Physical Growth and Neurodevelopmental Indicators at Corrected 6 Months of Age in Preterm Infants Born at 22-32 Weeks Gestation: A Single-Center Study

Physical Growth and Neurodevelopmental Indicators at Corrected 6 Months of Age in Preterm Infants Born at 22-32 Weeks Gestation: A Single-Center Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Physical Growth and Neurodevelopmental Indicators at Corrected 6 Months of Age in Preterm Infants Born at 22-32 Weeks Gestation: A Single-Center Study Zhongfu Guo, Chao Ning, Wanxian Zhang, Dingning Zhang, Fangrui Ding This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6932217/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 15 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Pediatrics → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective To investigate the physical growth and neurodevelopmental indicators of Gestational age（GA）＜ 32 weeks infants at 6 months corrected age. Methods This study included 116 infants, retrospectively analyzing GA＜32 weeks infants who discharged from Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology and Obstetrics between April 2023 and August 2024. General movements (GMs) assessment was performed at 1 month corrected age. Physical Growth Indicators, GMs and Gesell Developmental Diagnosis Scale (GDDS) assessments were conducted at 3 and 6 months corrected age. Results The proportion of abnormal GMs at 3 months corrected age (86.21%) was lower than that at 1 month corrected age (3.44%).At 6 months corrected age, the proportion of infants with a developmental quotient (DQ) ≤75 was 43.10%, lower than 69.82% at 3 months corrected age. GA and multiple births were independent risk factors for DQ ≤75 at 3 months corrected age. Gestational age, early intervention, and intracranial hemorrhage were independent risk factors for DQ ≤75 at 6 months corrected age. Conclusion At 6 months corrected age, GA＜32 weeks infants exhibited greater neurodevelopmental outcome. Standardized follow-up and early neurodevelopmental interventions should be further strengthened for preterm infants to reduce the occurrence of adverse outcomes. General Movements Assessment Extremely Preterm Infants Very Preterm Infants Prognosis Background According to the latest data, in 2020, approximately 13.4 million premature babies were born annually across 103 countries worldwide. In East Asian countries, around 178,800 preterm infants born between 28 and less than 32 weeks, and 72,900 born at less than 28 weeks of gestation were recorded in the same year (1). With the increasing success rates in the treatment of preterm infants, particularly extremely preterm infants (EPI) and very preterm infants (VPI), the neurodevelopmental outcomes and brain development of these infants have become a global focus (2)(3)(4). Extremely preterm infants (EPI) are defined as those born at less than 28 weeks of gestation, while very preterm infants (VPI) are those born between 28 and 31 weeks + 6 days of gestation. The use of corrected age for follow-up after discharge has been widely accepted (5). However, there is a lack of comprehensive evidence-based medical support for prognostic analysis at different corrected ages, especially regarding data analysis for the prognosis of preterm infants born at less than 32 weeks of gestation (6)(7). Moreover, Current literature exhibits a significant evidence gap in quantifying the neurodevelopmental benefits of early intervention protocols implemented during the critical window of early infancy for preterm neonates (GA < 32 weeks).This study aims to investigate the multifactorial analysis of physical growth, development, and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants with a gestational age of less than 32 weeks at a single center.Through systematic data analysis of periodic assessments and early clinical interventions in this vulnerable population, we aim to achieve earlier improvement in patient prognoses.To objectively evaluate the treatment outcomes of critically ill preterm infants in this region, and to provide evidence-based references for both parents and physicians in making clinical decisions. Materials and Methods Study Subjects The study subjects were super (extremely) preterm infants discharged from the NICU of Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology and Obstetrics between April 2023 and August 2024. These infants received regular follow-up and early developmental promotion guidance.The inclusion criteria were infants who survived to a corrected age of 6 months and completed follow-up, totaling 136 cases, with 20 cases lost to follow-up. Cases with incomplete data or lost to follow-up were excluded. Clinical trial number: not applicable. Ethics Approval declaration and Consent statement This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Review Committee of Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology and Obstetrics, approval No.2025KY083. The committee granted a waiver for the requirement of obtaining written informed consent from participants, as the research involved retrospective data analysis with minimal risk. All procedures were conducted in accordance with relevant ethical guidelines and regulations to ensure the confidentiality and protection of participants' data. Physical Development and Influencing Factors Physical development was assessed using the revised 2013 Fenton preterm growth curve for corrected gestational age up to 40 weeks, and the 2006 World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards for corrected gestational age beyond 40 weeks. Measurements for length and head circumference were recorded to the nearest 0.1 cm, and weight to the nearest 0.01 kg. The Z-score method was employed to evaluate physical development, with the 2006 WHO growth standards as the reference. The WHO Anthro software (version 3.2.2) was used to calculate the Z-scores for length-for-age (LAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), and head circumference-for-age (HCZ). The Z-score was calculated as (child's measurement - median of the reference standard) / standard deviation of the reference standard (8). At corrected ages of 3 and 6 months, infants were classified as underweight if their weight was below -2 standard deviations (SD) of the mean for their corrected age and sex, and severely underweight if below -3 SD. Stunting was defined as length below -2 SD of the mean for corrected age and sex, and severe stunting if below -3 SD. Microcephaly was defined as head circumference below -2 SD of the mean for corrected age and sex, and severe microcephaly if below -3 SD. The diagnosis of neonatal asphyxia was based on a 1-minute Apgar score of ≤7 at birth. Potential high-risk factors for a developmental quotient (DQ) of ≤75 included maternal age, infant sex, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, antenatal corticosteroid use, mode of delivery, singleton/multiple birth, relationship between gestational age and birth weight, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intracranial hemorrhage, patent ductus arteriosus, retinopathy of prematurity, neonatal infections, electroencephalogram findings, frequency of early interventions, and results of general movement quality assessments. Neuropsychological Development Assessment At corrected ages of 1 and 3 months, the General Movements Assessment (GMs) was utilized to evaluate neurodevelopmental outcomes. The GMs, initially proposed by developmental neurologist Professor Prechtl (9)(10), is a novel assessment method that observes spontaneous movements in fetuses and infants up to 4-5 months of age to predict their neurodevelopmental outcomes. Clinically, the GMs assessment is divided into two main stages: the preterm/writhing movements stage and the fidgety movements stage. During the preterm/writhing movements stage, GMs are categorized into four outcomes:Normal GMs (N): Movements involve the entire body, with arms, legs, neck, and trunk participating in a complex sequence. These movements vary in intensity, strength, and speed, with gradual onset and cessation. Rotation along the limb axes and slight changes in movement direction make the motion fluid, graceful, and complex.Poor Repertoire GMs (PR): Movements are monotonous, with limited and repetitive components, lacking complexity and variability.Cramped-Synchronized GMs (CS): Movements are stiff, lacking complexity, variability, and fluidity, with almost simultaneous contraction and relaxation of all limb and trunk muscles.Chaotic GMs (Ch): Movements are disordered, with large amplitudes, extreme instability, and a loss of fluidity.During the fidgety movements stage, GMs are categorized into three outcomes:Normal Fidgety Movements (NF): Small to moderate amplitude movements with variable acceleration in all directions, occurring continuously across all body parts.Absence of Fidgety Movements (F-): No observable fidgety movements throughout the stage.Abnormal Fidgety Movements (AF): Movements resemble NF but are exaggerated in amplitude, speed, and instability.The assessments were conducted one-on-one by medical professionals who had received specialized training and certification.At corrected ages of 3 and 6 months, the Gesell Developmental Schedules were used to assess the neuropsychological development of all study subjects (11). The assessment covered five major domains: gross motor, fine motor, adaptive ability, language, and social behavior. A developmental quotient (DQ) above 85 is considered normal, 76-85 indicates a borderline state, 55-75 suggests mild developmental delay, 40-54 indicates moderate developmental delay, 25-39 signifies severe developmental delay, and below 25 reflects profound developmental delay. The evaluations were conducted one-on-one by trained and certified medical personnel. Statistical Methods The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 27.0 software. Measurement data that followed a normal distribution were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (x ± s), and comparisons between groups were conducted using independent samples t-test (for two groups) or one-way ANOVA (for multiple groups). Non-normally distributed data were expressed as median (interquartile range) [M (P25, P75)], and comparisons between groups were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test (for two groups) or the Kruskal-Wallis H test (for multiple groups). Univariate analysis was first conducted, and variables with P < 0.05 were selected for multivariate logistic regression analysis. A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results General Characteristics A total of 116 preterm infants were included, comprising 61 extremely preterm infants and 55 very preterm infants.Extremely Preterm Infants Group:Gestational age: (25.8 ± 2.2) weeks, ranging from 22 to 27 + 6 weeks.Birth weight: 1356.5 ± 276.1 g, ranging from 670 to 2260 g.Gender distribution: 19 boys and 42 girls.Subgroups:22–24 + 6 weeks: 10 cases;25–26 + 6 weeks: 15 cases༛27–27 + 6 weeks: 14 cases.Very Preterm Infants Group:Gestational age: (29.8 ± 1.4) weeks, ranging from 28 to 31 + 6 weeks.Birth weight: 883.8 ± 170.9 g, ranging from 599 to 1200 g.Gender distribution: 20 boys and 35 girls.Subgroup:28–31 + 6 weeks: 77 cases.The general characteristics of the 116 study subjects are presented in Table 1 . Table 1 Baseline Table of Clinical Characteristics of EPI and VPI 22–27 + 6 N(%) 28–31 + 6 N(%) χ 2 P-value Sex Male 19 (48.7%) 20 (54.5%) Female 42 (51.3%) 35 (45.5%) 0.353 0.553 Maternal Age <35 20 (51.3%) 47 (61.0%) ≥ 35 19 (48.7%) 30 (39.0%) 1.010 0.315 Delivery Vaginal delivery 33 (84.6%) 31 (40.3%) Cesarean section 6 (15.4%) 46 (59.7%) 20.593 < 0.001 Appropriate for Gestational Age LGA 5 (12.8%) 0 (0.0%) AGA 32 (82.1%) 73 (94.8%) SGA 2 (5.1%) 4 (5.2%) 11.373 0.005 Antenatal Corticosteroid Use None 10 (25.6%) 19 (24.7%) Incomplete 27 (69.2%) 45 (58.4%) Complete 2 (5.1%) 13 (16.9%) 3.261 0.196 RDS No 7 (17.9%) 17 (22.1%) Yes 32 (82.1%) 60 (77.9%) 0.269 0.604 Parity Singleton 28 (73.7%) 56 (72.7%) Multiple 10 (26.3%) 21 (27.3%) 0.012 0.913 Apgar Score 1 min > 7 5 (12.8%) 42 (54.5%) 1 min 4–7 28 (71.8%) 32 (41.6%) 1 min 0–3 6 (15.4%) 3 (3.9%) 21.906 < 0.001 BPD No 22 (56.4%) 74 (96.1%) Yes 17 (43.6%) 3 (3.9%) 28.586 < 0.001 ROP No 10 (25.6%) 64 (83.1%) Yes 29 (74.4%) 13 (16.9%) 37.026 < 0.001 Intracranial Hemorrhage No 20 (51.3%) 40 (51.9%) Grade I-II 10 (25.6%) 32 (41.6%) Grade III-IV 9 (23.1%) 5 (6.5%) 7.713 0.021 PDA No 25 (64.1%) 54 (70.1%) Yes 14 (35.9%) 23 (29.9%) 0.433 0.511 GDM No 30 (76.9%) 57 (74.0%) Yes 9 (23.1%) 20 (26.0%) 0.116 0.734 Gestational Hypertension No 37 (94.9%) 59 (76.6%) Yes 2 (5.1%) 18 (23.4%) 6.042 0.014 Neonatal Sepsis No 33 (84.6%) 71 (92.2%) Yes 6 (15.4%) 6 (7.8%) 0.895 0.344 Monthly Early Intervention Sessions 0 3 (7.7%) 12 (15.6%) 1–3 33 (84.6%) 54 (70.1%) 4 3 (7.7%) 11 (14.3%) 3.081 0.214 EEG Normal 1 (2.6%) 3 (3.9%) Mild 17 (43.6%) 51 (65.2%) Mild-Moderate 15 (38.5%) 16 (20.8%) Moderate 5 (12.8%) 6 (7.8%) Moderate-Severe 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) Severe 1 (2.6%) 1 (1.3%) 6.747 0.115 GMS Assessment Stage 1 N 5 (12.8%) 11 (14.3%) Stage 1 