The Relationship Between Subjective Happiness and Emotional Reactivity in Nurses: A Cross-sectional Study

The Relationship Between Subjective Happiness and Emotional Reactivity in Nurses: A Cross-sectional Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Relationship Between Subjective Happiness and Emotional Reactivity in Nurses: A Cross-sectional Study Ebru ÖZTÜRK ÇOPUR, İslam ELAGÖZ, Fatma KARASU This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3644232/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Aim This study was conducted to examine the relationship between nurses' emotional reactivity and subjective happiness levels. Method This cross-sectional and correlational study was conducted with 384 nurses via an online survey between August and October 2022. Data were collected using the "Personal Information Form, Emotional Reactivity Scale (ERS) and Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS)". Independent groups t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation analyses were used to evaluate the data. Results The nurses' total ERS score average was determined as 37.82 ± 7.61, and the SHS score average was determined as 17.19 ± 4.54. The units where nurses work and their job satisfaction significantly affect their emotional reactivity levels, and significant differences were found especially among those working in surgical clinics and emergency services (p = 0.001). In addition, a negative moderate correlation (r=-0.471, p < 0.001) was found between emotional reactivity and subjective happiness. Conclusion It was determined that the subjective happiness of nurses with low emotional reactivity and emotional sensitivity was high. This finding shows that emotional awareness and emotion regulation can positively affect nurses' job satisfaction and general happiness levels. In light of these findings, the subjective happiness levels of nurses can be increased with emotional awareness and emotion regulation trainings to be given to nurses. Emotional Reactivity Nurses Subjective Happiness INTRODUCTION The nursing profession requires constant interaction with people and also with colleagues in the workplace in order to protect and improve the health and well-being of individuals (Flaubert, et al., 2021). In addition to the challenging work environment and the nature of the job that requires complex technical skills, attention and judgment, nurses care for patients with physical, mental and emotional problems and also poor social relationships. These challenging conditions can trigger intense emotions in nurses that can affect their families, social lives, health, and work (Sarıkaya, Öztürk, Öz, & Elmas, 2022). Nurses often encounter emotionally charged situations during these interactions, which requires managing their emotional reactivity (Delgado, et al., 2022). Emotional reactivity refers to how individuals respond to emotional stimuli and how these responses affect the individual's overall emotional balance and harmony (Towab, et al., 2012; Sarıkaya, et al., 2022). There are studies that reveal a relationship between emotional reactivity and mental health problems such as stress, depression, and anxiety (Carthy, et al., 2010; McLaughlin, et al., 2010). High emotional reactivity can lead to emotional exhaustion and unhappiness over time. Subjective happiness represents individuals' life satisfaction and general happiness levels (Keyes, et al., 2012; Kim, et al., 2016). Since the subjective happiness of nurses is also related to life satisfaction (Gurková, et al., 2011), it is seen that subjective happiness is an important factor in ensuring that nurses continue to work healthily. High subjective happiness in nurses is associated with extraversion and agreeableness, high job satisfaction, resilience and a healthy lifestyle (Karl, Peluchette, & Harland2007; Gurková, et al., 2014; Abdollahi, et al., 2014). It is thought that subjective happiness and emotional reactivity may play a decisive role in nurses' job performance and patient care quality (Towab, et al., 2012; Sarıkaya, et al., 2022). Emotional reactivity management and low levels of emotional reactivity may allow nurses to have positive emotional experiences and thus have higher levels of subjective happiness. In addition, high levels of subjective happiness may increase nurses' job satisfaction, which may allow them to have more positive work experiences and establish more effective relationships with their patients (Idel, et al., 2003; Sarıkaya, et al., 2022). There are studies in the literature that separately address emotional reactivity and subjective happiness in nurses (Domes, et al., 2010; Chou, Hecker, & Martin, 2012; Delgado, et al., 2022; Sarıkaya, et al., 2022). However, no research has been found that determines the relationship between emotional reactivity and subjective happiness and the direction of this relationship. The ability to maintain a balanced emotional state will contribute to the quality of care, job satisfaction, and happiness with care. There are studies that argue that happy nurses can positively affect their ability to help patients (Donaldson, Dollwet, & Rao, 2015; Athota, 2021). The aim of this study is to reveal the relationship between nurses' emotional reactivity and subjective happiness levels and whether this relationship varies according to sociodemographic variables and professional factors. In this context, the following questions are sought to be answered; How do factors such as age, years of experience and work environment affect the relationship between emotional reactivity and subjective happiness levels among nurses? Is there a relationship between nurses' emotional reactivity levels and subjective happiness levels? METHOD Research Design This study was designed as cross-sectional and correlational. The research data was collected using an online survey. The online survey was distributed to nurses via specific social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, WhatsApp (priority was given to online sites where nurses registered) (online WhatsApp sharing was done starting with known nurses). The preface of the online survey explained the aims of the study and emphasized that participation was voluntary. Importantly, no identifiable data was recorded for the participants. All stages of the study were reported in accordance with the STROBE cross-sectional study guidelines from the EQUATOR network (Simera, et al., 2010). Research Population and Sample The universe of the research consists of nurses working in Turkey. Using the G*Power 3.1.9.2 program (t test), the mean and variance values of previously conducted similar studies (Karasu, Öztürk & Elagöz, 2024; Sarıkaya, et al., 2022) were taken as reference to determine the minimum sample size. The calculated sample size was found to be 377 (the confidence interval of the study was 99%, the significance level was 0.05, the effect size was 0.205 and the power was 0.99) however the study was completed with 384 nurses. Seven surveys were not included in the study due to incomplete forms. Using the snowball sampling method, one of the non-probability sampling methods, the nurses who participated in the study were asked to share them with other nurses. It was mandatory to answer each question in the survey, and individuals were given the chance to go back and change their answers. The cookie control method was applied to prevent more than one person from participating in the study. Inclusion criteria: Nursing professionals actively involved in the service; those who worked in operating rooms and intensive care units for at least one year, those who were willing to participate, and those who used social media platforms were included in the study. Exclusion criteria: Individuals with any psychiatric or neurological diagnosis, those who refused to participate during the study, those who submitted incomplete data, and those who participated in a similar research initiative within the previous six months were excluded from the study. Data Collection Tools Personal Information Form It consists of a total of nine questions, four of which include age, gender, marital and income status regarding the sociodemographic characteristics of nurses; and five questions regarding working life, including years of work, institution, unit, satisfaction with work, and choosing profession willingly. Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS); The scale was developed by Lyubomirsky and Lepper (1999), and its Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by Doğan and Totan (2013). The scale consists of four items, a seven-point Likert type (less happy = 1, more happy = 7), self-reporting style. The fourth item of the scale is reverse scored. All items in the scale are added together to obtain a score. The minimum score is 4, and the maximum score is 28. As the score from the scale increases, the level of happiness increases. The Cronbach alpha coefficient of the scale was determined as 0.70 (Doğan, & Totan, 2013). For this study, the Cronbach alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.76. Emotional Reactivity Scale (ERS) : It was developed by Nock and his friends (2008) to measure the emotional reactivity level of individuals (Nock, et al., 2008). Its Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by Seçer and his friends (2013) (Seçer, Halmatov, & Gençdoğan, 2013). The scale consists of 17 items and is a 4-point Likert type (1 = strongly agree, 2 = agree, 3 = disagree, 4 = strongly disagree). The scale has three sub-dimensions: Emotional Sensitivity (items 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5), Emotional Reactivity (items 9, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18 and 21) and Psychological Resilience (items 7, 8, 10, 19 and 20). The score is determined by summing up all the items in the scale. The minimum score that can be obtained from the total scale is 17 and the maximum score is 68. The minimum score is 5 and the maximum score is 20 from the Emotional Sensitivity sub-dimension, the minimum score is 7 and the maximum score is 28 from the Emotional Reactivity sub-dimension, and the minimum score is 5 and the maximum score is 20 from the Psychological Resilience sub-dimension. High scores indicate high emotional reactivity. High emotional reactivity indicates that the emotional sensitivity sub-dimension is also high and the psychological resilience dimension is low. