Dephenolization pyrolysis fluid improved physicochemical properties and microbial community structure of saline-alkali soils

Dephenolization pyrolysis fluid improved physicochemical properties and microbial community structure of saline-alkali soils | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Dephenolization pyrolysis fluid improved physicochemical properties and microbial community structure of saline-alkali soils Shuai Wang, Hanyu Chang, Zhenfei Dong, Yansen Ren, Tianle Tan, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1516314/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 6 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Because of its acidity, biomass pyrolytic fluid (BPF) had been paid attention in the amelioration of saline soil. However, BPF contained biotoxic phenolic compounds and must be refined before use. Most of the existing refining methods were cumbersome and uneconomical. A simple one-step salting-out extraction system of was developed. BPF was successfully divided into upper and lower phases, and most phenolic substances were concentrated in the upper phase. The lower phase diluted 400 times at the pyrolysis temperature of 500℃ was added into saline-alkali soil, which greatly increased the content of soil available nutrients. Under the action of organic acids, soil pH and total salt content could be reduced effectively, and soil enzyme activities can be increased. Microbial community analysis showed that the addition of LP could increase the proportion of Actinomycetes , which played a beneficial role in improving soil fertility, and then improved the growth of Chinese cabbage. Pyrolysis fluids Saline-alkali soil Salting-out extraction Microorganisms Enzyme activity Soil remediation Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 1 Introduction Soil salinization and alkalization were global problem restraining the improvement of land-use capability and the development of agricultural production (Na et al. 2015 ). It has been reported that over 1.1 billion hectares of land, involving more than 100 countries and regions, are affected by soil salinity (Xia et al. 2019 ). On the one hand, soil salinity affected the growth of crops and exacerbates the crisis of food shortages; on the other hand, it caused an annual economic loss of at least 27.2 billion dollars in agriculture production all over the world (Kou et al. 2019 ). Thus, the improvement and utilization of salinized land have gradually attracted people's extensive attention. The restoration of saline soils has been extensively studied by many researchers in terms of theory, measures and evaluation methods (Soldo et al. 2020 ). Physical, chemical and biological methods have also been extensively studied, for example, artificial irrigation (Lei et al. 2019 ), salt-tolerant plants (Jin et al. 2017 ), compost and manure. However, these measures were costly and difficult to apply in practice on a large scale. It was well known that biomass (i.e. wood, straw, etc.) was a natural widespread renewable resource (Laëtitia et al. 2019 ). Biomass, under conditions of oxygen isolation, was pyrolyzed at high temperatures to produce a liquid called pyrolysis fluid (BPF) (Ys et al. 2020 ). Due to its high content of organic acids (Mamaeva et al. 2016 ), it has been used by some researchers for the study of saline soil improvement. It was reported that the diluted BPF could reduce the pH and soil salt in salinized land, improve soil organic matter mass fraction, significantly increase the number of soil microorganisms and promote plant growth (Xinyan et al. 2018 ). BPF can not only improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil, but also have varying degrees of influence on the enzyme activity in the soil (Wang et al. 2010 ). Sirimuji studied the effects of different concentrations of BPF on soil enzyme activity through pot experiments, and the results showed that BPF promoted the activity of soil amylase, protease, phosphatase, urease, and catalase (Sirimuji et al. 2018). Despite the positive effect of BPF on saline land improvement, a large number of phenolic substances exist in BPF. Phenol and its derivatives are aromatic compounds and a kind of protoplasmic poison, which can produce toxicity to all biologically active bodies (Avnish et al. 2021 ). Therefore, the refinement of BPF becomes an important condition for its better utilization. Currently, conventional distillation (Wang et al. 2021 ), molecular distillation (Liu et al. 2020 ) and graded condensation (Moutsoglou et al. 2018 ) have been investigated as the main BPF refining methods. However, these methods were expensive and required additional energy consumption. Salting-out extraction (SOE) was a separation method used to extract hydrophilic product from its aqueous solution with the aid of inorganic salt as the salting-out reagent and organic solvent as the extractant (Wang et al. 2014 ). As a novel, easy-to-use, low-cost and low-energy method, it has been used by several researchers in the field of extraction and purification of organic substances. Fu et al. demonstrated that salting-out extraction system composed of monosodium phosphate and ethanol exhibited excellent extraction efficiency for both butyric acid (∼99%) and acetic acid (∼90%) (Fu et al. 2017 ). Jia et al. developed an effective method for extracting total phenolic (TP)。 from grape seed using enzyme and microwave co-assisted salting-out extraction (Jia et al. 2021 ) However, SOE had not been used in the removal of phenolic substances in BPF. Therefore, in this study, we established the NH 4 SO 4 -BPF-ethanol extraction system. BPF was successfully divided into upper phases (UP) and lower phases (LP), and the biotoxic phenolics were mainly concentrated in UP. The physicochemical properties of original BPF, UP and LP were studied respectively. LP at different dilution rates was added to saline-alkaline soil. Not only was the pH of the soil reduced, but the nutrient content of the soil increased. In addition, the activities of some enzymes and microorganisms in soil were increased, and the microbial community structure was improved obviously. The changes of these indexes significantly improved the growth of Chinese cabbages. The method provided in this study had the advantages of low cost, simple process and obvious effect. It also provided a new ideas for the possibility of large-scale saline-alkaline soil improvement. 2 Material And Method 2.1 Material Preparation The cotton stalk (CS) was picked from the agricultural experimental farm of Shihezi University and air-dried in the ventilation area. The CS was cut into small pieces with a particle size of 2 cm, dried in an oven at 105°C for 4 h, cooled and put into sealing bags, and then placed in a desiccator for standby use. In this experiment, the saline-alkali soil (white alkali saline-alkaline soil) was taken from the vicinity of Mushroom Lake Reservoir in Shihezi City (85°9′39″E, 44°4′75″N), and sampling points were set in the sampling area in the S-shaped. The soil mining depth was 0‒20 cm, and a total of about 100 kg saline-alkali soil was collected. Brought it back to the laboratory, spread the soil on a plastic cloth for air drying, picked out impurities such as gravel grass root residues, passed a 3 mm sieve and put it into a sack for use. The basic physicochemical properties of soils were shown in Table 1 Table 1 The Basic Soil Properties Indicators pH Full salt content Wt.% Moisture content % Alkaline nitrogen mg/kg Organic matter g/kg Fast-acting phosphorusmg/kg Fast-acting potassium mg/kg Data 7.98 ± 0.09 1.36 ± 0.14 4.09 ± 0.21 44.26 ± 1.06 7.24 ± 0.11 4.31 ± 0.25 85.01 ± 1.24 2.2 Pyrolysis Process of Biomass In each experiment, 100 ± 0.5 g CS was loaded into the furnace and heated from room temperature to five final sample temperatures (300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 ℃) separately at a constant heating rate of 10 ℃/min, during which ultra-high purity helium (N 2 ) was flown inside and outside the glass tube as the purging and protective gas at the rate of 0.3 L/ min. After each experiment, the pyrolysis fluids (BPF) taken out and weighed when the furnace temperature was the same as room temperature. Put it into a brown bottle and put the bottle in a refrigerator at 4℃ for later use. Each treatment was conducted three times and all of BPF were subjected to subsequent analyses. 2.3 Salting-out Extraction The saturated ammonium sulfate solution was allocated and added to the centrifuge tube, and ethanol was added to mix with BPF (The mass ratio of ammonium sulfate solution, BPF and alcohol was 6:6:1). After shaking, ultrasonic processing was carried out for 15 min, followed by centrifugation in a frozen centrifuge at 8000 r/min at room temperature for 15 min. After standing for a period of time, the upper phases (UP) and lower phases (LP) were separated. The above experiment was repeated three times. 2.4 Pot Experiment In this experiment, Chinese cabbage was used as a planting plant for pot cultivation. LP was applied into the soil, and 20 groups of treatments were performed. LP prepared at different temperatures were diluted 50, 100, 200 and 400 times. Then they were added to 20 groups of potted plants respectively. At the same time, the blank (CK) control of water irrigation was conducted. Three parallel experiments were performed for each of the above treatments. 250 g of saline soil was put and 12 Chinese cabbage seeds were planted in each pot. The pots were put in the greenhouse and the numbers of sprouting of Chinese cabbage in each pot were recorded after sowing for 3 days. The two worst seedlings were plucked out every 7 days and the plant height and weight were measured. The test period was 35 days.The test period was 35 days. The plants were irrigated every 3 days, 30 mL of diluted LP was irrigated in the first 10 days, and 50 mL of diluted LP was irrigated in the next 25 days. The thiobarbituric acid method was used to determine the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in plants (Zhang et al. 2019a ). 2.5 Methods of Analysis and Characterization 2.5.1 Analysis and Characterization of BPF The density of the BPF was determined by the pycnometer method. The pH of the BPF was determined by pH meter. The determination of total polyphenols (TP) used a slightly modified Folin-phenol (Luque-Rodríguez et al. 2007 ) reagent method, using gallic acid as the standard, and drew a standard curve. The determination of the total acid (TA) referred to the national standard GB/T 12456-90 and it was determined by titration, and TA was calculated as acetic acid. The water content was determined using a Karl Fischer moisture meter (787KF, Metrohm, Swiss). The organic composition of BPF was analyzed by GC-MS (GCMS-QP2020, Shimadzu, Japan). 