Development and Analysis of Human Hair Fiber and Chicken Feathers Reinforced Composite

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Many works have been carried out to enhance the mechanical properties of composites. Chicken feather, human hair and hairs of other birds and animals are commonly described as a waste product. Currently, available disposal methods such as burying and burning of these waste by-products are contributing to environmental pollution. In this research work composite was developed using human hair & chicken feather fiber and analysis the mechanical and physical property of the developed composite sample. Four different composition ratio composite samples were fabricated and then physical and mechanical properties were tested according to standards. Both flexural and compressional strength increase for the first two composite samples, then after it shows a gradual decrease when we have increased the fiber content and decreased resin and sample show that the amount of water absorption in percentage increases when the fiber content increases, and the matrix material (polyester resin) decrease. This research study indicates that using human hair and chicken feather fibers as reinforcement in a polymer matrix could successfully develop a composite material in terms of high strength and rigidity for lightweight house ceiling board material. Human hair fiber Unsaturated polyester Composite Chicken feather matrix Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 1 Introduction A composite material is a combination of two or more different materials that are bonded together each of the various components has its identity in the composite. In composites, the discontinuous phase is called the reinforcement which is usually harder and stronger than the matrix which is called the continuous phase [ 5 ]. The matrix material keeps the reinforcements in the desired location and orientation. Reinforcement used to improve the overall mechanical properties of the matrix and give strength to composites of the matrix and give strength to composites. The constituents of composite materials have their property however when they are joined together, they give a mixture of properties that a singular can't have the capacity to give [ 10 ]. Fiber-reinforced composites are composed of fibers and a matrix. Fibers are the reinforcement and the main source of strength whereas matrix glues all the fibers together in shape and transfers stresses between the reinforcing fibers. These fiber-reinforced composites are a new area of the composite due to their easy availability, light weight, low cost and eco-friendly nature [ 9 ]. Human hair by nature is a fibrous material with good tensile properties. The primary component of the hair fiber is keratin which consists of proteins and long chains of amino acids [ 8 ]. The unique properties of human hair such as its unique chemical composition, slow degradation rate, high tensile strength, thermal insulation, elastic recovery, scaly surface, and light weight, have led to many diverse uses [ 6 ]. Chicken feathers contain 91% protein (keratin). keratin fibers are strictly nonabrasive, low density, insoluble in organic solvents, hydrophobic behavioral, warmth retention and also cost-effective [ 7 ]. Chicken feather, human hair and hairs of other birds and animals are commonly described as a waste product. Currently, available disposal methods such as burying and burning of these waste by-products are contributing to environmental pollution. Human hair is considered as waste material in most parts of the world including our country in Ethiopia, and problem found in municipal waste streams which cause enormous environmental problem. Human hair is a material considered useless inmost societies and therefore is found in the municipal waste streams in almost all cities and towns of the world [ 6 ]. The hair is thrown away in nature where it slowly decomposes over several years, in the areas with high population density, it often accumulates in large amounts in the solid waste streams and chokes the drainage systems, posing a multifaceted problem. Due to slow degradation, it stays in the dumps/waste streams for long occupying large volumes of space. Burning of human hair or the waste piles containing them a practice observed in many parts of the world produces foul odor and toxic gases such as ammonia, carbonyl sulphides, hydrogen sulphides, Sulphur dioxide, phenols, nitriles, pyrroles and pyridines [ 4 ].Open dumps of hair generate hair dust which causes discomfort to people near them and, if inhaled in large amounts, can result in several respiratory problems. The best way to address such problems is to develop systems which utilize the waste material as a resource. In addition to reducing waste, it contributes to the economy as a potential material resource. Researcher Biswas et al (2018) on his study concludes that human hair is found to be abundance all over the globe and often considered as useless in most society. Therefore, these fibers mostly found in the municipal waste stream as the degradation time is slow it stays as a waste for a long time occupying a large volume of space. Similarly, chicken feathers are deliberated as a waste product most of the poultry industry in the world. A large amount of waste feathers generated and disposed each year by poultry processing plants results in severe solid waste. Bartels, T. (2003) studied that traditional disposal strategies of chicken feathers are difficult. however, these disposal methods are restricted or generate greenhouse gases that pose danger to the environment. Chicken feather are deliberated as an unwanted product from the poultry production. Large amount of waste feathers generated and disposed each year by the poultry processing plants results in severe solid waste trouble [ 2 ]. Environmental concerns study always appreciated to protect our earth from waste and to make it reuse in another form, especially as waste to usable material is a supportable idea in future. Use of human hair and chicken feathers as matrix component to develop composite material leads to high specific strength and the large amount of waste utilization. It provides low cost output in high strength composite design application by mixing it with other reinforcing materials [ 1 ]. In this research work composite was developed using human hair & chicken feather fiber and analysis the mechanical and physical property of the developed composite sample. 