Purpose and Meaning in Life in Older Age: A Correlational Meta-Analysis

Purpose and Meaning in Life in Older Age: A Correlational Meta-Analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Purpose and Meaning in Life in Older Age: A Correlational Meta-Analysis Ian Boreham, Catherine O'Gorman, Phoebe Bailey This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8930714/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This meta-analysis evaluated the relation between purpose or meaning in life and age across the adult lifespan. This represents the most comprehensive assessment to date of the relations between these two variables, based on sixty years of meaning and purpose research. The study included 335articles gathered through a search in PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, and EBSCO. Using a three-level random effects model, the overall effect size based on k = 401 studies and N = 194,296 participants was r = .05 [95% CIs .03, .06], p < .001. There were significant moderating effects of type of purpose scale, age group of participants, and Hofstede’s cultural dimension of motivation towards achievement and success. Results suggest that the relationship between purpose and age may switch from positive to negative in samples excluding the emerging adult age group and including the very old. Moderating effects of type of purpose scale support recent efforts to understand the multi-dimensional nature of meaning and purpose, and highlight the differing role that motivational, cognitive and emotional aspects of meaning and purpose may play at different stages of the life course, Specifically, scales showing a greater future-focus potentially reduce the strength of the relationship between purpose and age. Building upon these collective findings we provide recommendations for theory and practice, as well as address limitations in the existing literature to guide future investigations. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Purpose in life or meaning in life may be strong candidates as a protective factors against some of the challenges of older age. Having a purpose is generally defined as committing to a broad life direction that organizes one’s short- and long-term goals and in turn helps guide daily behaviors (McKnight and Kashdan, 2009). Meaning in life is a broader construct, often including purpose as a component, together with the sense that life makes sense (coherence), and an evaluative component stressing the significance of one’s life (usually expressed as significance or mattering; see George & Park 2016a, 2016b; Martela & Steger 2016, 2023). A number of studies have shown links between higher purpose or meaning and improved mental and physical health (Hill, Edmonds et al., 2019; Sutin et al., 2021a, 2021b; Wood & Joseph, 2010). An early meta-analysis revealed declines in purpose from middle-age to older-age (Pinquart, 2002). However, more recent studies provide evidence for cultivation of purpose and meaning in older age (Kalafatoğlu, 2022; Ratner et al., 2022; Schnell & Danbolt , 2023). The current study uses a cross-sectional meta-analytic approach to address the question of the relationship between sense of purpose or meaning and age across the full adult age-range. Purpose or Meaning and Aging Trajectories With regards to purpose or meaning in life and aging, the balance of evidence points to purpose declining in older age (Boyle et al., 2022; Clarke et al., 2000; Hill, Turiano et al., 2015; Hill & Weston, 2019; Ryff, 1989; Springer et al., 2011). Although these relationships appear to hold for cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, all studies use the same measure of purpose that has come under challenge for being too future-focused, potentially limiting the expression of a more present-focused purpose and meaning for older adults (see next section). However, several studies have found support for meaning and purpose increasing with age (Morgan & Robinson, 2013; Reker, 2005; Steger et al., 2009; Van Ranst & Marcoen, 1997). Possible explanations for this increase are varied and include an age-related shift to more intrinsically satisfying activities (Morgan & Robinson, 2013), as well as greater uncertainty in life for emerging adults, leading to less conviction surrounding the establishment and achievement of clear goals and aims (Reker, 2005). Lifespan developmental theories also provide support for the possibility of sustaining, or even increasing, meaning and purpose into older age. For example, socioemotional selectivity theory (Carstensen, 1995, 2021) proposes that with reduced perceived time remaining in life, older adults move away from future-focused knowledge and novelty-gaining goals and purposes, towards present-focused purposes driven by enhancing present emotional experience. Research regarding purpose trajectories from younger adulthood to middle age is also mixed with support for either stability (Ryff, 1991), decreases in purpose starting early in life (Keyes, 2011; Ryff & Keyes, 1995), or increase in purpose from young adulthood to middle age, before declining in older age (Ryff, 1989; Mann et al., 2021). Meta-analysis looking at purpose in life and age relationships found a small negative association of r = -.12 from middle age ( 70 years) across 48 studies, with declines in purpose shown for both middle aged adults and older adults (Pinquart, 2002). They attributed this decline to increasing losses such as widowhood and retirement. The majority of studies in Pinquart’s meta-analysis used either the Purpose in Life Scale (Crumbaugh & Maholick, 1964) or the purpose subscale of the psychological well-being scale (Ryff, 1989). In addition, contributing study numbers were small (30 or less). The Last Twenty Years of Purpose Research Early measures of purpose and meaning used both terms interchangeably (Battista & Almond, 1973; Crumbaugh & Maholick, 1964), with very few separating out purpose from the broader meaning construct (exception: Peacock & Reker, 1981). These early operational efforts did separate the presence of meaning or purpose from the search for meaning, usually expressed as the strength of motivation to find meaning or purpose (Crumbaugh, 1977; Reker & Peacock, 1981). More recently, measures have arisen that either focus exclusively on purpose (Hill, Edmonds et al., 2015; Ryff, 1989; Scheier et al., 2006) or include more multi-dimensional measures of meaning that incorporate purpose (or a related construct) as one of several components (George & Park; 2016a; Krause, 2004; Martela and Steger, 2023; Morgan and Farsides, 2007). Purpose or meaning subscales also appear in broader measures of psychological, eudaimonic or existential well-being (Butler and Kern, 2016; Paloutzian & Ellison, 1982; Ryff, 1989; Waterman et al., 2010). Since Pinquart’s meta-analysis there has been an exponential increase in purpose and meaning research, not only branching into more areas of psychological science, but also in the progression of defining the dimensionality of both meaning and purpose. A systematic review of measures of meaning in life has found over fifty valid measures (Brandstätter et al., 2012), many of which were excluded from the above-mentioned meta-analysis. Popular brief measures of purpose and meaning have emerged such as the meaning in life questionnaire (Steger et al., 2006) and the life engagement test (Scheier et al., 2006), as well as longer multi-dimensional measures including the meaningful life measure (Morgan & Farsides, 2007), and tripartite models of meaning (George & Park, 2016a; Martela & Steger, 2023). The latter argue for meaning to be composed of purpose (motivational element), coherence or comprehension (cognitive element), and significance or mattering (evaluative or affective element). With these new scales and conceptions comes growing support for a more lifespan oriented view of purpose that may be more multi-dimensional (Hill & Weston, 2019; Pfund et al., 2023), guarding against previous single-component studies using measures potentially showing age-related biases. Pfund et al. (2023) have challenged Ryff’s purpose scale for potentially including future-dominant items that may not capture an older adults, more present-focused view of life (Carstensen, 1995; Carstensen et al., 1999). Using the Life Attitude Profile scale, Reker et al. (1987) found that scores on the present-focused life purpose subscale (measuring zest for life, contentment and discovery of a purpose) and the present and past-focused will to meaning subscale (searching and thinking about meaning, reflecting on the need for purpose throughout one’s life) increased with age. Subscales with a greater future orientation (goal seeking and future meaning) showed a near linear decrease in scores with age. Temporal focus may not be the only differentiating factor regarding age related differences in meaning or purpose. Morgan and Robinson (2013), using the Meaningful Life Measure (Morgan & Farsides, 2007), found that the dimensions of exciting life, principled life and accomplished life all showed near linear increases with age, with purposeful life and valued life showing a U-shaped trajectory, dipping in midlife and then rising or surpassing younger levels in later life. These developments and differences drive the importance of studying the moderating effect of purpose scale type on the relationship between purpose and age. The Current Study The overall aim of the current meta-analysis was to use systematic review and meta-analytic techniques to analyse the relationship between purpose and age across the last sixty years of purpose research, capturing all the major measures of purpose and meaning, and spanning multiple geographical regions. Our pre-registered hypothesis was that the relationship between purpose or meaning and age, based on the mixed evidence to date, would be negligible, potentially showing a small positive association. However, it was also expected that this relationship would be moderated by the type of purpose or meaning scale used, with temporal focus potentially being a driving force. Future-dominant scales such as Ryff’s purpose scale were expected to show a more negative association between with age, as compared to other more meaning and coherence focused (i.e., temporally neutral) scales. Given the recency of tripartite models of meaning, we did not expect enough primary studies to make meaningful moderator assessments based on the tripartite components of meaning (purpose, coherence, and significance / mattering). In line with our pre-registration, further moderator analyses were planned to examine variables that may explain any within-study or between-study heterogeneity. This included sample type (healthy v clinical), region and language of sample, percentage female, percentage caucasian, age group, and Hofstede's five cultural dimensions (Hofstede, 2011; Hofstede & Bond, 1984; The Culture Factor Group, n.d.), quality of purpose scale (core v non-core), and year of study. No predictions were pre-registered in relation to these potential moderators. Method Transparency and Openness We adhered to the MARS guidelines for meta-analytic reporting (Appelbaum et al., 2018 ). All meta-analytic data, analysis code, and research materials (including our coding scheme) are available on the Open Science Framework [link removed]. Data were analyzed using R, version 4.3.1 (R Core Team, 2021 ) and the package metafor , version 3.0–2 (Viechtbauer, 2010 ). This review project was preregistered (link removed). Meta-Analysis Our meta-analysis served to estimate the cross-sectional self-reported association between purpose or meaning in life and age. As such, every included study reported a zero-order correlation between these two variables. Literature Search The literature search sought to identify any study that reported a correlation between purpose or meaning in life and age as measured continuously for adult populations. The literature searches reported in this paper were conducted between July 2023 and June 2024 (see Table S1). Keyword searches were conducted in EBSCO and PsycINFO / PsychARTICLES, which included dissertations and English language articles. The search strategy was conducted in two phases with the initial phase (PsycINFO / PsychARTICLES) deliberately using broad search terms such as ‘purpose in life’ and ‘meaning in life’ to capture a broad array of potentially relevant studies (see table S1 for all exact search terms). This phase also included search terms targeted towards the more heavily used purpose and meaning scales such as the ‘meaning in life questionnaire’ and the ‘purpose in life scale’. The second phase of the search (EBSCO) used more targeted search terms aimed at identifying specific purpose and meaning scales together with the words ‘age’ and ‘correlation’. Additional references from key meta-analyses on purpose in life (Boreham & Schutte, 2023 ; Pinquart, 2002 ) were also included, as were any references from reviewed papers that appeared promising for including purpose and age related relationships. After merging the above sources and removing obvious duplicates, the combined dataset consisted of 6043 articles. Based on title screening, titles that related to adolescent studies or qualitative studies were not reviewed. Similarly, records relating to books or foreign language articles were not reviewed. In addition, several records could not be retrieved. Based on these exclusions, the full text was examined for 5563 records. A PRISMA flowchart outlines the process for selecting studies for inclusion in this meta-analysis (see Fig. 1 ). Eligibility Criteria Several criteria needed to be satisfied for correlations to be retained in the meta-analysis. For consistency, the study needed to involve self-report measurement of either purpose or meaning in life and age. Second, the age of participants needed to include sufficient variation (minimum range of 5 years) so that the age by purpose relationship was meaningful. This age by purpose relationship had to be expressed as a zero-order Pearson correlation. In certain cases where correlational data was missing, the raw data were requested from the authors. Third, participants needed to be above 18 years of age, although in 24 studies the minimum age was below 18. These studies were included as most participants were over 18. Lastly, the measure of purpose or meaning was required to measure the presence of meaning or purpose as measured by a continuous scale. This led to the exclusion of studies that were solely measuring the ‘search for meaning’, as well as studies that modified global measures of meaning to focus on more localised interpretations. Several studies failed this last test, modifying the wording of common meaning items to assess whether the presence of meaning arose from certain specific scenarios (such as care giving or suffering from cancer). Several studies employed the popular meaning in life questionnaire (Steger et al., 2006), with most providing results for both the presence of meaning subscale and the search for meaning subscale. In these cases, correlations were only extracted for the presence of meaning subscale. However, there were a small number of studies that met all other inclusion criteria but only included results for the ‘full scale’, which combined both presence and search for meaning items. These studies have been included (see Table 2 ). Table 1 Purpose and Meaning Measures Measure Name Measure Reference Subscales used Short Codes Used Studies Scale items (range) Meaning in Life Questionnaire Steger et al. (2006) Presence of meaning MLQ-P and MLQ-F (full scale) 117 1-10 Purpose in Life Scale 1 Crumbaugh and Maholick (1964) PiL 84 3-20 Psychological Well-being Purpose Subscale 2 Ryff (1989) Ryff 76 3-20 Spiritual Wellbeing Scale Paloutzian and Ellison (1982); Ellison (1983) Existential Well-being SWBS-EWB 21 4-10 Life Attitude Profile (and Revised version) Reker and Peacock (1981); Reker (2001) Purpose, Coherence and Personal Meaning Index LAP-P, LAP-C, LAP-PMI, LAPR-P, LAPR-C, LAPR-PMI 20 3-48 Life Engagement Test Scheier et al. (2006) LET 16 6 Life Regard Index Battista and Almond (1973) Framework LRI, LRI-FR 11 5-28 Multidimensional Existential Meaning Scale George and Park (2016b) Comprehension, Purpose, and Mattering MEMS, MEMS-C, MEMS-P, MEMS-M 9 5-15 Krause Meaning in Life Scale Krause (2004) Krause 8 4-8 Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-Being Scale Peterman et al. (2002) Meaning FACIT-Sp-M 7 4 The Sources of Meaning and Meaning in Life Questionnaire Schnell (2009) Meaningfulness SoMe-M 5 5 Meaningful Life Measure Morgan and Farsides (2007) Principled Life, Purposeful Life, Valued Life MLM, MLM-Pr, MLM-Pu, MLM-V 4 4-23 Table 1 (continued) Measure Name Measure Reference Subscales used Short Codes Used Studies Scale items (range) Three-Dimensional Meaning 3 Martela and Steger (2016) Coherence, Purpose, and Significance 3DM-C, 3DM-P, 3DM-S 3 4 Geriatric Suicide Ideation Scale Heisel and Flett (2006) Perceived Meaning in Life GSIS-M 3 8 Meaning in Life Scale Jim, Purnell et al. (2006) MiLS 3 21-25 Robbins & Francis Purpose-in-Life Scale Robbins and Francis (2000) R&F 3 12 Satisfaction and Frustration of Purpose Scales Mogollon (2021) Satisfaction of the Need for Purpose SFPS-S 3 6-16 Meaning in Life Measure Hill et al. (2019) Experience MILM-E 2 4 Psychosocial Inventory of Ego Strengths Markstrom et al. (1997) Purpose PIES-P 2 8 Claremont Purpose Scale Bronk et al. (2018) CPS 2 12 Meaning in Life Scale Warner (1986); Warner and Williams (1987) ML 2 15 The NIH Toolbox Emotion Battery 4 Salsman et al. (2013); Salsman et al. (2014) Meaning and Purpose NIHTB-MPS 2 6-18 Brief Stress and Coping Inventory 4 Rahe and Tolles (2002) Purpose and Connection BSCI-P 1 8 The Existential Loneliness Questionnaire 5 Mayers et al. (2002) Meaning in Life ELQ-M 1 7 Engagement in Meaningful Activities Survey (Revised) Goldberg et al. (2002); Eakman (2012) EMAS-R 1 12 Expressions of Spirituality Inventory MacDonald (1997) Existential Well-being ESI-EWB 1 5 Multidimensional MIL Scale Costin and Vignoles (2020) MIL Judgments MMILS-MIL 1 4 Table 1 (continued) Measure Name Measure Reference Subscales used Short Codes Used Studies Scale items (range) Personal Meaning Profile Wong (1998) PMP 1 39 Sources of Meaning Profile (Revised) Reker and Wong (1988); Reker (1996) SOMP-R 1 17 Notes: 1. Scale available in Wheaton (1972). 2. Full 20-item version of scale received directly from Carol Ryff. 3. Scale retrieved from Morse (2021). 4. Scale items not reviewed. 