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total scale was found to be 0.94, and for the Emotional Sensitivity, Emotional Reactivity and Psychological Resilience sub-dimensions were found to be 0.88, 0.86 and 0.81, respectively (Nock, et al., 2008; Seçer, et al., 2013). In this study, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was determined to be 0.86 for the total scale, and 0.71, 73 and 0.70 for the Emotional Sensitivity, Emotional Reactivity and Psychological Resilience sub-dimensions, respectively. Data Collection The link address of the online survey form created via Google Form was shared with the participants and data was collected between 01.08.2022-01.10.2022. Filling out the online form took approximately 10–15 minutes. Data Analysis SPSS 24.0 statistics (IBM, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows/Mac, United States) program was used to evaluate the data obtained in the study. The data obtained were determined to be suitable for normal distribution with the Skewnes and Kurtosis (± 1; Hair, et al., 2022) coefficients. Descriptive statistics, t-test in independent groups, one-way variance (ANOVA) analysis were used in the analysis of the data. Pearson correlation analysis was used to measure the relationship between the total and sub-dimensions of the SHS and ERS. Bonferron test, a post-hoc multiple comparison test, was used to find out which group the significance of the independent variables originated from. Internal consistency Cronbach alpha coefficient was calculated and p significance level was taken as p < 0.05. Ethical Aspects of the Research Ethics Committee (Ethics Committee No: 2022/15, Decision No:16) permission was obtained for the conduct of the research. Before the data were collected, the purpose of the research was explained to the nurses in digital form and their online consent was obtained. This practice is also recommended by Emanuel EJ. At every stage of the research, the ethical principles stated in the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association were meticulously followed (Emanuel, et al., 2004; Declaration of Helsinki, 2008). RESULTS It was determined that 62.0% of the nurses were between the ages of 21–30, 67.2% were female, 76.6% were married, 65.9% had an income equal to their expenses, 72.7% had been working for 1–10 years, 95.8% worked in public institutions, 31.3% worked in internal medicine clinics, 45.8% were partially satisfied with their jobs and 82.8% chose their profession willingly (Table 1 ). Table 1 Distribution of nurses regarding sociodemographic and professional characteristics (n = 384) Sociodemographic Characteristics n % Age (30.47 ± 6.07) 21–30 years 238 62,0 31–40 years 111 28,9 ≥ 41 years 35 9,1 Gender Female 258 67,2 Male 126 32,8 Marital Status Married 294 76,6 Single 90 23,4 Income status Income less than expenses (A1) 118 30.7 Income equal to expenses (A2) 253 65.9 Income more than expenses (A3) 13 3.4 Occupational Factors Working Years (7.98 ± 6.17) 1–10 years 279 72.7 11–20 years 89 23.2 ≥ 21 years 16 4.2 Institution where he/she works Private 16 4.2 Public 368 95.8 Unit where he/she works Surgical clinics 105 27.3 Internal clinics 120 31.3 Emergency services 43 11.2 Intensive care units 67 17.4 Operating rooms 49 12.8 Satisfaction with his/her job Satisfied 166 43.2 Partially satisfied 176 45.8 Not satisfied 42 10.9 Choosing his/her profession willingly Willingly 318 82.8 Unwillingly 66 17.2 Table 1 here A statistical significance was found between the marital status, income, institution they worked in and the status of choosing their profession willingly and the mean scores of the nurses participating in the study. In the advanced analysis, a significance was determined between those whose income was less than their expenses and those whose income was equal to their expenses (p = 0.043) for the nurses who had an income equal to their expenses (Table 2 ). Table 2 Comparison of nurses' sociodemographic and professional characteristics and SHS mean scores (n = 384) SHS Sociodemographic Characteristics Mean ± SD Statistics Significance between groups/p Age (30.47 ± 6.07) 21–30 years 17.02 ± 4.57 *F=-0.556 p = 0.574 31–40 years 17.36 ± 4.71 ≥ 41 years 17.80 ± 3.81 Gender Female 16.87 ± 4.43 **t=-2.001 p = 0.046 Male 17.85 ± 4.72 Marital Status Married 17.65 ± 4.47 t = 3.649 p < 0.001 Single 15.68 ± 4.46 Income status Income less than expenses (A1) 16.27 ± 4.69 F = 3.553 p = 0.030 A1-A2/0.030 Income equal to expenses (A2) 17.58 ± 4.44 Income more than expenses (A3) 18.00 ± 4.37 Occupational Factors Working Years (7.98 ± 6.17) 1–10 years 16.77 ± 4.98 F = 1.062 p = 0.347 11–20 years 17.25 ± 4.46 ≥ 21 years 18.50 ± 3.16 Institution where he/she works Private 15.18 ± 3.72 t=-1.810 p = 0.044 Public 17.68 ± 4.56 Unit where he/she works Surgical clinics 16.80 ± 4.65 F = 0.740 p = 0.565 Internal clinics 16.95 ± 4.75 Emergency services 17.27 ± 4.39 Intensive care units 17.76 ± 4.54 Operating rooms 17.77 ± 3.90 Satisfaction with his/her job Satisfied 17.42 ± 4.62 F = 1.138 p = 0.052 Partially satisfied 17.36 ± 4.40 Not satisfied 15.54 ± 4.59 Choosing his/her profession willingly Willingly 17.56 ± 4.45 t = 3.591 p < 0.001 Unwillingly 15.39 ± 4.57 Mean = Average. SD = Standard Deviation. SHS = Subjective Happiness Scale. *t = Independent groups t test, **F = ANOVA. Table 2 Here Statistical significance was determined between the gender, unit nurses work in and their job satisfaction and the total score of the ERS, Emotional Sensitivity and Emotional Reactivity sub-dimensions (p < 0.05). In the advanced analysis, significance was determined between those whose income is less than expenses and those whose income is more than expenses (p = 0.017), those whose income is equal to expenses and those whose income is more than expenses (p = 0.016); nurses working in surgical clinics and those working in emergency services (p = 0.001), those working in surgical clinics and those working in intensive care units (p˂0.001), those working in internal medicine clinics and those working in operating rooms (p = 0.001); those who are satisfied with their jobs and those who are not satisfied with their jobs (p < 0.001), those who are partially satisfied with their jobs and those who are not satisfied with their jobs (p < 0.001). In the advanced analysis, significance was found between those working in internal clinics and those working in emergency services (p = 0.001), those working in internal clinics and those working in operating rooms (p = 0.013), those satisfied with their jobs and those dissatisfied with their jobs (p < 0.001); those partially satisfied with their jobs and those dissatisfied with their jobs (p < 0.001) for the Emotional Sensitivity sub-dimension. In the advanced analysis, significance was found between those working in internal clinics and those working in intensive care units (p = 0.042); those satisfied with their jobs and those dissatisfied with their jobs (p < 0.001); those partially satisfied with their jobs and those dissatisfied with their jobs (p < 0.001) for the Emotional Reactivity sub-dimension. Statistical significance was found between the gender, income, institution and unit of the nurses and the Psychological Resilience sub-dimension mean scores. In the advanced analysis, for the Psychological Resilience sub-dimension, significance was determined between those whose income is less than expenses and those whose income is more than expenses (p < 0.001), those whose income is equal to expenses and those whose income is more than expenses (p = 0.001); those working in surgical clinics and those working in emergency services (p = 0.001), those working in surgical clinics and those working in intensive care (p = 0.019), those working in surgical clinics and those working in operating rooms (p < 0.001), those working in internal medicine clinics and those working in operating rooms (p = 0.017) (Table 3 ). Table 3 Comparison of nurses' sociodemographic and professional characteristics with ERS total and sub-dimension score means (n = 384) Emotional Reactivity Scale Emotional Sensitivity Emotional Reactivity Psychological Resilience ERS Total Sociodemographic Characteristics Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Age (30.47 ± 6.07) 21–30 years 9.89 ± 2.54 11.03 ± 2.03 17.18 ± 3.85 38.12 ± 7.12 31–40 years 10.16 ± 2.71 10.54 ± 2.55 16.70 ± 4.70 37.40 ± 8.69 ≥ 41 years 10.00 ± 3.28 10.71 ± 1.82 16.42 ± 3.51 37.14 ± 7.29 Statistics *F = 0.369 p = 0.691 F = 2.060 p = 0.129 F = 0.884 p = 0.414 F = 0.494 p = 0.6.11 Gender Female 8.99 ± 2.12 10.34 ± 1.92 15.44 ± 3.94 34.78 ± 6.70 Male 12.00 ± 2.49 11.93 ± 2.29 20.11 ± 2.11 44.06 ± 5.17 Statistics **t=-12.290 p < 0.001 t=-7.138 p < 0.001 t=-12.455 p < 0.001 t=-13.665 p < 0.001 Marital Status Married 9.98 ± 2.76 10.71 ± 2.08 16.77 ± 3.97 37.47 ± 7.50 Single 9.97 ± 2.28 11.35 ± 2.44 17.63 ± 4.39 38.96 ± 7.89 Statistics t = 0.027 p = 0.979 t=-2.450 p = 0.015 t=-1.739 p = 0.083 t=-1.625 p = 0.105 Income status Income less than expenses (A1) 10.02 ± 3.04 10.75 ± 2.77 16.76 ± 4.56 37.54 ± 9.23 Income equal to expenses (A2) 9.88 ± 2.44 10.85 ± 1.71 16.92 ± 3.74 37.66 ± 6.44 Income more than expenses (A3) 11.53 ± 2.56 12.07 ± 3.75 20.07 ± 4.99 43.69 ± 10.29 Statistics Significance between groups/p F = 2.426 p = 0.090 F = 2.165 p = 0.116 F = 3.984 p = 0.019 A1-A3/0.016 A2-A3/<0.020 F = 4.064 p = 0.018 A1-A3/0.017 A2-A3/<0.016 Occupational Factors Working Years (7.98 ± 6.17) 1–10 years 9.81 ± 2.31 10.87 ± 3.89 17.12 ± 3.89 37.80 ± 6.94 11–20 years 10.40 ± 3.22 10.69 ± 2.69 16.49 ± 4.73 37.59 ± 9.30 ≥ 21 years 10.62 ± 4.30 11.68 ± 2.41 17.18 ± 3.58 39.50 ± 8.63 Statistics F = 2.162 p = 0.117 F = 1.400 p = 0.248 F = 0.816 p = 0.443 F = 0.427 p = 0.653 Institution where he/she works Private 9.68 ± 1.77 10.87 ± 1.14 19.06 ± 1.65 39.62 ± 3.75 Public 9.99 ± 2.69 10.86 ± 2.22 16.88 ± 4.13 37.75 ± 7.73 Statistics t=-0.456 p = 0.649 t = 0.019 p = 0.984 t = 2.091 p = 0.037 t = 0.964 p = 0.336 Unit where he/she works Surgical clinics (A1) 11.27 ± 2.85 11.32 ± 1.89 18.27 ± 3.48 40.88 ± 6.53 Internal clinics (A2) 9.69 ± 2.88 10.43 ± 2.44 15.40 ± 3.64 35.54 ± 8.10 Emergency services (A3) 9.35 ± 2.09 10.60 ± 1.83 16.63 ± 4.25 36.58 ± 6.58 Intensive care units (A4) 10.37 ± 3.06 11.46 ± 2.58 17.94 ± 4.66 39.77 ± 9.02 Operating rooms (A5) 10.48 ± 2.08 11.20 ± 1.77 18.73 ± 2.73 40.42 ± 5.22 Statistics Significance between groups/ p F = 5.622 p < 0.001 A2-A3/0.001 A2-A5/0.013 F = 3.557 P = 0.007 A2-A4/0.042 F = 9.058 p < 0.001 A1-A3/0.001 A1-A4/<0.001 A1-A5/<0.001 A2-A5/0.017 F = 7.962 p < 0.001 A1-A3/0.001 A1-A5/0.001 A1-A4/0.001 A2-A3/0.011 A2-A5/0.022 Satisfaction with his/her job Satisfied (A1) 9.68 ± 2.43 10.60 ± 2.27 16.70 ± 4.72 37.00 ± 8.21 Partially satisfied (A2) 12.59 ± 3.57 12.50 ± 2.75 18.04 ± 3.38 43.14 ± 8.79 Not satisfied (A3) 9.64 ± 2.25 10.71 ± 1.75 16.98 ± 3.53 37.34 ± 6.11 Statistics Significance between groups / p F = 25.654 p < 0.001 A1-A3//<0.001 A2-A3//<0.001 F = 14.212 p < 0.001 A1-A3//<0.001 A2-A3//<0.001 F = 1.816 p = 0.141 F = 12.253 p < 0.001 A1-A3//<0.001 A2-A3//<0.001 Choosing his/her profession willingly 9.68 ± 2.43 Willingly 9.97 ± 2.45 10.82 ± 1.85 17.16 ± 3.92 37.96 ± 6.71 Unwillingly 10.01 ± 3.51 11.06 ± 3.36 16.10 ± 4.72 37.18 ± 11.00 Statistics t=-0.103 p = 0.918 t=-0.800 p = 0.424 t = 1.913 p = 0.056 t = 0.757 p = 0.449 Mean = Average. SD = Standard Deviation. ERS = Emotional Reactivity Scale. *F = ANOVA.