2 Material And Methodology 2.1 Materials Hair is used as reinforcement material for composite development. Collected from hair dressing salons around Kombolcha, Ethiopia. The average length of natural fiber about 10mm. Chicken feather (Orpington and Isa brown chicken species) for this work chicken feather is collected from Kombolcha chicken poultry farm. Unsaturated polyester resin used as matrix is purchased from the local fiber glass production industries in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. methyl ethyl ketone peroxide used as a hardening or curing agent, the duration of the reaction is dependent on both the type of resin being cured as well as the formulation of the methyl ethyl ketone peroxide solution. Typical reactions contain approximately 1–2% methyl ethyl ketone peroxide in a series of experiments. methyl ethyl ketone peroxide is a methyl ethyl ketone peroxide hardener for curing unsaturated polyester resin at ambient temperature. Cross linking agent Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA) used for washing hair is purchased from local market at Addis Ababa. 2.2 Methodology a) Collecting and Cleaning Human hair fiber was collected from barb salons. Then separating hair from other waste depending on the source, the collected hair may contain wastes this has to be removed. Because this hair may be containing various foreign materials, such as dust, cotton and tissue. Then hair is washed with detergent to remove impurities. After the hair is dried under the sun. Next, the waste chicken feathers obtained from a poultry processing company in kombolcha city. Waste feathers were taken in sacks and washed several times with water mixed with detergent to remove skin, blood, feces, flesh, manure and extraneous materials. The clean feathers were then spread and dried under the sun. Dried feathers were chopped into approximately 25 mm long pieces ground into powder form feather fibers (barbs) were obtained by manually cutting dried feather off the quill using scissors. b) Mold Preparation A mild steel mold is specially fabricated to produce 300*300*10 mm laminate sheets. It contains the basic parts such as base plate, cover frame and mold releaser. The lid and base plate surfaces of the mold and the walls are coated with remover and allowed to dry. The functions of lid and base plates are to cover, compress the fiber after the resin is applied and also to avoid the debris from entering into the composite parts during the curing time. The functions of lid and base plates are to cover, compress the fiber after the resin is applied, and also to avoid the debris from entering into the composite parts during the curing time. c) Composite Preparation Using Hand Lay-Up Process Hand lay-up is the simplest and oldest open moulding method of the composite fabrication processes. It is a low volume, labour intensive method suited especially for large components. Hand-lay-up method is adopted to fill up the prepared mold with an appropriate amount of unsaturated polyester resin mixture with layers of random (chopped) human hair and chicken feather fibers, such that starting and ending with layers of resin. Chopped fiber was cut into the required size so that they can be deposited in the mould layer by layer during fabrication. Then the resin and fiber are weighed with respect to the calculated values for all the composition sample. The mixture has transferred to chopped human hair fiber and chicken feather placed at mould cavity and the mould tightened with the help of nuts & bolts. Reinforcement in the form of chopped strand was cut and placed at the surface of mold after per sheet. Then thermosetting polymer in liquid form has mixed thoroughly in the weight ratio of 10:1 with a hardener (curing agent) and poured onto the surface of chopped strand already placed in the mold. The solution is uniformly spread with the help of brush. A roller brush is used for distribution of the polyester resin after placing the plastic sheet at the top, release gel is sprayed on the inner surface of the top mold plate which is then kept on the stacked layers. Lastly, the composite specimens were pressed using a hydraulic press to ensure that the polyester resin has penetrated the porosity of the chopped strand. d) Material composition In this Human hair and chicken feather polymer composites were prepared then compared to each composition composite plates. Following nomenclature shown in Table 1 is used for identification of different composition. Table 1 -Different compositions of human hair chicken feather &resin Specimen Code Human hair fiber wt.% Chicken feather wt.% resin wt.% FR-316 30 10 60 FR -415 40 10 50 FR -514 50 10 40 FR -613 60 10 30 e) Compression and Curing: 5Mpa of pressure was maintained and it requires for curing at room temperature. After curing period, the human hair fiber polymer matrix was removed from the mold. f) Removal of Specimens from The Mould After hardening process, the samples were removed from the hydraulic pressing machine and specimens are to taken out from the mold carefully without any breakage. Sides of the specimen have finished on grinding machine. g) Specimen Sampling Preparation The test used in this research required sample was cut using metal saw machine blade as shown in figure below was used to cut each composite sample into smaller pieces, for various experiments. The mechanical property of unsaturated polyester resin composite reinforced with human hair fiber and chicken feather was tested according to the ASTM standards. After the unsaturated polyester resin composite reinforced with human hair fiber and chicken feather Specimen cut in to the desired dimension based on the respective standards for each fiber to resin weight ratio of 30/70%, 40/60%, 50/50%, 60/40% and were tested for flexural, compression and water absorption tests according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard. 3 Results And Discussion 3.1 Experimental Results This chapter presents the results of mechanical and physical properties of unsaturated polyester resin composite reinforced with human hair and chicken feather fiber. Also, the effect of fiber parameter such as fiber loading on mechanical behavior of the fabricated composite material is discussed here. a) Flexural Strength Test Result for Composite Sample The results obtained for the effects of human hair and chicken feather fiber on the flexural strength of the composites have also been studied in this work. The table below represents the values of flexural strength for composite with different fiber and resin content. Conducted flexural strength test as per the ASTM D-790 standard is given in table. The results indicate that the variation of fiber and resin ratio has a significant effect on the flexural strength in case of unsaturated polyester composite reinforced with human hair and chicken feather fiber. Table 2 Average flexural result for composite sample Sample Code Composition (Wt.)