5. Scale items retrieved from van Tilburg (2021) Table 2 Summary of Studies Included in Meta-Analysis Study N Measure Items F Age Health Country Abikoye and Lawal (2023) 406 MLQ-F 10 34.0 E-O H NG Adams et al. (2014) 70 FACIT-Sp-M 4 74.3 E-O H US Aglozo et al. (2021) 235 MLQ-P 5 56.2 M-V H GH Ajayi and Ukpoju (2022) 96 MLQ-F 10 M-V H NG Alexander (2015) 527 MLQ-P 5 67.0 F H US Allan et al. (2016) 376 MLQ-P 5 55.6 E-O H US Almeida et al. (2020) 103 PiL 20 78.6 E-O C PT Alshraifeen et al. (2020) 202 SWBS-EWB 10 36.6 F 1 C JO Appel et al. (2020) 189 MLQ-P 5 78.3 E H US Ardelt (2016) 123 PiL 3 71.5 M-V H US Ardelt and Edwards (2016) 197 PiL 3 70.3 M-V H US Arends et al. (2013) 298 Ryff 6 62.0 F C NL Au et al. (2023) 141 Ryff 7 77.3 E-M H AU Aviad and Cohen-Louck (2021) 195 PiL 18 63.1 O-V H IL Ávila and Sanjuán (2018) 175 Ryff 5 18.3 E-O H ES Azañedo et al. (2021) 1494 Ryff 5 56.7 E-O H ES Badia (2019) 352 MLQ-P 5 67.9 F H US Bai et al. (2018) 102 FACIT-Sp-M 4 61.8 E-O C US Bakhshandeh Bavarsad and Stephens (2024) 2869 LET 6 55.9 M-O H NZ Bamonti (2015) 82 GSIS-M 8 64.6 M-V H US Bamonti and Fiske (2021) 82 GSIS-M 8 64.6 M-V H US Bassi et al. (2013) 85 Ryff 3 45.0 E-M H IT Bauger et al.(2021) 219 MLQ-P 5 60.0 F H US Baum (1988) Females 27 PiL 7 100.0 O-V H US Baum (1988) Males 23 PiL 7 0.0 O-V H US Baum and Stewart (1990) 185 PiL 7 60.5 F 2 H US Beaumont and Scammell (2012) 270 MLQ-P 5 71.1 E 2 H CA Beaumont and Scammell (2012) 270 ESI-EWB 5 71.1 E 2 H CA Ben-Ari et al. (2012) Grandmothers 152 PiL 20 100.0 M-O H IL Ben-Ari et al. (2012) Mothers 152 PiL 20 100.0 E H IL Table 2 (continued) Study N Measure Items F Age Health Country Bergman and Bodner (2022) 318 Krause 8 47.5 O-V H IL Bergman et al. (2018) 268 MLQ-P 3 73.5 E-O H IL Berrios et al. (2018) Study 1 429 MLQ-P 5 68.8 E-M H GB Birichi (2015) 226 Ryff 7 0.0 E-M H US Bobkowski (2010) 573 Ryff 3 46.8 E H US Bodner et al. (2021) 309 Krause 8 48.9 M H IL Boreham et al. (in press) 312 Ryff 20 49.0 F H I Boreham et al. (in press) 312 LET 6 49.0 F H I Boreham et al. (in press) 312 LRI 28 49.0 F H I Boyle et al. (2022) 2558 Ryff 10 75.7 M-V H US Boyraz and Lightsey (2012) 232 MLQ-P 5 78.4 E-O H US Braam (2006) 928 LRI-FR 5 38.9 O-V H NL Bronk et al. (2018) 241 CPS 12 42.9 E J US Bronk et al. (2018) 241 PiL 20 42.9 E J US Bruce (1996) 101 SWBS-EWB 10 47.5 E-O H US Bryan et al. (2013) 273 MLQ-P 5 18.3 E-M H US Bryan et al. (2019) 997 MLQ-P 5 15.9 E-M H US Burrow and Rainone (2017) 300 LET 6 49.0 E-O H US Burrow and Spreng (2016) 503 NIHTB-MPS 18 59.0 E H US Burrow et al. (2014) 205 Ryff 9 62.0 E-O H US Cabness (2003) 19 PiL 20 79.0 M-V H US Carpenter (1996) 128 Ryff 14 100.0 E-O H US Castillo Mathis (2023) 147 MLQ-P 5 63.0 M-O H US Chan et al. (2012) 386 LET 6 100.0 E-M H US Chang et al. (2021) 648 MLQ-P 5 49.2 E H CN Chasson et al. (2021) 1138 MLQ-P 5 100.0 E H IL Chow (2017) 192 ML 15 38.0 M-V C HK Chow and Ho (2012) Care givers 132 PiL 20 61.4 M-V H HK Chow and Ho (2012) Care recipients 132 PiL 20 M-V C HK Chukwuorji et al. (2019) 809 MLQ-P 5 49.3 F 3 H NG Cicone (2003) 209 Ryff 9 84.0 E-O H US Clement (2018) 72 MLQ-P 5 53.5 M-V C US Clement (2018) 72 MEMS-C 5 53.5 M-V C US Clement (2018) 72 MEMS-M 5 53.5 M-V C US Table 2 (continued) Study N Measure Items F Age Health Country Clement (2018) 72 MEMS-P 5 53.5 M-V C US Coleman (1996) 117 SWBS-EWB 10 16.2 E-O C US Corral-Frías et al. (2019) 179 Ryff 6 80.7 E-M H MX Costanza et al. (2020) 199 MLQ-P 5 60.3 F 4 C CH Coward (1996) 145 PiL 20 72.0 F H US Cranford et al. (2014) 364 PiL 20 44.0 E-O C US Crea and Francis (2022) 156 R&F 12 39.1 F H IT Creedon (2013) 187 MLQ-P 5 72.0 F H US Crego et al. (2020) 1628 MLQ-P 5 87.3 E-O H I Crego et al. (2021) 1267 Ryff 5 100.0 E-O H I Czekierda et al. (2019) 339 Other 1 57.9 F C PL Dakin et al. (2021) Study 1 196 MLQ-P 5 43.4 E-O H US Dakin et al. (2021) Study 2 191 MLQ-P 5 44.5 E-O H US Dakin et al. (2021) Study 3 195 MLQ-P 5 45.1 E-O H US Dakin et al. (2021) Study 5 370 MLQ-P 5 40.5 E-O H US Damiani et al. (2023) 278 Ryff 14 69.8 E-M C US Davies et al. (2022) 174 MLQ-P 5 44.2 E-O H US de Miguel et al. (2018) LGB 209 Ryff 14 41.6 E-M H ES Dellaria (2017) 736 SWBS-EWB 10 33.6 F H US deRoon-Cassini et al. (2009) 79 PiL 20 4.0 F C US Dewitte et al. (2022) T1 140 MLQ-P 3 76.4 O-V C BE Dewitte, Vandenbulcke, et al. (2021) Study 1 275 MLQ-P 3 70.8 O-V H BE Dewitte, Vandenbulcke, et al. (2021) Study 2 94 MLQ-P 3 77.9 O-V C BE Dodd (2002) 77 SWBS-EWB 10 5.2 E-O H US Drebing (1990) 89 PiL 20 100.0 E-M H US Duke (1977) Males 64 PiL 8 65.6 E-O C US Eakman et al. (2010) 158 PiL 20 77.8 O-V H US Erci (2015) 182 LAP-P 8 41.2 F C TR Erci (2015) 182 LAP-C 7 41.2 F C TR Farrell (2013) 240 FACIT-Sp-M 4 55.8 F C US Feder et al. (2008) 30 Ryff 7 0.0 M-O H US Feder et al. (2013) 198 Ryff 8 19.5 E-O H PK Ferguson et al. (2017) 259 MLQ-P 5 55.2 O-V H AU Fike et al. (2022) 171 SWBS-EWB 10 0.0 E-O H US Table 2 (continued) Study N Measure Items F Age Health Country Fletcher (1981) 82 PiL 20 100.0 O-V H US Flood (2007) 147 PiL 20 76.3 M-V H US Fortems et al. (2022) 96 MLQ-P 5 65.6 E-M H BE Fox (2001) 75 LRI-FR 14 66.7 F C US Francis and Crea (2016) 155 PiL 20 E-O H IT Francis and Crea (2016) 155 R&F 12 E-O H IT Francis et al. (2010) 407 R&F 12 66.0 M-V H GB Fraser et al. (2023) 492 MLQ-P 5 53.8 F H CA Freeman (1996) 133 SWBS-EWB 10 0.0 E-M H US G. Wang et al. (2023) 593 MLQ-P 5 46.4 E 4 H CN Galek et al. (2015) 1453 Other 2 53.0 F H US Ganocy et al. (2016) 398 SWBS-EWB 10 12.0 E-M 2 H US García‐Alandete et al. (2018) Females 224 PiL 20 100.0 E H ES García‐Alandete et al. (2018) Males 125 PiL 20 0.0 E H ES García-Alandete, Ros, et al. (2018) 250 PiL 19 100.0 E-M 3 C ES Giannone et al. (2019) 353 PiL 20 75.0 E H US Goldenthal (1981) 49 PiL 20 0.0 E-O C US Golovchanova et al. (2021) 145 MLQ-P 5 62.1 E-M 2 C BE González-Cutre et al. (2020) Study 2 598 MLQ-P 5 54.2 E-O H ES Goodman et al. (2019) Study 1 1789 MLQ-F 10 100.0 E-M H KE Goodman et al. (2019) Study 2 263 MLQ-F 10 0.0 E H KE Goodman et al.(2023) 335 MLQ-P 3 94.0 E-O H KE Goodwill and Hope (2024) 375 MLQ-P 5 E H US Graeser (1994) 105 PiL 20 0.0 E-M C US Grimm (2005) 477 SWBS-EWB 10 75.1 F H US Gutierrez (1992) Females 87 PiL 20 100.0 M-V H US Gutierrez (1992) Males 13 PiL 20 0.0 M-V H US H. Zhang et al. (2018) 1063 MLQ-P 5 42.0 E H CN Haase et al. (2012) 374 Ryff 9 70.1 E-M H DE Haase et al. (2021) T1 164 LET 6 62.1 E H CA Halama et al. (2024) 1368 MLQ-P 5 51.2 F H SK Table 2 (continued) Study N Measure Items F Age Health Country Hamm et al. (2022) 292 NIHTB-MPS 6 50.0 E-O H US Han et al. (2022) 3893 Other 1 51.5 M-V H JP Hanna and Strober (2020) 186 Ryff 14 90.0 E-M C US Harshaw (1999) 114 PiL 20 68.4 E-M H US Health and Retirement Study (2018) 21517 Ryff 7 58.2 F H US Heidrich (1993) 240 Ryff 20 100.0 O-V H US Heidrich et al. (1994) 108 Ryff 15 63.0 F C US Helminiak (1994) Females 318 PiL 20 100.0 M H US Helminiak (1994) Males 279 PiL 20 0.0 M H US Henderson-King and Mitchell (2011) 232 MLQ-P 5 74.6 E H US Hernández-Varas et al. (2019) 492 Ryff 5 1.6 E-M H ES Hershberger and Walsh (1990) 49 PiL 20 59.2 E-O H US Hicks et al. (2012) 221 Krause 8 100.0 E-O H US Hill et al. (2019) Study 2 401 MILM-E 4 61.9 E-O H US Hill et al. (2019) Study 2 401 MLQ-P 5 61.9 E-O H US Hirsch et al. (2014) 66 SWBS-EWB 10 100.0 E-M C US Hofer et al. (2014) 856 MLQ-P 5 58.6 M-V H I Hofer et al. (2022) 101 Other 2 53.4 M-V H CH Holahan (1995) 60 PiL 20 36.7 F C US Hollis (1995) 161 SWBS-EWB 4 100.0 E-O H US Holzer (2011) 58 SWBS-EWB 10 59.0 E-M H US Homan (2016) 149 Ryff 6 72.5 F H US Homan and Kong (2020) 3871 Ryff 7 55.4 F H US Hong et al. (2018) 289 Ryff 7 61.2 E H US Hooker and Masters (2014) 104 LET 6 71.1 E-O H US Horwood and Anglim (2019) 539 Ryff 14 79.0 E-M H AU Hughes (2018) 84 PiL 27 59.5 E-O H US Hui and Fung (2009) 137 Ryff 9 65.0 E H HK Hurd et al. (2014) 3334 Ryff+1 8 48.6 E 2 H US Ishikawa (2013) 175 MLQ-P 5 58.0 F H US Itzick et al. (2018) 501 MLQ-P 5 88.1 E-M H IL Jaarsma et al. (2007) 294 PMP 39 72.1 F C NL Table 2 (continued) Study N Measure Items F Age Health Country Jim, Richardson, et al. (2006) 167 MiLS 25 100.0 E-O C US Johnny (2013) 158 SWBS-EWB 10 67.7 F H US Johnson (2007) 644 LAPR-PMI 16 56.3 E-M H US Junior (1999) 122 PiL 20 54.9 E-O H US Kalafatoğlu (2022) 420 MLQ-P 5 68.3 E-M H TR Kan (2007) 41 LAPR-PMI 16 32.0 M-O C US Kang et al. (2021) 517 Ryff 7 44.9 E-O H US Karataş et al. (2021) 1186 MLQ-F 10 57.8 E-O H TR Kelley (2003) 91 LAP-PMI 16 77.0 E-O H US Keresteš et al. (2012) Fathers 315 Ryff 9 0.0 E-M H HR Keresteš et al. (2012) Mothers 350 Ryff 9 100.0 E-M H HR Kim (2008) Care givers 157 PiL 20 81.5 E-O H KR Kim (2008) Elders 157 PiL 20 45.2 M-V H KR Kim et al. (2015) Females T1 233 FACIT-Sp-M 4 100.0 F H US Kim et al. (2015) Males T1 136 FACIT-Sp-M 4 0.0 F H US Kishida et al. (2004) 574 Ryff 14 74.6 E H JP Klaas (1996) 77 PiL 20 78.0 O-V H US Kleiman and Beaver (2013) 585 MLQ-P 5 82.0 E-M 2 H US Klonover et al. (2023) 358 Krause 8 50.0 E-O H IL Koenig et al. (2014) 129 PiL 20 70.0 F C US Konkolÿ Thege et al. (2009) 364 PiL 20 53.6 F H HU Kozar‐Westman et al. (2013) 200 PiL 20 M-V C US Krause (2009) Wave 4 1518 Krause 8 60.0 O-V H US Krok et al. (2022) 333 MLQ-P 5 54.1 F C PL Kulik et al. (2015) 611 LRI 28 50.9 E-O H IL Kulik et al. (2017) 316 LRI 28 51.6 M-O H IL Lawton et al. (2023) 141 SOMP-R 17 46.8 M-V H AU Lebădă and David (2018) 28 PiL 20 75.0 O-V C RO Lee (2017) 94 MLQ-P 5 67.0 E-M H HK Lee et al. (2017) 228 Other 5 27.0 M-O H KR Lee et al. (2022) 314 PiL 4 69.9 E H US Lightsey and Sweeney (2008) 64 MLQ-P 5 88.0 E-M H US Lin and Chan (2020) Study 1 301 MLQ-P 5 75.1 E H CN Lin and Chan (2020) Study 2 527 MLQ-P 5 52.2 E H CN Table 2 (continued) Study N Measure Items F Age Health Country Liu et al. (2020) 687 MLM 23 55.0 E-M H CN Lopez (2020) 329 MLQ-P 5 38.0 E-O H US Lu and Kao (2018) 301 LRI 6 54.2 O-V H TW Lutzman and Sommerfeld (2021) 170 MLQ-P 5 0.0 M-V H IL Lyke (2013) 168 MLQ-P 5 62.0 E H US M. X. Zhang et al. (2018) 464 PiL 6 58.3 E H CN Maki (2005) 79 LRI 28 100.0 M-V H US Maqbool et al. (2021) 102 MLQ-P 5 60.8 E H IN Markstrom et al. (1997) Study 1 244 PIES-P 8 100.0 E H CA Markstrom et al. (1997) Study 2 153 PIES-P 8 58.8 E H CA Martin et al. (2011) 154 PiL 20 50.0 E-M C US Martos and Kopp (2012) 4841 BSCI-P 8 58.8 F H HU Matheis et al. (2006) 75 SWBS-EWB 10 24.0 E-O C US Mcgaffic (1995) Community 35 PiL 20 80.0 M-V H US Mcgaffic (1995) Terminally ill 35 PiL 20 45.7 F C US McManus et al. (2019) 184 MLQ-P 5 44.0 E-O H US Mehnert and Koch (2008) 511 LAPR-C 8 F C DE Meng et al. (2022) 765 MLQ-P 5 E-M H CN Meraviglia (2006) 84 LAPR 48 100.0 M-O C US Meyer (1998) 23 LAPR-PMI 16 39.1 E-M C US Miller and Rottinghaus (2014) 229 MLQ-P 5 55.7 E H US Miller-Lewis et al. (2019) 276 MLQ-P 5 95.6 F H AU Mogollon (2021) Study 1 237 SFPS-S 16 56.5 E-O H US/CA Mogollon (2021) Study 2 399 SFPS-S 6 51.4 E-O H US Mogollon (2021) Study 2 399 MLQ-P 5 51.4 E-O H US Mogollon (2021) Study 3 484 SFPS-S 6 44.4 E-O H US Mohd Nazan (2017) 200 PiL 18 50.5 E-M H MY Moisseron-Baudé et al. (2022) 100 MLQ-P 5 51.0 E-O H FR Montag (2023) 955 MLQ-P 5 51.1 F H DE Móró et al. (2011) 589 PiL 20 41.9 E-M 5 H HU Morse (2021) Study 1a 945 Other 1 55.6 E-O H US Table 2 (continued) Study N Measure Items F Age Health Country Morse (2021) Study 1b 846 Ryff 7 54.7 E-O H US Morse (2021) Study 1b 846 Other 1 54.7 E-O H US Morse (2021) Study 1b 846 Other 1 54.7 E-O H US Morse (2021) Study 2 62 3DM-P 4 46.8 F H US Morse (2021) Study 2 62 3DM-C 4 46.8 F H US Morse (2021) Study 2 62 3DM-S 4 46.8 F H US Mosalum (1998) 36 Ryff 3 61.0 E-M H BH Moss et al. (2023) 259 MLQ-P 5 73.0 M-V H US Mundaden and Tungol (2021) 123 MLQ-F 10 100.0 E H IN Nakash et al. (2016) 110 MLQ-P 5 0.0 E H IL Negri et al. (2020) 464 MLQ-P 5 54.7 E-M H IT Neter et al. (2009) 92 PiL 18 72.8 E-O C IL Newman (2022) 6732 MLQ-P 1 58.7 F H US Newman et al. (2024) 1398 MLQ-P 3 60.3 E-O H US Newton et al. (2024) 19619 MLQ-P 2 100.0 M-V H NZ Ng and Yang (2023) 111 Ryff 10 64.5 M-V H SG Nowicki et al. (2020) 325 MLQ-P 5 96.7 E-M H PL O'Connor and Vallerand (1998) 128 Other 4 86.7 O-V H CA Olesovsky (2003) 81 LRI 28 54.0 E-O H US Owens et al. (2009) 174 MLQ-P 5 9.0 F H US Park et al. (2010) 731 MLQ-P 5 71.0 E-O H US Park et al. (2021) 542 MLQ-P 5 43.4 E-M H US Peacock and Reker (1982) 63 LAP-P 9 55.6 E-M H GB Pearson and Sheffield (1974) Females 80 PiL 20 100.0 E-O C GB Pearson and Sheffield (1974) Males 64 PiL 20 0.0 E-M C GB Pearson and Sheffield (1975) Females 97 PiL 20 100.0 E-O C GB Pearson and Sheffield (1975) Males 84 PiL 20 0.0 E-O C GB Pearson et al. (2015) 1277 LET 6 68.4 E H US Pedaprolu et al. (2021) 622 Ryff 3 31.8 E-O H IN Peebles (2006) 190 PiL 20 64.2 E-M H US Peng (1994) Americans 339 Ryff 3 F H US Table 2 (continued) Study N Measure Items F Age Health Country Peng (1994) Chinese Americans 132 Ryff 3 F H US Peng et al. (2020) 355 MLQ-P 5 0.0 E H CN Perryman (2003) 81 PiL 20 87.4 F H US Petersen and Roy (1985) 318 Other 3 F H US Pfund et al. (2022) 595 LET 6 56.0 O H US Phillips and Ferguson (2013) 185 MLQ-P 5 56.8 O-V H AU Pinquart and Frohlich (2009) 163 PiL 14 43.0 F C DE Plach et al. (2003) 156 Ryff 14 100.0 M-V C US Pollet and Schnell (2017) 475 SoMe-M 5 43.0 F H AT Pulopulos and Kozusznik (2018) Study 1 172 LET 6 52.3 E-M H US Pulopulos and Kozusznik (2018) Study 2 257 Ryff 9 51.7 E-M H US Ramos (2012) 691 Ryff 9 46.7 E-O H US Rasheed et al. (2022) 302 MLQ-P 5 63.9 E H PK Ratner and Burrow (2017) 252 Ryff 9 57.4 E-O H US Ratner et al. (2022) 1454 LET 6 46.0 E-O H US Reker (1977) 48 PiL 20 0.0 E-M H CA Reker and Cousins (1979) 248 PiL 20 76.2 E H CA Reker and Peacock (1981) 63 LAP-P 9 0.0 E H US Reker and Woo (2011) 120 LAP-P 8 51.2 M-V H CA Reker and Woo (2011) 120 LAP-C 8 51.2 M-V H CA Reynolds et al. (2022) 797 MLQ-P 5 77.8 E H US Rice-Erso (1988) 99 PiL 10 100.0 E-O C US Riedford (1997) 118 PiL 10 67.8 E-M H US Robinson (2022) 71 LET 6 14.1 F H US Robiou-Krischer (2008) 100 SWBS-EWB 10 100.0 E-O H US Roche (2021) 77 Ryff 14 56.3 O-V H US Russo-Netzer et al. (2019) Israelis 179 MLQ-P 5 52.0 E-M H IL Russo-Netzer et al. (2019) Non-Israelis 86 MLQ-P 5 75.6 E-M H IL Salt et al. (2017) 199 Ryff 14 100.0 M-O H US Schettino (2012) 890 Ryff 7 56.5 F H US Schlegel et al. (2011) Study 2 304 MLQ-P 5 86.2 E-O H US Schnell (2009) 603 SoMe-M 5 53.0 F 4 H AT Table 2 (continued) Study N Measure Items F Age Health Country Schnell and Danbolt (2023) 974 SoMe-M 5 51.0 F H DE Schnell and Krampe (2020) 1522 SoMe-M 5 65.0 F H DE / AT Schuurmans-Stekhoven (2018) 398 Ryff 7 49.0 M-V H JP Scott (2007) 52 PiL 20 58.0 E-O C US Shao et al. (2014) 214 LAP-P 3 40.2 M-V C CN Shelton (2018) 330 MLQ-P 5 71.2 M-O H US Shelton (2018) 330 PiL 7 71.2 M-O H US Shenkman et al. (2023) 121 Ryff 8 0.0 M-V H IL Sherman et al. (2011) 147 LRI 28 72.8 M-V H US Shiri et al. (2020) Hospice 35 MLQ-F 10 87.0 E-O H IL Shiri et al. (2020) Rehabilitation 36 MLQ-F 10 83.0 E-M H IL Shrira et al. (2011) 608 MLQ-P 5 56.0 E-O 4 H IL Siegel (2015) 54 FACIT-Sp-M 4 43.0 F C US Sinclair et al. (2016) 393 MLQ-P 5 27.3 E-M H US Singer et al. (2019) 292 Ryff 10 86.0 E-M H US Singh et al. (2013) 210 Ryff 9 0.0 E-M H IN Sipowicz et al. (2023) 46 LAPR-PMI 16 52.2 E-M H PL Sipowicz et al. (2023) Asperger syndrome 41 LAPR-PMI 16 7.3 E-M C PL Sipowicz et al. (2023) Asperger syndrome & depression 43 LAPR-PMI 16 27.9 E-M C PL Sipowicz et al. (2023) Depression 40 LAPR-PMI 16 62.5 E-M C PL Skarra (2014) 66 MiLS 21 62.1 M-V C US Smith et al. (2010) Study 2 259 Ryff 7 64.0 E H US Snow Lono (1993) 45 LAPR-P 8 66.7 F H CA Soleimani et al. (2018) 300 SWBS-EWB 10 57.3 F C IR Song et al. (2016) 305 FACIT-Sp-M 4 56.9 E-M C KR Sosik and Dworakivsky (1998) 64 PiL 5 15.0 E-M H US Sougleris and Ranzijn (2011) 227 Ryff 14 48.0 M-V H AU Spitzenstätter and Schnell (2022) 98 SoMe-M 5 70.0 E-M H AT Stanfill (2018) 344 SWBS-EWB 10 62.4 E-O H US Table 2 (continued) Study N Measure Items F Age Health Country Staton et al. (2003) 661 SWBS-EWB 9 0.0 E-M H US Stauner (2013) Early quarter 290 MLQ-P 5 69.0 E-M 2 H US Stauner (2013) End of quarter 270 Ryff 9 69.0 E-M 2 H US Steger et al. (2006) Study 1b 154 MLQ-P 5 70.0 E-M H US Steger et al. (2006) Study 3 70 MLQ-P 5 63.0 E-M H US Stockman (2008) 116 PiL 20 58.0 M H US Stockman (2008) 116 LRI 28 58.0 M H US Stolovy et al. (2009) 60 PiL 20 18.3 E-M C IL Stroope et al. (2013) 1648 Other 1 53.0 F H US Sumner (2017) 511 LET 6 58.9 E-O H US Sun et al. (2022) 852 MLQ-P 4 42.4 E H CN Sutin et al. (2022) - ELSA 8844 Other 1 56.1 F H GB Suzman-Schwartz (2001) 104 LRI 28 30.0 E-M C US T. Wang et al. (2023) Sample 6 478 CPS 12 80.8 E H CN T. Wang et al. (2023) Sample 6 478 PiL 4 80.8 E H CN T. Wang et al. (2023) Sample 6 478 Ryff 14 80.8 E H CN Taubman-Ben-Ari and Weintroub (2008) Nurses 66 PiL 20 98.5 E-M H IL Taubman-Ben-Ari and Weintroub (2008) Physicians 58 PiL 20 50.0 E-M H IL Teas et al. (2022) 235 Ryff 7 80.0 M-V H US Thill et al. (2020) 165 MLQ-P 5 54.6 E-M H LU Thomas (2023) 210 MLQ-P 5 0.0 E-M H US Thomas (2023) 210 MEMS-C 5 0.0 E-M H US Thomas (2023) 210 MEMS-P 5 0.0 E-M H US Thomas (2023) 210 MEMS-M 5 0.0 E-M H US Tigershtrom and Boyraz (2022) 227 EMAS-R 12 79.3 E-O H US Tigershtrom and Boyraz (2022) 227 MLQ-P 5 79.3 E-O H US Triadó et al. (2007) 422 Ryff 9 52.6 O-V H ES Trott (1996) 184 SWBS-EWB 10 37.0 E-M H US Trzebiński et al. (2020) 306 Other 8 74.8 E-M H PL Tsang (2021) 252 MLQ-P 5 52.4 F H HK Table 2 (continued) Study N Measure Items F Age Health Country Türkarslan et al. (2020) Females 156 PiL NR 100.0 E-M H TR Türkarslan et al. (2020) Males 73 PiL NR 0.0 E-M H TR Updegrove (2019) 76 PiL 4 97.4 E-M H US Usta and Bayram (2021) 72 MLQ-P 5 27.8 M-V H TR Van Der Wende (2000) 50 Ryff 20 84.0 E-O C US van Doornik et al. (2021) Control 63 MEMS 15 100.0 E 4 H NL van Doornik et al. (2021) Experimental 65 MEMS 15 100.0 E 4 H NL van Doornik et al. (2023) 112 MLQ-P 5 100.0 E H NL van Doornik et al. (2023) 112 MEMS 15 100.0 E H NL Van Orden et al. (2012) T1 65 GSIS-M 8 60.0 M-V C US Van Tilburg (2021) 1316 ELQ-M 7 52.0 M-V H NL Vanhooren et al. (2016) 337 MLQ-P 5 14.5 E-O H BE Vanhooren et al. (2022) 358 MILM-E 4 82.4 F H BE Vardeman (2017) 116 LET 6 82.0 E-M H US Vehling et al. (2012) 178 LAPR-PMI 16 46.7 F C DE Velasco-Gonzalez and Rioux (2014) 133 SWBS-EWB 7 63.2 M-V H FR Vermote et al. (2023) 693 MLQ-P 3 62.1 O-V H BE Wang et al. (2022) 245 MLQ-P 5 72.7 E-O H CA Warner and Williams (1987) 234 ML 15 59.8 M-V C CA Warner and Williams (1987) 188 PiL 20 59.8 M-V C CA Wettstein et al. (2015) 89 Ryff 9 V H DE Wheaton (1972) Inmates 78 PiL 20 0.0 E-M 2 H US Wineman (1990) 118 PiL 20 67.8 E-O C US Wingo et al. (2020) 5441 Ryff 10 70.6 F H US Wnuk et al. (2012) 50 PiL 20 92.0 F C PL Woo (2011) Study 1 228 LAPR-PMI 6 61.0 M-V H US Wu et al. (2013) 165 PiL 6 55.0 E H CN Yakushko (2004) 691 Ryff 9 100.0 F H US Yampolsky et al. (2008) 85 SWBS-EWB 10 F C US/CA Yeung and Breheny (2019) 452 LET 6 45.5 M-V C NZ Yeung et al. (2019) 352 LET 6 14.0 M-V H NZ Yeung et al. (2022) 380 LET 6 50.3 M-V C NZ Table 2 (continued) Study N Measure Items F Age Health Country Yiu-kee and Tang (1990) 238 PiL 20 52.1 E-M H HK Yoon et al. (2015) 450 MLQ-P 5 75.3 E-O H US Yoon et al. (2021) 132 MLQ-P 5 71.2 E-M H US Yu et al. (2016) Asian American 107 MLQ-P 5 57.0 E H US Yu et al. (2016) European American 131 MLQ-P 5 69.5 E H US Yu et al. (2017) Females 132 MLQ-P 5 100.0 E H US Yu et al. (2017) Males 117 MLQ-P 5 0.0 E H US Zambianchi and Carelli (2018) 245 Ryff 7 58.0 M-V H IT Zeitchik (2000) 107 PiL 20 62.0 E-O H US Zhang and Zhang (2017) 720 Krause 8 63.3 M-V H CN Zhang et al. (2019) Wave 1 283 PiL 6 60.4 E H CN Zhao et al. (2022) 705 MLQ-P 5 31.6 E-M H CN Zhao and Zhang (2022) 1213 MLQ-F 10 72.7 E H CN Zheng and Wang (2020) 309 MLQ-P 5 70.2 E-O 6 H CN Zheng and Wang (2022) Study 2 346 MLM-Pr 5 49.4 E 1 H CN Zheng and Wang (2022) Study 2 346 MLM-V 4 49.4 E 1 H CN Zheng and Wang (2022) Study 2 346 MLM-Pu 4 49.4 E 1 H CN Zhou et al. (2021) 204 Krause 4 44.1 M-O H CN Zhou et al. (2022) 538 MLQ-P 5 53.2 E-O H CN Zhu et al. (2022) 291 MMILS-MIL 4 59.1 E H CN Zuckerman (2017) 172 MLQ-P 5 74.4 F H US Notes. 