**t = Test for independent groups , Table 3 here The mean SHS score for all nurses participating in the study was 17.19 ± 4.54; The total mean score of the ERS was 37.82 ± 7.61, the mean score of the Emotional Sensitivity sub-dimension was 9.98 ± 2.65, the mean score of the Emotional Reactivity sub-dimension was 10.86 ± 2.18, and the mean score of the Psychological Resilience sub-dimension was 16.97 ± 4.08 (Table 4 ). Table 4 Distribution of mean scores and minimum-maximum values of SHS, ERS and its sub-dimensions Mean SD Minimum-Maximum score received Minimum-Maximum score that can be received SHS 17.19 4.54 7–27 4–28 ERS Total 37.82 7.61 17–68 17–68 Emotional Sensitivity 9.98 2.65 5–20 5–20 Emotional Reactivity 10.86 2.18 5–20 7–28 Psychological Resilience 16.97 4.08 7–20 5–20 Mean = Mean. SD = Standard Deviation. SHS = Subjective Happiness Scale. ERS = Emotional Reactivity Scale. Table 4 Here A negative and moderate correlation was determined between the Subjective Happiness Scale and the total of the Emotional Reactivity Scale in Nurses (r=-0.471, p < 0.001). A negative and moderate correlation was found between the Subjective Happiness Scale and the Emotional Sensitivity (r=-0.411, p < 0.001) and Emotional Reactivity (r=-0.509, p < 0.001) sub-dimensions. A positive and moderate correlation was determined between the Subjective Happiness Scale and the Psychological Resilience sub-dimension (Table 5 ). Table 5 Correlation distribution of SHS, ERS total and sub-dimensions SHS ERS Total Emotional Sensitivity Emotional Reactivity Psychological Resilience SHS *r p 1 -0.471 < 0.001 -0.411 < 0.001 -0.509 < 0.001 0.588 < 0.001 ERS Total r p 1 0.903 < 0.001 0.810 < 0.001 0.927 < 0.001 Emotional Sensitivity r p 1 0.549 < 0.001 0.719 < 0.001 Emotional Reactivity r p 1 0.491 < 0.001 Psychological Resilience r p 1 SHS = Subjective Happiness Scale. ERS = Emotional Reactivity Scale. *Pearson Correlation Test, p < 0.01. Tablo 6. Results of Regression Analysis Between SHS and ERS Total Table 5 Here When the analysis results of the regression model conducted to reveal the effects of emotional reactivity on subjective happiness are examined, the statistical estimates of the regression model show that the model is significant and usable (F = 10.882, p = 0.001). Subjective happiness explains 16.6% of the total variance in emotional reactivity attitude perceptions (Table 6). Table 6. Results of Regression Analysis Between SHS and ERS Total Dependent variable Independent Variable B SD β t p* SHS Total (Constant) 33.036 1.503 21.986 <0.001 ERS 0.279 0.084 0.166 3.299 0.001 R=0.166 Adjusted R 2 =0.025 F=10.882 p=0.001 SHS=Subjective Happiness Scale. ERS=Emotional Reactivity Scale. * Simple Regression testing. Table 6 Here DISCUSSION Subjective happiness is important in all professions. However, the nursing profession, in particular, where the self is used therapeutically, is directly related to the feeling of happiness (Javadi Sharif, et al., 2020). It is believed that the happiness of nurses increases professional creativity, improves the quality of nursing services, reduces intentions to quit and feelings of burnout, and increases institutional performance (Chang, Hang, & Cho, 2020; Javanmardnejad, et al., 2021; Hu, et al., 2022; Meng, et al., 2023; Taş, 2023). In this study, it was determined that the SHS scores of nurses were at the middle level. In a study conducted by Oates et al. (2017) in the United Kingdom, it was determined that the subjective happiness levels of nurses were low. Similarly, Lui et al. (2017) in their study in China, it was determined that the subjective happiness levels of intensive care nurses were low. However, in another study conducted by Takeda et al. (2020), it was shown that nurses had high subjective happiness. The results of the studies conducted in the literature differ. It is thought that the working conditions of nurses, their workload, the health and economic conditions of the country they live in, their personal rights and social welfare, and the value placed on the profession are effective on these results. Income level can have a significant effect on the quality of life and subjective happiness of individuals (Meng, et al., 2015). In this study, it was determined that the mean SHS scores of nurses whose income was higher than their expenses were significantly higher than other groups. In a study conducted by Javanmardnejad et al. (2021) with emergency room nurses in a hospital in Iran, it was determined that the income levels of nurses had a positive effect on their subjective happiness. Similarly, Göksel et al. (2018) also observed that the happiness of the participants changed significantly depending on their income levels and stated that the average happiness score of individuals with high income levels was higher than the average happiness score of individuals with low income levels. Income level ensures that basic needs are met and a certain standard of living is maintained, which can positively affect individuals' general happiness and life satisfaction. In addition, a higher income level can provide greater financial security in the face of stressful life events and unexpected financial difficulties, which can positively affect nurses' emotional well-being and therefore their subjective happiness levels. In this study, it was determined that the average SHS score of married nurses was significantly higher than that of single ones. In some studies in the literature, it was determined that there was a significant difference between subjective happiness and marital status, and that married people generally had higher subjective happiness (Chen, et al., 2020 Tümkaya, 2011; Qu, & Wang, 2015). Work-related factors such as working conditions, working hours, workload and support systems can also affect nurses' family life and therefore their subjective happiness levels. In married individuals, mutual love, support and gratitude between spouses, and effective and timely resolution of negative emotions are important to increase the happiness index of nurses. There is a significant correlation between the emotional relationship between spouses and the happiness index (Lee, et al., 2003). The study found that male nurses had higher emotional reactivity levels. The study conducted by Yurdakul and Üner (2015) supports these findings, and found that male health school students had higher emotional reactivity scores than females. This relationship between emotional reactivity and gender has also been widely discussed in the literature and has been emphasized in a similar way in different studies (Domes, et al., 2010; Zimmermann, & Iwanski, 2014; Yurdakul, & Üner, 2015; Costa, et al., 2020). The fact that women have stronger emotional reactions than men may be due to social expectations, gender roles or biological factors. This effect of gender on emotional reactivity may have important implications for nursing practice and the overall quality of healthcare services. The differences in emotional reactivity between male and female nurses may affect their coping strategies for stress and thus job satisfaction and the quality of patient care. Therefore, understanding the relationship between gender and emotional reactivity is important for nursing practice and education, and is critical for developing strategies on how to manage these factors. The different natures and workloads of the units where nurses work significantly affect their levels of emotional reactivity. For example, high-intensity work environments such as surgical clinics, emergency rooms, and operating rooms can significantly affect nurses' levels of emotional reactivity (Yurdakul, & Uner, 2015). In this study, the total and sub-dimension mean scores of nurses working in surgical clinics were found to be higher than those of nurses working in other clinics. Job satisfaction is considered a psychological indicator that shows how valuable and satisfying individuals find their jobs. In this study, it was determined that the total emotional reactivity mean scores of nurses who were partially satisfied with their jobs were significantly higher. In the study conducted by Karasu et al. (2024), it was determined that the total ERS mean scores of healthcare professionals who were dissatisfied with their jobs were higher. This situation shows that nurses who were dissatisfied with their jobs may have a negative effect on their emotional reactivity levels. Emotional reactivity is a determining factor, especially for nurses working in an environment with high stress and emotional intensity in the healthcare sector. Individuals with high job satisfaction generally have more positive work experiences, and this positively affects their emotional and psychological well-being. Therefore, it is important to develop strategies to increase nurses' job satisfaction and manage their emotional reactivity levels (Wali, et al., 2023). In this study, it was determined that emotional reactivity levels had a negative effect on nurses' subjective happiness levels. According to the regression test, it was found that subjective happiness has a positive effect on emotional reactivity. These results show that positive and negative factors mentioned in the literature can affect the subjective happiness levels of nurses. These studies, conducted in different geographies and under different working conditions, show that the working conditions and professional perceptions of nurses can seriously affect their subjective happiness levels. During extraordinary periods such as the pandemic, changes in the professional perceptions and practices of nurses can further negatively affect their subjective happiness levels (Kara, 2021; Aughterson, et al., 2021; Khodabakhsh, & Ahmadi, 2020). Limitations of the Study This study examined the relationship between nurses' emotional reactivity and subjective happiness levels from a quantitative perspective. However, the need to use qualitative methodologies (e.g., one-on-one interviews or observations) to understand this relationship more comprehensively and in depth constitutes one of the limitations of this study. In addition, since this study was conducted within a specific geographic region and healthcare institution, the generalizability of the findings to different regions and institutions is limited. The study was conducted using a cross-sectional design, therefore, it was not possible to determine causal relationships. Longitudinal studies are necessary to better understand these relationships. In addition, the fact that emotional reactivity and subjective happiness measurements were made based on the participants' personal evaluations may increase the risk of response bias. Another limitation of the study is that variables such as work environment, job stress, personality traits and culture, which may affect emotional reactions and happiness, were not controlled. It is recommended that future studies overcome these limitations by integrating different methodologies and research designs and ensure that the findings are validated in a broader context. CONCLUSION This study revealed that as the level of emotional reactivity increases in nurses, their subjective happiness decreases and that there is a relationship between them. It was determined that the subjective happiness levels of the nurses who are married and have a good income, and those who choose the profession willingly are higher, while the emotional reactivity levels of men, those who work in surgical clinics and those who are not satisfied with their jobs are higher. Given the inherently stressful nature of the nursing profession, and the key role of human relationships between nurses and patients and their caring responsibilities, it is important to pay attention to the importance of nurses' health and happiness. A high level of happiness contributes to the increase in nurses' future expectations. In addition, nurses tend to be more efficient, productive, and innovative in their family, social, and professional careers (Arulappan, Pandarakutty, &Valsaraj, 2021). Emotional reactivity management may be important in increasing nurses' subjective happiness levels and improving job satisfaction. In this context, it is essential to adopt a comprehensive strategy to increase nurses' emotional reactivity and subjective happiness levels. This strategy should cover various factors such as emotional reactivity management training, improvement of working conditions, and financial support. Declarations Consent for publication Required permissions were obtained from the participants for publication of the findings of this study. Availability of data and materials The data and materials used in this study are not available for confidentiality. Competing interests The authors declare that there are no financial or personal conflicts of interest related to this study Funding No external funding was received for this study. Authors' contributions I. E., F. K., and E. Ç. made significant contributions to various aspects of this study. I. E. and F. K. were primarily responsible for the conceptualization and design of the study. F. K. and I. E. played a key role in data collection and preliminary data analysis. F. K. also took a significant role in advanced data analysis and interpretation of the results. All authors contributed to the writing and critical revision of the manuscript, ensuring the accuracy and integrity of the work. In addition, I. E were involved in drafting the abstract and discussion sections, whereas F. K. focused on the methodology and results sections. References Abdollahi, A., Abu Talib, M., Yaacob, S. N., & Ismail, Z. (2014). Hardiness as a mediator between perceived stress and happiness in nurses. 