PR 29 (74.4%) 65 (84.4%) Stage 1 CS 5 (12.8%) 1 (1.3%) 6.682 0.035 Stage 2 NF 37 (94.9%) 75 (97.4%) Stage 2 F- 2 (5.1%) 2 (2.6%) 0.028 0.867 Infant Psychological Development Scale (DQ) Corrected Age 3 Months DQ<75 35 (89.7%) 46 (59.7%) DQ ≥ 75 4 (10.3%) 31 (40.3%) 11.061 < 0.001 Corrected Age 6 Months DQ<75 24 (61.5%) 26 (33.8%) DQ ≥ 75 15 (38.5%) 51 (66.2%) 8.142 0.004 RDS: Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome. GDM: Infants of mothers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. ROP: Retinopathy of Prematurity. PDA: Patent Ductus Arteriosus. BPD: Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. LGA: Large for Gestational Age. AGA: Appropriate for Gestational Age. SGA: Small for Gestational Age. In this study, extremely preterm and very preterm infants were divided into four groups based on gestational age: 22–24 + 6 weeks, 25–26 + 6 weeks, 27–27 + 6 weeks, and 28–31 + 6 weeks. Data analysis was conducted for birth weight, birth length, and birth head circumference, as well as weight, length, and head circumference at corrected ages of 3 months and 6 months. The results revealed that statistically significant differences were only observed in birth weight, birth length, and birth head circumference among extremely preterm and very preterm infants. Detailed findings are presented in Tables 2 – 4 . Table 2 Birth Weight, Length, and Head Circumference of EPI and VPI Across Different Gestational Ages 22–24 + 6, n = 10 25–26 + 6, n = 15 22–27 + 6, n = 14 28–31 + 6 n = 77 F P-value Weight(‾x ± sd, g) 735.9 ± 58.8 818.7 ± 113.3 1059.3 ± 119.5 1356.5 ± 276 39.221 < 0.001 Length(‾x ± sd, cm) 31.6 ± 1.6 33.4 ± 1.4 36.3 ± 1.7 39.1 ± 2.5 52.970 < 0.001 Head Circumference(‾x ± sd, cm) 22.9 ± 1.2 23.6 ± 1.6 25.3 ± 1.5 27.7 ± 1.7 46.429 < 0.001 Table 3 Z-Scores of Weight, Length, and Head Circumference at Corrected Age of 3 Months for EPI and VPI Across Different Gestational Ages 22–24 + 6, n = 10 25–26 + 6, n = 15 22–27 + 6, n = 14 28–31 + 6 n = 77 F P-value Weight (‾x ± sd) 0.30 ± 0.56 -0.07 ± 0.57 -0.08 ± 0.51 0.27 ± 0.99 1.073 0.364 Length(‾x ± sd) -0.03 ± 0.71 -0.46 ± 1.33 -0.25 ± 0.84 0.17 ± 1.53 1.105 0.350 Head Circumference(‾x ± sd) -0.15 ± 0.61 -0.45 ± 1.05 -0.56 ± 0.83 -0.23 ± 1.13 0.536 0.659 Table 4 Z-Scores of Weight, Length, and Head Circumference at Corrected Age of 6 Months for EPI and VPI Across Different Gestational Ages 22–24 + 6, n = 10 25–26 + 6, n = 15 22–27 + 6, n = 14 28–31 + 6 n = 77 F P-value Weight (‾x ± sd) -0.09 ± 0.48 -0.46 ± 0.76 -0.42 ± 0.73 -0.11 ± 0.87 1.463 0.229 Length(‾x ± sd) -0.51 ± 0.60 -0.59 ± 1.24 -0.63 ± 1.13 -0.11 ± 1.18 1.194 0.315 Head Circumference(‾x ± sd) -0.73 ± 0.90 -0.63 ± 0.86 -0.99 ± 0.80 -0.48 ± 0.70 2.015 0.116 The developmental quotient (DQ) results at the corrected age of 3 months were divided into two groups: DQ ≤ 75 and DQ > 75. Univariate analysis indicated that gestational age, multiple births, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and the number of early interventions were associated with DQ ≤ 75 at the corrected age of 3 months. Multivariate analysis further revealed that gestational age and multiple births were independent influencing factors for DQ ≤ 75 at the corrected age of 3 months. See Table 5 for details. Table 5 Univariate and Multivariate Analysis of DQ ≤ 75 at Corrected Age of 3 Months variables Univariate Analysis Multivariate Analysis OR 95%CI P OR 95%CI P Female infant 0.794 0.359–1.757 0.570 Gestational weeks 0.745 0.617-0.900 0.002 0.806 0.651–0.997 0.047 Multiple births 2.889 1.005–8.304 0.049 3.225 1.061–9.805 0.039 Cesarean section 1.326 0.593–2.964 0.492 1-minute Apgar score 4–7 0.675 0.150–3.030 0.608 1-minute Apgar score 0–3 2.000 0.436–9.176 0.373 Maternal age ≥ 35 years 1.612 0.707–3.673 0.256 Antenatal use of complete course of corticosteroids 0.453 0.193–1.063 0.069 Number of monthly early intervention sessions 0.273 0.092–0.808 0.019 0.573 0.226–1.457 0.243 EEG findings: mild or above 1.500 0.648–3.475 0.344 GMS Stage 1: PR + CS 0.742 0.222–2.484 0.628 BPD 10.419 1.336–81.254 0.025 8.322 0.945–73.316 0.056 ROP 2.441 0.989–6.029 0.053 PDA 1.526 0.630–3.700 0.349 GDM 0.947 0.381–2.355 0.907 Gestational hypertension 0.454 0.169–1.221 0.118 Neonatal sepsis 1.333 0.338–5.254 0.681 RDS 0.724 0.260–2.015 0.536 Intracranial hemorrhage 1.202 0.670–2.158 0.537 The developmental quotient (DQ) results at the corrected age of 6 months were divided into two groups: DQ ≤ 75 and DQ ≥ 75. Univariate analysis indicated that female sex, gestational age, cesarean delivery, 1-minute Apgar score of 4–7, monthly early intervention, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, sepsis, and intracranial hemorrhage were associated with DQ ≤ 75 at the corrected age of 6 months. Multivariate analysis further revealed that gestational age, the number of early interventions, and intracranial hemorrhage were independent influencing factors for DQ ≤ 75 at the corrected age of 6 months. See Table 6 for details. Table 6 Univariate and Multivariate Analysis of DQ ≤ 75 at Corrected Age of 6 Months variables Univariate Analysis Multivariate Analysis OR 95%CI P OR 95%CI P Female infant 2.460 1.158–5.225 0.019 1.438 0.405–5.104 0.575 Gestational weeks 0.671 0.555–0.810 < 0.001 0.650 0.442-.956 0.029 Multiple births 1.379 0.602–3.156 0.447 Cesarean section 0.392 0.182–0.844 0.017 0.650 0.213–3.835 0.891 1-minute Apgar score 4–7 0.147 0.027–0.794 0.026 0.503 0.026–9.617 0.648 1-minute Apgar score 0–3 0.234 0.045–1.219 0.085 Maternal age ≥ 35 years 0.851 0.403–1.793 0.671 Antenatal use of complete course of corticosteroids 1.031 0.356–2.988 0.955 Number of monthly early intervention sessions 0.026 0.009–0.076 < 0.001 0.014 0.003–0.068 < 0.001 EEG findings: mild or above 1.571 0.737–3.352 0.242 GMS Stage 2: F- 4.149 0.418–41.138 0.224 BPD 3.889 1.372–11.022 0.011 2.480 0.292–21.079 0.405 ROP 2.107 0.975–4.552 0.058 PDA 1.391 0.634–3.053 0.410 GDM 0.408 0.163–1.021 0.055 Gestational hypertension 0.857 0.321–2.287 0.758 Neonatal sepsis 18.333 2.278-147.522 0.006 2.585 0.152–43.979 0.511 RDS 1.340 0.532–3.372 0.534 Intracranial hemorrhage 2.308 1.089–4.890 0.029 3.249 1.087–9.709 0.035 Discussion With the continuous improvement in the medical care for extremely and very preterm infants, it is worth researching and exploring how to ensure a high quality of life for these infants following successful treatment. Additionally, the limited ability of extremely and very preterm infants to absorb and benefit from nutrients after birth leads to severe nutritional restrictions, along with energy expenditure and nutrient loss. As a result, the growth and development measurements of these infants at discharge are significantly below the standard growth curves, indicating varying degrees of extrauterine growth restriction.The expected acceleration in growth for preterm infants typically occurs between 36–40 weeks of corrected age, with most preterm infants gradually achieving catch-up growth by 2–3 years of age. Usually, head circumference catches up first, followed by length, and then weight. However, extremely and very preterm infants often exhibit slower growth rates and may struggle to reach ideal growth targets by 1 year of age (12) In this study, infants were divided into gestational age groups: 22–24 + 6 weeks, 25–26 + 6 weeks, 27–27 + 6 weeks, and 28–31 + 6 weeks. Differences in birth weight, birth length, and birth head circumference were observed among these groups, but no significant differences were found at corrected ages of 3 and 6 months. This suggests that adequate extrauterine nutritional support can reduce or even reverse the gap caused by intrauterine growth restriction. The study followed the Chinese expert consensus on feeding recommendations for low-birth-weight preterm infants after discharge, implementing systematic and sequential management for these infants. The lack of significant differences among gestational age groups may be related to the small sample size (13). Extremely preterm infants (EPI) and very preterm infants (VPI) are the most challenging groups to treat due to their extreme immaturity in multiple organs, high rates of complications, poor prognosis, and prolonged hospitalization, which contribute to high mortality rates. Even among survivors, long-term outcomes are often unfavorable. Common complications include RDS, BPD, ROP, PDA, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). Such factors commonly impact the somatic growth of extremely preterm infants (14)(15). Growth curves plotted according to corrected age also show prolonged lagging growth. In this study, no cases of severe underweight, severe stunting, or severe microcephaly were observed, indicating that appropriate nutritional guidance and attentive, patient family care can provide the necessary support for catch-up growth in this population. Extremely preterm infants are highly susceptible to brain injury. Accurately assessing neurodevelopmental outcomes at various stages and implementing timely early interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes in these infants has become a major focus of neonatal research worldwide in recent years (16). The GDDS assessment providing a reliable basis for early diagnosis of intellectual giftedness or developmental delays [11] . Typically developing children show balanced progress across all dimensions, whereas preterm infants often exhibit uneven developmental levels.In this study, the proportions of preterm infants with a DQ ≤ 75 at corrected 3 months and corrected 6 months were 69.82% and 43.10%, respectively. The study followed standardized feeding recommendations for preterm and low-birth-weight infants after discharge, with physical growth assessments corrected until 2 years of age. The selection of corrected 3-month and 6-month intervals as follow-up points allowed for active neurodevelopmental monitoring, enabling early intervention plans tailored to the corrected age to achieve catch-up growth.In Cheng Wang et al.'s study, preterm infants assessed using the Gesell Developmental Diagnostic Scale all had DQ scores ≤ 75 (17). Wu Yan et al. reported a developmental delay rate of approximately 43.25% using the Gesell scale (18). A foreign study found mild to severe motor developmental delays in 87.5% of preterm infants at corrected 3 months and 61.7% at corrected 6 months (19).In this study, the proportion of preterm infants with mild or more severe developmental delays was relatively low, possibly due to the positive effects of early intervention after identifying delays. Preterm infants, especially those with lower gestational ages, often struggle to reach normal developmental levels and frequently exhibit mild or more severe delays. After early intervention in this study, the neuropsychological development of preterm infants showed partial correction, and the incidence of developmental delays decreased. Although preterm infants demonstrate catch-up growth in early infancy, their neurodevelopment at 2 years still significantly differs from that of full-term infants (17).Differences in brain function and structure between full-term infants and extremely preterm infants at corrected ages may contribute to developmental delays in the latter. Moreover, abnormal brain development in preterm infants may affect language, cognition, and mathematical abilities (20)(21). Small gestational age and multiple births are independent risk factors for DQ ≤ 75 at the corrected age of 3 months, showing a positive correlation with intellectual disability. The smaller the gestational age of extremely and very preterm infants, the higher the probability of neurodevelopmental delays. Additionally, twins require more time and attention in family care, which may impact their developmental levels during early life. Prolonged and high-concentration oxygen therapy influences the occurrence and progression of ROP. Early vision abnormalities can affect tracking ability, leading to varying degrees of developmental delays (22). Gestational age, early intervention, and intracranial hemorrhage are independent influencing factors for DQ ≤ 75 at the corrected age of 6 months. Intracranial hemorrhage is positively correlated with DQ ≤ 75 at 6 months, while higher gestational age and early intervention are negatively correlated with DQ ≤ 75. In this study, intracranial hemorrhage in extremely and very preterm infants was associated with poor developmental outcomes in later assessments, likely due to the potential for brain injury caused by intracranial hemorrhage (23). However, the likelihood of neurodevelopmental delays in these infants was significantly reduced with regular early intervention. Regular communication with families of preterm infants at high risk for conditions such as cerebral palsy, combined with early screening, serves as a positive factor for appropriate intervention and support (24). Targeted communication with families, providing sufficient information, and actively developing family intervention plans significantly enhance the effectiveness of early intervention in preterm infants. Extremely and very preterm infants are at high risk for brain injuries such as intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and cystic periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) (25), which can lead to abnormal muscle tone and increase the likelihood of long-term adverse outcomes, including cerebral palsy, global developmental delay, cognitive and learning difficulties, developmental coordination disorder, and visual or hearing impairments. These adverse outcomes are associated with birth asphyxia and other high-risk factors at birth, which also negatively impact neurodevelopmental outcomes. However, the long-term prognosis may vary depending on the specific risk factors. Limperopoulos et al suggest that cerebellar injuries in preterm infants, underdevelopment of the contralateral cerebral hemisphere's cortical projection areas, and reduced gray matter volume in the prefrontal lobe are closely linked to social and behavioral disorders. Therefore, preterm infants with abnormal cranial ultrasound findings, particularly IVH or neurological symptoms, should undergo early intervention training once their condition stabilizes to improve long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes (26). The General Movements (GMs) assessment, introduced by developmental neurologist Prechtl (9), is a novel method for evaluating spontaneous movements in fetuses and infants up to 4–5 months of age to predict neurodevelopmental outcomes. Numerous studies have shown that GMs assessment is a sensitive tool for detecting specific neurological impairments in newborns and young infants (27). Infants who exhibit absent fidgety movements (F-) during the fidgety phase are at a high risk of developing cerebral palsy or developmental delays (28). Therefore, such high-risk infants should be closely monitored, and immediate rehabilitation interventions should be initiated upon detecting F- movements. Clinically, it is also important to differentiate between these abnormalities and design targeted rehabilitation strategies. In this study, GMs assessment results showed that during the first stage, 81.03% of infants exhibited poor repertoire (PR), 13.79% had normal movements, and 5.17% displayed cramped-synchronized (CS) movements. In the second stage, 3.44% exhibited absent fidgety movements (F-), while 96.55% had normal fidgety movements (NF). Although PR was the most common finding in the first stage, some infants transitioned to NF after early intervention.In some international studies, the proportion of preterm infants with mildly abnormal motor quality reached 43%, significantly higher than the 25% observed in the general population (19). However, in this study, very few preterm infants exhibited abnormal fidgety movements, possibly due to effective early intervention improving adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes (29).In this research, the frequency of monthly early intervention sessions was associated with a DQ > 75 in extremely preterm and very preterm infants. This correlation may be influenced by parental education level, awareness, and pediatricians' guidance, but regular early intervention training has been shown to promote neurodevelopment in preterm infants with a gestational age < 32 weeks (30).Our study has certain limitations. Since early neurodevelopment in preterm infants is unstable, follow-up assessments until 2 years of age are generally more scientifically rigorous. However, this study retrospectively collected follow-up data, aiming to achieve optimal intervention effects within a shorter timeframe. It did not strictly follow a prospective cohort design with extended follow-up for all enrolled preterm infants. Further assessments at later ages are still under investigation.To obtain more reliable conclusions in the future, larger-sample, multicenter prospective cohort studies are needed to provide high-quality evidence, offering a stronger reference for neurodevelopmental follow-up in preterm infants (31)(32)(33). Conclusion In summary, we conclude that extremely and very preterm infants discharged from the NICU remain a high-risk population for poor growth and neurodevelopmental delays. Among these infants, smaller gestational age, multiple births, and intracranial hemorrhage are positively correlated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. However, the proportion of extremely and very preterm infants with compliant parents who undergo regular early intervention and experience neurodevelopmental delays, learning difficulties, global developmental delays, or cerebral palsy is significantly reduced. This highlights the importance of enhanced management and follow-up for extremely and very preterm infants after discharge. Declarations Competing interests The authors have no conflicts of interest relevant to this article to disclose. Funding The Original article is funded by Tianjin Key Medical Discipline(Specialty) Construction Project(TJYXZDXK-039A). Author Contribution ZG: Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing–original draft. CN: Resources, Supervision, Writing–original draft. WZ: Data curation, Writing–original draft. DZ: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing–review and editing.FD：Funding acquisition, Writing–review and editing. Acknowledgement I would like to express my gratitude to FD and DZ for their advice and assistance in completing this project. Data Availability Statement All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files]. References Ohuma EO, Moller AB, Bradley E, Chakwera S, Hussain-Alkhateeb L, Lewin A, et al. National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm in 2020, with trends from 2010: a systematic analysis. Temporal trends of preterm birth in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective study - PubMed [Internet]. [cited 2024 Dec 27]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29534760/ Hwang JH, Jung E, Lee BS, Kim EAR, Kim KS. Survival and Morbidities in Infants with Birth Weight Less than 500 g: a Nationwide Cohort Study. J Korean Med Sci. 2021;36(31):e206. P R, C C, Kr C, M V, J D, S S, et al. Preterm Brain Injury and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2022 Jan 12 [cited 2025 Mar 2];150(6). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36330752/ Lems W, Hopkins B, Samson JF. Mental and motor development in preterm infants: the issue of corrected age. Early Hum Dev. 1993 Sep;34(1–2):113–23. Orton J, Spittle A, Doyle L, Anderson P, Boyd R. Do early intervention programmes improve cognitive and motor outcomes for preterm infants after discharge? A systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009 Nov;51(11):851–9. Arpino C, Compagnone E, Montanaro ML, Cacciatore D, De Luca A, Cerulli A, et al. Preterm birth and neurodevelopmental outcome: a review. Childs Nerv Syst. 2010 Sep;26(9):1139–49. WHO child growth standards: length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: methods and development [Internet]. [cited 2024 Dec 27]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/924154693X Prechtl HF. General movement assessment as a method of developmental neurology: new paradigms and their consequences. The 1999 Ronnie MacKeith lecture. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2001 Dec;43(12):836–42. Hf P, C E, G C, Af B, F F, D S. An early marker for neurological deficits after perinatal brain lesions. Lancet (London, England) [Internet]. 1997 Oct 5 [cited 2025 Mar 2];349(9062). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9149699/ Rs B. The Gesell Developmental Schedules: Arnold Gesell (1880-1961). Journal of abnormal child psychology [Internet]. 1977 [cited 2025 Mar 2];5(3). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/332745/ Hui LL, Ho FK, Wright CM, Cole TJ, Lam HS, Deng HB, et al. World variation in head circumference for children from birth to 5 years and a comparison with the WHO standards. Arch Dis Child. 2023 May;108(5):373–8. Growth and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Very Low Birth Weight Infants From Southern India at Corrected Age of One Year - PubMed [Internet]. [cited 2025 Mar 2]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36415113/ Fanczal E, Berecz B, Szijártó A, Gasparics Á, Varga P. The Prognosis of Preterm Infants Born at the Threshold of Viability: Fog Over the Gray Zone - Population-Based Studies of Extremely Preterm Infants. Med Sci Monit. 2020 Dec 10;26:e926947. Cao Y, Jiang S, Sun J, Hei M, Wang L, Zhang H, et al. Assessment of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Practices, Morbidity, and Mortality Among Very Preterm Infants in China. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Aug 2;4(8):e2118904. Kong J, Liang SZ, Chen HF, Lin YQ, Cui QL, Wu F. [Effect of weight growth velocity in the early stage after birth on neurodevelopment of preterm infants at the corrected age of 12 months]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2021 Mar;23(3):236–41. CHENG Wang, WANG Cheng-Ju, SHEN Ya-Li. Neurodevelopmental catch-up status and correction termination age in preterm infants of different gestational ages. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2024 Nov 15;26(11):1141–7. WU Yan，ZHONG Xiaoyun，GONG Hua. Follow-up study on physical and neurodevelopmental outcomes in extremely preterm infants at corrected age of 6 months. The Journal of Practical Medicine. 2021;37(11):1445–9. Lundqvist‐Persson C, Lau G, Nordin P, Bona E, Sabel K. Preterm infants’ early developmental status is associated with later developmental outcome. Acta Paediatrica. 2012 Feb;101(2):172–8. Collins SE, Thompson DK, Kelly CE, Yang JYM, Pascoe L, Inder TE, et al. Development of brain white matter and math computation ability in children born very preterm and full-term. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2021 Oct;51:100987. Miller JV, Chau V, Synnes A, Miller SP, Grunau RE. Brain Development and Maternal Behavior in Relation to Cognitive and Language Outcomes in Preterm-Born Children. Biol Psychiatry. 2022 Oct 15;92(8):663–73. Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Infants Screened for Retinopathy of Prematurity - PubMed [Internet]. [cited 2025 Mar 2]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37883103/ Yu VYH, Orgill AA, Bajuk B, Astbury J. Survival and 2‐year outcome of extremely preterm infants. BJOG. 1984 Jul;91(7):640–6. Cameron KLI, Coulston F, Kwong AKL, Whittingham K, Morgan C, Boyd RN, et al. Parents’ experiences of early screening for cerebral palsy: A qualitative reflexive thematic analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2024 Nov 28; Ducatez F, Tebani A, Abily-Donval L, Snanoudj S, Pilon C, Plichet T, et al. New insights and potential biomarkers for intraventricular hemorrhage in extremely premature infant, case-control study. Pediatr Res. 2024 Jul;96(2):395–401. Zun Z, Kapse K, Jacobs M, Basu S, Said M, Andersen N, et al. Longitudinal Trajectories of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Very Preterm Infants during Third Trimester Ex Utero Development Assessed with MRI. Radiology. 2021 Jun;299(3):691–702. Hadders-Algra M, Tacke U, Pietz J, Rupp A, Philippi H. Predictive value of the General Movements Assessment and Standardized Infant NeuroDevelopmental Assessment in infants at high risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2024 Oct;66(10):1361–8. Cerebral Palsy: Early Markers of Clinical Phenotype and Functional Outcome - PubMed [Internet]. [cited 2025 Mar 2]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31590221/ General Movements as Predictive Tool of Neurological Outcomes in Term-Born Infants With Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy at Ages Six and 12 Months - PubMed [Internet]. [cited 2025 Mar 2]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39862710/ Toma AI, Dima V, Alexe A, Bojan C, Nemeș AF, Gonț BF, et al. Early Intervention Guided by the General Movements Examination at Term Corrected Age-Short Term Outcomes. Life (Basel). 2024 Apr 5;14(4):480. Cheng W, Zhao Y, Liu C, Fan Q, Wang C, Hu Q, et al. Investigation of the catch-up status and termination for corrected age of neurodevelopment in premature infants of different gestational ages. Transl Pediatr. 2024 Nov;13(11):1913–22. Rieger-Fackeldey E, Schulz P, Schulze A. General Movements and Outcome in Children with Birthweights ≤ 500 Grams at Age 5 to 6 Years. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol. 2020 Apr;224(2):86–92. Schmidbauer VU, Yildirim MS, Dovjak GO, Goeral K, Buchmayer J, Weber M, et al. Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Neurodevelopmental Outcome Prediction in Neonates Born Extremely Premature-An Exploratory Study. Clin Neuroradiol. 2024 Jun;34(2):421–9. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 15 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Pediatrics → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 21 Jul, 2025 Reviews received at journal 07 Jul, 2025 Reviews received at journal 03 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 Jun, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 26 Jun, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 25 Jun, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 25 Jun, 2025 First submitted to journal 19 Jun, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6932217","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":477814676,"identity":"734f28a0-55b2-4dc6-8a14-f74286a8920e","order_by":0,"name":"Zhongfu Guo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nankai University Affiliated Maternity Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhongfu","middleName":"","lastName":"Guo","suffix":""},{"id":477814677,"identity":"5e95dd49-cbe1-4ee2-aaf0-6102ca725c7d","order_by":1,"name":"Chao Ning","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nankai University Affiliated Maternity Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chao","middleName":"","lastName":"Ning","suffix":""},{"id":477814678,"identity":"7fadcedc-ca04-4c85-8cba-515157123d7a","order_by":2,"name":"Wanxian Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nankai University Affiliated Maternity Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wanxian","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":477814679,"identity":"0b7a5bf3-ddc3-4163-be0b-c1b1027a31fa","order_by":3,"name":"Dingning Zhang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNvbmAwYf/0jI2Tecf/ggoaKGsBY+nmMJhTMbLIwNGM8wGzw4c4ywFjmJHIPPvA0ViRuYz7BJPmxhJsJhPAcMN/PukEjcznb2WEViAxsDf3t3AgG/NCQbzj0jYbyz51zajcQdMgwSZ85uIGTLMYM3bBKyDTcOmN1IPMPGYCCRS0CLRGL7Dx42CcaG+w/MChLbmInRksxgyNsmobjhwBkzBuK08BxjMJwB9Itkw7FkiYQzx3gI+kW+vf+DwYeKOjl+hsMHP/6oqJHjb+/FrwUD8JCmfBSMglEwCkYBVgAAXOFRL10yesgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Nankai University Affiliated Maternity Hospital","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dingning","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":477814680,"identity":"72e166c8-2488-4593-8171-c06decd47f28","order_by":4,"name":"Fangrui Ding","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nankai University Affiliated Maternity Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fangrui","middleName":"","lastName":"Ding","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-19 14:38:29","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6932217/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6932217/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-025-06415-9","type":"published","date":"2025-12-15T15:57:26+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":98814937,"identity":"d98f2bca-ca09-4960-bf50-da1ed91b1bf3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-22 16:13:05","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1261259,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6932217/v1/e2e911d8-c159-4379-aeb7-82dbeab23ec8.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Physical Growth and Neurodevelopmental Indicators at Corrected 6 Months of Age in Preterm Infants Born at 22-32 Weeks Gestation: A Single-Center Study","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the latest data, in 2020, approximately 13.4\u0026nbsp;million premature babies were born annually across 103 countries worldwide. In East Asian countries, around 178,800 preterm infants born between 28 and less than 32 weeks, and 72,900 born at less than 28 weeks of gestation were recorded in the same year (1). With the increasing success rates in the treatment of preterm infants, particularly extremely preterm infants (EPI) and very preterm infants (VPI), the neurodevelopmental outcomes and brain development of these infants have become a global focus (2)(3)(4). Extremely preterm infants (EPI) are defined as those born at less than 28 weeks of gestation, while very preterm infants (VPI) are those born between 28 and 31 weeks\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6 days of gestation. The use of corrected age for follow-up after discharge has been widely accepted (5). However, there is a lack of comprehensive evidence-based medical support for prognostic analysis at different corrected ages, especially regarding data analysis for the prognosis of preterm infants born at less than 32 weeks of gestation (6)(7). Moreover, Current literature exhibits a significant evidence gap in quantifying the neurodevelopmental benefits of early intervention protocols implemented during the critical window of early infancy for preterm neonates (GA\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;32 weeks).This study aims to investigate the multifactorial analysis of physical growth, development, and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants with a gestational age of less than 32 weeks at a single center.Through systematic data analysis of periodic assessments and early clinical interventions in this vulnerable population, we aim to achieve earlier improvement in patient prognoses.To objectively evaluate the treatment outcomes of critically ill preterm infants in this region, and to provide evidence-based references for both parents and physicians in making clinical decisions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Subjects\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study subjects were super (extremely) preterm infants discharged from the NICU of Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology and Obstetrics between April 2023 and August 2024. These infants received regular follow-up and early developmental promotion guidance.The inclusion criteria were infants who survived to a corrected age of 6 months and completed follow-up, totaling 136 cases, with 20 cases lost to follow-up. Cases with incomplete data or lost to follow-up were excluded. Clinical trial number: not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Approval declaration and Consent statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Review Committee of Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology and Obstetrics, approval No.2025KY083. The committee granted a waiver for the requirement of obtaining written informed consent from participants, as the research involved retrospective data analysis with minimal risk. All procedures were conducted in accordance with relevant ethical guidelines and regulations to ensure the confidentiality and protection of participants\u0026apos; data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical Development and Influencing Factors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhysical development was assessed using the revised 2013 Fenton preterm growth curve for corrected gestational age up to 40 weeks, and the 2006 World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards for corrected gestational age beyond 40 weeks. Measurements for length and head circumference were recorded to the nearest 0.1 cm, and weight to the nearest 0.01 kg. The Z-score method was employed to evaluate physical development, with the 2006 WHO growth standards as the reference. The WHO Anthro software (version 3.2.2) was used to calculate the Z-scores for length-for-age (LAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), and head circumference-for-age (HCZ). The Z-score was calculated as (child\u0026apos;s measurement - median of the reference standard) / standard deviation of the reference standard (8).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt corrected ages of 3 and 6 months, infants were classified as underweight if their weight was below -2 standard deviations (SD) of the mean for their corrected age and sex, and severely underweight if below -3 SD. Stunting was defined as length below -2 SD of the mean for corrected age and sex, and severe stunting if below -3 SD. Microcephaly was defined as head circumference below -2 SD of the mean for corrected age and sex, and severe microcephaly if below -3 SD.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe diagnosis of neonatal asphyxia was based on a 1-minute Apgar score of \u0026le;7 at birth. Potential high-risk factors for a developmental quotient (DQ) of \u0026le;75 included maternal age, infant sex, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, antenatal corticosteroid use, mode of delivery, singleton/multiple birth, relationship between gestational age and birth weight, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intracranial hemorrhage, patent ductus arteriosus, retinopathy of prematurity, neonatal infections, electroencephalogram findings, frequency of early interventions, and results of general movement quality assessments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNeuropsychological Development Assessment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt corrected ages of 1 and 3 months, the General Movements Assessment (GMs) was utilized to evaluate neurodevelopmental outcomes. The GMs, initially proposed by developmental neurologist Professor Prechtl (9)(10), is a novel assessment method that observes spontaneous movements in fetuses and infants up to 4-5 months of age to predict their neurodevelopmental outcomes. Clinically, the GMs assessment is divided into two main stages: the preterm/writhing movements stage and the fidgety movements stage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the preterm/writhing movements stage, GMs are categorized into four outcomes:Normal GMs (N):\u0026nbsp;Movements involve the entire body, with arms, legs, neck, and trunk participating in a complex sequence. These movements vary in intensity, strength, and speed, with gradual onset and cessation. Rotation along the limb axes and slight changes in movement direction make the motion fluid, graceful, and complex.Poor Repertoire GMs (PR):\u0026nbsp;Movements are monotonous, with limited and repetitive components, lacking complexity and variability.Cramped-Synchronized GMs (CS):\u0026nbsp;Movements are stiff, lacking complexity, variability, and fluidity, with almost simultaneous contraction and relaxation of all limb and trunk muscles.Chaotic GMs (Ch):\u0026nbsp;Movements are disordered, with large amplitudes, extreme instability, and a loss of fluidity.During the fidgety movements stage, GMs are categorized into three outcomes:Normal Fidgety Movements (NF):\u0026nbsp;Small to moderate amplitude movements with variable acceleration in all directions, occurring continuously across all body parts.Absence of Fidgety Movements (F-):\u0026nbsp;No observable fidgety movements throughout the stage.Abnormal Fidgety Movements (AF):\u0026nbsp;Movements resemble NF but are exaggerated in amplitude, speed, and instability.The assessments were conducted one-on-one by medical professionals who had received specialized training and certification.At corrected ages of 3 and 6 months, the Gesell Developmental Schedules were used to assess the neuropsychological development of all study subjects (11). The assessment covered five major domains: gross motor, fine motor, adaptive ability, language, and social behavior. A developmental quotient (DQ) above 85 is considered normal, 76-85 indicates a borderline state, 55-75 suggests mild developmental delay, 40-54 indicates moderate developmental delay, 25-39 signifies severe developmental delay, and below 25 reflects profound developmental delay. The evaluations were conducted one-on-one by trained and certified medical personnel.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical Methods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 27.0 software. Measurement data that followed a normal distribution were expressed as mean \u0026plusmn; standard deviation (x \u0026plusmn; s), and comparisons between groups were conducted using independent samples t-test (for two groups) or one-way ANOVA (for multiple groups). Non-normally distributed data were expressed as median (interquartile range) [M (P25, P75)], and comparisons between groups were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test (for two groups) or the Kruskal-Wallis H test (for multiple groups). Univariate analysis was first conducted, and variables with P \u0026lt; 0.05 were selected for multivariate logistic regression analysis. A P-value \u0026lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGeneral Characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 116 preterm infants were included, comprising 61 extremely preterm infants and 55 very preterm infants.Extremely Preterm Infants Group:Gestational age: (25.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.2) weeks, ranging from 22 to 27\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6 weeks.Birth weight: 1356.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;276.1 g, ranging from 670 to 2260 g.Gender distribution: 19 boys and 42 girls.Subgroups:22\u0026ndash;24\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6 weeks: 10 cases;25\u0026ndash;26\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6 weeks: 15 cases༛27\u0026ndash;27\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6 weeks: 14 cases.Very Preterm Infants Group:Gestational age: (29.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4) weeks, ranging from 28 to 31\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6 weeks.Birth weight: 883.