The Impact of Aerobic and Anaerobic Processes on Gas Emissions During Co-Composting of Specified Risk Materials and Cattle Manure

The Impact of Aerobic and Anaerobic Processes on Gas Emissions During Co-Composting of Specified Risk Materials and Cattle Manure | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Impact of Aerobic and Anaerobic Processes on Gas Emissions During Co-Composting of Specified Risk Materials and Cattle Manure Angus Chu, Mohammad Reza Talaei Khoozani This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5405634/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 10 Apr, 2025 Read the published version in Waste and Biomass Valorization → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A series of experiments were conducted using a pilot-scale column reactor to investigate the effects of aerobic and anaerobic biological activities on gas emissions during the co-composting of Specified Risk Materials (SRM) with cattle manure. The reactor was designed with two zones: a lower anaerobic zone and an upper aerobic zone. The temporal and spatial distributions of CO 2 , CH 4 , and NH 3 emissions were measured in both zones. The gas generated in the aerobic and anaerobic zones and the unused supplied air were collected through an outlet and measured as cumulative gas emissions. The study examined the influence of SRM content (10, 20, and 30%), manure type (M 1 , M 2 , and M 3 ), manure content, and phosphogypsum (PG, 16%) on gas emissions and carbon loss. Variations in pH, nitrogen-15 isotope (δ 15 N), nitrate ions ( \(\:{NO}_{3}^{-}\) ), and ammonium ions ( \(\:{NH}_{4}^{+}\) ) during the co-composting process were determined and discussed. The results show that SRM can be consumed by aerobic bacteria almost as effectively as manure; however, the SRM consumption rate depends on the manure type. Additionally, anaerobic treatment is more effective for SRM than manure when the SRM percentage exceeds 20%. SRM generates significantly more CH 4 than manure through aerobic composting, making an effective aeration method essential to reduce CH 4 emissions. To minimize CH₄ production, SRM content should be kept below 20%. PG can significantly reduce NH 3 emissions but may adversely affect the co-composting process. Additionally, PG can increase the nitrogen conversion rate. Co-composting Specified Risk Materials (SRM) Gas emissions Aerobic and anaerobic processes Phosphogypsum (PG) Full Text Supplementary Files Supplementary.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 10 Apr, 2025 Read the published version in Waste and Biomass Valorization → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Nov, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 24 Nov, 2024 Editor invited by journal 23 Nov, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 07 Nov, 2024 First submitted to journal 06 Nov, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5405634","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":381858950,"identity":"09b07e43-b1e2-44a4-a68f-01b600f45d92","order_by":0,"name":"Angus Chu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Calgary","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Angus","middleName":"","lastName":"Chu","suffix":""},{"id":381858951,"identity":"9fffc6a9-bb6b-4f77-87c7-3511d2b28abd","order_by":1,"name":"Mohammad Reza Talaei Khoozani","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA2ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLCCBwwSDBISzAcYGBuIUs/MwJAA1sKWQJIWBqAWHgPitOjOPn/wQ0KNhZzk7J5vEj932MgxsB8+ugGfFrNzycwSCcckjKVlzm6T7D2TZszAk5Z2A6+WM8wMEglsEonzJHK3SfC2HU5skOAxI6SF+UfCP4n6eRI5zyT/EqkFaEWbRIK0RA6bNLG2mFkk9kkYzpyRZmwt25ZmzEbYL4yPb3z4VicvcSP54c23bTZy/OyHj+HVggxYJEAkG7HKQYD5AymqR8EoGAWjYOQAAOsMRoI7sPVuAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Calgary","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammad","middleName":"Reza Talaei","lastName":"Khoozani","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-11-06 23:38:03","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5405634/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5405634/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-025-03008-6","type":"published","date":"2025-04-10T16:05:12+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":80558591,"identity":"6a4d5836-1195-4ff4-8c76-4ebb97855812","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-14 16:14:44","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":643882,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5405634/v1_covered_8f68438d-0f70-464b-8c3c-53695bf6a0f1.pdf"},{"id":70544725,"identity":"5f100c71-4318-48e3-9e93-1ba01425c873","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-04 09:06:55","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1439846,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementary.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5405634/v1/8e95c7ef08a317bd7ce56b5d.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"The Impact of Aerobic and Anaerobic Processes on Gas Emissions During Co-Composting of Specified Risk Materials and Cattle Manure","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"waste-and-biomass-valorization","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"wave","sideBox":"Learn more about [Waste and Biomass Valorization](http://link.springer.com/journal/12649)","snPcode":"12649","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12649/3","title":"Waste and Biomass Valorization","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Co-composting, Specified Risk Materials (SRM), Gas emissions, Aerobic and anaerobic processes, Phosphogypsum (PG)","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5405634/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5405634/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eA series of experiments were conducted using a pilot-scale column reactor to investigate the effects of aerobic and anaerobic biological activities on gas emissions during the co-composting of Specified Risk Materials (SRM) with cattle manure. The reactor was designed with two zones: a lower anaerobic zone and an upper aerobic zone. The temporal and spatial distributions of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, and NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e emissions were measured in both zones. The gas generated in the aerobic and anaerobic zones and the unused supplied air were collected through an outlet and measured as cumulative gas emissions. The study examined the influence of SRM content (10, 20, and 30%), manure type (M\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, M\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and M\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), manure content, and phosphogypsum (PG, 16%) on gas emissions and carbon loss. Variations in pH, nitrogen-15 isotope (δ\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003eN), nitrate ions (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{NO}_{3}^{-}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e), and ammonium ions (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{NH}_{4}^{+}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) during the co-composting process were determined and discussed. The results show that SRM can be consumed by aerobic bacteria almost as effectively as manure; however, the SRM consumption rate depends on the manure type. Additionally, anaerobic treatment is more effective for SRM than manure when the SRM percentage exceeds 20%. SRM generates significantly more CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e than manure through aerobic composting, making an effective aeration method essential to reduce CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e emissions. To minimize CH₄ production, SRM content should be kept below 20%. PG can significantly reduce NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e emissions but may adversely affect the co-composting process. Additionally, PG can increase the nitrogen conversion rate.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Impact of Aerobic and Anaerobic Processes on Gas Emissions During Co-Composting of Specified Risk Materials and Cattle Manure","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-04 09:06:51","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5405634/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-11-25T01:15:11+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-11-24T07:43:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Waste and Biomass Valorization","date":"2024-11-23T22:39:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-11-07T10:06:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Waste and Biomass Valorization","date":"2024-11-06T18:37:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"waste-and-biomass-valorization","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"wave","sideBox":"Learn more about [Waste and Biomass Valorization](http://link.springer.com/journal/12649)","snPcode":"12649","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12649/3","title":"Waste and Biomass Valorization","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f54bfbf6-8d81-4ce2-92d3-23167ca2739c","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 4th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-04-14T16:08:37+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5405634","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-025-03008-6","journal":{"identity":"waste-and-biomass-valorization","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Waste and Biomass Valorization"},"publishedOn":"2025-04-10 16:05:12","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 10th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-04 09:06:51","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s12649-025-03008-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-025-03008-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5405634","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5405634","identity":"rs-5405634","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}