% Flexural strength (MPa) Human hair fiber polyester resin FR-316 30 60 177.3 FR -415 40 50 183.0 FR -514 50 40 174.2 FR -613 60 30 166.7 The result has been shown a higher flexural strength value at a fiber/matrix composition of 40/50 W.t % with constant amount of chicken feather fiber. The graph shows that linearly increase for the first two composite samples then after it shows a gradual decreasing when we have increase the fiber content in the unsaturated polyester resin composite reinforced with human hair fiber and chicken feather. Although increasing the fiber content has a significant effect on the flexural strength of composite. When we have analysis the flexural strength of composite sample with the help of statistical tools for different samples the result show that when we have increased the fiber content and decreased the matrix amount it leads that the capacity of the fiber material to carry out the load during three-point bending test have be decreased because of decreasing the matrix material which used to bind together the individual fiber which acts as a load carrying candidate. Even though from the graph significant test result show that maximum flexural strength was obtained from FR-415 which means that forty percent of human hair fiber and fifty percent of polyester resin with ten percent chicken feather. The lower value of flexural strength at higher fiber content may be because of insufficient matrix in the composite which could not be able to transfer the load to the fibers b) Compressive Strength Test Result for Composite Sample In this test three specimens are tested for each composition and the average result is recorded as the compressive strength. As shown in the below figure the change in fiber/matrix composition has a significant effect on the compressive strength of unsaturated polyester resin composite reinforced with human hair and chicken feather fiber. Although better compressive strength obtained at the sample code of FR-415 or forty percent of human hair fiber and fifty percent of resin with a constant ten percent of chicken feather fiber. So that when we have varied the content of human hair fiber and polyester resin, there is a significant effect on the compressive strength of the composite sample. The compressive strength of the composites with different wt.% of human hair fibers are presented a marginal rise in compressive strength of composite with increase when the fiber content up to 50% and then decrease gradually was recorded. the reasons for the lower compressive properties at higher fiber content are probably due to the weak fiber-to-fiber interaction, and poor dispersion of fiber in the matrix and low content of unsaturated polyester resin which transfer the load to the reinforcement material. Table 3 - Average compressive strength result for composite sample Sample Code Composition (Wt.)% Compressive strength (MPa) Human hair fiber Polyester resin FR-316 30 60 103.2 FR -415 40 50 108.3 FR -514 50 40 101.5 FR -613 60 30 96.7 c) Water Absorption Test Result for Composite Sample The water absorption test provides information about the adhesion between the fiber and the matrix in the interface region, as higher the adhesion (bond) between the matrix and the fiber fewer be sites that could store water and lead to lower water absorption. So that when we have seen the effect of fiber content on the water absorption properties of composite sample show that the amount of water absorption in percentage increase when the fiber content increases, but when the amount of the matrix material (polyester resin) increases, the water absorption of composite sample have been decreased. The rate of water being absorbed decreases with decreasing the volume fraction of the fiber and due to the weak fiber-to-fiber interaction. d) Density and Void Fraction The density (ρ) is then the mass divided by the volume. The actual densities of the composites were measured by using the archimedes principle. According to this principle, when an object is immersed in a liquid, the apparent loss in its weight is equal to the weight of the liquid it displaces. As shown in the below table the void content in less when ratio of fiber is less in the sample. To conduct the test pure water was taken as the medium. This method is covered in ASTM standard D-792. Volume fraction of voids can be calculated by using the following equation: 𝑣𝑣 = (𝜌𝑡−𝜌𝑎)/ 𝜌𝑡 Where ρt and ρa represents the theoretical density and actual density of the composite, respectively. It is clearly observed from the figure that the density of composites decreases as the fiber ratio increase. This is mainly due to the light weight property of hair fiber apparently; greater void contents yield low density composite. However, the density of composites increases with increase in resin content. Table below shows the variation of void content with fiber and resin ratio. It is evident from the table that the void content in the composites increases with the increase in fiber content. 4 Conclusions Increasing attention is given to natural fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites based on the light weight, less expensive, low density and thus providing advantages for utilization in commercial applications. Using natural fibers like human hair, chicken feather as reinforcement for polymeric composites gives a positive effect on the mechanical behavior of polymers. In this research work, human hair and chicken feather fiber has been used as reinforcement and an investigation has been carried out to make using human hair and chicken feather fiber made unsaturated polyester resin matrix composite. This research analyze the mechanical properties of developed polyester resin composite reinforced with human hair and chicken feather. Polyester resin composite reinforced with human hair and chicken feather have been fabricated with varying fiber content like 30/70%,40/60%, 50/50% and 60/40% was determined using experiment the composites have been fabricated using the hand-lay-up method, which is one of the simplest methods to fabricate the composites under normal conditions. A polymer matrix composite containing the chopped human hair and chicken feather fiber as reinforcement was successfully fabricated and from mechanical and physical test results it is found that 50/50 wt.