2.5.2 Soil nutrient and enzyme activity analysis Urease, Sucrase, catalase and alkaline phosphatase activity were measured by sodium phenol-sodium hypochlorite colorimetric method, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid colorimetric method, potassium titanate titration method (Tapia et al. 2016 ) and colorimetric method of benzyl phosphate (Mishra et al. 2014 ), respectively. The alkaline diffusion method (Leng et al. 2020 ), 0.5 mol/L NaHCO 3 method, NH 4 OAc and flame photometry and volumetric method of potassium dichromate - dilution calorimetry (Musadji et al. 2020 ) were used to measure alkaline nitrogen, fast-acting phosphorus, fast-acting potassium and organic matter content in soil separately. 2.5.3 High-throughput sequencing The sequences were initially screened according to the following criteria and eliminated from further analysis: requiring sequence length ≥ 160 bp and not allowing ambiguous base N. We will exclude: 1) sequences with primer mismatch base number > 1 at the 5' end; 2) sequences containing consecutive identical base numbers > 8 (Tanja et al. 2011). After chimera checking using USEARCH, UCLUST was used to cluster 97% sequence identity into an operable taxonomic unit (OUT) from which the alpha diversity indices (Simpson index) were determined. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to assess the inter-relationships between different acclimatized microbial communities (Ramette 2007 ). 3 Results And Discussion 3.1 Total Phenol and Total Acid Content in BPF, UP and LP The pH, density, yield, moisture content and heating value of BPF were measured in the study period ( See supplementary materials ). When the pyrolysis temperature was low (300–400℃), the aliphatic hydroxyl groups on the branched chain of lignin structure were broke, and the cellulose would depolymerize and dehydrate. The main products of their reactions were acetic acid, formic acid and other acid compounds, a small amount of tar substances and phenolic compounds (Ren et al. 2017 ). Therefore, as shown in Fig. 1 a, the acid content was higher at a lower temperature, up to 139.23mg/g. With the increase of pyrolysis temperature, the secondary pyrolysis of BPF was strengthened and the organic acids decomposed. For example, levoglucose was decomposed into small molecular gas products through molecular reforming, decarboxylation and other reactions, thus reducing the acid content. On the other hand, the increase of the total amount of BPF also led to the decrease of the proportion of acid compounds in the total organic matter. The higher the pyrolysis temperature was, the more intense the pyrolysis reaction of lignin was. Guaiacol (also known as o-methoxy-phenol), one of the main products of pyrolysis, and tar-like substances produced at low temperature had secondary cracking. The GC-MS analysis of BPF showed that the content of guaiacol did decrease with the increase of pyrolysis temperature ( See supplementary materials ) (Chen et al. 2020 ). This led to an increase in the number of phenols and a rapid increase in TP content. In addition, the chemical bonds of oxygen-containing compounds in BPF broke in the order of C-O, C-H and C-C bonds from weak to strong, and decarboxylation, decarbonylation and dehydrogenation occurred respectively (Hoyong et al. 2018 ), so oxygen-containing compounds converted into more stable phenolic compounds. Therefore, as shown in Fig. 1 a, TP reached the minimum 67.27mg /g at 300℃ and the maximum 76.79mg /g at 700℃. From Fig. 1 b and supplementary materials, it can be seen that the two-phase product obtained by salting-out extraction, UP was much smaller than LP product, and the yield of LP product was first increased and then decreased, the highest yield was 96.29% at 500 ℃. TP were mainly enriched in UP. The average TP content in UP was 193.27 mg/g, while that in LP was 64.52 mg/g (Fig. 1 c). Because when inorganic salt solutions were added, the cations produced by ionization attract more water molecules to form a hydration layer, causing more organic molecules to be repelled into the organic phase (Xiao et al. 2009 ) ( See supplementary materials ). As shown in Fig. 1 d, the effect of salting-out extraction on the TA of UP and LP in each temperature segment was the same as that of BPF, and the TA content in UP was slightly higher than LP after the salting-out extraction of BPF at each temperature. 3.2 Potted plant experiment Firstly, BPF was diluted to a factor of 0,200,400,600 and was added to saline-alkali soil. The effects of BPF on the growth of Chinese cabbage were investigated by pot experiment. As we can see (see supplementary material) , only a 600-fold dilution of BPF resulted in very few seeds germinating, with a germination rate of only 13.33%. This was because BPF contained more phenols and acids, which have a great impact on the germination rate of plants (Muscolo et al. 2001). Next, LP with different dilution ratio (50,100,200,400) was added into saline-alkali soil for pot experiment. Compared with CK, LP had a significant effect on the germination rate (3 d), plant height (35 d) and plant weight (35 d) of Chinese cabbage (Fig. 2 a-c). In particular, a 400-fold dilution of LP increased the germination rate by 25.76% on average, while a 50-fold dilution of LP only increased the germination rate by 2.4%. The plant average height and plant weight of Chinese cabbage, which reached a maximum height of 6.7 cm and a maximum weight of 0.9661 g, both of which were higher than CK, by 67.51% and 93.22%, respectively. As the dilution increases the plants grew better ( see supplementary material ). When the dilution was low, the phenolic concentration in LP was higher, and the excessive phenolic compounds have an inhibitory effect on seed germination and plant growth. On the other hand, the addition of sulfate, which increases the soluble salt content in the soil, will change the osmotic pressure in the plant, thus causing some hindrance to the plant root system for nutrient and water uptake. It even inhibits plant growth, while salt stress can cause ion toxicity in the plant body (Shahzad et al. 2021 ). This also results in severe plant senescence and high MDA content (Fig. 2 d). With 400-fold LP diluted in each temperature segment having a good effect on the plant's MDA, with an average decrease of 42.35% compared with the blank control group. Through pot experiments, we found that BPF inhibited plant growth, while LP promoted plant growth to varying degrees. In order to further investigate the specific mechanism of LP, soil nutrients, enzyme activities and microbial community structure were analyzed. 3.3 Effects of LP on soil nutrients and enzyme activities The change in soil pH was inversely proportional to the TA content in LP (Fig. 3 a). The salt used in the test was (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , which was a strong acid and weak base salt. Its solution was acidic, so it made a more significant impact on soil pH value. In addition, the addition of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 had a certain influence on soil total salt content (Fig. 3 b) and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content (Fig. 3 d ) . Also, the addition of high concentration of LP promoted the formation of macromolecule complexation in the soil, but it was not discharged in a short time (Shang et al. 2021 ). With the increase of test period, small molecule salt was regenerated, leading to the increase of salt content. When using the appropriate dilution ratio (200 and 400 times), it could effectively complex salt ions and reduce the total salt content in the soil. LP was rich in organic materials, so when it was added to the soil, the larger the dilution ratio of LP was, the less the content of organic matter was in the soil. When LP was diluted by 50, 100, 200 and 400 times, the average organic matter content of soil increased by 66.75%, 47.16%, 29.39% and 24.76% respectively (Fig. 3 c). As shown in Fig. 3 d-f, LP can significantly increase the effective soil nutrient content. LP contained a certain amount of acidic organic matter. On the one hand, the acid dissolution, chelation dissolution and desorption of these acidic substances had an important and direct effect on the increase of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements. And small molecular acids could inhibit the mineralization of these elements and promote the release of available elements in soil (Li et al. 2020 ). The migration of colloidal ions in soil was promoted by acidic ions and organic active molecules in LP. This resulted in the release of the original fixed nutrients in the soil and at the same time increased the activity of the original nutrients (Zhang et al. 2019b ). On the other hand, the acidic components of LP could interact with materials in the soil at the right concentrations. This could promote enzyme and microbial activity, thus further improve soil activity (Zhang et al., 2019a ). Therefore, with the addition of LP, the contents of basic nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium significantly increased, up to 139.56 mg/kg, 14.82mg/kg and 71.53mg/g respectively. Soil colloids and minerals had adsorption effects on enzymes, this can reduce soil enzyme activity(Li et al. 2021 ). LP contained a large amount of acidic substances such as acetic acid, which can compete with soil colloids and minerals for adsorption sites on soil enzymes, thus reducing adsorption (Kabiri et al. 2016 ). From Fig. 4 , it can be seen that LP had a significant promotion effect on soil enzyme activity. The urease and alkaline phosphatase activity increased with the increase of the dilution ratio of LP. Especially when the dilution ratio of LP was 200 and 400 times, the promotion of both enzymes was greater. Compared with CK, urease activity increased on average 3.13-fold (Fig. 4 a). The trend graph of alkaline phosphatase activity (Fig. 4 c) was consistent with the change in the trend graph of fast-acting phosphorus (Fig. 3 e). Sucrase activity was related to the metabolism of carbon (Bastida et al. 2016 ). At lower dilutions, the LP contained more carbon sources, which led to increased microbial metabolism. So the sucrase activity was higher (Fig. 4 b). The activity of catalase was negatively correlated with pH. Therefore, a small dilution of LP with high organic acid content was more favorable to promote the activity of catalase (Fig. 4 d) in the soil. To further represent more visually the effects of pyrolysis temperature and dilution times on soil nutrients, physicochemical properties and enzyme activity, we did a correlation analysis, as shown in Fig. 4 e. The similarity of the color level indicates that the effect was close. As can be seen from the figure, the dark red color is mainly concentrated in the area of dilution multiples 50 and 400. Low dilutions have a positive effect on organic matter, total salinity, alkaline nitrogen, sucrase and catalase activity in the soil. Higher dilutions had positive effects on fast-acting phosphorus, fast-acting potassium, plant growth, alkaline phosphatase and urease in the soil. In order to investigate more clearly which microorganisms are affected by LP at high and low dilutions, high throughput sequencing was performed in this study. 