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International Journal of Behavioral Development, 38 (2), 182–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025413515405 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3644232","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":493396495,"identity":"8866850e-6d8b-11f0-907b-06cc9d20a69f","order_by":0,"name":"Ebru ÖZTÜRK ÇOPUR","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kilis 7 Aralık University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ebru","middleName":"ÖZTÜRK","lastName":"ÇOPUR","suffix":""},{"id":493396529,"identity":"91479076-6d8b-11f0-907b-06cc9d20a69f","order_by":1,"name":"İslam ELAGÖZ","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEElEQVRIie2RMUvEMBTHXyjEJV7Wd1zpfYWWGzyw+FlaCk6ZxemoFDod3HqDTn6RlIBT8daAi5OTQtFFuEGT0xOXBEfh8oOQvPB+yR8eQCDwD6EQ1XaPd9UgMab2wLwKqX96yFoi2yvoln4pEZPf7/uUEe+uXjXkjK9u1Vvez9mIS/L40sLipHYEw7KZCDhnqJ+KmdAmGBZRdtMCxtKlkNooioHu00oMVgE6OTaKKxnlXbMV8MGmRlFzq3B5tPUqULbmF8nSzTJrwAaDgkZeBcv2VKQVyzStyLK3wcpmfH2P47VDma6UehCXZ0myUWp4v1sk5qYbni9y7hmMITULi321m5Rf+ILLPzQFAoHAQfIJVEtMXqJWayYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Kilis 7 Aralık University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"İslam","middleName":"","lastName":"ELAGÖZ","suffix":""},{"id":493396586,"identity":"98f06aee-6d8b-11f0-907b-06cc9d20a69f","order_by":2,"name":"Fatma KARASU","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kilis 7 Aralık University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fatma","middleName":"","lastName":"KARASU","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-11-21 13:14:34","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3644232/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3644232/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":91611424,"identity":"5d44cbc8-0988-4041-9b90-ed2b555d70f6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-18 09:55:39","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2132470,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3644232/v1/d2ea72d6-8eaf-49f6-8bae-4d435c755f0e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eThe Relationship Between Subjective Happiness and Emotional Reactivity in Nurses: A Cross-sectional Study\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe nursing profession requires constant interaction with people and also with colleagues in the workplace in order to protect and improve the health and well-being of individuals (Flaubert, et al., 2021). In addition to the challenging work environment and the nature of the job that requires complex technical skills, attention and judgment, nurses care for patients with physical, mental and emotional problems and also poor social relationships. These challenging conditions can trigger intense emotions in nurses that can affect their families, social lives, health, and work (Sarıkaya, \u0026Ouml;zt\u0026uuml;rk, \u0026Ouml;z, \u0026amp; Elmas, 2022). Nurses often encounter emotionally charged situations during these interactions, which requires managing their emotional reactivity (Delgado, et al., 2022). Emotional reactivity refers to how individuals respond to emotional stimuli and how these responses affect the individual's overall emotional balance and harmony (Towab, et al., 2012; Sarıkaya, et al., 2022). There are studies that reveal a relationship between emotional reactivity and mental health problems such as stress, depression, and anxiety (Carthy, et al., 2010; McLaughlin, et al., 2010). High emotional reactivity can lead to emotional exhaustion and unhappiness over time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubjective happiness represents individuals' life satisfaction and general happiness levels (Keyes, et al., 2012; Kim, et al., 2016). Since the subjective happiness of nurses is also related to life satisfaction (Gurkov\u0026aacute;, et al., 2011), it is seen that subjective happiness is an important factor in ensuring that nurses continue to work healthily. High subjective happiness in nurses is associated with extraversion and agreeableness, high job satisfaction, resilience and a healthy lifestyle (Karl, Peluchette, \u0026amp; Harland2007; Gurkov\u0026aacute;, et al., 2014; Abdollahi, et al., 2014). It is thought that subjective happiness and emotional reactivity may play a decisive role in nurses' job performance and patient care quality (Towab, et al., 2012; Sarıkaya, et al., 2022). Emotional reactivity management and low levels of emotional reactivity may allow nurses to have positive emotional experiences and thus have higher levels of subjective happiness. In addition, high levels of subjective happiness may increase nurses' job satisfaction, which may allow them to have more positive work experiences and establish more effective relationships with their patients (Idel, et al., 2003; Sarıkaya, et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere are studies in the literature that separately address emotional reactivity and subjective happiness in nurses (Domes, et al., 2010; Chou, Hecker, \u0026amp; Martin, 2012; Delgado, et al., 2022; Sarıkaya, et al., 2022). However, no research has been found that determines the relationship between emotional reactivity and subjective happiness and the direction of this relationship. The ability to maintain a balanced emotional state will contribute to the quality of care, job satisfaction, and happiness with care. There are studies that argue that happy nurses can positively affect their ability to help patients (Donaldson, Dollwet, \u0026amp; Rao, 2015; Athota, 2021). The aim of this study is to reveal the relationship between nurses' emotional reactivity and subjective happiness levels and whether this relationship varies according to sociodemographic variables and professional factors. In this context, the following questions are sought to be answered;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow do factors such as age, years of experience and work environment affect the relationship between emotional reactivity and subjective happiness levels among nurses?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eIs there a relationship between nurses' emotional reactivity levels and subjective happiness levels?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHOD","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch Design\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study was designed as cross-sectional and correlational. The research data was collected using an online survey. The online survey was distributed to nurses via specific social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, WhatsApp (priority was given to online sites where nurses registered) (online WhatsApp sharing was done starting with known nurses). The preface of the online survey explained the aims of the study and emphasized that participation was voluntary. Importantly, no identifiable data was recorded for the participants. All stages of the study were reported in accordance with the STROBE cross-sectional study guidelines from the EQUATOR network (Simera, et al., 2010).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Population and Sample\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe universe of the research consists of nurses working in Turkey. Using the G*Power 3.1.9.2 program (t test), the mean and variance values of previously conducted similar studies (Karasu, \u0026Ouml;zt\u0026uuml;rk \u0026amp; Elag\u0026ouml;z, 2024; Sarıkaya, et al., 2022) were taken as reference to determine the minimum sample size. The calculated sample size was found to be 377 (the confidence interval of the study was 99%, the significance level was 0.05, the effect size was 0.205 and the power was 0.99) however the study was completed with 384 nurses. Seven surveys were not included in the study due to incomplete forms. Using the snowball sampling method, one of the non-probability sampling methods, the nurses who participated in the study were asked to share them with other nurses. It was mandatory to answer each question in the survey, and individuals were given the chance to go back and change their answers. The cookie control method was applied to prevent more than one person from participating in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInclusion criteria: Nursing professionals actively involved in the service; those who worked in operating rooms and intensive care units for at least one year, those who were willing to participate, and those who used social media platforms were included in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eExclusion criteria: Individuals with any psychiatric or neurological diagnosis, those who refused to participate during the study, those who submitted incomplete data, and those who participated in a similar research initiative within the previous six months were excluded from the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Collection Tools\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePersonal Information Form\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt consists of a total of nine questions, four of which include age, gender, marital and income status regarding the sociodemographic characteristics of nurses; and five questions regarding working life, including years of work, institution, unit, satisfaction with work, and choosing profession willingly.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSubjective Happiness Scale (SHS);\u003c/em\u003e The scale was developed by Lyubomirsky and Lepper (1999), and its Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by Doğan and Totan (2013). The scale consists of four items, a seven-point Likert type (less happy\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1, more happy\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7), self-reporting style. The fourth item of the scale is reverse scored. All items in the scale are added together to obtain a score. The minimum score is 4, and the maximum score is 28. As the score from the scale increases, the level of happiness increases. The Cronbach alpha coefficient of the scale was determined as 0.70 (Doğan, \u0026amp; Totan, 2013). For this study, the Cronbach alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.76.