Microstructure Control Effect on Crystallinity, Particle Size, and Bandgap of Ferromagnetic-AC Composites Synthesized from Nickel Slag for Industrial Waste Recycling Strategy

Microstructure Control Effect on Crystallinity, Particle Size, and Bandgap of Ferromagnetic-AC Composites Synthesized from Nickel Slag for Industrial Waste Recycling Strategy | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Microstructure Control Effect on Crystallinity, Particle Size, and Bandgap of Ferromagnetic-AC Composites Synthesized from Nickel Slag for Industrial Waste Recycling Strategy Abdur Rahman Arif, Heryanto Heryanto, Restu Widiatmono, Asnan Rinovian, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8264538/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The sustainable recovery of valuable resources from industrial waste is a global concern, especially for nickel waste. Here, we successfully present a hydrometallurgical-thermal reduction method to convert nickel slag into functional iron-based composites. Our method involves H 2 SO 4 leaching and NaOH precipitation to yield a purified Fe 2 O 3 precursor, followed by thermal reduction at 800 \(\:℃\) using activated carbon (AC) as both reductant and structural control agent. It was found that the X-ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy confirmed the successfully phase transition from iron silicates to Fe 2 O 3 and demonstrate that the AC ratio critically dictates morphology, reducing the particle average size from 3.20 \(\:\mu\:\) m for initial F 2 O 3 to an optimal 1.6 \(\:\mu\:\) m at the 2:1 (AC: Fe 2 O 3 ) ratio. Fourier Transform Infrared shows the strong Fe-O bonds and confirmed the characteristic Fe 2 O 3 /AC interface chemistry. The 2:1 ratio produces a stable composite based on Thermal Gravimetry Analysis results and exhibits high promising functional performance, with a suitable energy gap (4.18 eV) as photocatalyst and potential ferromagnetic properties as EMI absorber. nickel slag hydrometallurgical-thermal reduction ferromagnetic properties Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8264538","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":561671389,"identity":"6644578c-7444-4398-a639-7dbad3292a51","order_by":0,"name":"Abdur Rahman Arif","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hasanuddin University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdur","middleName":"Rahman","lastName":"Arif","suffix":""},{"id":561671390,"identity":"9f046963-03c2-42a0-be67-15e19ee0cacf","order_by":1,"name":"Heryanto 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Strategy","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"nickel slag, hydrometallurgical-thermal reduction, ferromagnetic properties","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8264538/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8264538/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe sustainable recovery of valuable resources from industrial waste is a global concern, especially for nickel waste. Here, we successfully present a hydrometallurgical-thermal reduction method to convert nickel slag into functional iron-based composites. Our method involves H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e leaching and NaOH precipitation to yield a purified Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e precursor, followed by thermal reduction at 800\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:℃\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e using activated carbon (AC) as both reductant and structural control agent. It was found that the X-ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy confirmed the successfully phase transition from iron silicates to Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and demonstrate that the AC ratio critically dictates morphology, reducing the particle average size from 3.20 \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\mu\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003em for initial F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e to an optimal 1.6 \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\mu\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003em at the 2:1 (AC: Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) ratio. Fourier Transform Infrared shows the strong Fe-O bonds and confirmed the characteristic Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/AC interface chemistry. The 2:1 ratio produces a stable composite based on Thermal Gravimetry Analysis results and exhibits high promising functional performance, with a suitable energy gap (4.18 eV) as photocatalyst and potential ferromagnetic properties as EMI absorber.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Microstructure Control Effect on Crystallinity, Particle Size, and Bandgap of Ferromagnetic-AC Composites Synthesized from Nickel Slag for Industrial Waste Recycling Strategy","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-19 05:09:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8264538/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"41503642-92f8-4543-86fa-d42d59733976","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 19th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-07T10:54:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-19 05:09:28","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8264538","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8264538","identity":"rs-8264538","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}