3.4 Changes of microbial communities in acclimatized soil We made gene sequencing on 16SRNA to evaluate the richness and diversity under various suitable conditions. Figure 5 a displayed the Shannon-Wiener curve of bacterial communities in this research. As the increase of measured sequence, the Shannon-Wiener curve leveled off. LP diluted 50 times and 400 times at different temperatures were added to LP. Generally, The Shannon and Simpson indices reflected the diversity and uniformity of samples, and Chao 1 and ACE reflected the richness of communities (Pd et al. 2021 ). As can be seen from the Table 2 , Shannon values of samples were all higher than CK, indicating that the addition of LP was beneficial to enrich microbial community. Simpson value in low dilution ratio samples decreased, while that in high dilution ratio samples increased. This was due to the fact that LP at low dilutions contained more phenolics, which affected the biological activity of some microorganisms. And the appropriate concentration of LP had positive effect on the growth of microorganisms. Compared with the values of Chao 1 and ACE, CK increased, indicating that the richness of microorganisms in the samples raised. It can also be seen from the abundance class curves ( Fig. 5 b). PCA results of multiple samples (Fig. 5 c) showed that samples at different pyrolysis temperatures and in the same dilution multiple did not appear aggregation. The results showed that the microbiota of each sample changed in different degrees during the adaptation process. Table 2 Microbial diversity index of the flora Simpson Chao1 ACE Shannon CK 0.99826 2366 2366 10.32 L-3-50 0.994174 3064.3 3299.12 9.54 L-4-50 0.993492 3749.14 4141.72 9.74 L-5-50 0.986293 2639.5 2827.96 9.16 L-6-50 0.989704 3195.91 3365 9.11 L-7-50 0.990269 2873.36 3093.39 9.16 L-3-400 0.998486 4186.03 4588.54 10.72 L-4-400 0.998096 3956.81 4276.93 10.57 L-5-400 0.998278 4296.08 4674.51 10.69 L-6-400 0.998256 3484.17 3709.49 10.48 L-7-400 0.997807 4542.93 4971.09 10.69 Multiple studies have shown, in phylum level, Proteobacteria had an absolute advantage in the alkali-saline soils (Bai et al. 2019 ). As shown in Fig. 5 d, there are also distributions of Acidobacteria , Gemmatimonadetes , Chloroflexi , Firmicutes and Acidobacteris . When LP (L-50) diluted 50 times was added, the abundance of Proteobacteria raised to varying degrees, while the abundance of Acidobacteria reduced and the abundance of Firmicutes greatly increased. The reason was that LP contains more (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 at lower dilution ratio, resulting in higher overall salt content than CK. The abundance of Proteobacteria , as the dominant bacteria, increased. From the analysis of order level (Fig. 5 e), Clostridiales had strong resistance under high salt condition, and became the dominant bacteria under the condition of abundant organic matter (Du et al. 2022 ). From the analysis of genus level (Fig. 5 f), it showed that Pseudomonas mostly appeared in poor environment and releases catalase while consuming organic matter in soil. This was also one of the reasons for the high catalase content in soil at low dilution ratio (Fig. 4 d). Soil organic matter content was too high, causing C: N was higher than 70:1. Under this condition, nitrogen-fixing bacteria start to fix nitrogen, which was the main reason why Azoarcus became the dominant genus (Du et al. 2021 ). Therefore, the content of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen was higher at low dilution ratios. Desulfosporosinus (Pester et al. 2012 ), a reductive microorganism often found in environments of high sulfate concentrations, restored sulfate to stable sulfides. At low dilution ratio, the abundance of dominant bacteria in saline-soil environment increased and the diversity of bacteria was low due to the addition of sulfate. Soil fertility was poor which leaded to poor growth of, but it also improved to a certain extent compared with CK. LP diluted 400 times added, the richness of Proteobacteria slightly reduced, while Acidobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes significantly increased, sequenced in phylum level. Studies have shown that Actinomycetes mainly undertook the decomposition of organic matter, played a beneficial role in improving soil fertility, and could provide certain protection against abiotic stress(Shi et al. 2022 ). The increase in the abundance of Gemmatimonadetes was attributed to the raising available potassium, available phosphorus and organic matter content (Mk et al. 2020 ). From the analysis of order level, Micrococales and Rhizobiales (Aliashkevich et al.) were the main phospho-solubilizing bacteria orders, and the abundance of these two orders was higher when the dilution ratio was higher, which was also one of the reasons why the content of available phosphorus in soil was higher. Nitrosomonadales becoming the dominant bacterium mainly because the soil was rich in NH 4 + , under the action of which, NH 4 + can be converted into nitrate that can be directly used by the Chinese Cabbage (Boden et al. 2017). From genus level analysis, Sphingomonas and Pseudarthrobacter can be used for degradating aromatic compounds (Lha et al.). Because LP contained part of phenolic substances, the emergence of these two bacteria also meant the degradation of phenolic substances. Therefore, under the high dilution ratios, Chinese Cabbage grew better. 4 Conclusions The addition of LP increased the contents of soil organic matter and available nutrients. LP diluted 400 times at pyrolysis temperature of 500℃ had a suitable concentration of organic acids. They could neutralize soil alkalinity and reduce soil salt stress through effective complexation of salt ions. Additionally, acidic organic substances could compete with enzymes for adsorption sites on soil colloid and minerals, reduce enzyme adsorption and increase soil enzyme activity. The increase of Actinomycetes ratio optimized soil population structure and improved soil quality. The positive amelioration effect of LP on saline soil significantly improved the growth index of Chinese cabbage. Declarations Data availability The datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Authors contributions Shuai Wang: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing-Original Draft, Data Curation, Visualization. Hanyu Chang: Data Curation, Writing-Review & Editing. Zhenfei Dong: Software, Methodology, Writing-Review & Editing. Yansen Ren: Validation, Writing-Review & Editing. Tianle Tan: Visualization. Ethics declarations Human and animal rights and informed consent This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. Ethics approval I certify that this manuscript is original and has not been published and will not be submitted elsewhere for publication while being considered by Environmental Science and Pollution Research. And the study is not split up into several parts to increase the quantity of submissions and submitted to various journals or to one journal over time. No data have been fabricated or manipulated (including images) to support your conclusions. No data, text, or theories by others are presented as if they were our own. The submission has been received explicitly from all co-authors. And authors whose names appear on the submission have contributed sufficiently to the scientific work and therefore share collective responsibility and accountability for the results. Consent to participate We, the authors, are giving our consent for this paper to be published in your journal if found publishable. Consent to publish We, the authors, are giving our consent for this paper to be published in your journal if found publishable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Funding This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under No. 51768061 and Key Scientific and Technological project for Double firstclass discipline construction of Shihezi University under No. SHYL-ZD201803. The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. 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Environ Sci Technol 50:2946–2955. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05531 Wang C, Ying DL, Endo S, Wania F (2014) Measuring and Modeling the Salting-out Effect in Ammonium Sulfate Solutions. Environ Sci Technol 48:13238–13245. https://doi.org/10.1021/es5035602 Wang H, Gunawan R, Wang Z, Zhang L, Liu Y, Wang S, Hasan M, Li CZ (2021) : High-pressure reactive distillation of bio-oil for reduced polymerisation. Fuel Processing Technology 211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2020.106590 Wang LM, Chen JL, Liang ZH, Chen FR, Wang LN, Zhao H, Xue D (2010) Effects of jute straw and organic fertilizer on the biological properties of the coastal saline soil. J Nanjing Forestry Univ. https://doi.org/10.1080/00949651003724790 Xia J, Ren J, Zhang S, Wang Y, Fang Y (2019) Forest and grass composite patterns improve the soil quality in the coastal saline-alkali land of the Yellow River Delta, China. Geoderma 349:25–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.04.032 Xiao J, Shen L, Deng X, Wang Z, Zhong X (2009) Thermogravimetric study on catalytic pyrolysis gasification of biomass. Taiyangneng Xuebao/Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica 30:1252–1257 Xinyan HE, Xuetao Q, Haiyan Z, Jun HE, Zhaojun S, Xiuhai Z (2018) Effects of isolation cushion type on the soil nutrient dynamics and growth of Salix babylonica on saline-alkali land in Ningxia, China. Chin J Appl Environ Biology 24:1152–1157. https://doi.org/10.19675/j.cnki.1006-687x.2017.10002 Ys A, Shan TA, Xian LA, Feng WA, Zh A, Odd A, Emae A, Nw B, Ms A, Hl A (2020) Gas-pressurized torrefaction of biomass wastes: The optimization of pressurization condition and the pyrolysis of torrefied biomass. Bioresour Technol 319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124216 Zhang Y, Holman BWB, Ponnampalam EN, Kerr MG, Bailes KL, Kilgannon AK, Collins D, Hopkins DL (2019a) Understanding beef flavour and overall liking traits using two different methods for determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS). Meat Sci 149:114–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.11.018 Zhang YY, Lv JW, Dong XJ, Fang Q, Deng QW (2019b) Influence on Uranium(VI) migration in soil by iron and manganese salts of humic acid: Mechanism and behavior. Environ Pollut 256:113369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113369 Tables Table 1 The Basic Soil Properties Indicators pH Full salt content Wt.