Valorization of Cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica) Pulp through Torrefied Biomass Production for Methylene Blue Removal from Aqueous Solutions

Valorization of Cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica) Pulp through Torrefied Biomass Production for Methylene Blue Removal from Aqueous Solutions | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Short Report Valorization of Cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica) Pulp through Torrefied Biomass Production for Methylene Blue Removal from Aqueous Solutions Eric M. Garcia, Hosane A. Taroco, Julio O.F Melo This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8614064/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 14 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A low-severity torrefaction route was employed to convert cagaita ( Eugenia dysenterica ) pulp into an efficient carbonaceous adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) removal from aqueous solutions. The torrefied biomass (TBCP), prepared at 250°C for 1 h under air, exhibited a strong pH-dependent adsorption behavior, with the adsorption capacity increasing from 4.4 mg g⁻¹ at pH 2 to 20.7 mg g⁻¹ at pH 11. Kinetic studies revealed rapid MB uptake under alkaline conditions, well described by the pseudo-first-order model (R² = 1.000 at pH 11), while Elovich analysis highlighted surface heterogeneity effects at acidic and neutral pH. Thermodynamic evaluation at pH 7 confirmed a spontaneous (ΔG° < 0) and endothermic adsorption process (ΔH° = +5.30 kJ mol⁻¹) driven by entropy gain (ΔS° = +110.6 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹). These results demonstrate that mild torrefaction is sufficient to generate an effective, low-cost adsorbent from fruit pulp waste, offering a sustainable alternative for dye-contaminated wastewater treatment. Torrefied biomass Cagaita pulp Methylene blue Adsorption kinetics Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 16 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 08 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 29 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 27 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 27 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 20 Jan, 2026 Editor invited by journal 19 Jan, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 16 Jan, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 16 Jan, 2026 First submitted to journal 15 Jan, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8614064","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Short Report","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":578025893,"identity":"fef2dc4e-72b6-4a02-ac31-fd1b3259f49c","order_by":0,"name":"Eric M. 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adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) removal from aqueous solutions. The torrefied biomass (TBCP), prepared at 250\u0026deg;C for 1 h under air, exhibited a strong pH-dependent adsorption behavior, with the adsorption capacity increasing from 4.4 mg g⁻\u0026sup1; at pH 2 to 20.7 mg g⁻\u0026sup1; at pH 11. Kinetic studies revealed rapid MB uptake under alkaline conditions, well described by the pseudo-first-order model (R\u0026sup2; = 1.000 at pH 11), while Elovich analysis highlighted surface heterogeneity effects at acidic and neutral pH. Thermodynamic evaluation at pH 7 confirmed a spontaneous (ΔG\u0026deg; \u0026lt; 0) and endothermic adsorption process (ΔH\u0026deg; = +5.30 kJ mol⁻\u0026sup1;) driven by entropy gain (ΔS\u0026deg; = +110.6 J mol⁻\u0026sup1; K⁻\u0026sup1;). These results demonstrate that mild torrefaction is sufficient to generate an effective, low-cost adsorbent from fruit pulp waste, offering a sustainable alternative for dye-contaminated wastewater treatment.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Valorization of Cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica) Pulp through Torrefied Biomass Production for Methylene Blue Removal from Aqueous Solutions","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-22 10:41:23","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8614064/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-02-16T13:18:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-08T13:36:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-29T17:17:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-27T15:08:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-27T13:10:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"160297523061932479259240456313463216130","date":"2026-01-26T11:51:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"121094957039070109287546561275271194813","date":"2026-01-26T10:04:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"304386372098774178637132280236713607581","date":"2026-01-21T10:12:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"275487175401025044432345314147193381461","date":"2026-01-20T20:32:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-20T14:23:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-19T05:22:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-01-16T12:29:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-01-16T12:29:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Green Chemistry","date":"2026-01-15T23:55:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-green-chemistry","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Green Chemistry](https://link.springer.com/journal/44509)","snPcode":"44509","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44509/3?_gl=1*101gs6x*_gcl_au*MTIwNjQ2NjkxNi4xNzUyNTgzNDgx*_ga*MjAwMTA4NDA0NS4xNzE2OTAwNjg2*_ga_B3E4QL2TPR*czE3NjAwNDAzNjEkbzg4JGcxJHQxNzYwMDQwNzQ5JGo1NCRsMCRoMjAxMjYzMDU3NA..","title":"Discover Green Chemistry","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"31f8a775-2d55-47f2-a956-bd1d83d9593e","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 22nd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-31T12:38:35+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-22 10:41:23","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8614064","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8614064","identity":"rs-8614064","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}