscattered ultrasound measurements from the sample of beef liver with oil mimicking fatty tissue.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eWe have introduced a simple non-linearity index (\u003cem\u003eNLI\u003c/em\u003e) in the form of the quotient of the backscattered signals amplitudes \u003cem\u003eEP1\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eEP2\u003c/em\u003efor two different transmitted pressures, after compensating for the transmitted pressures, \u003cem\u003eNLI=EP1/EP2.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Imaging of nonlinear media response using pressure dependent nonlinearity index","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-29 04:24:57","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4281746/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2353d787-ea52-4e39-b61d-d93388e0ca31","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 29th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":31265929,"name":"Biological sciences/Biophysics"},{"id":31265930,"name":"Health sciences/Medical research"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-11T14:14:02+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4281746","link":"https://doi.org/10.24425/aoa.2024.148814","journal":{"identity":"archives-of-acoustics","isVorOnly":true,"title":"Archives of Acoustics"},"publishedOn":"2024-10-10 00:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"October 10th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-29 04:24:57","video":"","vorDoi":"10.24425/aoa.2024.148814","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/aoa.2024.148814","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4281746","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4281746","identity":"rs-4281746","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}