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEmotional Reactivity Scale (ERS)\u003c/em\u003e: It was developed by Nock and his friends (2008) to measure the emotional reactivity level of individuals (Nock, et al., 2008). Its Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by Se\u0026ccedil;er and his friends (2013) (Se\u0026ccedil;er, Halmatov, \u0026amp; Gen\u0026ccedil;doğan, 2013). The scale consists of 17 items and is a 4-point Likert type (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;strongly agree, 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;agree, 3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;disagree, 4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;strongly disagree). The scale has three sub-dimensions: Emotional Sensitivity (items 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5), Emotional Reactivity (items 9, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18 and 21) and Psychological Resilience (items 7, 8, 10, 19 and 20). The score is determined by summing up all the items in the scale. The minimum score that can be obtained from the total scale is 17 and the maximum score is 68. The minimum score is 5 and the maximum score is 20 from the Emotional Sensitivity sub-dimension, the minimum score is 7 and the maximum score is 28 from the Emotional Reactivity sub-dimension, and the minimum score is 5 and the maximum score is 20 from the Psychological Resilience sub-dimension. High scores indicate high emotional reactivity. High emotional reactivity indicates that the emotional sensitivity sub-dimension is also high and the psychological resilience dimension is low. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total scale was found to be 0.94, and for the Emotional Sensitivity, Emotional Reactivity and Psychological Resilience sub-dimensions were found to be 0.88, 0.86 and 0.81, respectively (Nock, et al., 2008; Se\u0026ccedil;er, et al., 2013). In this study, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was determined to be 0.86 for the total scale, and 0.71, 73 and 0.70 for the Emotional Sensitivity, Emotional Reactivity and Psychological Resilience sub-dimensions, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe link address of the online survey form created via Google Form was shared with the participants and data was collected between 01.08.2022-01.10.2022. Filling out the online form took approximately 10\u0026ndash;15 minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSPSS 24.0 statistics (IBM, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows/Mac, United States) program was used to evaluate the data obtained in the study. The data obtained were determined to be suitable for normal distribution with the Skewnes and Kurtosis (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1; Hair, et al., 2022) coefficients. Descriptive statistics, t-test in independent groups, one-way variance (ANOVA) analysis were used in the analysis of the data. Pearson correlation analysis was used to measure the relationship between the total and sub-dimensions of the SHS and ERS. Bonferron test, a post-hoc multiple comparison test, was used to find out which group the significance of the independent variables originated from. Internal consistency Cronbach alpha coefficient was calculated and p significance level was taken as p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEthical Aspects of the Research\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e Ethics Committee (Ethics Committee No: 2022/15, Decision No:16) permission was obtained for the conduct of the research. Before the data were collected, the purpose of the research was explained to the nurses in digital form and their online consent was obtained. This practice is also recommended by Emanuel EJ. At every stage of the research, the ethical principles stated in the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association were meticulously followed (Emanuel, et al., 2004; Declaration of Helsinki, 2008).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eIt was determined that 62.0% of the nurses were between the ages of 21\u0026ndash;30, 67.2% were female, 76.6% were married, 65.9% had an income equal to their expenses, 72.7% had been working for 1\u0026ndash;10 years, 95.8% worked in public institutions, 31.3% worked in internal medicine clinics, 45.8% were partially satisfied with their jobs and 82.8% chose their profession willingly (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDistribution of nurses regarding sociodemographic and professional characteristics (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;384)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSociodemographic Characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge (30.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u0026ndash;30 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e238\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62,0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;40 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28,9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;41 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9,1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e258\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67,2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32,8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e294\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76,6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23,4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncome status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncome less than expenses (A1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncome equal to expenses (A2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e253\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncome more than expenses (A3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOccupational Factors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWorking Years (7.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.17)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;10 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e279\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u0026ndash;20 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;21 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInstitution where he/she works\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrivate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePublic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e368\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUnit where he/she works\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSurgical clinics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInternal clinics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmergency services\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntensive care units\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOperating rooms\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSatisfaction with his/her job\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePartially satisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot satisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChoosing his/her profession willingly\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWillingly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e318\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnwillingly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003ehere\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA statistical significance was found between the marital status, income, institution they worked in and the status of choosing their profession willingly and the mean scores of the nurses participating in the study. In the advanced analysis, a significance was determined between those whose income was less than their expenses and those whose income was equal to their expenses (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.043) for the nurses who had an income equal to their expenses (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparison of nurses' sociodemographic and professional characteristics and SHS mean scores (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;384)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSHS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSociodemographic Characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStatistics\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSignificance between groups/p\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge (30.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u0026ndash;30 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e*F=-0.556\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.574\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;40 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;41 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e**t=-2.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.046\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.649\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncome status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncome less than expenses (A1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.553\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.030\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA1-A2/0.030\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncome equal to expenses (A2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncome more than expenses (A3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOccupational Factors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWorking Years (7.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.17)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;10 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.062\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.347\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u0026ndash;20 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;21 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInstitution where he/she works\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrivate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et=-1.810\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.044\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePublic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUnit where he/she works\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSurgical clinics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.740\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.565\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInternal clinics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmergency services\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntensive care units\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOperating rooms\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSatisfaction with his/her job\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.138\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.052\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePartially satisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot satisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChoosing his/her profession willingly\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWillingly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.591\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnwillingly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Average. SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Standard Deviation. SHS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Subjective Happiness Scale. *t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Independent groups t test, **F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;ANOVA.