% have a better mechanical and physical test property among the other fiber-matrix compositions. While studying the fiber variations, the increase in fiber loading has reduced the compressional strength and flexural strength of the composites. This decrease is attributed to the inability of the fiber to support the stress transferred from the polymer matrix and also the poor interfacial bonding generates partial spaces between the fiber and matrix material, hence resulting to weak structure. Water absorption of composites increased with increase during fiber loading. The analytical and experimental investigation of the present work has been lead to the following conclusions: The fabricated chopped human hair and chicken feather fiber reinforced polyester composite have a good mechanical and physical property and it is recommended to use it for light weight applications for ceiling board. Successful fabrication of unsaturated polyester resin composite reinforced with human hair fiber and chicken feather was possible by simple hand lay- up technique. Excess of fibers in composite materials deteriorates the mechanical properties of the composite because of lack of proper bonding between the matrix and fiber around their interface. This causes the disruption in transfer of load to the bonding fibers. Statistical tools (SPSS) have been used to analyze the experimental results of polyester resin composite reinforced with human hair and chicken feather weather significant or insignificant. Declarations Author Contributions : Tesfaye Worku conceived and developed the research framework and undertook the data processing and analysis. Sukumar Nachippian supervised and revised the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Conflicts of Interest : The author declares no conflict of interest. Funding declaration : - This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. data availability statement : - The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. References Bansal, G., Singh, V. K., Gope, P. C., & Gupta, T. (2017). Application and properties of chicken feather fiber (CFF) a livestock waste in composite material development. Journal of Graphic Era University, 5 (1), 16–24. Bartels, T. (2003). Variations in the morphology, distribution, and arrangement of feathers in domesticated birds. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution, 298 (1), 91–108. Biswas, Ragul, G., Jayakumar, V., Sha, S. U., R., & Kumar, C. (2018). Tensile strength improvement using human hair reinforcement in recycled high density polyethylene. Journal of scientific and industrial research 77(1),410–413. Brebu, M., & Spiridon, I. (2011). Thermal degradation of keratin waste. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 91 (2), 288–295. Fairuz, A. M., Sapuan, S. M., Zainudin, E. S., & Jaafar, C. N. A. (2014). Polymer composite manufacturing using a Pultrusion process: a review. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 11 (10), 1798. Gupta, A. (2014). Human hair “waste” and its utilization: gaps and possibilities. Journal of waste management , 2014 . Hernandez A.L.M., &Santos C.V., (2012). Keratin Fibers from Chicken Feathers: Structure and Advances in Polymer Composites, In: Keratin: Structure, Properties and Applications, Nova Science Publishers, 149–211. Kumar, S., Bhattacharyya, J. K., Vaidya, A. N., Chakrabarti, T., Devotta, S., & Akolkar, A. B. (2009). Assessment of the status of municipal solid waste management in metro cities, state capitals, class I cities, and class II towns in India: An insight. Waste management, 29 (2), 883–895. Meyers, M. A., Chen, P. Y., Lin, A. Y. M., & Seki, Y. (2008). Biological materials: structure and mechanical properties. Progress in Materials Science, 53 (1), 1–206. Reddy, N., Jiang, J., & Yang, Y. (2014). Biodegradable composites containing chicken feathers as matrix and jute fibers as reinforcement. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 22 (3), 310–317. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1773566","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":115141556,"identity":"acc6931e-b008-469d-9a71-ed6006a84c94","order_by":0,"name":"Tesfaye 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various components has its identity in the composite. In composites, the discontinuous phase is called the reinforcement which is usually harder and stronger than the matrix which is called the continuous phase [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe matrix material keeps the reinforcements in the desired location and orientation. Reinforcement used to improve the overall mechanical properties of the matrix and give strength to composites of the matrix and give strength to composites. The constituents of composite materials have their property however when they are joined together, they give a mixture of properties that a singular can't have the capacity to give [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFiber-reinforced composites are composed of fibers and a matrix. Fibers are the reinforcement and the main source of strength whereas matrix glues all the fibers together in shape and transfers stresses between the reinforcing fibers. These fiber-reinforced composites are a new area of the composite due to their easy availability, light weight, low cost and eco-friendly nature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman hair by nature is a fibrous material with good tensile properties. The primary component of the hair fiber is keratin which consists of proteins and long chains of amino acids [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe unique properties of human hair such as its unique chemical composition, slow degradation rate, high tensile strength, thermal insulation, elastic recovery, scaly surface, and light weight, have led to many diverse uses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Chicken feathers contain 91% protein (keratin). keratin fibers are strictly nonabrasive, low density, insoluble in organic solvents, hydrophobic behavioral, warmth retention and also cost-effective [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChicken feather, human hair and hairs of other birds and animals are commonly described as a waste product. Currently, available disposal methods such as burying and burning of these waste by-products are contributing to environmental pollution. Human hair is considered as waste material in most parts of the world including our country in Ethiopia, and problem found in municipal waste streams which cause enormous environmental problem.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman hair is a material considered useless inmost societies and therefore is found in the municipal waste streams in almost all cities and towns of the world [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe hair is thrown away in nature where it slowly decomposes over several years, in the areas with high population density, it often accumulates in large amounts in the solid waste streams and chokes the drainage systems, posing a multifaceted problem.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDue to slow degradation, it stays in the dumps/waste streams for long occupying large volumes of space. Burning of human hair or the waste piles containing them a practice observed in many parts of the world produces foul odor and toxic gases such as ammonia, carbonyl sulphides, hydrogen sulphides, Sulphur dioxide, phenols, nitriles, pyrroles and pyridines [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].Open dumps of hair generate hair dust which causes discomfort to people near them and, if inhaled in large amounts, can result in several respiratory problems. The best way to address such problems is to develop systems which utilize the waste material as a resource. In addition to reducing waste, it contributes to the economy as a potential material resource.