Gendered late working life trajectories, family history and welfare regimes: Evidence from SHARELIFE

Abstract Background Earlier employment choices based on family events in earlier life have an impact up until late working life. Especially in welfare regimes that encourage the breadwinner-caretaker division. We investigate types of late employment patterns and how these are associated with earlier family events. Third, we test whether the association between early family history and late working life varies across five welfare regimes. Methods We use retrospective life history data from SHARELIFE. Our sample consists of 10,944 women and 10,662 men aged 65 years and older. Late working life trajectories are analyzed using gender-separate sequence analyses, which are summarized into eight groups applying cluster analyses. Using average marginal and interaction effects we explain how the association between types of late working life, coresidential partnership history and parenthood history differs by welfare states. Results Women’s late employment is either shaped by unpaid care or paid (full- or part-time) work but not both, whereas men’s late working life is mainly shaped by full-time work. Family history in earlier life is linked to unpaid care and part-time work – this association is strongest in liberal and southern welfare regimes. However, among men earlier family events are linked to full-time work. Discussion Policymakers need gender-specific strategies to integrate workers into late working life. The implementing of new policies should aim to prevent these social inequalities in early life, as employment decisions caused by family history in earlier life stages – especially for women – tend to cumulate over the life course.