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003eHere\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStatistical significance was determined between the gender, unit nurses work in and their job satisfaction and the total score of the ERS, Emotional Sensitivity and Emotional Reactivity sub-dimensions (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). In the advanced analysis, significance was determined between those whose income is less than expenses and those whose income is more than expenses (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.017), those whose income is equal to expenses and those whose income is more than expenses (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.016); nurses working in surgical clinics and those working in emergency services (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), those working in surgical clinics and those working in intensive care units (p˂0.001), those working in internal medicine clinics and those working in operating rooms (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001); those who are satisfied with their jobs and those who are not satisfied with their jobs (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), those who are partially satisfied with their jobs and those who are not satisfied with their jobs (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). In the advanced analysis, significance was found between those working in internal clinics and those working in emergency services (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), those working in internal clinics and those working in operating rooms (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.013), those satisfied with their jobs and those dissatisfied with their jobs (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001); those partially satisfied with their jobs and those dissatisfied with their jobs (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) for the Emotional Sensitivity sub-dimension. In the advanced analysis, significance was found between those working in internal clinics and those working in intensive care units (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.042); those satisfied with their jobs and those dissatisfied with their jobs (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001); those partially satisfied with their jobs and those dissatisfied with their jobs (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) for the Emotional Reactivity sub-dimension. Statistical significance was found between the gender, income, institution and unit of the nurses and the Psychological Resilience sub-dimension mean scores. In the advanced analysis, for the Psychological Resilience sub-dimension, significance was determined between those whose income is less than expenses and those whose income is more than expenses (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), those whose income is equal to expenses and those whose income is more than expenses (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001); those working in surgical clinics and those working in emergency services (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), those working in surgical clinics and those working in intensive care (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.019), those working in surgical clinics and those working in operating rooms (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), those working in internal medicine clinics and those working in operating rooms (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.017) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparison of nurses' sociodemographic and professional characteristics with ERS total and sub-dimension score means (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;384)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmotional Reactivity Scale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmotional Sensitivity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmotional Reactivity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsychological\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResilience\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eERS Total\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSociodemographic Characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge (30.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.07)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u0026ndash;30 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;40 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;41 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStatistics\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e*F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.369\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.691\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.060\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.129\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.884\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.414\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.494\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.6.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStatistics\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e**t=-12.290\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et=-7.138\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et=-12.455\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et=-13.665\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStatistics\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.027\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.979\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et=-2.450\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.015\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et=-1.739\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.083\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et=-1.625\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.105\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncome status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncome less than expenses (A1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncome equal to expenses (A2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncome more than expenses (A3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStatistics\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSignificance between groups/p\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.426\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.090\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.165\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.116\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.984\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.019\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA1-A3/0.016\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA2-A3/\u0026lt;0.020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.064\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.018\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA1-A3/0.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA2-A3/\u0026lt;0.016\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOccupational Factors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWorking Years (7.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.17)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;10 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u0026ndash;20 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;21 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStatistics\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.162\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.117\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.400\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.248\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.816\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.443\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.427\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.653\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInstitution where he/she works\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrivate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePublic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStatistics\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et=-0.456\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.649\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.019\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.984\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.091\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.037\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.964\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.336\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUnit where he/she works\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSurgical clinics (A1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInternal clinics (A2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmergency services (A3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntensive care units (A4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOperating rooms (A5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStatistics\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSignificance between groups/ p\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.622\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA2-A3/0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA2-A5/0.013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.557\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.007\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA2-A4/0.042\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9.058\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA1-A3/0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA1-A4/\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA1-A5/\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA2-A5/0.