% Moisture content % Alkaline nitrogen mg/kg Organic matter g/kg Fast-acting phosphorusmg/kg Fast-acting potassium mg/kg Data 7.98±0.09 1.36±0.14 4.09±0.21 44.26±1.06 7.24±0.11 4.31±0.25 85.01±1.24 Table 2 Microbial diversity index of the flora Simpson Chao1 ACE Shannon CK 0.99826 2366 2366 10.32 L-3-50 0.994174 3064.3 3299.12 9.54 L-4-50 0.993492 3749.14 4141.72 9.74 L-5-50 0.986293 2639.5 2827.96 9.16 L-6-50 0.989704 3195.91 3365 9.11 L-7-50 0.990269 2873.36 3093.39 9.16 L-3-400 0.998486 4186.03 4588.54 10.72 L-4-400 0.998096 3956.81 4276.93 10.57 L-5-400 0.998278 4296.08 4674.51 10.69 L-6-400 0.998256 3484.17 3709.49 10.48 L-7-400 0.997807 4542.93 4971.09 10.69 Supplementary Files SupportingInformation.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major Revision 04 Jun, 2022 Reviews received at journal 02 May, 2022 Reviewers invited by journal 29 Apr, 2022 Editor invited by journal 19 Apr, 2022 Editor assigned by journal 11 Apr, 2022 First submitted to journal 02 Apr, 2022 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1516314","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":102458878,"identity":"4f238334-5565-4656-b073-355936ec7ba1","order_by":0,"name":"Shuai Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shihezi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shuai","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":102458879,"identity":"84b253f2-c83e-4216-b15f-72573b5c810a","order_by":1,"name":"Hanyu Chang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shihezi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hanyu","middleName":"","lastName":"Chang","suffix":""},{"id":102458880,"identity":"34f0f1d2-1f29-4998-bb64-fac7f18d6a88","order_by":2,"name":"Zhenfei Dong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shihezi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhenfei","middleName":"","lastName":"Dong","suffix":""},{"id":102458881,"identity":"73fed595-2efa-4504-ab47-d7555be8f396","order_by":3,"name":"Yansen Ren","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shihezi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yansen","middleName":"","lastName":"Ren","suffix":""},{"id":102458882,"identity":"f26ec9fc-0410-4b48-83d9-6e3d7e9a9c2e","order_by":4,"name":"Tianle Tan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shihezi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tianle","middleName":"","lastName":"Tan","suffix":""},{"id":102458883,"identity":"f67e08b6-07aa-4d5e-947c-cef050b96023","order_by":5,"name":"hui deng","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAk0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwbGBokPBjZ2pGmRnFGQlkyKFgYGaZ4PhxgbiNZiLpHceNvG4AAzA/vhoxuI0mI5I7HZOsfgDh8DT1raDeIcdiOxTTrH4BkzgwSPGQlaLAwOA8ONJC0MpGk587DZsscgLZmNeL8cT39448cfGzt+9sPHiNMCB2ykKR8Fo2AUjIJRgBcAAIrTLloYUdRIAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Shihezi University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"hui","middleName":"","lastName":"deng","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-04-02 10:32:34","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1516314/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1516314/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":21391137,"identity":"68842f15-fe46-416e-a671-289805d096cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-05-12 14:45:26","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":523509,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Content of TP and TA in BPF; (b) UP and LP percentage after salting-out extraction; (c) Content of TP in UP and LP; (d) Content of TA in UP and LP.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1516314/v1/21928d516fb5452d4d5ff716.png"},{"id":21392062,"identity":"151073c6-ccd9-4090-b84e-1a1ae2901ea2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-05-12 14:50:26","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":476774,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Effects of LP on germination of Chinese Cabbage; (b) Effects of LP on plant height of Chinese Cabbage; (c) Effects of LP on plant weight of Chinese Cabbage; (d) Effects of LP on MDA of Chinese Cabbage.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1516314/v1/bf3ab6c8f7fe1e2b5628c301.png"},{"id":21392061,"identity":"53befceb-8709-470e-8c15-210739f1b7b6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-05-12 14:50:26","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":762132,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Effects of salting‒out extracts on soil pH; (b) Effects of salting‒out extracts on soil total salinity. (c) Effects of LP on soil organic matter; (d) Effects of LP on soil available nitrogen; (e) Effects of LP on soil fast-acting phosphorus; (f) Effects of LP on soil fast-acting potassium.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1516314/v1/34842839a623f06151677ccf.png"},{"id":21391141,"identity":"4008a937-2d27-424e-8491-49efda44b14b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-05-12 14:45:26","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":778867,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Effects of LP on urease activity in saline‒alkali soils; (b) Effects of LP on sucrase activity in saline‒alkali soils; (c) Effects of LP on alkaline phosphatase activity in saline‒alkali soils; (d) Effects of LP on catalase activity in saline‒alkali soils. (e) Correlation analysis of soil physicochemical properties, nutrients and enzymatic activities with pyrolysis temperature and LP dilution multiplier.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1516314/v1/5a6aa3b4c95ae3601616c00a.png"},{"id":21391138,"identity":"ba271fc1-0ac6-4293-8787-4194a944b0e9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-05-12 14:45:26","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1676397,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\t(a) Shannon Wiener curves; (b) Abundance grade graph; (c) Multiple-sample PCA analysis; (d) Average percentages of total 16S rRNA gene sequences in each bacterial phylum; (e) Bacterial order; (f) Bacterial genus.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1516314/v1/f72c00731219f0d6e80bb100.png"},{"id":21392063,"identity":"d8b0acb7-3375-4ffe-aa35-ea2cdec38677","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-05-12 14:50:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":535993,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1516314/v1/dd19da81-1454-48e8-989e-53143b022521.pdf"},{"id":21391142,"identity":"2edbbb4f-8dfd-41be-933e-ffaedf5e1981","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-05-12 14:45:27","extension":"docx","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":4988843,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupportingInformation.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1516314/v1/d7a1f66e7289441fb567c5c2.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Dephenolization pyrolysis fluid improved physicochemical properties and microbial community structure of saline-alkali soils","fulltext":[{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSoil salinization and alkalization were global problem restraining the improvement of land-use capability and the development of agricultural production (Na et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). It has been reported that over 1.1\u0026nbsp;billion hectares of land, involving more than 100 countries and regions, are affected by soil salinity (Xia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). On the one hand, soil salinity affected the growth of crops and exacerbates the crisis of food shortages; on the other hand, it caused an annual economic loss of at least 27.2\u0026nbsp;billion dollars in agriculture production all over the world (Kou et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, the improvement and utilization of salinized land have gradually attracted people's extensive attention.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe restoration of saline soils has been extensively studied by many researchers in terms of theory, measures and evaluation methods (Soldo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Physical, chemical and biological methods have also been extensively studied, for example, artificial irrigation (Lei et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), salt-tolerant plants (Jin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), compost and manure. However, these measures were costly and difficult to apply in practice on a large scale.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was well known that biomass (i.e. wood, straw, etc.) was a natural widespread renewable resource (La\u0026euml;titia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Biomass, under conditions of oxygen isolation, was pyrolyzed at high temperatures to produce a liquid called pyrolysis fluid (BPF) (Ys et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Due to its high content of organic acids (Mamaeva et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), it has been used by some researchers for the study of saline soil improvement. It was reported that the diluted BPF could reduce the pH and soil salt in salinized land, improve soil organic matter mass fraction, significantly increase the number of soil microorganisms and promote plant growth (Xinyan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). BPF can not only improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil, but also have varying degrees of influence on the enzyme activity in the soil (Wang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Sirimuji studied the effects of different concentrations of BPF on soil enzyme activity through pot experiments, and the results showed that BPF promoted the activity of soil amylase, protease, phosphatase, urease, and catalase (Sirimuji et al. 2018). Despite the positive effect of BPF on saline land improvement, a large number of phenolic substances exist in BPF. Phenol and its derivatives are aromatic compounds and a kind of protoplasmic poison, which can produce toxicity to all biologically active bodies (Avnish et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the refinement of BPF becomes an important condition for its better utilization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrently, conventional distillation (Wang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), molecular distillation (Liu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) and graded condensation (Moutsoglou et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) have been investigated as the main BPF refining methods. However, these methods were expensive and required additional energy consumption. Salting-out extraction (SOE) was a separation method used to extract hydrophilic product from its aqueous solution with the aid of inorganic salt as the salting-out reagent and organic solvent as the extractant (Wang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). As a novel, easy-to-use, low-cost and low-energy method, it has been used by several researchers in the field of extraction and purification of organic substances. Fu et al. demonstrated that salting-out extraction system composed of monosodium phosphate and ethanol exhibited excellent extraction efficiency for both butyric acid (\u0026sim;99%) and acetic acid (\u0026sim;90%) (Fu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Jia et al. developed an effective method for extracting total phenolic (TP)。 