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;170.9 g, ranging from 599 to 1200 g.Gender distribution: 20 boys and 35 girls.Subgroup:28\u0026ndash;31\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6 weeks: 77 cases.The general characteristics of the 116 study subjects are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaseline Table of Clinical Characteristics of EPI and VPI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u0026ndash;27\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u0026ndash;31\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eχ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (48.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (54.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42 (51.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 (45.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.353\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.553\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMaternal Age\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (51.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47 (61.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (48.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (39.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.315\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDelivery\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVaginal delivery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33 (84.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (40.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCesarean section\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (15.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46 (59.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.593\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppropriate for Gestational Age\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLGA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (12.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (82.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73 (94.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (5.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (5.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.373\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAntenatal Corticosteroid Use\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (25.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (24.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncomplete\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (69.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45 (58.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComplete\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (5.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (16.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.261\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.196\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRDS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (17.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (22.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (82.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60 (77.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.269\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.604\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eParity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingleton\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (73.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56 (72.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (26.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (27.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.913\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eApgar Score\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 min\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (12.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42 (54.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 min 4\u0026ndash;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (71.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (41.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 min 0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (15.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (3.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.906\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBPD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (56.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74 (96.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (43.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (3.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.586\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eROP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (25.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64 (83.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (74.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (16.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntracranial Hemorrhage\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (51.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 (51.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrade I-II\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (25.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (41.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrade III-IV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (23.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (6.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.713\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePDA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (64.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54 (70.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (35.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 (29.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.433\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.511\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGDM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (76.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57 (74.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (23.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (26.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.734\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestational Hypertension\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37 (94.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59 (76.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (5.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (23.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNeonatal Sepsis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33 (84.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71 (92.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (15.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (7.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.895\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.344\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMonthly Early Intervention Sessions\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (7.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (15.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33 (84.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54 (70.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (7.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (14.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.081\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.214\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEEG\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (3.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMild\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (43.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51 (65.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMild-Moderate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (38.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (20.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (12.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (7.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate-Severe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSevere\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.747\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGMS Assessment\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStage 1 N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (12.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (14.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStage 1 PR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (74.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65 (84.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStage 1 CS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (12.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.682\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStage 2 NF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37 (94.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75 (97.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStage 2 F-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (5.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (2.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.867\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInfant Psychological Development Scale (DQ)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrected Age 3 Months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDQ\u0026lt;75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 (89.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46 (59.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDQ\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (10.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (40.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.061\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrected Age 6 Months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDQ\u0026lt;75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (61.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 (33.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDQ\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (38.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51 (66.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRDS: Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGDM: Infants of mothers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eROP: Retinopathy of Prematurity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePDA: Patent Ductus Arteriosus.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBPD: Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLGA: Large for Gestational Age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGA: Appropriate for Gestational Age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGA: Small for Gestational Age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, extremely preterm and very preterm infants were divided into four groups based on gestational age: 22\u0026ndash;24\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6 weeks, 25\u0026ndash;26\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6 weeks, 27\u0026ndash;27\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6 weeks, and 28\u0026ndash;31\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6 weeks. Data analysis was conducted for birth weight, birth length, and birth head circumference, as well as weight, length, and head circumference at corrected ages of 3 months and 6 months. The results revealed that statistically significant differences were only observed in birth weight, birth length, and birth head circumference among extremely preterm and very preterm infants. Detailed findings are presented in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBirth Weight, Length, and Head Circumference of EPI and VPI Across Different Gestational Ages\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u0026ndash;24\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;26\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u0026ndash;27\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u0026ndash;31\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight(\u0026oline;x\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd, g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e735.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;58.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e818.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;113.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1059.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;119.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1356.