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.962\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA1-A3/0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA1-A5/0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA1-A4/0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA2-A3/0.011\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA2-A5/0.022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSatisfaction with his/her job\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSatisfied (A1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePartially satisfied (A2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot satisfied (A3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStatistics\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSignificance between groups / p\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25.654\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA1-A3//\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA2-A3//\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14.212\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA1-A3//\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA2-A3//\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.816\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.141\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12.253\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA1-A3//\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA2-A3//\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChoosing his/her profession willingly\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWillingly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnwillingly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStatistics\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et=-0.103\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.918\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et=-0.800\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.424\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.913\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.056\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.757\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.449\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Average. SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Standard Deviation. ERS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Emotional Reactivity Scale. *F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;ANOVA.**t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Test for independent groups\u003c/b\u003e,\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003ehere\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe mean SHS score for all nurses participating in the study was 17.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.54; The total mean score of the ERS was 37.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.61, the mean score of the Emotional Sensitivity sub-dimension was 9.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.65, the mean score of the Emotional Reactivity sub-dimension was 10.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.18, and the mean score of the Psychological Resilience sub-dimension was 16.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.08 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDistribution of mean scores and minimum-maximum values of SHS, ERS and its sub-dimensions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMinimum-Maximum score received\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMinimum-Maximum score that can be received\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSHS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u0026ndash;27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eERS Total\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u0026ndash;68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u0026ndash;68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmotional Sensitivity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmotional Reactivity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u0026ndash;28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsychological Resilience\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Mean. SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Standard Deviation. SHS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Subjective Happiness Scale. ERS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Emotional Reactivity Scale.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003eHere\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA negative and moderate correlation was determined between the Subjective Happiness Scale and the total of the Emotional Reactivity Scale in Nurses (r=-0.471, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). A negative and moderate correlation was found between the Subjective Happiness Scale and the Emotional Sensitivity (r=-0.411, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and Emotional Reactivity (r=-0.509, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) sub-dimensions. A positive and moderate correlation was determined between the Subjective Happiness Scale and the Psychological Resilience sub-dimension (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCorrelation distribution of SHS, ERS total and sub-dimensions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSHS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eERS Total\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmotional Sensitivity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmotional Reactivity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsychological Resilience\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e*r\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.471\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.411\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.509\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.588\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eERS Total\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003er\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.903\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.810\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.927\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEmotional Sensitivity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003er\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.549\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.719\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEmotional Reactivity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003er\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.491\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePsychological Resilience\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003er\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSHS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Subjective Happiness Scale. ERS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Emotional Reactivity Scale. *Pearson Correlation Test, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTablo 6.\u003c/b\u003e Results of Regression Analysis Between SHS and ERS Total\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003eHere\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen the analysis results of the regression model conducted to reveal the effects of emotional reactivity on subjective happiness are examined, the statistical estimates of the regression model show that the model is significant and usable (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10.882, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001). Subjective happiness explains 16.6% of the total variance in emotional reactivity attitude perceptions (Table\u0026nbsp;6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6.\u003c/strong\u003e Results of Regression Analysis Between SHS and ERS Total\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDependent variable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndependent Variable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSHS Total\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Constant)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.503\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.986\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eERS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.279\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.084\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.299\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 455px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eR=0.166 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAdjusted R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.025 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;F=10.882 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; p=0.001\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSHS=Subjective Happiness Scale. ERS=Emotional Reactivity Scale.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eSimple Regression testing.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;6 Here\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eSubjective happiness is important in all professions. However, the nursing profession, in particular, where the self is used therapeutically, is directly related to the feeling of happiness (Javadi Sharif, et al., 2020). It is believed that the happiness of nurses increases professional creativity, improves the quality of nursing services, reduces intentions to quit and feelings of burnout, and increases institutional performance (Chang, Hang, \u0026amp; Cho, 2020; Javanmardnejad, et al., 2021; Hu, et al., 2022; Meng, et al., 2023; Taş, 2023). In this study, it was determined that the SHS scores of nurses were at the middle level. In a study conducted by Oates et al. (2017) in the United Kingdom, it was determined that the subjective happiness levels of nurses were low. Similarly, Lui et al. (2017) in their study in China, it was determined that the subjective happiness levels of intensive care nurses were low. However, in another study conducted by Takeda et al. (2020), it was shown that nurses had high subjective happiness. The results of the studies conducted in the literature differ. It is thought that the working conditions of nurses, their workload, the health and economic conditions of the country they live in, their personal rights and social welfare, and the value placed on the profession are effective on these results. Income level can have a significant effect on the quality of life and subjective happiness of individuals (Meng, et al., 2015). In this study, it was determined that the mean SHS scores of nurses whose income was higher than their expenses were significantly higher than other groups. In a study conducted by Javanmardnejad et al. (2021) with emergency room nurses in a hospital in Iran, it was determined that the income levels of nurses had a positive effect on their subjective happiness. Similarly, G\u0026ouml;ksel et al. (2018) also observed that the happiness of the participants changed significantly depending on their income levels and stated that the average happiness score of individuals with high income levels was higher than the average happiness score of individuals with low income levels. Income level ensures that basic needs are met and a certain standard of living is maintained, which can positively affect individuals' general happiness and life satisfaction. In addition, a higher income level can provide greater financial security in the face of stressful life events and unexpected financial difficulties, which can positively affect nurses' emotional well-being and therefore their subjective happiness levels. In this study, it was determined that the average SHS score of married nurses was significantly higher than that of single ones. In some studies in the literature, it was determined that there was a significant difference between subjective happiness and marital status, and that married people generally had higher subjective happiness (Chen, et al., 2020 T\u0026uuml;mkaya, 2011; Qu, \u0026amp; Wang, 2015). Work-related factors such as working conditions, working hours, workload and support systems can also affect nurses' family life and therefore their subjective happiness levels. In married individuals, mutual love, support and gratitude between spouses, and effective and timely resolution of negative emotions are important to increase the happiness index of nurses. There is a significant correlation between the emotional relationship between spouses and the happiness index (Lee, et al., 2003).