from grape seed using enzyme and microwave co-assisted salting-out extraction (Jia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, SOE had not been used in the removal of phenolic substances in BPF. Therefore, in this study, we established the NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e-BPF-ethanol extraction system. BPF was successfully divided into upper phases (UP) and lower phases (LP), and the biotoxic phenolics were mainly concentrated in UP. The physicochemical properties of original BPF, UP and LP were studied respectively. LP at different dilution rates was added to saline-alkaline soil. Not only was the pH of the soil reduced, but the nutrient content of the soil increased. In addition, the activities of some enzymes and microorganisms in soil were increased, and the microbial community structure was improved obviously. The changes of these indexes significantly improved the growth of Chinese cabbages. The method provided in this study had the advantages of low cost, simple process and obvious effect. It also provided a new ideas for the possibility of large-scale saline-alkaline soil improvement.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Material And Method","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Material Preparation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cotton stalk (CS) was picked from the agricultural experimental farm of Shihezi University and air-dried in the ventilation area. The CS was cut into small pieces with a particle size of 2 cm, dried in an oven at 105\u0026deg;C for 4 h, cooled and put into sealing bags, and then placed in a desiccator for standby use.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this experiment, the saline-alkali soil (white alkali saline-alkaline soil) was taken from the vicinity of Mushroom Lake Reservoir in Shihezi City (85\u0026deg;9\u0026prime;39\u0026Prime;E, 44\u0026deg;4\u0026prime;75\u0026Prime;N), and sampling points were set in the sampling area in the S-shaped. The soil mining depth was 0‒20 cm, and a total of about 100 kg saline-alkali soil was collected. Brought it back to the laboratory, spread the soil on a plastic cloth for air drying, picked out impurities such as gravel grass root residues, passed a 3 mm sieve and put it into a sack for use. The basic physicochemical properties of soils were shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Basic Soil Properties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndicators\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFull salt content\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWt.%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoisture content\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlkaline nitrogen\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emg/kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganic matter\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eg/kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFast-acting phosphorusmg/kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFast-acting potassium\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emg/kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eData\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Pyrolysis Process of Biomass\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn each experiment, 100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5 g CS was loaded into the furnace and heated from room temperature to five final sample temperatures (300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 ℃) separately at a constant heating rate of 10 ℃/min, during which ultra-high purity helium (N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) was flown inside and outside the glass tube as the purging and protective gas at the rate of 0.3 L/ min. After each experiment, the pyrolysis fluids (BPF) taken out and weighed when the furnace temperature was the same as room temperature. Put it into a brown bottle and put the bottle in a refrigerator at 4℃ for later use. Each treatment was conducted three times and all of BPF were subjected to subsequent analyses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Salting-out Extraction\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe saturated ammonium sulfate solution was allocated and added to the centrifuge tube, and ethanol was added to mix with BPF (The mass ratio of ammonium sulfate solution, BPF and alcohol was 6:6:1). After shaking, ultrasonic processing was carried out for 15 min, followed by centrifugation in a frozen centrifuge at 8000 r/min at room temperature for 15 min. After standing for a period of time, the upper phases (UP) and lower phases (LP) were separated. The above experiment was repeated three times.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Pot Experiment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this experiment, Chinese cabbage was used as a planting plant for pot cultivation. LP was applied into the soil, and 20 groups of treatments were performed. LP prepared at different temperatures were diluted 50, 100, 200 and 400 times. Then they were added to 20 groups of potted plants respectively. At the same time, the blank (CK) control of water irrigation was conducted. Three parallel experiments were performed for each of the above treatments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e250 g of saline soil was put and 12 Chinese cabbage seeds were planted in each pot. The pots were put in the greenhouse and the numbers of sprouting of Chinese cabbage in each pot were recorded after sowing for 3 days. The two worst seedlings were plucked out every 7 days and the plant height and weight were measured. The test period was 35 days.The test period was 35 days. The plants were irrigated every 3 days, 30 mL of diluted LP was irrigated in the first 10 days, and 50 mL of diluted LP was irrigated in the next 25 days. The thiobarbituric acid method was used to determine the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in plants (Zhang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019a\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Methods of Analysis and Characterization\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.1 Analysis and Characterization of BPF\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe density of the BPF was determined by the pycnometer method. The pH of the BPF was determined by pH meter. The determination of total polyphenols (TP) used a slightly modified Folin-phenol (Luque-Rodr\u0026iacute;guez et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) reagent method, using gallic acid as the standard, and drew a standard curve. The determination of the total acid (TA) referred to the national standard GB/T 12456-90 and it was determined by titration, and TA was calculated as acetic acid. The water content was determined using a Karl Fischer moisture meter (787KF, Metrohm, Swiss). The organic composition of BPF was analyzed by GC-MS (GCMS-QP2020, Shimadzu, Japan).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.2 Soil nutrient and enzyme activity analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrease, Sucrase, catalase and alkaline phosphatase activity were measured by sodium phenol-sodium hypochlorite colorimetric method, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid colorimetric method, potassium titanate titration method (Tapia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) and colorimetric method of benzyl phosphate (Mishra et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), respectively. The alkaline diffusion method (Leng et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), 0.5 mol/L NaHCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e method, NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eOAc and flame photometry and volumetric method of potassium dichromate - dilution calorimetry (Musadji et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) were used to measure alkaline nitrogen, fast-acting phosphorus, fast-acting potassium and organic matter content in soil separately.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.3 High-throughput sequencing\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sequences were initially screened according to the following criteria and eliminated from further analysis: requiring sequence length\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;160 bp and not allowing ambiguous base N. We will exclude: 1) sequences with primer mismatch base number\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1 at the 5' end; 2) sequences containing consecutive identical base numbers\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;8 (Tanja et al. 2011). After chimera checking using USEARCH, UCLUST was used to cluster 97% sequence identity into an operable taxonomic unit (OUT) from which the alpha diversity indices (Simpson index) were determined. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to assess the inter-relationships between different acclimatized microbial communities (Ramette \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3 Results And Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Total Phenol and Total Acid Content in BPF, UP and LP\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe pH, density, yield, moisture content and heating value of BPF were measured in the study period (\u003cb\u003eSee supplementary materials\u003c/b\u003e). When the pyrolysis temperature was low (300\u0026ndash;400℃), the aliphatic hydroxyl groups on the branched chain of lignin structure were broke, and the cellulose would depolymerize and dehydrate. The main products of their reactions were acetic acid, formic acid and other acid compounds, a small amount of tar substances and phenolic compounds (Ren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ea, the acid content was higher at a lower temperature, up to 139.23mg/g. With the increase of pyrolysis temperature, the secondary pyrolysis of BPF was strengthened and the organic acids decomposed. For example, levoglucose was decomposed into small molecular gas products through molecular reforming, decarboxylation and other reactions, thus reducing the acid content. On the other hand, the increase of the total amount of BPF also led to the decrease of the proportion of acid compounds in the total organic matter. The higher the pyrolysis temperature was, the more intense the pyrolysis reaction of lignin was. Guaiacol (also known as o-methoxy-phenol), one of the main products of pyrolysis, and tar-like substances produced at low temperature had secondary cracking. The GC-MS analysis of BPF showed that the content of guaiacol did decrease with the increase of pyrolysis temperature (\u003cb\u003eSee supplementary materials\u003c/b\u003e) (Chen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). This led to an increase in the number of phenols and a rapid increase in TP content. In addition, the chemical bonds of oxygen-containing compounds in BPF broke in the order of C-O, C-H and C-C bonds from weak to strong, and decarboxylation, decarbonylation and dehydrogenation occurred respectively (Hoyong et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), so oxygen-containing compounds converted into more stable phenolic compounds. Therefore, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ea, TP reached the minimum 67.27mg /g at 300℃ and the maximum 76.79mg /g at 700℃.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eb and supplementary materials, it can be seen that the two-phase product obtained by salting-out extraction, UP was much smaller than LP product, and the yield of LP product was first increased and then decreased, the highest yield was 96.29% at 500 ℃. TP were mainly enriched in UP. The average TP content in UP was 193.27 mg/g, while that in LP was 64.52 mg/g (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ec). Because when inorganic salt solutions were added, the cations produced by ionization attract more water molecules to form a hydration layer, causing more organic molecules to be repelled into the organic phase (Xiao et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) (\u003cb\u003eSee supplementary materials\u003c/b\u003e). As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ed, the effect of salting-out extraction on the TA of UP and LP in each temperature segment was the same as that of BPF, and the TA content in UP was slightly higher than LP after the salting-out extraction of BPF at each temperature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Potted plant experiment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirstly, BPF was diluted to a factor of 0,200,400,600 and was added to saline-alkali soil. The effects of BPF on the growth of Chinese cabbage were investigated by pot experiment. As we can see \u003cb\u003e(see supplementary material)\u003c/b\u003e, only a 600-fold dilution of BPF resulted in very few seeds germinating, with a germination rate of only 13.33%. This was because BPF contained more phenols and acids, which have a great impact on the germination rate of plants (Muscolo et al. 2001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNext, LP with different dilution ratio (50,100,200,400) was added into saline-alkali soil for pot experiment. Compared with CK, LP had a significant effect on the germination rate (3 d), plant height (35 d) and plant weight (35 d) of Chinese cabbage (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ea-c). In particular, a 400-fold dilution of LP increased the germination rate by 25.76% on average, while a 50-fold dilution of LP only increased the germination rate by 2.4%. The plant average height and plant weight of Chinese cabbage, which reached a maximum height of 6.7 cm and a maximum weight of 0.9661 g, both of which were higher than CK, by 67.51% and 93.22%, respectively. As the dilution increases the plants grew better (\u003cb\u003esee supplementary material\u003c/b\u003e). When the dilution was low, the phenolic concentration in LP was higher, and the excessive phenolic compounds have an inhibitory effect on seed germination and plant growth. On the other hand, the addition of sulfate, which increases the soluble salt content in the soil, will change the osmotic pressure in the plant, thus causing some hindrance to the plant root system for nutrient and water uptake. It even inhibits plant growth, while salt stress can cause ion toxicity in the plant body (Shahzad et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). This also results in severe plant senescence and high MDA content (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ed). With 400-fold LP diluted in each temperature segment having a good effect on the plant's MDA, with an average decrease of 42.35% compared with the blank control group. Through pot experiments, we found that BPF inhibited plant growth, while LP promoted plant growth to varying degrees. In order to further investigate the specific mechanism of LP, soil nutrients, enzyme activities and microbial community structure were analyzed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Effects of LP on soil nutrients and enzyme activities\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe change in soil pH was inversely proportional to the TA content in LP (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea). The salt used in the test was (NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, which was a strong acid and weak base salt. Its solution was acidic, so it made a more significant impact on soil pH value. In addition, the addition of (NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e had a certain influence on soil total salt content (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eb) and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ed\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. Also, the addition of high concentration of LP promoted the formation of macromolecule complexation in the soil, but it was not discharged in a short time (Shang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). With the increase of test period, small molecule salt was regenerated, leading to the increase of salt content. When using the appropriate dilution ratio (200 and 400 times), it could effectively complex salt ions and reduce the total salt content in the soil. LP was rich in organic materials, so when it was added to the soil, the larger the dilution ratio of LP was, the less the content of organic matter was in the soil. When LP was diluted by 50, 100, 200 and 400 times, the average organic matter content of soil increased by 66.75%, 47.16%, 29.39% and 24.76% respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ec).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ed-f, LP can significantly increase the effective soil nutrient content. LP contained a certain amount of acidic organic matter. On the one hand, the acid dissolution, chelation dissolution and desorption of these acidic substances had an important and direct effect on the increase of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements. And small molecular acids could inhibit the mineralization of these elements and promote the release of available elements in soil (Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The migration of colloidal ions in soil was promoted by acidic ions and organic active molecules in LP. This resulted in the release of the original fixed nutrients in the soil and at the same time increased the activity of the original nutrients (Zhang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019b\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, the acidic components of LP could interact with materials in the soil at the right concentrations. This could promote enzyme and microbial activity, thus further improve soil activity (Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019a\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, with the addition of LP, the contents of basic nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium significantly increased, up to 139.56 mg/kg, 14.82mg/kg and 71.53mg/g respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil colloids and minerals had adsorption effects on enzymes, this can reduce soil enzyme activity(Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). LP contained a large amount of acidic substances such as acetic acid, which can compete with soil colloids and minerals for adsorption sites on soil enzymes, thus reducing adsorption (Kabiri et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). From Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, it can be seen that LP had a significant promotion effect on soil enzyme activity. The urease and alkaline phosphatase activity increased with the increase of the dilution ratio of LP. Especially when the dilution ratio of LP was 200 and 400 times, the promotion of both enzymes was greater. Compared with CK, urease activity increased on average 3.13-fold (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea). The trend graph of alkaline phosphatase activity (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ec) was consistent with the change in the trend graph of fast-acting phosphorus (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ee). Sucrase activity was related to the metabolism of carbon (Bastida et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). At lower dilutions, the LP contained more carbon sources, which led to increased microbial metabolism. So the sucrase activity was higher (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eb). The activity of catalase was negatively correlated with pH. Therefore, a small dilution of LP with high organic acid content was more favorable to promote the activity of catalase (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ed) in the soil.