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.221\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength(\u0026oline;x\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd, cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.970\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHead Circumference(\u0026oline;x\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd, cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.429\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ-Scores of Weight, Length, and Head Circumference at Corrected Age of 3 Months for EPI and VPI Across Different Gestational Ages\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u0026ndash;24\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;26\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u0026ndash;27\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u0026ndash;31\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight (\u0026oline;x\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.073\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.364\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength(\u0026oline;x\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.350\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHead Circumference(\u0026oline;x\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.536\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.659\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ-Scores of Weight, Length, and Head Circumference at Corrected Age of 6 Months for EPI and VPI Across Different Gestational Ages\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u0026ndash;24\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;26\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u0026ndash;27\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u0026ndash;31\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight (\u0026oline;x\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.463\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.229\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength(\u0026oline;x\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.315\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHead Circumference(\u0026oline;x\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;sd)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe developmental quotient (DQ) results at the corrected age of 3 months were divided into two groups: DQ\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;75 and DQ\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;75. Univariate analysis indicated that gestational age, multiple births, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and the number of early interventions were associated with DQ\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;75 at the corrected age of 3 months. Multivariate analysis further revealed that gestational age and multiple births were independent influencing factors for DQ\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;75 at the corrected age of 3 months. See Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e for details.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnivariate and Multivariate Analysis of DQ\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;75 at Corrected Age of 3 Months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003evariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnivariate Analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariate Analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95%CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95%CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale infant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.794\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.359\u0026ndash;1.757\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.570\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGestational weeks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.745\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.617-0.900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.806\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.651\u0026ndash;0.997\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.047\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple births\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.889\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.005\u0026ndash;8.304\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.049\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.061\u0026ndash;9.805\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.039\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCesarean section\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.326\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.593\u0026ndash;2.964\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.492\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-minute Apgar score 4\u0026ndash;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.675\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.150\u0026ndash;3.030\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.608\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-minute Apgar score 0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.436\u0026ndash;9.176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.373\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaternal age\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.612\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.707\u0026ndash;3.673\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntenatal use of complete course of corticosteroids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.453\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.193\u0026ndash;1.063\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of monthly early intervention sessions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.273\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.092\u0026ndash;0.808\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.019\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.573\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.226\u0026ndash;1.457\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEEG findings: mild or above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.648\u0026ndash;3.475\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.344\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGMS Stage 1: PR\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;CS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.742\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.222\u0026ndash;2.484\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.628\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBPD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.419\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.336\u0026ndash;81.254\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.025\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.322\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.945\u0026ndash;73.316\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eROP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.441\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.989\u0026ndash;6.029\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePDA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.526\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.630\u0026ndash;3.700\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.349\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGDM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.947\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.381\u0026ndash;2.355\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.907\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGestational hypertension\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.454\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.169\u0026ndash;1.221\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeonatal sepsis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.338\u0026ndash;5.254\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.681\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRDS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.724\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.260\u0026ndash;2.015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.536\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntracranial hemorrhage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.202\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.670\u0026ndash;2.158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.537\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe developmental quotient (DQ) results at the corrected age of 6 months were divided into two groups: DQ\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;75 and DQ\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;75. Univariate analysis indicated that female sex, gestational age, cesarean delivery, 1-minute Apgar score of 4\u0026ndash;7, monthly early intervention, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, sepsis, and intracranial hemorrhage were associated with DQ\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;75 at the corrected age of 6 months. Multivariate analysis further revealed that gestational age, the number of early interventions, and intracranial hemorrhage were independent influencing factors for DQ\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;75 at the corrected age of 6 months. See Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e for details.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnivariate and Multivariate Analysis of DQ\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;75 at Corrected Age of 6 Months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003evariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnivariate Analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariate Analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95%CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95%CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale infant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.460\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.158\u0026ndash;5.225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.019\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.438\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.405\u0026ndash;5.104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.575\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGestational weeks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.671\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.555\u0026ndash;0.810\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.650\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.442-.956\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.029\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple births\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.379\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.602\u0026ndash;3.156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.447\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCesarean section\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.392\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.182\u0026ndash;0.844\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.017\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.650\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.213\u0026ndash;3.835\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.891\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-minute Apgar score 4\u0026ndash;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.027\u0026ndash;0.794\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.026\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.503\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.026\u0026ndash;9.617\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.648\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-minute Apgar score 0\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.234\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.045\u0026ndash;1.219\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaternal age\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.851\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.403\u0026ndash;1.793\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.671\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntenatal use of complete course of corticosteroids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.031\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.356\u0026ndash;2.988\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.955\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of monthly early intervention sessions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u0026ndash;0.076\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u0026ndash;0.068\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEEG findings: mild or above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.571\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.737\u0026ndash;3.352\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.242\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGMS Stage 2: F-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.149\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.418\u0026ndash;41.138\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.224\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBPD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.889\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.372\u0026ndash;11.022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.011\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.292\u0026ndash;21.079\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.405\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eROP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.975\u0026ndash;4.552\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePDA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.391\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.634\u0026ndash;3.053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.410\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGDM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.408\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.163\u0026ndash;1.