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study found that male nurses had higher emotional reactivity levels. The study conducted by Yurdakul and \u0026Uuml;ner (2015) supports these findings, and found that male health school students had higher emotional reactivity scores than females. This relationship between emotional reactivity and gender has also been widely discussed in the literature and has been emphasized in a similar way in different studies (Domes, et al., 2010; Zimmermann, \u0026amp; Iwanski, 2014; Yurdakul, \u0026amp; \u0026Uuml;ner, 2015; Costa, et al., 2020). The fact that women have stronger emotional reactions than men may be due to social expectations, gender roles or biological factors. This effect of gender on emotional reactivity may have important implications for nursing practice and the overall quality of healthcare services. The differences in emotional reactivity between male and female nurses may affect their coping strategies for stress and thus job satisfaction and the quality of patient care. Therefore, understanding the relationship between gender and emotional reactivity is important for nursing practice and education, and is critical for developing strategies on how to manage these factors. The different natures and workloads of the units where nurses work significantly affect their levels of emotional reactivity. For example, high-intensity work environments such as surgical clinics, emergency rooms, and operating rooms can significantly affect nurses' levels of emotional reactivity (Yurdakul, \u0026amp; Uner, 2015). In this study, the total and sub-dimension mean scores of nurses working in surgical clinics were found to be higher than those of nurses working in other clinics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJob satisfaction is considered a psychological indicator that shows how valuable and satisfying individuals find their jobs. In this study, it was determined that the total emotional reactivity mean scores of nurses who were partially satisfied with their jobs were significantly higher. In the study conducted by Karasu et al. (2024), it was determined that the total ERS mean scores of healthcare professionals who were dissatisfied with their jobs were higher. This situation shows that nurses who were dissatisfied with their jobs may have a negative effect on their emotional reactivity levels. Emotional reactivity is a determining factor, especially for nurses working in an environment with high stress and emotional intensity in the healthcare sector. Individuals with high job satisfaction generally have more positive work experiences, and this positively affects their emotional and psychological well-being. Therefore, it is important to develop strategies to increase nurses' job satisfaction and manage their emotional reactivity levels (Wali, et al., 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, it was determined that emotional reactivity levels had a negative effect on nurses' subjective happiness levels. According to the regression test, it was found that subjective happiness has a positive effect on emotional reactivity. These results show that positive and negative factors mentioned in the literature can affect the subjective happiness levels of nurses. These studies, conducted in different geographies and under different working conditions, show that the working conditions and professional perceptions of nurses can seriously affect their subjective happiness levels. During extraordinary periods such as the pandemic, changes in the professional perceptions and practices of nurses can further negatively affect their subjective happiness levels (Kara, 2021; Aughterson, et al., 2021; Khodabakhsh, \u0026amp; Ahmadi, 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLimitations of the Study\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study examined the relationship between nurses' emotional reactivity and subjective happiness levels from a quantitative perspective. However, the need to use qualitative methodologies (e.g., one-on-one interviews or observations) to understand this relationship more comprehensively and in depth constitutes one of the limitations of this study. In addition, since this study was conducted within a specific geographic region and healthcare institution, the generalizability of the findings to different regions and institutions is limited. The study was conducted using a cross-sectional design, therefore, it was not possible to determine causal relationships. Longitudinal studies are necessary to better understand these relationships. In addition, the fact that emotional reactivity and subjective happiness measurements were made based on the participants' personal evaluations may increase the risk of response bias. Another limitation of the study is that variables such as work environment, job stress, personality traits and culture, which may affect emotional reactions and happiness, were not controlled. It is recommended that future studies overcome these limitations by integrating different methodologies and research designs and ensure that the findings are validated in a broader context.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study revealed that as the level of emotional reactivity increases in nurses, their subjective happiness decreases and that there is a relationship between them. It was determined that the subjective happiness levels of the nurses who are married and have a good income, and those who choose the profession willingly are higher, while the emotional reactivity levels of men, those who work in surgical clinics and those who are not satisfied with their jobs are higher.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGiven the inherently stressful nature of the nursing profession, and the key role of human relationships between nurses and patients and their caring responsibilities, it is important to pay attention to the importance of nurses' health and happiness. A high level of happiness contributes to the increase in nurses' future expectations. In addition, nurses tend to be more efficient, productive, and innovative in their family, social, and professional careers (Arulappan, Pandarakutty, \u0026amp;Valsaraj, 2021). Emotional reactivity management may be important in increasing nurses' subjective happiness levels and improving job satisfaction. In this context, it is essential to adopt a comprehensive strategy to increase nurses' emotional reactivity and subjective happiness levels. This strategy should cover various factors such as emotional reactivity management training, improvement of working conditions, and financial support.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRequired permissions were obtained from the participants for publication of the findings of this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data and materials used in this study are not available for confidentiality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that there are no financial or personal conflicts of interest related to this study\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo external funding was received for this study.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI. E., F. K., and E. Ç. made significant contributions to various aspects of this study. I. E. and F. K. were primarily responsible for the conceptualization and design of the study. F. K. and I. E. played a key role in data collection and preliminary data analysis. F. K. also took a significant role in advanced data analysis and interpretation of the results. All authors contributed to the writing and critical revision of the manuscript, ensuring the accuracy and integrity of the work. In addition, I. E were involved in drafting the abstract and discussion sections, whereas F. K. focused on the methodology and results sections.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbdollahi, A., Abu Talib, M., Yaacob, S. N., \u0026amp; Ismail, Z. (2014). 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Emotion regulation from early adolescence to emerging adulthood and middle adulthood: Age differences, gender differences, and emotion-specific developmental variations. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Behavioral Development, 38\u003c/em\u003e(2), 182\u0026ndash;194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025413515405\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Emotional Reactivity, Nurses, Subjective Happiness","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3644232/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3644232/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eAim\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted to examine the relationship between nurses' emotional reactivity and subjective happiness levels.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethod\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional and correlational study was conducted with 384 nurses via an online survey between August and October 2022. Data were collected using the \"Personal Information Form, Emotional Reactivity Scale (ERS) and Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS)\". Independent groups t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation analyses were used to evaluate the data.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe nurses' total ERS score average was determined as 37.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.61, and the SHS score average was determined as 17.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.54. The units where nurses work and their job satisfaction significantly affect their emotional reactivity levels, and significant differences were found especially among those working in surgical clinics and emergency services (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001). In addition, a negative moderate correlation (r=-0.471, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) was found between emotional reactivity and subjective happiness.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt was determined that the subjective happiness of nurses with low emotional reactivity and emotional sensitivity was high. This finding shows that emotional awareness and emotion regulation can positively affect nurses' job satisfaction and general happiness levels. In light of these findings, the subjective happiness levels of nurses can be increased with emotional awareness and emotion regulation trainings to be given to nurses.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Relationship Between Subjective Happiness and Emotional Reactivity in Nurses: A Cross-sectional Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-31 18:21:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3644232/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"33eedbd1-0879-490f-baad-efd1a60bdef5","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 31st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-18T09:55:03+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-31 18:21:52","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3644232","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3644232","identity":"rs-3644232","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}