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearcher Biswas et al (2018) on his study concludes that human hair is found to be abundance all over the globe and often considered as useless in most society. Therefore, these fibers mostly found in the municipal waste stream as the degradation time is slow it stays as a waste for a long time occupying a large volume of space.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilarly, chicken feathers are deliberated as a waste product most of the poultry industry in the world. A large amount of waste feathers generated and disposed each year by poultry processing plants results in severe solid waste.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBartels, T. (2003) studied that traditional disposal strategies of chicken feathers are difficult. however, these disposal methods are restricted or generate greenhouse gases that pose danger to the environment. Chicken feather are deliberated as an unwanted product from the poultry production. Large amount of waste feathers generated and disposed each year by the poultry processing plants results in severe solid waste trouble [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental concerns study always appreciated to protect our earth from waste and to make it reuse in another form, especially as waste to usable material is a supportable idea in future.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse of human hair and chicken feathers as matrix component to develop composite material leads to high specific strength and the large amount of waste utilization. It provides low cost output in high strength composite design application by mixing it with other reinforcing materials [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this research work composite was developed using human hair \u0026amp; chicken feather fiber and analysis the mechanical and physical property of the developed composite sample.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Material And Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Materials\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHair is used as reinforcement material for composite development. Collected from hair dressing salons around Kombolcha, Ethiopia. The average length of natural fiber about 10mm.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChicken feather (Orpington and Isa brown chicken species) for this work chicken feather is collected from Kombolcha chicken poultry farm.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnsaturated polyester resin used as matrix is purchased from the local fiber glass production industries in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emethyl ethyl ketone peroxide used as a hardening or curing agent, the duration of the reaction is dependent on both the type of resin being cured as well as the formulation of the methyl ethyl ketone peroxide solution. Typical reactions contain approximately 1\u0026ndash;2% methyl ethyl ketone peroxide in a series of experiments. methyl ethyl ketone peroxide is a methyl ethyl ketone peroxide hardener for curing unsaturated polyester resin at ambient temperature. Cross linking agent Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA) used for washing hair is purchased from local market at Addis Ababa.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec4\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Methodology\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea) Collecting and Cleaning\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHuman hair fiber was collected from barb salons. Then separating hair from other waste depending on the source, the collected hair may contain wastes this has to be removed. Because this hair may be containing various foreign materials, such as dust, cotton and tissue.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThen hair is washed with detergent to remove impurities. After the hair is dried under the sun. Next, the waste chicken feathers obtained from a poultry processing company in kombolcha city. Waste feathers were taken in sacks and washed several times with water mixed with detergent to remove skin, blood, feces, flesh, manure and extraneous materials. The clean feathers were then spread and dried under the sun. Dried feathers were chopped into approximately 25 mm long pieces ground into powder form feather fibers (barbs) were obtained by manually cutting dried feather off the quill using scissors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb) Mold Preparation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA mild steel mold is specially fabricated to produce 300*300*10 mm laminate sheets. It contains the basic parts such as base plate, cover frame and mold releaser. The lid and base plate surfaces of the mold and the walls are coated with remover and allowed to dry. The functions of lid and base plates are to cover, compress the fiber after the resin is applied and also to avoid the debris from entering into the composite parts during the curing time.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe functions of lid and base plates are to cover, compress the fiber after the resin is applied, and also to avoid the debris from entering into the composite parts during the curing time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ec) Composite Preparation Using Hand Lay-Up Process\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHand lay-up is the simplest and oldest open moulding method of the composite fabrication processes. It is a low volume, labour intensive method suited especially for large components. Hand-lay-up method is adopted to fill up the prepared mold with an appropriate amount of unsaturated polyester resin mixture with layers of random (chopped) human hair and chicken feather fibers, such that starting and ending with layers of resin.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChopped fiber was cut into the required size so that they can be deposited in the mould layer by layer during fabrication. Then the resin and fiber are weighed with respect to the calculated values for all the composition sample.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe mixture has transferred to chopped human hair fiber and chicken feather placed at mould cavity and the mould tightened with the help of nuts \u0026amp; bolts.