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGestational hypertension\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.857\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.321\u0026ndash;2.287\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.758\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeonatal sepsis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.278-147.522\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.006\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.585\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.152\u0026ndash;43.979\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.511\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRDS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.532\u0026ndash;3.372\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.534\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntracranial hemorrhage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.308\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.089\u0026ndash;4.890\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.029\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.249\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.087\u0026ndash;9.709\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.035\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eWith the continuous improvement in the medical care for extremely and very preterm infants, it is worth researching and exploring how to ensure a high quality of life for these infants following successful treatment. Additionally, the limited ability of extremely and very preterm infants to absorb and benefit from nutrients after birth leads to severe nutritional restrictions, along with energy expenditure and nutrient loss. As a result, the growth and development measurements of these infants at discharge are significantly below the standard growth curves, indicating varying degrees of extrauterine growth restriction.The expected acceleration in growth for preterm infants typically occurs between 36\u0026ndash;40 weeks of corrected age, with most preterm infants gradually achieving catch-up growth by 2\u0026ndash;3 years of age. Usually, head circumference catches up first, followed by length, and then weight. However, extremely and very preterm infants often exhibit slower growth rates and may struggle to reach ideal growth targets by 1 year of age (12) In this study, infants were divided into gestational age groups: 22\u0026ndash;24\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6 weeks, 25\u0026ndash;26\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6 weeks, 27\u0026ndash;27\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6 weeks, and 28\u0026ndash;31\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6 weeks. Differences in birth weight, birth length, and birth head circumference were observed among these groups, but no significant differences were found at corrected ages of 3 and 6 months. This suggests that adequate extrauterine nutritional support can reduce or even reverse the gap caused by intrauterine growth restriction. The study followed the Chinese expert consensus on feeding recommendations for low-birth-weight preterm infants after discharge, implementing systematic and sequential management for these infants. The lack of significant differences among gestational age groups may be related to the small sample size (13).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtremely preterm infants (EPI) and very preterm infants (VPI) are the most challenging groups to treat due to their extreme immaturity in multiple organs, high rates of complications, poor prognosis, and prolonged hospitalization, which contribute to high mortality rates. Even among survivors, long-term outcomes are often unfavorable. Common complications include RDS, BPD, ROP, PDA, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). Such factors commonly impact the somatic growth of extremely preterm infants (14)(15). Growth curves plotted according to corrected age also show prolonged lagging growth. In this study, no cases of severe underweight, severe stunting, or severe microcephaly were observed, indicating that appropriate nutritional guidance and attentive, patient family care can provide the necessary support for catch-up growth in this population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtremely preterm infants are highly susceptible to brain injury. Accurately assessing neurodevelopmental outcomes at various stages and implementing timely early interventions to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes in these infants has become a major focus of neonatal research worldwide in recent years (16).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe GDDS assessment providing a reliable basis for early diagnosis of intellectual giftedness or developmental delays \u003csup\u003e[11]\u003c/sup\u003e. Typically developing children show balanced progress across all dimensions, whereas preterm infants often exhibit uneven developmental levels.In this study, the proportions of preterm infants with a DQ\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;75 at corrected 3 months and corrected 6 months were 69.82% and 43.10%, respectively. The study followed standardized feeding recommendations for preterm and low-birth-weight infants after discharge, with physical growth assessments corrected until 2 years of age. The selection of corrected 3-month and 6-month intervals as follow-up points allowed for active neurodevelopmental monitoring, enabling early intervention plans tailored to the corrected age to achieve catch-up growth.In Cheng Wang et al.'s study, preterm infants assessed using the Gesell Developmental Diagnostic Scale all had DQ scores\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;75 (17). Wu Yan et al. reported a developmental delay rate of approximately 43.25% using the Gesell scale (18). A foreign study found mild to severe motor developmental delays in 87.5% of preterm infants at corrected 3 months and 61.7% at corrected 6 months (19).In this study, the proportion of preterm infants with mild or more severe developmental delays was relatively low, possibly due to the positive effects of early intervention after identifying delays. Preterm infants, especially those with lower gestational ages, often struggle to reach normal developmental levels and frequently exhibit mild or more severe delays. After early intervention in this study, the neuropsychological development of preterm infants showed partial correction, and the incidence of developmental delays decreased. Although preterm infants demonstrate catch-up growth in early infancy, their neurodevelopment at 2 years still significantly differs from that of full-term infants (17).Differences in brain function and structure between full-term infants and extremely preterm infants at corrected ages may contribute to developmental delays in the latter. Moreover, abnormal brain development in preterm infants may affect language, cognition, and mathematical abilities (20)(21).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmall gestational age and multiple births are independent risk factors for DQ\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;75 at the corrected age of 3 months, showing a positive correlation with intellectual disability. The smaller the gestational age of extremely and very preterm infants, the higher the probability of neurodevelopmental delays. Additionally, twins require more time and attention in family care, which may impact their developmental levels during early life. Prolonged and high-concentration oxygen therapy influences the occurrence and progression of ROP. Early vision abnormalities can affect tracking ability, leading to varying degrees of developmental delays (22).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGestational age, early intervention, and intracranial hemorrhage are independent influencing factors for DQ\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;75 at the corrected age of 6 months. Intracranial hemorrhage is positively correlated with DQ\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;75 at 6 months, while higher gestational age and early intervention are negatively correlated with DQ\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;75. In this study, intracranial hemorrhage in extremely and very preterm infants was associated with poor developmental outcomes in later assessments, likely due to the potential for brain injury caused by intracranial hemorrhage (23). However, the likelihood of neurodevelopmental delays in these infants was significantly reduced with regular early intervention. Regular communication with families of preterm infants at high risk for conditions such as cerebral palsy, combined with early screening, serves as a positive factor for appropriate intervention and support (24). Targeted communication with families, providing sufficient information, and actively developing family intervention plans significantly enhance the effectiveness of early intervention in preterm infants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtremely and very preterm infants are at high risk for brain injuries such as intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and cystic periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) (25), which can lead to abnormal muscle tone and increase the likelihood of long-term adverse outcomes, including cerebral palsy, global developmental delay, cognitive and learning difficulties, developmental coordination disorder, and visual or hearing impairments. These adverse outcomes are associated with birth asphyxia and other high-risk factors at birth, which also negatively impact neurodevelopmental outcomes. However, the long-term prognosis may vary depending on the specific risk factors. Limperopoulos et al suggest that cerebellar injuries in preterm infants, underdevelopment of the contralateral cerebral hemisphere's cortical projection areas, and reduced gray matter volume in the prefrontal lobe are closely linked to social and behavioral disorders. Therefore, preterm infants with abnormal cranial ultrasound findings, particularly IVH or neurological symptoms, should undergo early intervention training once their condition stabilizes to improve long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes (26).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe General Movements (GMs) assessment, introduced by developmental neurologist Prechtl (9), is a novel method for evaluating spontaneous movements in fetuses and infants up to 4\u0026ndash;5 months of age to predict neurodevelopmental outcomes. Numerous studies have shown that GMs assessment is a sensitive tool for detecting specific neurological impairments in newborns and young infants (27). Infants who exhibit absent fidgety movements (F-) during the fidgety phase are at a high risk of developing cerebral palsy or developmental delays (28). Therefore, such high-risk infants should be closely monitored, and immediate rehabilitation interventions should be initiated upon detecting F- movements. Clinically, it is also important to differentiate between these abnormalities and design targeted rehabilitation strategies. In this study, GMs assessment results showed that during the first stage, 81.03% of infants exhibited poor repertoire (PR), 13.79% had normal movements, and 5.17% displayed cramped-synchronized (CS) movements. In the second stage, 3.44% exhibited absent fidgety movements (F-), while 96.55% had normal fidgety movements (NF). Although PR was the most common finding in the first stage, some infants transitioned to NF after early intervention.In some international studies, the proportion of preterm infants with mildly abnormal motor quality reached 43%, significantly higher than the 25% observed in the general population (19). However, in this study, very few preterm infants exhibited abnormal fidgety movements, possibly due to effective early intervention improving adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes (29).In this research, the frequency of monthly early intervention sessions was associated with a DQ\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;75 in extremely preterm and very preterm infants. This correlation may be influenced by parental education level, awareness, and pediatricians' guidance, but regular early intervention training has been shown to promote neurodevelopment in preterm infants with a gestational age\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;32 weeks (30).Our study has certain limitations. Since early neurodevelopment in preterm infants is unstable, follow-up assessments until 2 years of age are generally more scientifically rigorous. However, this study retrospectively collected follow-up data, aiming to achieve optimal intervention effects within a shorter timeframe. It did not strictly follow a prospective cohort design with extended follow-up for all enrolled preterm infants. Further assessments at later ages are still under investigation.To obtain more reliable conclusions in the future, larger-sample, multicenter prospective cohort studies are needed to provide high-quality evidence, offering a stronger reference for neurodevelopmental follow-up in preterm infants (31)(32)(33).