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo further represent more visually the effects of pyrolysis temperature and dilution times on soil nutrients, physicochemical properties and enzyme activity, we did a correlation analysis, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ee. The similarity of the color level indicates that the effect was close. As can be seen from the figure, the dark red color is mainly concentrated in the area of dilution multiples 50 and 400. Low dilutions have a positive effect on organic matter, total salinity, alkaline nitrogen, sucrase and catalase activity in the soil. Higher dilutions had positive effects on fast-acting phosphorus, fast-acting potassium, plant growth, alkaline phosphatase and urease in the soil. In order to investigate more clearly which microorganisms are affected by LP at high and low dilutions, high throughput sequencing was performed in this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Changes of microbial communities in acclimatized soil\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe made gene sequencing on 16SRNA to evaluate the richness and diversity under various suitable conditions. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ea displayed the Shannon-Wiener curve of bacterial communities in this research. As the increase of measured sequence, the Shannon-Wiener curve leveled off. LP diluted 50 times and 400 times at different temperatures were added to LP. Generally, The Shannon and Simpson indices reflected the diversity and uniformity of samples, and Chao 1 and ACE reflected the richness of communities (Pd et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). As can be seen from the Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, Shannon values of samples were all higher than CK, indicating that the addition of LP was beneficial to enrich microbial community. Simpson value in low dilution ratio samples decreased, while that in high dilution ratio samples increased. This was due to the fact that LP at low dilutions contained more phenolics, which affected the biological activity of some microorganisms. And the appropriate concentration of LP had positive effect on the growth of microorganisms. Compared with the values of Chao 1 and ACE, CK increased, indicating that the richness of microorganisms in the samples raised. It can also be seen from the abundance class curves \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eb). PCA results of multiple samples (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ec) showed that samples at different pyrolysis temperatures and in the same dilution multiple did not appear aggregation. The results showed that the microbiota of each sample changed in different degrees during the adaptation process.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobial diversity index of the flora\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimpson\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChao1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShannon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99826\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2366\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2366\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL-3-50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.994174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3064.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3299.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL-4-50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.993492\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3749.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4141.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL-5-50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.986293\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2639.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2827.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL-6-50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.989704\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3195.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3365\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL-7-50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.990269\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2873.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3093.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL-3-400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.998486\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4186.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4588.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL-4-400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.998096\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3956.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4276.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL-5-400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.998278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4296.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4674.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL-6-400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.998256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3484.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3709.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL-7-400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.997807\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4542.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4971.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple studies have shown, in phylum level, Proteobacteria had an absolute advantage in the alkali-saline soils (Bai et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ed, there are also distributions of \u003cem\u003eAcidobacteria\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eGemmatimonadetes\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eChloroflexi\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eFirmicutes\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAcidobacteris\u003c/em\u003e. When LP (L-50) diluted 50 times was added, the abundance of \u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e raised to varying degrees, while the abundance of \u003cem\u003eAcidobacteria\u003c/em\u003e reduced and the abundance of \u003cem\u003eFirmicutes\u003c/em\u003e greatly increased. The reason was that LP contains more (NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e at lower dilution ratio, resulting in higher overall salt content than CK. The abundance of \u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e, as the dominant bacteria, increased. From the analysis of order level (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ee), \u003cem\u003eClostridiales\u003c/em\u003e had strong resistance under high salt condition, and became the dominant bacteria under the condition of abundant organic matter (Du et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). From the analysis of genus level (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ef), it showed that \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e mostly appeared in poor environment and releases catalase while consuming organic matter in soil. This was also one of the reasons for the high catalase content in soil at low dilution ratio (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ed). Soil organic matter content was too high, causing C: N was higher than 70:1. Under this condition, nitrogen-fixing bacteria start to fix nitrogen, which was the main reason why \u003cem\u003eAzoarcus\u003c/em\u003e became the dominant genus (Du et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the content of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen was higher at low dilution ratios. \u003cem\u003eDesulfosporosinus\u003c/em\u003e (Pester et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), a reductive microorganism often found in environments of high sulfate concentrations, restored sulfate to stable sulfides. At low dilution ratio, the abundance of dominant bacteria in saline-soil environment increased and the diversity of bacteria was low due to the addition of sulfate. Soil fertility was poor which leaded to poor growth of, but it also improved to a certain extent compared with CK.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLP diluted 400 times added, the richness of \u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e slightly reduced, while \u003cem\u003eAcidobacteria\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eGemmatimonadetes\u003c/em\u003e significantly increased, sequenced in phylum level. Studies have shown that \u003cem\u003eActinomycetes\u003c/em\u003e mainly undertook the decomposition of organic matter, played a beneficial role in improving soil fertility, and could provide certain protection against abiotic stress(Shi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The increase in the abundance of \u003cem\u003eGemmatimonadetes\u003c/em\u003e was attributed to the raising available potassium, available phosphorus and organic matter content (Mk et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). From the analysis of order level, \u003cem\u003eMicrococales\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eRhizobiales\u003c/em\u003e (Aliashkevich et al.) were the main phospho-solubilizing bacteria orders, and the abundance of these two orders was higher when the dilution ratio was higher, which was also one of the reasons why the content of available phosphorus in soil was higher. \u003cem\u003eNitrosomonadales\u003c/em\u003e becoming the dominant bacterium mainly because the soil was rich in NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, under the action of which, NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e can be converted into nitrate that can be directly used by the Chinese Cabbage (Boden et al. 2017). From genus level analysis, \u003cem\u003eSphingomonas\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePseudarthrobacter\u003c/em\u003e can be used for degradating aromatic compounds (Lha et al.). Because LP contained part of phenolic substances, the emergence of these two bacteria also meant the degradation of phenolic substances. Therefore, under the high dilution ratios, Chinese Cabbage grew better.