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReinforcement in the form of chopped strand was cut and placed at the surface of mold after per sheet. Then thermosetting polymer in liquid form has mixed thoroughly in the weight ratio of 10:1 with a hardener (curing agent) and poured onto the surface of chopped strand already placed in the mold. The solution is uniformly spread with the help of brush. A roller brush is used for distribution of the polyester resin after placing the plastic sheet at the top, release gel is sprayed on the inner surface of the top mold plate which is then kept on the stacked layers. Lastly, the composite specimens were pressed using a hydraulic press to ensure that the polyester resin has penetrated the porosity of the chopped strand.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ed) Material composition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn this Human hair and chicken feather polymer composites were prepared then compared to each composition composite plates. Following nomenclature shown in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e is used for identification of different composition.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Different compositions of human hair chicken feather \u0026amp;resin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecimen Code\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHuman hair fiber wt.%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChicken feather wt.%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eresin wt.%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFR-316\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFR -415\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFR -514\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFR -613\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ee) Compression and Curing:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5Mpa of pressure was maintained and it requires for curing at room temperature. After curing period, the human hair fiber polymer matrix was removed from the mold.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ef) Removal of Specimens from The Mould\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter hardening process, the samples were removed from the hydraulic pressing machine and specimens are to taken out from the mold carefully without any breakage. Sides of the specimen have finished on grinding machine.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eg) Specimen Sampling Preparation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe test used in this research required sample was cut using metal saw machine blade as shown in figure below was used to cut each composite sample into smaller pieces, for various experiments.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe mechanical property of unsaturated polyester resin composite reinforced with human hair fiber and chicken feather was tested according to the ASTM standards.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter the unsaturated polyester resin composite reinforced with human hair fiber and chicken feather Specimen cut in to the desired dimension based on the respective standards for each fiber to resin weight ratio of 30/70%, 40/60%, 50/50%, 60/40% and were tested for flexural, compression and water absorption tests according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3 Results And Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec6\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Experimental Results\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis chapter presents the results of mechanical and physical properties of unsaturated polyester resin composite reinforced with human hair and chicken feather fiber. Also, the effect of fiber parameter such as fiber loading on mechanical behavior of the fabricated composite material is discussed here.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea) Flexural Strength Test Result for Composite Sample\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe results obtained for the effects of human hair and chicken feather fiber on the flexural strength of the composites have also been studied in this work. The table below represents the values of flexural strength for composite with different fiber and resin content. Conducted flexural strength test as per the ASTM D-790 standard is given in table. The results indicate that the variation of fiber and resin ratio has a significant effect on the flexural strength in case of unsaturated polyester composite reinforced with human hair and chicken feather fiber.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab2\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage flexural result for composite sample\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample Code\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComposition (Wt.)%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlexural strength (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHuman hair fiber\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epolyester resin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFR-316\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFR -415\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e183.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFR -514\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e174.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFR -613\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe result has been shown a higher flexural strength value at a fiber/matrix composition of 40/50 W.t % with constant amount of chicken feather fiber. The graph shows that linearly increase for the first two composite samples then after it shows a gradual decreasing when we have increase the fiber content in the unsaturated polyester resin composite reinforced with human hair fiber and chicken feather.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlthough increasing the fiber content has a significant effect on the flexural strength of composite. When we have analysis the flexural strength of composite sample with the help of statistical tools for different samples the result show that when we have increased the fiber content and decreased the matrix amount it leads that the capacity of the fiber material to carry out the load during three-point bending test have be decreased because of decreasing the matrix material which used to bind together the individual fiber which acts as a load carrying candidate.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEven though from the graph significant test result show that maximum flexural strength was obtained from FR-415 which means that forty percent of human hair fiber and fifty percent of polyester resin with ten percent chicken feather. The lower value of flexural strength at higher fiber content may be because of insufficient matrix in the composite which could not be able to transfer the load to the fibers\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb) Compressive Strength Test Result for Composite Sample\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn this test three specimens are tested for each composition and the average result is recorded as the compressive strength. As shown in the below figure the change in fiber/matrix composition has a significant effect on the compressive strength of unsaturated polyester resin composite reinforced with human hair and chicken feather fiber. Although better compressive strength obtained at the sample code of FR-415 or forty percent of human hair fiber and fifty percent of resin with a constant ten percent of chicken feather fiber. So that when we have varied the content of human hair fiber and polyester resin, there is a significant effect on the compressive strength of the composite sample.