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn summary, we conclude that extremely and very preterm infants discharged from the NICU remain a high-risk population for poor growth and neurodevelopmental delays. Among these infants, smaller gestational age, multiple births, and intracranial hemorrhage are positively correlated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. However, the proportion of extremely and very preterm infants with compliant parents who undergo regular early intervention and experience neurodevelopmental delays, learning difficulties, global developmental delays, or cerebral palsy is significantly reduced. This highlights the importance of enhanced management and follow-up for extremely and very preterm infants after discharge.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors have no conflicts of interest relevant to this article to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Original article is funded by Tianjin Key Medical Discipline(Specialty) Construction Project(TJYXZDXK-039A).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eZG: Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing\u0026ndash;original draft. CN: Resources, Supervision, Writing\u0026ndash;original draft. WZ: Data curation, Writing\u0026ndash;original draft. DZ: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing\u0026ndash;review and editing.FD：Funding acquisition, Writing\u0026ndash;review and editing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eI would like to express my gratitude to FD and DZ for their advice and assistance in completing this project.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOhuma EO, Moller AB, Bradley E, Chakwera S, Hussain-Alkhateeb L, Lewin A, et al. 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The 1999 Ronnie MacKeith lecture. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2001 Dec;43(12):836\u0026ndash;42.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHf P, C E, G C, Af B, F F, D S. An early marker for neurological deficits after perinatal brain lesions. Lancet (London, England) [Internet]. 1997 Oct 5 [cited 2025 Mar 2];349(9062). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9149699/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRs B. The Gesell Developmental Schedules: Arnold Gesell (1880-1961). Journal of abnormal child psychology [Internet]. 1977 [cited 2025 Mar 2];5(3). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/332745/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHui LL, Ho FK, Wright CM, Cole TJ, Lam HS, Deng HB, et al. World variation in head circumference for children from birth to 5 years and a comparison with the WHO standards. 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[Effect of weight growth velocity in the early stage after birth on neurodevelopment of preterm infants at the corrected age of 12 months]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2021 Mar;23(3):236\u0026ndash;41.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCHENG Wang, WANG Cheng-Ju, SHEN Ya-Li. Neurodevelopmental catch-up status and correction termination age in preterm infants of different gestational ages. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2024 Nov 15;26(11):1141\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWU Yan，ZHONG Xiaoyun，GONG Hua. Follow-up study on physical and neurodevelopmental outcomes in extremely preterm infants at corrected age of 6 months. The Journal of Practical Medicine. 2021;37(11):1445\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLundqvist‐Persson C, Lau G, Nordin P, Bona E, Sabel K. Preterm infants\u0026rsquo; early developmental status is associated with later developmental outcome. Acta Paediatrica. 2012 Feb;101(2):172\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCollins SE, Thompson DK, Kelly CE, Yang JYM, Pascoe L, Inder TE, et al. Development of brain white matter and math computation ability in children born very preterm and full-term. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2021 Oct;51:100987.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMiller JV, Chau V, Synnes A, Miller SP, Grunau RE. Brain Development and Maternal Behavior in Relation to Cognitive and Language Outcomes in Preterm-Born Children. Biol Psychiatry. 2022 Oct 15;92(8):663\u0026ndash;73.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNeurodevelopmental Outcomes in Infants Screened for Retinopathy of Prematurity - PubMed [Internet]. [cited 2025 Mar 2]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37883103/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYu VYH, Orgill AA, Bajuk B, Astbury J. Survival and 2‐year outcome of extremely preterm infants. BJOG. 1984 Jul;91(7):640\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCameron KLI, Coulston F, Kwong AKL, Whittingham K, Morgan C, Boyd RN, et al. Parents\u0026rsquo; experiences of early screening for cerebral palsy: A qualitative reflexive thematic analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2024 Nov 28;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDucatez F, Tebani A, Abily-Donval L, Snanoudj S, Pilon C, Plichet T, et al. New insights and potential biomarkers for intraventricular hemorrhage in extremely premature infant, case-control study. Pediatr Res. 2024 Jul;96(2):395\u0026ndash;401.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZun Z, Kapse K, Jacobs M, Basu S, Said M, Andersen N, et al. Longitudinal Trajectories of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Very Preterm Infants during Third Trimester Ex Utero Development Assessed with MRI. Radiology. 2021 Jun;299(3):691\u0026ndash;702.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHadders-Algra M, Tacke U, Pietz J, Rupp A, Philippi H. Predictive value of the General Movements Assessment and Standardized Infant NeuroDevelopmental Assessment in infants at high risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2024 Oct;66(10):1361\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCerebral Palsy: Early Markers of Clinical Phenotype and Functional Outcome - PubMed [Internet]. [cited 2025 Mar 2]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31590221/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGeneral Movements as Predictive Tool of Neurological Outcomes in Term-Born Infants With Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy at Ages Six and 12 Months - PubMed [Internet]. [cited 2025 Mar 2]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39862710/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eToma AI, Dima V, Alexe A, Bojan C, Nemeș AF, Gonț BF, et al. Early Intervention Guided by the General Movements Examination at Term Corrected Age-Short Term Outcomes. Life (Basel). 2024 Apr 5;14(4):480.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCheng W, Zhao Y, Liu C, Fan Q, Wang C, Hu Q, et al. Investigation of the catch-up status and termination for corrected age of neurodevelopment in premature infants of different gestational ages. Transl Pediatr. 2024 Nov;13(11):1913\u0026ndash;22.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRieger-Fackeldey E, Schulz P, Schulze A. General Movements and Outcome in Children with Birthweights \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;500 Grams at Age 5 to 6 Years. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol. 2020 Apr;224(2):86\u0026ndash;92.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchmidbauer VU, Yildirim MS, Dovjak GO, Goeral K, Buchmayer J, Weber M, et al. Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Neurodevelopmental Outcome Prediction in Neonates Born Extremely Premature-An Exploratory Study. Clin Neuroradiol. 2024 Jun;34(2):421\u0026ndash;9. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-pediatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bped","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Pediatrics](http://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bped/default.aspx","title":"BMC Pediatrics","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"General Movements Assessment, Extremely Preterm Infants, Very Preterm Infants, Prognosis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6932217/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6932217/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjective\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo investigate the physical growth and neurodevelopmental indicators of Gestational age（GA）＜ 32 weeks infants at 6 months corrected age.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study included 116 infants, retrospectively analyzing GA＜32 weeks infants who \u0026nbsp;discharged from Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology and Obstetrics between April 2023 and August 2024. General movements (GMs) assessment was performed at 1 month corrected age. Physical Growth Indicators, GMs and Gesell Developmental Diagnosis Scale (GDDS) assessments were conducted at 3 and 6 months corrected age.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe proportion of abnormal GMs at 3 months corrected age (86.21%) was lower than that at 1 month corrected age (3.44%).At 6 months corrected age, the proportion of infants with a developmental quotient (DQ) ≤75 was 43.10%, lower than 69.82% at 3 months corrected age. GA and multiple births were independent risk factors for DQ ≤75 at 3 months corrected age. Gestational age, early intervention, and intracranial hemorrhage were independent risk factors for DQ ≤75 at 6 months corrected age.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt 6 months corrected age, GA＜32 weeks infants exhibited greater neurodevelopmental outcome. Standardized follow-up and early neurodevelopmental interventions should be further strengthened for preterm infants to reduce the occurrence of adverse outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Physical Growth and Neurodevelopmental Indicators at Corrected 6 Months of Age in Preterm Infants Born at 22-32 Weeks Gestation: A Single-Center Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-30 11:48:03","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6932217/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-07-21T05:57:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-08T02:13:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-03T10:56:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"317684900426283199464599934306478231111","date":"2025-07-02T10:51:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"267629247766058077556520456852074687021","date":"2025-06-30T13:16:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-26T11:23:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-06-25T06:31:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-06-25T06:29:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Pediatrics","date":"2025-06-19T14:31:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-pediatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bped","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Pediatrics](http://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bped/default.aspx","title":"BMC Pediatrics","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"05fdd761-036e-42db-8d53-a54a57fa9bf2","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 30th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-22T16:09:29+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6932217","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-025-06415-9","journal":{"identity":"bmc-pediatrics","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Pediatrics"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-15 15:57:26","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 15th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-30 11:48:03","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12887-025-06415-9","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-025-06415-9","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6932217","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6932217","identity":"rs-6932217","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}