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4 Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe addition of LP increased the contents of soil organic matter and available nutrients. LP diluted 400 times at pyrolysis temperature of 500℃ had a suitable concentration of organic acids. They could neutralize soil alkalinity and reduce soil salt stress through effective complexation of salt ions. Additionally, acidic organic substances could compete with enzymes for adsorption sites on soil colloid and minerals, reduce enzyme adsorption and increase soil enzyme activity. The increase of \u003cem\u003eActinomycetes\u003c/em\u003e ratio optimized soil population structure and improved soil quality. The positive amelioration effect of LP on saline soil significantly improved the growth index of Chinese cabbage.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShuai Wang:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing-Original Draft, Data Curation, Visualization. \u003cstrong\u003eHanyu Chang:\u003c/strong\u003e Data Curation, Writing-Review \u0026amp; Editing. \u003cstrong\u003eZhenfei Dong:\u003c/strong\u003e Software, Methodology, Writing-Review \u0026amp; Editing. \u003cstrong\u003eYansen Ren:\u003c/strong\u003e Validation, Writing-Review \u0026amp; Editing. \u003cstrong\u003eTianle Tan:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eVisualization.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics declarations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHuman and animal rights and informed consent\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI certify that this manuscript is original and has not been published and will not be submitted elsewhere for publication while being considered by Environmental Science and Pollution Research. And the study is not split up into several parts to increase the quantity of submissions and submitted to various journals or to one journal over time. No data have been fabricated or manipulated (including images) to support your conclusions. No data, text, or theories by others are presented as if they were our own.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe submission has been received explicitly from all co-authors. And authors whose names appear on the submission have contributed sufficiently to the scientific work and therefore share collective responsibility and accountability for the results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe, the authors, are giving our consent for this paper to be published in your journal if found publishable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to publish\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe, the authors, are giving our consent for this paper to be published in your journal if found publishable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under No. 51768061 and Key Scientific and Technological project for Double firstclass discipline construction of Shihezi University\u0026nbsp;under No. SHYL-ZD201803.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAliashkevich A, Howell M, Brown PJB Cava F D-canavanine affects peptidoglycan structure, morphogenesis and fitness in Rhizobiales.Environmental Microbiology. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.15513\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/1462-2920.15513\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAvnish K, Bijoy B, Ramandeep K, KB B, Bhaskar T (2021) Oxidative valorisation of lignin into valuable phenolics: Effect of acidic and basic catalysts and reaction parameters. 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Environ Pollut 256:113369. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113369\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113369\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;1\u0026nbsp;The Basic Soil Properties\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"112%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndicators\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFull salt content\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWt.%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMoisture content\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlkaline nitrogen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrganic matter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eg/kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFast-acting phosphorusmg/kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFast-acting potassium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.98\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.36\u0026plusmn;0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.09\u0026plusmn;0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.26\u0026plusmn;1.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.24\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.31\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.01\u0026plusmn;1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;2\u0026nbsp;Microbial diversity index of the flora\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSimpson\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChao1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eACE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShannon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99826\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL-3-50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.994174\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3064.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3299.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL-4-50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.993492\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3749.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4141.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL-5-50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.986293\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2639.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2827.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL-6-50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.989704\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3195.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3365\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL-7-50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.990269\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2873.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3093.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL-3-400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.998486\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4186.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4588.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL-4-400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.998096\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3956.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4276.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL-5-400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.998278\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4296.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4674.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL-6-400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.998256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3484.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3709.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL-7-400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.997807\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4542.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4971.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"espr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Science and Pollution Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/11356)","snPcode":"11356","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11356/3","title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Pyrolysis fluids, Saline-alkali soil, Salting-out extraction, Microorganisms, Enzyme activity, Soil remediation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1516314/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1516314/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBecause of its acidity, biomass pyrolytic fluid (BPF) had been paid attention in the amelioration of saline soil. However, BPF contained biotoxic phenolic compounds and must be refined before use. Most of the existing refining methods were cumbersome and uneconomical. A simple one-step salting-out extraction system of was developed. BPF was successfully divided into upper and lower phases, and most phenolic substances were concentrated in the upper phase. The lower phase diluted 400 times at the pyrolysis temperature of 500℃ was added into saline-alkali soil, which greatly increased the content of soil available nutrients. Under the action of organic acids, soil pH and total salt content could be reduced effectively, and soil enzyme activities can be increased. Microbial community analysis showed that the addition of LP could increase the proportion of \u003cem\u003eActinomycetes\u003c/em\u003e, which played a beneficial role in improving soil fertility, and then improved the growth of Chinese cabbage.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Dephenolization pyrolysis fluid improved physicochemical properties and microbial community structure of saline-alkali soils","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-05-12 14:45:24","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1516314/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major Revision","date":"2022-06-05T03:21:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2022-05-02T14:21:15+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2022-04-29T14:23:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","date":"2022-04-19T17:24:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2022-04-11T05:38:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","date":"2022-04-02T06:31:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"espr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Science and Pollution Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/11356)","snPcode":"11356","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11356/3","title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"169d2275-2cfc-4d5c-a47c-a9b362e028e5","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 12th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-10-10T04:39:23+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-05-12 14:45:24","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1516314","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1516314","identity":"rs-1516314","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}