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe compressive strength of the composites with different wt.% of human hair fibers are presented a marginal rise in compressive strength of composite with increase when the fiber content up to 50% and then decrease gradually was recorded. the reasons for the lower compressive properties at higher fiber content are probably due to the weak fiber-to-fiber interaction, and poor dispersion of fiber in the matrix and low content of unsaturated polyester resin which transfer the load to the reinforcement material.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab3\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003eAverage compressive strength result for composite sample\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample Code\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComposition (Wt.)%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompressive strength (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHuman hair fiber\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePolyester resin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFR-316\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFR -415\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFR -514\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFR -613\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ec) Water Absorption Test Result for Composite Sample\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe water absorption test provides information about the adhesion between the fiber and the matrix in the interface region, as higher the adhesion (bond) between the matrix and the fiber fewer be sites that could store water and lead to lower water absorption. So that when we have seen the effect of fiber content on the water absorption properties of composite sample show that the amount of water absorption in percentage increase when the fiber content increases, but when the amount of the matrix material (polyester resin) increases, the water absorption of composite sample have been decreased. The rate of water being absorbed decreases with decreasing the volume fraction of the fiber and due to the weak fiber-to-fiber interaction.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ed) Density and Void Fraction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe density (\u0026rho;) is then the mass divided by the volume. The actual densities of the composites were measured by using the archimedes principle. According to this principle, when an object is immersed in a liquid, the apparent loss in its weight is equal to the weight of the liquid it displaces. As shown in the below table the void content in less when ratio of fiber is less in the sample. To conduct the test pure water was taken as the medium. This method is covered in ASTM standard D-792. Volume fraction of voids can be calculated by using the following equation:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e𝑣𝑣 = (𝜌𝑡\u0026minus;𝜌𝑎)/ 𝜌𝑡\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere \u0026rho;t and \u0026rho;a represents the theoretical density and actual density of the composite, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt is clearly observed from the figure that the density of composites decreases as the fiber ratio increase. This is mainly due to the light weight property of hair fiber apparently; greater void contents yield low density composite. However, the density of composites increases with increase in resin content. Table below shows the variation of void content with fiber and resin ratio. It is evident from the table that the void content in the composites increases with the increase in fiber content.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4 Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIncreasing attention is given to natural fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites based on the light weight, less expensive, low density and thus providing advantages for utilization in commercial applications. Using natural fibers like human hair, chicken feather as reinforcement for polymeric composites gives a positive effect on the mechanical behavior of polymers. In this research work, human hair and chicken feather fiber has been used as reinforcement and an investigation has been carried out to make using human hair and chicken feather fiber made unsaturated polyester resin matrix composite. This research analyze the mechanical properties of developed polyester resin composite reinforced with human hair and chicken feather.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolyester resin composite reinforced with human hair and chicken feather have been fabricated with varying fiber content like 30/70%,40/60%, 50/50% and 60/40% was determined using experiment the composites have been fabricated using the hand-lay-up method, which is one of the simplest methods to fabricate the composites under normal conditions. A polymer matrix composite containing the chopped human hair and chicken feather fiber as reinforcement was successfully fabricated and from mechanical and physical test results it is found that 50/50 wt.% have a better mechanical and physical test property among the other fiber-matrix compositions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile studying the fiber variations, the increase in fiber loading has reduced the compressional strength and flexural strength of the composites. This decrease is attributed to the inability of the fiber to support the stress transferred from the polymer matrix and also the poor interfacial bonding generates partial spaces between the fiber and matrix material, hence resulting to weak structure. Water absorption of composites increased with increase during fiber loading.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analytical and experimental investigation of the present work has been lead to the following conclusions:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe fabricated chopped human hair and chicken feather fiber reinforced polyester composite have a good mechanical and physical property and it is recommended to use it for light weight applications for ceiling board.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuccessful fabrication of unsaturated polyester resin composite reinforced with human hair fiber and chicken feather was possible by simple hand lay- up technique.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcess of fibers in composite materials deteriorates the mechanical properties of the composite because of lack of proper bonding between the matrix and fiber around their interface. This causes the disruption in transfer of load to the bonding fibers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical tools (SPSS) have been used to analyze the experimental results of polyester resin composite reinforced with human hair and chicken feather weather significant or insignificant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTesfaye Worku\u0026nbsp;conceived\u0026nbsp;and developed the research framework and undertook the data processing\u0026nbsp;and analysis.\u0026nbsp;Sukumar Nachippian\u0026nbsp;supervised and revised the manuscript. All authors have\u0026nbsp;read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eConflicts of Interest\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e The author declares no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eFunding declaration\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003e:\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e -\u0026nbsp;This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003edata availability statement\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e: - The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBansal, G., Singh, V. K., Gope, P. C., \u0026amp; Gupta, T. (2017). Application and properties of chicken feather fiber (CFF) a livestock waste in composite material development. Journal of Graphic Era University, \u003cem\u003e5\u003c/em\u003e(1), 16\u0026ndash;24.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBartels, T. (2003). Variations in the morphology, distribution, and arrangement of feathers in domesticated birds. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution, \u003cem\u003e298\u003c/em\u003e(1), 91\u0026ndash;108.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBiswas, Ragul, G., Jayakumar, V., Sha, S. U., R., \u0026amp; Kumar, C. (2018). Tensile strength improvement using human hair reinforcement in recycled high density polyethylene. \u003cem\u003eJournal of scientific and industrial research\u003c/em\u003e77(1),410\u0026ndash;413.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBrebu, M., \u0026amp; Spiridon, I. (2011). Thermal degradation of keratin waste. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, \u003cem\u003e91\u003c/em\u003e(2), 288\u0026ndash;295.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFairuz, A. M., Sapuan, S. M., Zainudin, E. S., \u0026amp; Jaafar, C. N. A. (2014). Polymer composite manufacturing using a Pultrusion process: a review. American Journal of Applied Sciences, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e(10), 1798.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGupta, A. (2014). Human hair \u0026ldquo;waste\u0026rdquo; and its utilization: gaps and possibilities. \u003cem\u003eJournal of waste management\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2014\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHernandez A.L.M., \u0026amp;Santos C.V., (2012). Keratin Fibers from Chicken Feathers: Structure and Advances in Polymer Composites, In: Keratin: Structure, Properties and Applications, Nova Science Publishers, 149\u0026ndash;211.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKumar, S., Bhattacharyya, J. K., Vaidya, A. N., Chakrabarti, T., Devotta, S., \u0026amp; Akolkar, A. B. (2009). Assessment of the status of municipal solid waste management in metro cities, state capitals, class I cities, and class II towns in India: An insight. Waste management, \u003cem\u003e29\u003c/em\u003e(2), 883\u0026ndash;895.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMeyers, M. A., Chen, P. Y., Lin, A. Y. M., \u0026amp; Seki, Y. (2008). Biological materials: structure and mechanical properties. Progress in Materials Science, \u003cem\u003e53\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1\u0026ndash;206.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eReddy, N., Jiang, J., \u0026amp; Yang, Y. (2014). Biodegradable composites containing chicken feathers as matrix and jute fibers as reinforcement. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, \u003cem\u003e22\u003c/em\u003e(3), 310\u0026ndash;317.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Human hair fiber, Unsaturated polyester, Composite, Chicken feather, matrix","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1773566/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1773566/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn the current year, composites have been concerned with considerable importance as a potential operational material. Many works have been carried out to enhance the mechanical properties of composites. Chicken feather, human hair and hairs of other birds and animals are commonly described as a waste product. Currently, available disposal methods such as burying and burning of these waste by-products are contributing to environmental pollution. In this research work composite was developed using human hair \u0026amp; chicken feather fiber and analysis the mechanical and physical property of the developed composite sample. Four different composition ratio composite samples were fabricated and then physical and mechanical properties were tested according to standards. Both flexural and compressional strength increase for the first two composite samples, then after it shows a gradual decrease when we have increased the fiber content and decreased resin and sample show that the amount of water absorption in percentage increases when the fiber content increases, and the matrix material (polyester resin) decrease. This research study indicates that using human hair and chicken feather fibers as reinforcement in a polymer matrix could successfully develop a composite material in terms of high strength and rigidity for lightweight house ceiling board material.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Development and Analysis of Human Hair Fiber and Chicken Feathers Reinforced Composite","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-06-27 16:27:09","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1773566/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"91487000-3ba0-4211-9bd5-307f7b38c04d","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 27th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-06-27T16:27:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-06-27 16:27:09","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1773566","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1773566","identity":"rs-1773566","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}