1. Minimum age = 15. 2. Minimum age = 17. 3: Minimum age = 12. 4. Minimum age = 16. 5. Minimum age = 13. 6. Minimum age = 14. Based on the above criteria and initial inspection, 394 articles met the criteria. However, more detailed inspection of this study pool, in preparation for data extraction, led to the further exclusion of 59 articles. Twenty articles were excluded as they reported correlations that used a sample that overlapped with another article. In these cases, we sought to retain the article that provided the most comprehensive study in terms of sample and measurement. Six articles used data from the longitudinal U.S Health and Retirement Study (see Table S2). The HRS (Health and Retirement Study) is sponsored by the National Institute on Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740) and is conducted by the University of Michigan. Including all six studies would have led to sample overlap and potentially biasing results, given the large sample sizes. As data was publicly available for all bi-annual HRS waves from 2006–2018, a decision was made to use the available data for greater completeness. Therefore, all six articles were replaced with a single combined ‘HRS’ study. Twelve articles used data from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the US (see Table S3). Given the common thread of participants throughout MIDUS waves I, II and III, the Homan and Kong (2020) study was retained as MIDUS II employed the 7-item version of the Ryff scale (as opposed to the less reliable 3-item version in MIDUS I) and closely resembled verifiable results from publicly available data (see OSF registry). Therefore seven studies using MIDUS data were excluded due to sample overlap. Seventeen additional studies were excluded due to concerns with how purpose or age was measured or to discrepancies between the reported age-purpose correlation and the supporting text. Eleven studies were excluded due to issues with the sample construction, with the sample either being younger than initially thought (adolescents), too small, or due to difficulty determining which subsample group the correlation belonged to. One further study was excluded due to purpose being rated by an informant (rather than self-rated). References for all excluded studies can be found in the OSF registry. The final set consisted of 335 articles and 401 studies. Some articles reported purpose and age correlations separately for different groups (e.g., males and females), and for separate measures of purpose, and these were treated as separate studies. If a purpose scale included purpose and age correlations for both the full scale and for subscales, the full-scale correlation was extracted, with the exception being the previously mentioned meaning in life questionnaire. Data Extraction and Data Coding Procedures For each included study, we extracted the following study features: year of study, sample size, purpose measure, number of items in purpose measure, internal reliability (Cronbach alpha) of purpose measure for the study, percentage female, percentage Caucasian, age range of participants, whether the age range was reported, mean age, country of sample, language of study, type of sample (e.g., clinical or healthy), the source of the correlations (e.g., from the article, provided following correspondence with author, etc.), reference details, additional notes, and the zero-order correlation between purpose and age. In regards to data extraction and coding, the year of study was extracted as the year of publication if not explicitly stated in the text. If the data gathering exercise for a study spanned multiple years, the most recent year was chosen. Not all studies provided an age range, yet each study was coded into age range categories including emerging (E) for 18–39 years, middle (M) for 40–64 years, old (O) for 65–79 years, and very old (V) for 80 years and above. As an example, a study with an age range of 18–70 would be coded as E-O. When a study failed to provide the age range, the age range was calculated using the mean age, standard deviation and study text. For a number of these studies the study text often included clues as to the age range (e.g., middle aged or students etc.). Those studies reporting age ranges were coded as R (reported), with those not reporting age range coded as C (calculated). Studies were coded as ‘core’ if the purpose scale was a known measure and included at least 5 items. Five was chosen as this is the number of items in the well-established meaning in life questionnaire presence subscale and several studies involving purpose measures with fewer items have shown low internal consistency. In coding each study sample as clinical (C) or healthy (H), the clinical designation was reserved for those samples that had a clear physical (e.g., cancer) or mental health (e.g., major depressive disorder) diagnosis. In the cases of elderly samples, if no specific sample-wide condition was mentioned then a status of H was assigned. However, there were a small number of cases where the study text clearly outlined a dependent living status, in which case C was chosen. All data was extracted into Excel by the first author, with each study reviewed multiple times to check for data extraction accuracy. Missing Data Despite the extensive search and number of studies included in the meta-analysis, it is very difficult to identify, retrieve, and include every relevant study. In addition, there is the very real possibility that non-significant results are less likely to be published (Rosenthal, 1979 ). Following the process outlined by Habeck and Schultz ( 2015 ) we tested for publication bias using Egger's regression test (Egger et al. 1997 ; Sterne and Egger 2005 ) by modifying the regression model to include the standard error of the effect sizes as a moderator. If the intercept significantly deviates from zero, the overall relationship between the precision and size of studies included in the data set is considered asymmetrical, and therefore, biased (Sterne and Egger 2005 ). Diagnostic tests for identifying, and rules for excluding, outliers and influential data points are still evolving for multivariate/multi-level meta-analytical models (Viechtbauer and Cheung 2010 ). With limited options currently available using the metafor package with the rma.mv() function, we define influential outliers as effect sizes with hat values (i.e. diagonal elements of the hat matrix) greater than two times the average hat value (i.e. influential) and standardized residual values exceeding 3.0 (i.e. outliers; Stevens, 1984 ; Viechtbauer and Cheung, 2010 ; Aguinis et al., 2013 ). Data Analytic Approach Meta-analytic correlations were estimated using a random effects model (Raudenbush, 2009 ) with the metafor package in R (Viechtbauer, 2010 ). The random effects model assumes that the primary studies in a meta-analysis are a random sample of the population of studies. Most traditional random effects models focus on sampling variation and variation between studies (Houben et al., 2015 ). However, a key assumption is that included subject samples are independent (Assink et al., 2015 ), which is violated when multiple effect sizes are extracted from the same study sample as is the case with the current meta-analysis. Therefore, we performed a three-level meta-analysis that allows the effect sizes to be correlated within a study (Assink & Wibbelink, 2016 ; Cheung, 2014 ). This approach models three sources of variance: sampling variance of the observed effect sizes (Level 1), variance between effect sizes from the same study (Level 2), and variance between studies (Level 3) (Assink et al., 2015 ). The R syntax followed the guidance provided by Assink & Wibbelink ( 2016 ), using the function “rma.mv” of the metafor package (Viechtbauer, 2010 ) with R version 4.3.1 (R Core Team, 2021 ). As explained in Assink et al. ( 2015 ), all model parameters were estimated using the restricted maximum likelihood estimation method. Continuous moderator variables were mean-centred and dummy variables were created for all categorical moderators (see data files: Pur_Age_R_Data_File_v3.csv). Meta-regression models used the t distribution to test individual regression coefficients and calculate confidence intervals. The F-distribution was used to test moderator models, testing the null hypothesis that all group means are equal (categorical moderators) and the assumption of no relationship between a continuous moderator and effect sizes. Log-likelihood-ratio-tests were performed to test level 2 and level 3 variance for each model (see Assink et al., 2015 ; Assink & Wibbelink, 2016 ). The log-likelihood-ratio-tests were performed one-tailed and all other tests were performed two-tailed. We considered p-values of .05 as statistically significant. All correlations were Fisher’s Z transformed prior to running the models. For Fisher’s Z, it has been shown that the sampling variance is equal to 1/( N − 3), with N equal to the sample size (Lipsey & Wilson, 2001 ). This was used to derive the sampling variance for each study. Measures Purpose and Meaning Scales Across all studies, 29 recognised meaning and purpose scales were employed (see Table 1 ), with scale items reviewed for 27 of those scales (see Table 1 , note 4 for the 2 scales where items were unavailable). Of the studies that employed the meaning in life questionnaire, a small number of these used the full 10-item version which sums the scores on the presence of meaning and search for meaning subscale. For the remainder, the presence of meaning subscale was used due to its focus on the existence of meaning in one’s life. If scales were measuring broader constructs (such as spirituality) then only the subscale data relating to meaning and purpose was extracted. For some scales, a deliberate decision was made to omit data relating to certain subscales that may have a claim to relating to purpose and meaning. This was the case for the studies employing the life attitude profile scale, where data was only extracted for the purpose, coherence and personal meaning index subscales (the latter being a composite score of the two previously mentioned subscales). Three of the 29 scales may be regarded as somewhat different to the rest, with both the Sources of Meaning Profile (Revised) and the Personal Meaning Profile asking participants about their engagement with ‘sources of meaning’ in their lives (such as relationships or achievement related activities). Both scales have been shown to be valid measures of meaning. The Engagement in Meaningful Activities Survey (Revised) is slightly different again, with all questions asking participants about the quality of and benefits derived from their activities (e.g., ‘the activities I do help other people’). Studies using fewer than five items to measure meaning or purpose were marked as non-core. Frequently this was where studies used a shortened version of a longer scale or where data were only available for a shorter subscale measure. Only one study failed to report the number of items in its purpose scale (Türkarslan et al., 2020). This study employed the well-established purpose in life scale which is usually employed with the full 20-item version. For this reason the study was marked as core. Adhoc Purpose Measures A small number of studies employed measures of purpose and meaning that could not be traced to established scales. For all but one of these studies, the items used were listed in the accompanying article and were reviewed for appropriateness. Some of the studies used a single item measure, usually asking directly about one’s perception of their level of purpose or meaning in life. The only studies employing ad hoc measures that were marked as core were Lee et al. ( 2017 ) and Trzebiński et al. (2020). Lee et al. ( 2017 ) employed a 5-item version reported as a modified version of the purpose in life scale. Trzebiński et al. (2020) employed an 8-item measure of purpose reported as a combination of the presence of meaning subscale from the meaning in life questionnaire and the Orientation to Life Questionnaire (Antonovsky, 1987 ), sometimes referred to as the Sense of Coherence scale. On verification the eight listed items did not appear on either scale, but were appropriately worded for meaning and purpose. Results Summary of the Literature A summary of the studies included in the meta-analysis is provided in Table 2 , with further details provided in the OSF repository. In total, the meta-analysis included 401 purpose and age correlations (351 core and 50 noncore) across a total sample of 194,296 participants. Non-clinical participants participated in 328 of the studies with the remaining 73 studies reporting participants with a clinical diagnosis (50 with a physical diagnosis, 17 with a mental health or substance use disorder diagnosis, and the remainder requiring general care or reporting a combined physical/mental diagnosis). The 29 recognised purpose and meaning scales spanned 388 of the 401 studies, with 13 studies employing ad hoc measures. Sixty eight percent of studies used either the meaning in life questionnaire (see Steger et al., 2006), the purpose in life scale (see Crumbaugh and Maholick, 1964 ), the purpose subscale from Ryff’s psychological well-being scale (see Ryff, 1989 ), or the Life Engagement Test (Scheier et al., 2006 ). Fifty-six of the studies were from prior to the year 2000, with 275 occurring after 2010, reflecting the growth in interest in purpose and meaning research. Just over 100 studies came from dissertations reflecting the breadth and depth of the literature search. Regarding age range, 147 studies included the very old (80 + years), with 102 studies only including up to old age (< 80 years), and 152 studies spanning emerging adulthood and middle age. Despite relative symmetry in the funnel plot (Fig. 2 ), we detected publication bias in the overall data set ( p = .034). We did not detect influential outliers in the overall data set. Meta-Analytic Correlations The overall meta-analytic association between purpose in life and age was estimated by fitting a three-level meta-analytic model to the data consisting of an intercept only that represents the overall effect. The overall effect is .05 (expressed in Fisher’s Z r ) with a standard error of .01. This overall effect is significant ( t (400) = 6.50, p < .001). Expressed as a zero-order correlation, the overall effect is r = .045 [95% CIs .03, .06], p < .001, indicating that across samples higher purpose in life was significantly associated with increasing age, with the overall effect size in the small range. A forest plot showing effect sizes and confidence intervals for all 401 studies is shown in the supplementary materials (see Figure S1). The results for the test for heterogeneity reveal significant variation between all effect sizes, Q (400) = 3092.15, p < .001. The significance of the between study variance was tested by comparing the fit of the original three-level model with the fit of a two-level model with between study variance fixed at zero. Table 3 shows that between study variance is significant ( p < .001). Following formulas outlined by Cheung ( 2014 ) and R syntax provided by Assink and Wibbelink ( 2016 ), the distribution of variance across the three levels of the meta-model was tested. Results showed that 13.46 percent of the total variance can be attributed to variance at level 1 (i.e., the typical within-study sampling variance); 0.28 percent of the total variance can be attributed to differences between effect sizes within studies at level 2 (i.e., within study variance); and 86.25 percent of the total variance can be attributed to differences between studies at level 3 (i.e., between-study variance). Moderator analysis was performed in order to examine variables that may explain the significant between-study variance. Table 3 Heterogeneity of Between-Study Variance (Level 3) Full df AIC BIC AICc logLik LRT p QE 3 -494.20 -482.23 -494.14 250.01 3092.15 Reduced 2 -457.28 -449.30 -457.25 230.64 38.92 < .0001 3092.15 Moderator Analyses Categorical Moderators with two Categories Omnibus tests based on the F distribution (using the Knapp and Hartung adjustment; Knapp & Hartung, 2003 ) were employed separately for each moderator. There were no significant moderators of the overall effect by health status (healthy: k = 328; clinical: k = 73), F (1, 399) = 0.69, p = .407, core measure (core: k = 351; non-core: k = 50, F (1, 399) = 0.90, p = 0.345, language (English: k = 266; other: k = 135), F (1, 399) = 0.44, p = 0.506, or data source (journal: k = 296; other: k = 105), F (1, 399) = 3.58, p = 0.059. Mean effects and confidence intervals for all of these categories are provided in Table S4. Categorical Moderators with Multiple Categories Type of purpose scale moderator categories were based on core (five or more items) purpose scales that were used in five or more studies. All other studies were grouped under the ‘other’ category. The results of the omnibus test demonstrate that type of purpose scale moderates the overall association between age and purpose, F (9, 391) = 3.28, p < .001, with regression coefficients (Table 4 ) for both the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (presence subscale) and the Sources of Meaning (meaningfulness subscale) deviating significantly from zero, with mean effects for both significantly higher than the mean effect of the ‘other’ category (mean effects calculated by adding the regression coefficient to the intercept, MLQ-P: k = 92, Z r = .08; SoMe-M: k = 5, Z r = .19). Mean effects for all scale categories are shown in Table 5 . Table 4 Regression Model Results for Type of Purpose Scale as Moderator Moderator Studies Beta SE t p 95% CI LL UL Other (Intercept) 99 .02 .01 1.67 .095 − .00 .05 EWB 21 .04 .03 1.17 .243 − .03 .10 Krause 6 − .01 .05 -0.28 .780 − .11 .09 LAP 18 .03 .04 0.75 .451 − .05 .11 LET 16 .04 .03 1.19 .233 − .02 .10 LRI 11 .03 .04 0.68 .505 − .05 .10 MLQ-P 92 .06 .02 3.56 < .001 .03 .09 PiL 77 .04 .02 1.96 .050 − .00 .08 Ryff 56 − .02 .02 -1.14 .254 − .06 .02 SoMe 5 .17 .06 2.99 .003 .06 .27 Table 5 Mean Effects for Type of Purpose Scale as Moderator Moderator Studies Mean Effect ( Z r ) SE t p 95% CI LL UL Other 99 .02 .01 1.67 .095 − .00 .05 EWB 21 .06 .03 2.02 .044 .00 .11 Krause 6 .01 .05 0.14 .887 − .09 .10 LAP 18 .05 .04 1.32 .187 − .03 .13 LET 16 .06 .03 2.04 .042 .00 .11 LRI 11 .05 .04 1.29 .197 − .02 .12 MLQ-P 92 .08 .01 6.33 < .001 .06 .11 PiL 77 .06 .02 3.65 < .001 .03 .09 Ryff 56 .00 .02 0.05 .963 − .03 .03 SoMe 5 .19 .05 3.47 < .001 .08 .29 As per the pre-registration, age group moderator categories were analysed if they included five or more studies. The emerging to very old category was used as the reference group for regression analysis as this category spanned all ages. The results of the omnibus showed a moderating effect for age group, F (7, 393) = 10.36, p < .001. Regression models (Table 6 ) showed that emerging to very old (E-V, k = 72), middle to very old (M-V, k = 53), and old to very old (O-V, k = 23) were all significant predictors of the association between age and purpose (E-V: t (393) = 4.46, p < .001; M-V: t (393) = -4.56, p < .001; O-V: t (393) = -5.0, p < .001). Mean effects of all age groups (Table 7 ) ranged from − .09 (old to very old) to .10 (emerging to old, k = 89). Mean effects for five of the eight age groups differed significantly from zero ( p < .05). Perhaps of greatest interest is the change in direction of the effect from positive to negative in groups that included the very old and excluded the emerging. The effect for the middle to very old (M-V, k = 53) and old to very old (O-V, k = 23) groups was negative and significant (M-V: Z r = − .04 [95% CIs − .08, − .01], p = .021; O-V: Z r = -.09 [95% CIs − .15, − .04], p = .001). Table 6 Regression Model Results for Age Group as Moderator Moderator Studies Beta SE t p 95% CI LL UL Emerging to Very Old (Intercept) 72 .07 .02 4.46 < .001 .04 .09 Emerging 60 − .03 .02 -1.51 .132 − .08 .01 Emerging to Middle 87 .02 .02 1.15 .252 − .02 .06 Emerging to Old 89 .03 .02 1.52 .129 − .01 .07 Middle 5 − .05 .07 -0.70 .487 − .18 .09 Middle to Old 12 − .04 .04 -0.99 .324 − .12 .04 Middle to very Old 53 − .11 .02 -4.59 < .001 − .15 − .06 Old to Very Old 23 − .16 .03 -5.00 < .001 − .22 − .09 Table 7 Mean Effects for Age Group as Moderator Moderator Studies Mean Effect ( Z r ) SE t p 95% CI LL UL Emerging to Very Old 72 .07 .02 4.46 < .001 .04 .09 Emerging 60 .03 .02 1.92 .055 − .00 .06 Emerging to Middle 87 .09 .01 6.20 < .001 .06 .12 Emerging to Old 89 .10 .01 6.86 < .001 .07 .12 Middle 5 .02 .07 0.27 .790 − .11 .15 Middle to Old 12 .03 .04 0.66 .510 − .05 .10 Middle to very Old 53 − .04 .02 -2.31 .021 − .08 − .01 Old to Very Old 23 − .09 .03 -3.29 .001 − .15 − .04 There was a significant moderating effect for geographical region, F (5, 395) = 2.80, p = .017. The mean effect of the Asia and Middle East region ( Z r = .00) was significantly different from the mean effect of the Americas ( Z r = .06) as evidenced by a significant regression coefficient, t (395) = -3.08, p = .002 (see Table 8 ). Mean effects for the Americas ( Z r = .06) and Europe, UK and Ireland ( Z r = .06) differed significantly from zero ( p < .001) (see Table 9 ). Table 8 Regression Model Results for Region as Moderator Moderator Studies Beta SE t p 95% CI LL UL Americas (Intercept) 224 .06 .01 6.28 < .001 .04 .08 Africa 7 − .09 .05 -1.74 .084 − .19 .01 Europe, UK & Ireland 79 − .00 .02 -0.02 .983 − .04 .04 Australia & New Zealand 12 − .04 .04 -1.16 .246 − .12 .03 Asia & Middle East 75 − .06 .02 -3.08 .002 − .10 − .02 Global 4 .06 .08 0.73 .464 − .10 .22 Table 9 Mean Effects for Region as Moderator Moderator Studies Mean Effect ( Z r ) SE t p 95% CI LL UL Americas 224 .06 .01 6.28 < .001 .04 .08 Africa 7 − .03 .05 -0.55 .580 − .13 .07 Europe, UK & Ireland 79 .06 .02 3.87 < .001 .03 .09 Australia & New Zealand 12 .02 .04 0.51 .611 − .05 .09 Asia & Middle East 75 .00 .02 0.25 .804 − .03 .04 Global 4 .12 .08 1.49 .137 − .04 .29 Continuous Moderators Neither year of study, F (1, 399) = 2.07, p = .151, nor percentage female, F (1, 386) = .03, p = .85, were significant moderators. Similarly, power distance, F (1, 390) = .17, p = .676, individualism, F (1, 390) = .97, p = .325, uncertainty avoidance, F (1, 390) = .03, p = .869, and long term orientation, F (1, 390) = .50, p = .481, were not significant moderators. However, motivation towards achievement and success was a significant moderator, F (1, 390) = 8.37, p = .004. The regression coefficient is positive ( B = .00, t (390) = 2.89, p = .004), indicating that the higher a country scores on motivation towards achievement and success, the higher the reported effects in the primary studies. Similarly, indulgence was a significant moderator, F (1, 390) = 5.83, p = .016. The regression coefficient is also positive ( B = .00; t (390) = 2.42, p = .016), indicating that the higher a country scores on indulgence, the higher the reported effects in the primary studies. Multiple Moderator Model The multiple moderator model examines the unique effects of variables that have been identified as significant moderators in univariate analysis (Assink & Wibbelink, 2016 ), by extending the meta-analytic model by adding such variables. Therefore the meta-analytic model was extended with the variables; purpose scale type, age group, geographical region, Hofstede’s motivation towards achievement and success, and Hofstede’s indulgence. The overall model is significant ( F (22, 369) = 5.87, p = < .001), with significant unexplained variance remaining, QE (369) = 1449.84, p < .001. The Meaning in Life Questionnaire (presence subscale) and the Sources of Meaning (meaningfulness subscale) remained significant predictors (MLQ-P: . B = 041, t (369) = 2.63, p = .009; SoMe-M: B = .12, t (369) = 2.12, p = .035), which implies that both moderators are robust in that they are not confounded by other variables in the model. Of particular interest, the Ryff scale in the multiple moderator model also became a significant predictor ( B = − .04, t (369) = -2.44, p = .015). The fact that the regression coefficients for both the MLQ-P and Ryff are equal and opposite is of particular note, with the former showing that reported effects in the primary studies are higher when the MLQ-P is used (relative to ‘other’ scales), and lower when the Ryff scale is used (relative to ‘other’ scales). Relative to the emerging to very old age group, the same four age groups remained significant predictors in the multiple moderator model (Table 10 ), with higher reported effects in primary studies for the emerging to middle and emerging to old groups, and lower reported effects for the middle to very old and old to very old groups. No geographical region category held a unique moderating effect in the multiple moderator model. Of the two Hofstede cultural dimension categories, only motivation towards achievement and success remained significant in the multiple model. Table 10 Multiple Moderator Model Moderator Beta SE t p 95% CI LL UL Intercept 0.02 0.02 1.12 .263 -0.02 0.06 EWB -0.00 0.03 -0.05 .959 -0.06 0.06 Krause 0.07 0.05 1.45 .147 -0.02 0.16 LAP 0.01 0.04 0.34 .737 -0.06 0.09 LET 0.03 0.03 0.90 .369 -0.03 0.09 LRI 0.04 0.04 0.98 .328 -0.04 0.12 MLQ-P 0.04 0.02 2.63 .009 0.01 0.07 PiL 0.03 0.02 1.67 .095 -0.01 0.07 Ryff -0.04 0.02 -2.44 .015 -0.07 -0.01 SoMe 0.12 0.06 2.12 .035 0.01 0.23 Emerging -0.01 0.02 -0.23 .820 -0.05 0.04 Emerging to Middle 0.05 0.02 2.29 .023 0.01 0.08 Emerging to Old 0.05 0.02 2.29 .023 0.01 0.08 Middle -0.04 0.07 -0.61 .543 -0.17 0.09 Middle to Old -0.01 0.04 -0.33 .738 -0.09 0.06 Middle to very Old -0.09 0.02 -3.58 < .001 -0.13 -0.04 Old to Very Old -0.14 0.03 -4.46 < .001 -0.20 -0.08 Africa -0.06 0.05 -1.30 .196 -0.15 0.03 Europe, UK & Ireland 0.03 0.02 1.48 .139 -0.01 0.08 Australia & New Zealand 0.02 0.04 0.70 .487 -0.04 0.09 Asia & Middle East 0.01 0.03 0.16 .871 -0.06 0.07 MTAS 0.00 0.00 2.27 .024 0.00 0.00 Indulgence 0.00 0.00 1.77 .077 0.00 0.00 Discussion The present study aimed to assess the relationship between purpose or meaning in life and age across the adult lifespan. The results supported the pre-registered hypothesis, revealing a small positive relationship across 401 studies spanning sixty years of purpose and meaning research and all continents. This represents a significant update to Pinquart’s previous meta-analysis which suggested a small effect of declines in purpose with older age. Also in line with the pre-registered hypotheses was the fact that the type of purpose or meaning scale showed a significant moderating effect. Exploratory analysis revealed that the age group of the participants, and Hofstede’s cultural dimension of motivation towards achievement and success were significant moderators of the relationship between age and purpose or meaning. There were no significant differences in the effect sizes of primary studies for clinical versus healthy participants, core versus non-core measures of meaning and purpose, English versus non-English language, and journal articles versus other sources. In addition, the year of study and the percentage female within each sample showed no moderating effects. The finding that type of scale employed had an (albeit small) effect on the relationship between purpose or meaning and age is an important finding. It supports the notion that not all purpose and meaning scales are created equal, with potentially factorial, temporal and sub-dimension differences. These differences have been commented on substantially within the literature (Hicks & King, 2009 ; George and Park, 2016a ; Leontiev, 2013 , Martela & Steger, 2016 ). The present study found that the 5-item presence of meaning scale (MLQ-P) and the 5-item sources of meaning – meaningfulness scale (SoMe-M) both led to an elevated and positive purpose/meaning and age correlation when compared to primary studies using scales deemed as other. In contrast, the Ryff purpose scale had the effect of reducing the overall correlation between purpose/meaning and age, with a mean effect of essentially zero across all studies, supporting the pre-registered hypothesis that scales with a greater future-focus would potentially reduce the purpose-age relationship. This is further support for socioemotional selectivity theory (Carstensen, 1995 , 2021 , Carstensen et al., 1999 ) and the previously mentioned arguments by Pfund et al. ( 2023 ) suggesting that certain items favouring a future-focus (e.g., “I live life one day at a time and don’t really think about the future”, and “I tend to focus on the present, because the future nearly always brings me problems.”), may be failing to capture a more present-focused perspective of meaning and purpose as experienced by older adults. However, these findings need to be balanced in light of the discovery that the age to meaning/purpose relationship is stronger (more positive) for countries scoring higher on motivation towards achievement and success. It may be that societies driven by achievement and success, such as the USA, facilitate a culture of continued striving for achievements that may even outlast organisational life and support the continuation of more personal purpose and meaning endeavours into older age. In the new language of the tripartite model of meaning (George and Park, 2016a ; Martela & Steger, 2016 ), the effect of scale type might also be attributed to dimensions of coherence/comprehension and significance/mattering. It is clear that both the MLQ-P and the SoMe-M possess a higher proportion of items relating to comprehension and coherence (e.g., MLQ-P: “I understand my life’s meaning.”; SoMe-M: “I think my life has a deeper meaning.”). In addition, although both the MLQ-P and Ryff’s scale focus on purpose and purposeful living, they do so in different ways, with the former leaving the participant to define purpose (“my life has a clear sense of purpose.”) and the latter choosing to align purpose with goals and accomplishments (e.g., “I know what I want to accomplish in my life.”, and “I used to set goals for myself, but that now seems like a waste of time.”). Regarding significance/mattering the SoMe-M items (e.g., “I feel part of a bigger whole”, and “I lead a fulfilled life”) show strong alignment to these concepts. Looked at holistically and the differences start to magnify, with scales focused on broader, and more temporally-integrated conceptions, such as a sense of understanding of one’s life, the perception that one’s life matters in the grander scheme of things, and a definition of purpose free of interpretation. Leontiev ( 2017 ) comments on the alignment of the tripartite model of meaning with previously identified cognitive, motivational and emotional components of meaning (Reker & Wong, 1988 ). In this model comprehension and coherence represent cognitive activity, with mattering and significance being an emotional concern, and purpose acting as a motivational vehicle. The view that one’s emotional life becomes an increasingly important element of psychological well-being into advancing age is already well supported in the literature, most prominently by socioemotional selectivity theory (Carstensen, 1995 , 2021 , Carstensen et al., 1999 ). This aligns well with the notion that mattering and significance play an expanding role throughout aging in preserving a sense of meaning and purpose. Less established is the finding that comprehension and coherence may also play a critical role in preserving meaning and well-being into advanced age. Coherence plays a key role in Antonovsky’s work on health promotion by drawing on order and understanding as a coping mechanism for potential stressors (Antonovsky, 1987 ). The Meaning Frame Theory (Noguchi, 2020 ) highlights the need for a frame of reference in order for someone or something to be considered meaningful. These frames may refer to the self, others (in a broad sense meaning outside of the self), and/or a purpose. Meaning in the self-frame is developed by coherence through self-integrity or identity. This may provide an important reference for older adults who may be better equipped to derive meaning through reflections on narrative self-integrity and authentic living. The ‘outside-the-self’, emotional frame may provide an alternative way to look at some of the findings from Socioemotional Selectivity Theory, suggesting that significance and mattering may be one such vehicle for achieving psychological well-being. Meaning as sense making is the core of the Meaning Maintenance Model (Proulx & Inzlicht, 2012 ) which links meaning to the degree to which relationships between events, objects, and experiences are as expected. If cognitive mechanisms are propping up purpose and meaning into older age, then there may be fragility to such foundations as cognitive abilities inevitably decline at some point. Indeed, in age group moderation, multivariate analysis showed that effect sizes were significantly reduced (and negative) for both the middle to very old and old to very old categories, compared with the emerging to very old categories. Further, the age and purpose/meaning association changed from positive to negative for these two age groups that included the very old and excluded the emerging age bracket. The question of which cognitive abilities underpin a sense of comprehension and coherence is an interesting one. If sense making is reliant on mental representations of expected relationships (Proulx & Inzlicht, 2012 ), and compensatory efforts to restore such, when violated, then future research should examine the role of relational thinking and reasoning (Alexander, 2016 ) to understand the neural and cognitive underpinnings of meaning as comprehension. Relational thinking involves perceiving patterns (Alexander, 2016 ), with relational reasoning harnessing this pattern recognition for higher cognitive purposes. One of these purposes may include generating a sense of coherence in life, by reflecting on relationships that include temporal reflections (past to present consistency in terms of self-integrity), current interpersonal relationships, as well as fitting current circumstances into well-understood schemas. Relational reasoning studies involving visuo-spatial and analogous reasoning tasks have shown that increasingly abstract processing leads to a posterior-to-anterior recruitment shift in the pre-frontal cortex (Krawczyk et al., 2011 ). Evidence of age-related deficits in relational processing via analogical reasoning is mixed (Byczewska-Konieczny et al., 2019 ), with declines usually attributed to broader well-understood cognitive declines in processing speed, inhibitory control and working memory (Byczewska-Konieczny et al., 2019 ; also see Zanto & Gazzaley, 2019 for aging of the frontal lobe). Further work is needed to understand the cognitive and neural foundations of meaning as comprehension, and how this relates to cognitive aging. Strengths, Limitations, and Future Directions There are some significant strengths of the current study. It is the first to synthesize the meaning and purpose literature, across the full sixty year history, as it relates to aging, with a consideration for both methodological and theoretical moderators. Also the large number of primary studies can offer confidence in the current findings. However, several limitations should also be noted. Overall, despite the broad geographical coverage, over 50% of studies included in the analysis were from U.S. samples which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other regions. Additionally, the variables assessed as moderators explained only a portion of between-study variance. Given the cross-sectional and linear nature of the study firm conclusions cannot be drawn about the longitudinal developmental trajectory of purpose and meaning in life or whether that trajectory is better served by non-linear models. There is some evidence from the current study that levels of meaning and purpose may start to decline towards older age, with this age related decline happening at more advanced ages than previously reported. Similarly, despite year of study not being a significant moderator, cohort effects cannot be ruled out in this study. One possible explanation for the difference in results of this study versus previous meta-analysis (Pinquart, 2002 ) may be due to cohort effects, whereby younger adults are reporting lower purpose or meaning scores in more recent times, potentially due to societal changes that have increased financial burdens on younger adults (housing and education price rises) and led to increases in mental health concerns among this age group. The current findings offer a number of promising avenues for future research. Firstly, this study provides support for the multi-dimensional nature of meaning and purpose, and recent efforts to move towards such a model. Studies that address lifespan differences in various facets of meaning and purpose will be critical for developing a more nuanced understanding of the association between age and purpose. Results of the current study also highlight an opportunity to explore purpose and meaning in advanced age from a cognitive perspective, uncovering potential links between cognitive and brain changes and aspects of meaning and purpose. Lastly, the breadth of the measures of meaning and purpose used in the current study raise questions as to the finality of tripartite models, suggesting that more work is needed to derive a fuller picture of this construct. Conclusion The last sixty years of purpose and meaning research have established meaning and purpose as a robust protective factor against mental ill-health and the challenges of aging. As the global population continues to age, it is imperative that health-promoting strategies expand beyond the well-established pillars of physical exercise, healthy nutrition, stress management and adequate sleep. Focusing on purpose and meaning with its strong links to these foundational health-pillars and markers of cognitive and functional ability is a promising strategy for aging communities and populations. In a broader sense, purpose and meaning research still lags behind personality research, in terms of universally agreed structures and measures, with some progress made in the last decade to present a tripartite model of meaning. The results of our study are encouraging from an aging perspective. While the Pinquart ( 2002 ) meta-analysis found declines in purpose for both middle-aged adults and older adults, the current data suggest that the purpose-age relationship does not become negative until in very old age, and even then the effect size is small. This suggests that overall, purpose and meaning can potentially be sustained into the latter stages of life. Emotional and cognitive interpretations of meaning may become more salient in older age, and may present exciting avenues for future research, as well as providing direction for future clinical and practical applications to enhance overall well-being. Declarations Author Contribution I.B. Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing- Original draft preparation. P.B. and C.O. Supervision, Writing- Reviewing and Editing. P.B. Methodology. References Studies used in the meta-analysis are marked with an asterisk * Abikoye, G. E. & Lawal, A. M. (2023). Prevalence and psychosocial predictors of cyberchondria in Nigeria during the Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning (IJCBPL), 13 (1), 1-12. http://doi.org/10.4018/IJCBPL.324088 * Adams, R. N., Mosher, C. E., Cannady, R. S., Lucette, A., & Kim, Y. (2014). 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Having a purpose is generally defined as committing to a broad life direction that organizes one\u0026rsquo;s short- and long-term goals and in turn helps guide daily behaviors (McKnight and Kashdan, 2009). Meaning in life is a broader construct, often including purpose as a component, together with the sense that life makes sense (coherence), and an evaluative component stressing the significance of one\u0026rsquo;s life (usually expressed as significance or mattering; see George \u0026amp; Park 2016a, 2016b; Martela \u0026amp; Steger 2016, 2023). A number of studies have shown links between higher purpose or meaning and improved mental and physical health (Hill, Edmonds et al., 2019; Sutin et al., 2021a, 2021b; Wood \u0026amp; Joseph, 2010). An early meta-analysis revealed declines in purpose from middle-age to older-age (Pinquart, 2002). However, more recent studies provide evidence for cultivation of purpose and meaning in older age (Kalafatoğlu, 2022; Ratner et al., 2022; Schnell \u0026amp; Danbolt , 2023). The current study uses a cross-sectional meta-analytic approach to address the question of the relationship between sense of purpose or meaning and age across the full adult age-range.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"_Toc181014656\"\u003ePurpose or Meaning and Aging Trajectories\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith regards to purpose or meaning in life and aging, the balance of evidence points to purpose declining in older age (Boyle et al., 2022; Clarke et al., 2000; Hill, Turiano et al., 2015; Hill \u0026amp; Weston, 2019; Ryff, 1989; Springer et al., 2011). Although these relationships appear to hold for cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, all studies use the same measure of purpose that has come under challenge for being too future-focused, potentially limiting the expression of a more present-focused purpose and meaning for older adults (see next section). However, several studies have found support for meaning and purpose increasing with age (Morgan \u0026amp; Robinson, 2013; Reker, 2005; Steger et al., 2009; Van Ranst \u0026amp; Marcoen, 1997). Possible explanations for this increase are varied and include an age-related shift to more intrinsically satisfying activities (Morgan \u0026amp; Robinson, 2013), as well as greater uncertainty in life for emerging adults, leading to less conviction surrounding the establishment and achievement of clear goals and aims (Reker, 2005). Lifespan developmental theories also provide support for the possibility of sustaining, or even increasing, meaning and purpose into older age. For example, socioemotional selectivity theory (Carstensen, 1995, 2021) proposes that with reduced perceived time remaining in life, older adults move away from future-focused knowledge and novelty-gaining goals and purposes, towards present-focused purposes driven by enhancing present emotional experience.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearch regarding purpose trajectories from younger adulthood to middle age is also mixed with support for either stability (Ryff, 1991), decreases in purpose starting early in life (Keyes, 2011; Ryff \u0026amp; Keyes, 1995), or increase in purpose from young adulthood to middle age, before declining in older age (Ryff, 1989; Mann et al., 2021). Meta-analysis looking at purpose in life and age relationships found a small negative association of \u003cem\u003er\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= -.12 from middle age (\u0026lt;60 years) to older age (\u0026gt; 70 years) across 48 studies, with declines in purpose shown for both middle aged adults and older adults (Pinquart, 2002). They attributed this decline to increasing losses such as widowhood and retirement. The majority of studies in Pinquart\u0026rsquo;s meta-analysis used either the Purpose in Life Scale (Crumbaugh \u0026amp; Maholick, 1964) or the purpose subscale of the psychological well-being scale (Ryff, 1989). In addition, contributing study numbers were small (30 or less).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eThe Last Twenty Years of Purpose Research\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEarly measures of purpose and meaning used both terms interchangeably (Battista \u0026amp; Almond, 1973; Crumbaugh \u0026amp; Maholick, 1964), with very few separating out purpose from the broader meaning construct (exception: Peacock \u0026amp; Reker, 1981). These early operational efforts did separate the presence of meaning or purpose from the search for meaning, usually expressed as the strength of motivation to find meaning or purpose (Crumbaugh, 1977; Reker \u0026amp; Peacock, 1981). More recently, measures have arisen that either focus exclusively on purpose (Hill, Edmonds et al., 2015; Ryff, 1989; Scheier et al., 2006) or include more multi-dimensional measures of meaning that incorporate purpose (or a related construct) as one of several components (George \u0026amp; Park; 2016a; Krause, 2004; Martela and Steger, 2023; Morgan and Farsides, 2007). Purpose or meaning subscales also appear in broader measures of psychological, eudaimonic or existential well-being (Butler and Kern, 2016; Paloutzian \u0026amp; Ellison, 1982; Ryff, 1989; Waterman et al., 2010).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSince Pinquart\u0026rsquo;s meta-analysis there has been an exponential increase in purpose and meaning research, not only branching into more areas of psychological science, but also in the progression of defining the dimensionality of both meaning and purpose. A systematic review of measures of meaning in life has found over fifty valid measures (Brandst\u0026auml;tter et al., 2012), many of which were excluded from the above-mentioned meta-analysis. Popular brief measures of purpose and meaning have emerged such as the meaning in life questionnaire (Steger et al., 2006) and the life engagement test (Scheier et al., 2006), as well as longer multi-dimensional measures including the meaningful life measure (Morgan \u0026amp; Farsides, 2007), and tripartite models of meaning (George \u0026amp; Park, 2016a; Martela \u0026amp; Steger, 2023). The latter argue for meaning to be composed of purpose (motivational element), coherence or comprehension (cognitive element), and significance or mattering (evaluative or affective element). With these new scales and conceptions comes\u0026nbsp;growing support for a more lifespan oriented view of purpose that may be more multi-dimensional (Hill \u0026amp; Weston, 2019; Pfund et al., 2023), guarding against previous single-component studies using measures potentially showing age-related biases.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePfund et al. (2023) have challenged Ryff\u0026rsquo;s purpose scale for potentially including future-dominant items that may not capture an older adults, more present-focused view of life (Carstensen, 1995; Carstensen et al., 1999). Using the Life Attitude Profile scale, Reker et al. (1987) found that scores on the present-focused life purpose subscale (measuring zest for life, contentment and discovery of a purpose) and the present and past-focused will to meaning subscale (searching and thinking about meaning, reflecting on the need for purpose throughout one\u0026rsquo;s life) increased with age. Subscales with a greater future orientation (goal seeking and future meaning) showed a near linear decrease in scores with age. Temporal focus may not be the only differentiating factor regarding age related differences in meaning or purpose. Morgan and Robinson (2013), using the Meaningful Life Measure (Morgan \u0026amp; Farsides, 2007), found that the dimensions of exciting life, principled life and accomplished life all showed near linear increases with age, with purposeful life and valued life showing a U-shaped trajectory, dipping in midlife and then rising or surpassing younger levels in later life. These developments and differences drive the importance of studying the moderating effect of purpose scale type on the relationship between purpose and age.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eThe Current Study\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe overall aim of the current meta-analysis was to use systematic review and meta-analytic techniques to analyse the relationship between purpose and age across the last sixty years of purpose research, capturing all the major measures of purpose and meaning, and spanning multiple geographical regions. Our pre-registered hypothesis was that the relationship between purpose or meaning and age, based on the mixed evidence to date, would be negligible, potentially showing a small positive association. However, it was also expected that this relationship would be moderated by the type of purpose or meaning scale used, with temporal focus potentially being a driving force. Future-dominant scales such as Ryff\u0026rsquo;s purpose scale were expected to show a more negative association between with age, as compared to other more meaning and coherence focused (i.e., temporally neutral) scales. Given the recency of tripartite models of meaning, we did not expect enough primary studies to make meaningful moderator assessments based on the tripartite components of meaning (purpose, coherence, and significance / mattering). In line with our pre-registration, further moderator analyses were planned to examine variables that may explain any within-study or between-study heterogeneity. This included sample type (healthy v clinical), region and language of sample, percentage female, percentage caucasian, age group, and Hofstede\u0026apos;s five cultural dimensions (Hofstede, 2011; Hofstede \u0026amp; Bond, 1984; The Culture Factor Group, n.d.), quality of purpose scale (core v non-core), and year of study. No predictions were pre-registered in relation to these potential moderators.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTransparency and Openness\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe adhered to the MARS guidelines for meta-analytic reporting (Appelbaum et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). All meta-analytic data, analysis code, and research materials (including our coding scheme) are available on the Open Science Framework [link removed]. Data were analyzed using R, version 4.3.1 (R Core Team, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR281\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) and the package \u003cem\u003emetafor\u003c/em\u003e, version 3.0\u0026ndash;2 (Viechtbauer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR382\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). This review project was preregistered (link removed).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMeta-Analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur meta-analysis served to estimate the cross-sectional self-reported association between purpose or meaning in life and age. As such, every included study reported a zero-order correlation between these two variables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLiterature Search\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe literature search sought to identify any study that reported a correlation between purpose or meaning in life and age as measured continuously for adult populations. The literature searches reported in this paper were conducted between July 2023 and June 2024 (see Table S1). Keyword searches were conducted in EBSCO and PsycINFO / PsychARTICLES, which included dissertations and English language articles. The search strategy was conducted in two phases with the initial phase (PsycINFO / PsychARTICLES) deliberately using broad search terms such as \u0026lsquo;purpose in life\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;meaning in life\u0026rsquo; to capture a broad array of potentially relevant studies (see table S1 for all exact search terms). This phase also included search terms targeted towards the more heavily used purpose and meaning scales such as the \u0026lsquo;meaning in life questionnaire\u0026rsquo; and the \u0026lsquo;purpose in life scale\u0026rsquo;. The second phase of the search (EBSCO) used more targeted search terms aimed at identifying specific purpose and meaning scales together with the words \u0026lsquo;age\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;correlation\u0026rsquo;. Additional references from key meta-analyses on purpose in life (Boreham \u0026amp; Schutte, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Pinquart, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR275\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e) were also included, as were any references from reviewed papers that appeared promising for including purpose and age related relationships. After merging the above sources and removing obvious duplicates, the combined dataset consisted of 6043 articles. Based on title screening, titles that related to adolescent studies or qualitative studies were not reviewed. Similarly, records relating to books or foreign language articles were not reviewed. In addition, several records could not be retrieved. Based on these exclusions, the full text was examined for 5563 records. A PRISMA flowchart outlines the process for selecting studies for inclusion in this meta-analysis (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEligibility Criteria\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeveral criteria needed to be satisfied for correlations to be retained in the meta-analysis. For consistency, the study needed to involve self-report measurement of either purpose or meaning in life and age. Second, the age of participants needed to include sufficient variation (minimum range of 5 years) so that the age by purpose relationship was meaningful. This age by purpose relationship had to be expressed as a zero-order Pearson correlation. In certain cases where correlational data was missing, the raw data were requested from the authors. Third, participants needed to be above 18 years of age, although in 24 studies the minimum age was below 18. These studies were included as most participants were over 18. Lastly, the measure of purpose or meaning was required to measure the presence of meaning or purpose as measured by a continuous scale. This led to the exclusion of studies that were solely measuring the \u0026lsquo;search for meaning\u0026rsquo;, as well as studies that modified global measures of meaning to focus on more localised interpretations. Several studies failed this last test, modifying the wording of common meaning items to assess whether the presence of meaning arose from certain specific scenarios (such as care giving or suffering from cancer). Several studies employed the popular meaning in life questionnaire (Steger et al., 2006), with most providing results for both the presence of meaning subscale and the search for meaning subscale. In these cases, correlations were only extracted for the presence of meaning subscale. However, there were a small number of studies that met all other inclusion criteria but only included results for the \u0026lsquo;full scale\u0026rsquo;, which combined both presence and search for meaning items. These studies have been included (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePurpose and Meaning Measures\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure Name\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure Reference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubscales used\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShort Codes Used\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScale items (range)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeaning in Life Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSteger et al. (2006)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePresence of meaning\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P and MLQ-F (full scale)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePurpose in Life Scale\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrumbaugh and Maholick (1964)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePsychological Well-being Purpose Subscale\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff (1989)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpiritual Wellbeing Scale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePaloutzian and Ellison (1982); Ellison (1983)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExistential Well-being\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSWBS-EWB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLife Attitude Profile (and Revised version)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReker and Peacock (1981); Reker (2001)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePurpose, Coherence and Personal Meaning Index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLAP-P, LAP-C, LAP-PMI, LAPR-P, LAPR-C, LAPR-PMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLife Engagement Test\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScheier et al. (2006)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLife Regard Index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBattista and Almond (1973)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFramework\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLRI, LRI-FR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultidimensional Existential Meaning Scale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeorge and Park (2016b)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComprehension, Purpose, and Mattering\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMEMS, MEMS-C, MEMS-P, MEMS-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKrause Meaning in Life Scale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKrause (2004)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKrause\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFunctional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-Being Scale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeterman et al. (2002)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeaning\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFACIT-Sp-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Sources of Meaning and Meaning in Life Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSchnell (2009)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeaningfulness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoMe-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeaningful Life Measure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMorgan and Farsides (2007)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrincipled Life, Purposeful Life, Valued Life\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLM, MLM-Pr, MLM-Pu, MLM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1 \u003cem\u003e(continued)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure Name\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure Reference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubscales used\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShort Codes Used\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScale items (range)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThree-Dimensional Meaning\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMartela and Steger (2016)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoherence, Purpose, and Significance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3DM-C, 3DM-P, 3DM-S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeriatric Suicide Ideation Scale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeisel and Flett (2006)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerceived Meaning in Life\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGSIS-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeaning in Life Scale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJim, Purnell et al. (2006)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMiLS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21-25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRobbins \u0026amp; Francis Purpose-in-Life Scale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRobbins and Francis (2000)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u0026amp;F\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSatisfaction and Frustration of Purpose Scales\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMogollon (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSatisfaction of the Need for Purpose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSFPS-S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6-16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeaning in Life Measure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHill et al. (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExperience\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMILM-E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePsychosocial Inventory of Ego Strengths\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarkstrom et al. (1997)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePurpose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePIES-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClaremont\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePurpose Scale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBronk et al. (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCPS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeaning in Life Scale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWarner (1986); Warner and Williams (1987)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eML\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe NIH Toolbox Emotion Battery\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSalsman et al. (2013); Salsman et al. (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeaning and Purpose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNIHTB-MPS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6-18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBrief Stress and Coping Inventory\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRahe and Tolles (2002)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePurpose and Connection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBSCI-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Existential Loneliness Questionnaire\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMayers et al. (2002)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeaning in Life\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eELQ-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEngagement in\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeaningful Activities Survey (Revised)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGoldberg et al. (2002); Eakman (2012)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEMAS-R\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExpressions of Spirituality Inventory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMacDonald (1997)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExistential Well-being\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESI-EWB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultidimensional MIL Scale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCostin and Vignoles (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMIL Judgments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMMILS-MIL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1 \u003cem\u003e(continued)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure Name\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure Reference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubscales used\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShort Codes Used\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScale items (range)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePersonal Meaning Profile\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWong (1998)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePMP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSources of Meaning Profile (Revised)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReker and Wong (1988); Reker (1996)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSOMP-R\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNotes: 1. Scale available in Wheaton (1972). 2. Full 20-item version of scale received directly from Carol Ryff. 3. Scale retrieved from Morse (2021). 4. Scale items not reviewed. 5. Scale items retrieved from van Tilburg (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSummary of Studies Included in Meta-Analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbikoye and Lawal (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e406\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-F\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdams et al. (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFACIT-Sp-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAglozo et al. (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e235\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAjayi and Ukpoju (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-F\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlexander (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e527\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAllan et al. (2016)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e376\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlmeida et al. (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlshraifeen et al. (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSWBS-EWB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAppel et al. (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e189\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArdelt (2016)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArdelt and Edwards (2016)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArends et al. (2013)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e298\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAu et al. (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAviad and Cohen-Louck (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e195\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Aacute;vila and Sanju\u0026aacute;n (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eES\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAza\u0026ntilde;edo et al. (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1494\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eES\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBadia (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e352\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBai et al. (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFACIT-Sp-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBakhshandeh Bavarsad and Stephens (2024)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2869\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNZ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBamonti (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGSIS-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBamonti and Fiske (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGSIS-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBassi et al. (2013)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBauger et al.(2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e219\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBaum (1988) Females\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBaum (1988) Males\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBaum and Stewart (1990)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e185\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBeaumont and Scammell (2012)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBeaumont and Scammell (2012)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESI-EWB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBen-Ari et al. (2012) Grandmothers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBen-Ari et al. (2012) Mothers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2 \u003cem\u003e(continued)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBergman and Bodner (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e318\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKrause\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBergman et al. (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e268\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBerrios et al. (2018) Study 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e429\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBirichi (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e226\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBobkowski (2010)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e573\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBodner et al. (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e309\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKrause\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBoreham et al. (in press)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e312\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBoreham et al. (in press)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e312\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBoreham et al. (in press)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e312\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLRI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBoyle et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2558\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBoyraz and Lightsey (2012)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e232\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBraam (2006)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e928\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLRI-FR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBronk et al. (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e241\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCPS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBronk et al. (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e241\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBruce (1996)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSWBS-EWB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBryan et al. (2013)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e273\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBryan et al. (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e997\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBurrow and Rainone (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBurrow and Spreng (2016)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e503\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNIHTB-MPS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBurrow et al. (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCabness (2003)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCarpenter (1996)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCastillo Mathis (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChan et al. (2012)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e386\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChang et al. (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e648\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChasson et al. (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1138\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChow (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eML\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChow and Ho (2012) Care givers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChow and Ho (2012) Care recipients\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChukwuorji et al. (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e809\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCicone (2003)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e209\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClement (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClement (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMEMS-C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClement (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMEMS-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2 \u003cem\u003e(continued)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClement (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMEMS-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eColeman (1996)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSWBS-EWB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorral-Fr\u0026iacute;as et al. (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e179\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCostanza et al. (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e199\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoward (1996)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCranford et al. (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e364\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrea and Francis (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u0026amp;F\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCreedon (2013)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e187\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrego et al. (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1628\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrego et al. (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1267\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCzekierda et al. (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e339\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDakin et al. (2021) \u0026nbsp;Study 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDakin et al. (2021) \u0026nbsp;Study 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e191\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDakin et al. (2021) \u0026nbsp;Study 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e195\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDakin et al. (2021) \u0026nbsp;Study 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e370\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDamiani et al. (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e278\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDavies et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e174\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ede Miguel et al. (2018) LGB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e209\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eES\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDellaria (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e736\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSWBS-EWB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edeRoon-Cassini et al. (2009)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDewitte et al. (2022) T1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDewitte, Vandenbulcke, et al. (2021) Study 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e275\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDewitte, Vandenbulcke, et al. (2021) Study 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDodd (2002)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSWBS-EWB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDrebing (1990)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuke (1977) Males\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEakman et al. (2010)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eErci (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLAP-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eErci (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLAP-C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFarrell (2013)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e240\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFACIT-Sp-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFeder et al. (2008)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFeder et al. (2013)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFerguson et al. (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e259\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFike et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSWBS-EWB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2 \u003cem\u003e(continued)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFletcher (1981)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlood (2007)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFortems et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFox (2001)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLRI-FR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrancis and Crea (2016)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrancis and Crea (2016)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u0026amp;F\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrancis et al. (2010)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e407\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u0026amp;F\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFraser et al. (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e492\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFreeman (1996)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSWBS-EWB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG. Wang et al. (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e593\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGalek et al. (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1453\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGanocy et al. (2016)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e398\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSWBS-EWB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGarc\u0026iacute;a‐Alandete et al. (2018) Females\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e224\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eES\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGarc\u0026iacute;a‐Alandete et al. (2018) Males\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eES\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGarc\u0026iacute;a-Alandete, Ros, et al. (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eES\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGiannone et al. (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e353\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGoldenthal (1981)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGolovchanova et al. (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGonz\u0026aacute;lez-Cutre et al. (2020) Study 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e598\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eES\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGoodman et al. (2019) Study 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1789\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-F\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGoodman et al. (2019) Study 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e263\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-F\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGoodman et al.(2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e335\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGoodwill and Hope (2024)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e375\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGraeser (1994)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrimm (2005)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e477\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSWBS-EWB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGutierrez (1992) Females\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGutierrez (1992) Males\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH. Zhang et al. (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1063\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHaase et al. (2012)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e374\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHaase et al. (2021) T1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHalama et al. (2024)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1368\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2 \u003cem\u003e(continued)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHamm et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e292\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNIHTB-MPS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHan et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e3893\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHanna and Strober (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHarshaw (1999)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth and Retirement Study (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21517\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeidrich (1993)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e240\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeidrich et al. (1994)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHelminiak (1994) Females\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e318\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHelminiak (1994) Males\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e279\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHenderson-King and Mitchell (2011)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e232\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHern\u0026aacute;ndez-Varas et al. (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e492\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eES\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHershberger and Walsh (1990)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHicks et al. (2012)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKrause\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHill et al. (2019) Study 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e401\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMILM-E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHill et al. (2019) Study 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e401\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHirsch et al. (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSWBS-EWB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHofer et al. (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e856\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHofer et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHolahan (1995)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHollis (1995)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSWBS-EWB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHolzer (2011)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSWBS-EWB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHoman (2016)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHoman and Kong (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3871\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHong et al. (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e289\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHooker and Masters (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHorwood and Anglim (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e539\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHughes (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHui and Fung (2009)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHurd et al. (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3334\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff+1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIshikawa (2013)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItzick et al. (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e501\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJaarsma et al. (2007)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e294\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePMP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2 \u003cem\u003e(continued)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJim, Richardson, et al. (2006)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMiLS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJohnny (2013)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSWBS-EWB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJohnson (2007)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e644\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLAPR-PMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJunior (1999)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKalafatoğlu (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e420\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKan (2007)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLAPR-PMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKang et al. (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e517\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKarataş et al. (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-F\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKelley (2003)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLAP-PMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKereste\u0026scaron; et al. (2012) Fathers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e315\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKereste\u0026scaron; et al. (2012) Mothers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKim (2008) Care givers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKim (2008) Elders\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKim et al. (2015) Females T1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e233\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFACIT-Sp-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKim et al. (2015) Males T1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFACIT-Sp-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKishida et al. (2004)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e574\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKlaas (1996)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKleiman and Beaver (2013)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e585\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKlonover et al. (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e358\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKrause\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKoenig et al. (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKonkol\u0026yuml; Thege et al. (2009)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e364\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKozar‐Westman et al. (2013)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKrause (2009) Wave 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1518\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKrause\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKrok et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e333\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKulik et al. (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e611\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLRI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKulik et al. (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e316\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLRI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLawton et al. (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSOMP-R\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLebădă and David (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLee (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLee et al. (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLee et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e314\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLightsey and Sweeney (2008)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLin and Chan (2020) Study 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e301\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLin and Chan (2020) Study 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e527\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2 \u003cem\u003e(continued)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiu et al. (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e687\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLopez (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e329\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLu and Kao (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e301\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLRI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLutzman and Sommerfeld (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLyke (2013)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM. X. Zhang et al. (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e464\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaki (2005)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLRI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaqbool et al. (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarkstrom et al. (1997) Study 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePIES-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarkstrom et al. (1997) Study 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e153\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePIES-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMartin et al. (2011)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMartos and Kopp (2012)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4841\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBSCI-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMatheis et al. (2006)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSWBS-EWB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMcgaffic (1995) Community\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMcgaffic (1995) Terminally ill\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMcManus et al. (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMehnert and Koch (2008)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e511\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLAPR-C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeng et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e765\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeraviglia (2006)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLAPR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeyer (1998)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLAPR-PMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMiller and Rottinghaus (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e229\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMiller-Lewis et al. (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMogollon (2021) Study 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e237\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSFPS-S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS/CA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMogollon (2021) Study 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e399\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSFPS-S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMogollon (2021) Study 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e399\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMogollon (2021) Study 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e484\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSFPS-S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMohd Nazan (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMoisseron-Baud\u0026eacute; et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMontag (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e955\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM\u0026oacute;r\u0026oacute; et al. (2011)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e589\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMorse (2021) Study 1a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e945\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2 \u003cem\u003e(continued)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMorse (2021) Study 1b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e846\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMorse (2021) Study 1b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e846\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMorse (2021) Study 1b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e846\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMorse (2021) Study 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3DM-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMorse (2021) Study 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3DM-C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMorse (2021) Study 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3DM-S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMosalum (1998)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMoss et al. (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e259\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMundaden and Tungol (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-F\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNakash et al. (2016)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegri et al. (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e464\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeter et al. (2009)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNewman (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6732\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNewman et al. (2024)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1398\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNewton et al. (2024)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19619\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNZ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNg and Yang (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNowicki et al. (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e325\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u0026apos;Connor and Vallerand (1998)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOlesovsky (2003)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLRI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOwens et al. (2009)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e174\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePark et al. (2010)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e731\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePark et al. (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e542\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeacock and Reker (1982)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLAP-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePearson and Sheffield (1974) Females\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePearson and Sheffield (1974) Males\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePearson and Sheffield (1975) Females\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePearson and Sheffield (1975) Males\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePearson et al. (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1277\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePedaprolu et al. (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e622\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeebles (2006)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeng (1994) Americans\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e339\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2 \u003cem\u003e(continued)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeng (1994) Chinese Americans\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeng et al. (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e355\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerryman (2003)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePetersen and Roy (1985)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e318\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePfund et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e595\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhillips and Ferguson (2013)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e185\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePinquart and Frohlich (2009)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlach et al. (2003)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePollet and Schnell (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e475\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoMe-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePulopulos and Kozusznik (2018) Study 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePulopulos and Kozusznik (2018) Study 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e257\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRamos (2012)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e691\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRasheed et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e302\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRatner and Burrow (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e252\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRatner et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1454\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReker (1977)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReker and Cousins (1979)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e248\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReker and Peacock (1981)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLAP-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReker and Woo (2011)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLAP-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReker and Woo (2011)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLAP-C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReynolds et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e797\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRice-Erso (1988)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRiedford (1997)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRobinson (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRobiou-Krischer (2008)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSWBS-EWB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoche (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRusso-Netzer et al. (2019) Israelis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e179\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRusso-Netzer et al. (2019) Non-Israelis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSalt et al. (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e199\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSchettino (2012)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e890\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSchlegel et al. (2011) Study 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e304\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSchnell (2009)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e603\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoMe-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2 \u003cem\u003e(continued)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSchnell and Danbolt (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e974\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoMe-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSchnell and Krampe (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1522\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoMe-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDE / AT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSchuurmans-Stekhoven (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e398\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScott (2007)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShao et al. (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLAP-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShelton (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e330\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShelton (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e330\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShenkman et al. (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSherman et al. (2011)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLRI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShiri et al. (2020) Hospice\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-F\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShiri et al. (2020) Rehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-F\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShrira et al. (2011)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e608\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSiegel (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFACIT-Sp-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSinclair et al. (2016)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e393\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSinger et al. (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e292\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingh et al. (2013)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSipowicz et al. (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLAPR-PMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSipowicz et al. (2023) Asperger syndrome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLAPR-PMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSipowicz et al. (2023) Asperger syndrome \u0026amp; depression\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLAPR-PMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSipowicz et al. (2023) Depression\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLAPR-PMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSkarra (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMiLS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmith et al. (2010) Study 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e259\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSnow Lono (1993)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLAPR-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoleimani et al. (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSWBS-EWB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSong et al. (2016)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e305\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFACIT-Sp-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSosik and Dworakivsky (1998)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSougleris and Ranzijn (2011)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpitzenst\u0026auml;tter and Schnell (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoMe-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStanfill (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e344\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSWBS-EWB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2 \u003cem\u003e(continued)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStaton et al. (2003)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e661\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSWBS-EWB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStauner (2013) Early quarter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e290\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStauner (2013) End of quarter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSteger et al. (2006) Study 1b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSteger et al. (2006) Study 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStockman (2008)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStockman (2008)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLRI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStolovy et al. (2009)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStroope et al. (2013)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1648\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSumner (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e511\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSun et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e852\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSutin et al. (2022) - ELSA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8844\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSuzman-Schwartz (2001)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLRI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT. Wang et al. (2023) Sample 6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e478\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCPS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT. Wang et al. (2023) Sample 6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e478\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT. Wang et al. (2023) Sample 6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e478\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTaubman-Ben-Ari and Weintroub (2008) Nurses\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTaubman-Ben-Ari and Weintroub (2008) Physicians\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTeas et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e235\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThill et al. (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThomas (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThomas (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMEMS-C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThomas (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMEMS-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThomas (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMEMS-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTigershtrom and Boyraz (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEMAS-R\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTigershtrom and Boyraz (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTriad\u0026oacute; et al. (2007)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eES\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrott (1996)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSWBS-EWB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrzebiński et al. (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e306\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTsang (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e252\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2 \u003cem\u003e(continued)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u0026uuml;rkarslan et al. (2020) Females\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u0026uuml;rkarslan et al. (2020) Males\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUpdegrove (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUsta and Bayram (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVan Der Wende (2000)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evan Doornik et al. (2021) Control\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMEMS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evan Doornik et al. (2021) Experimental\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMEMS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evan Doornik et al. (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003evan Doornik et al. (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMEMS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVan Orden et al. (2012) T1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGSIS-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVan Tilburg (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1316\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eELQ-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVanhooren et al. (2016)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e337\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVanhooren et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e358\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMILM-E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVardeman (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVehling et al. (2012)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLAPR-PMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVelasco-Gonzalez and Rioux (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSWBS-EWB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVermote et al. (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e693\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWang et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e245\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWarner and Williams (1987)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e234\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eML\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWarner and Williams (1987)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWettstein et al. (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWheaton (1972) Inmates\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWineman (1990)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWingo et al. (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5441\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWnuk et al. (2012)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWoo (2011) Study 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLAPR-PMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWu et al. (2013)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYakushko (2004)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e691\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYampolsky \u0026nbsp;et al. (2008)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSWBS-EWB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS/CA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYeung and Breheny (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e452\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNZ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYeung et al. (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e352\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNZ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYeung et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e380\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNZ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2 \u003cem\u003e(continued)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYiu-kee and Tang (1990)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e238\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYoon et al. (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e450\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYoon et al. (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYu et al. (2016) Asian American\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYu et al. (2016) European American\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYu et al. (2017) Females\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYu et al. (2017) Males\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZambianchi and Carelli (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e245\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZeitchik (2000)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZhang and Zhang (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e720\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKrause\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZhang et al. (2019) Wave 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e283\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZhao \u0026nbsp;et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e705\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZhao and Zhang (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1213\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-F\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZheng and Wang (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e309\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZheng and Wang (2022) Study 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e346\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLM-Pr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZheng and Wang (2022) Study 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e346\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLM-V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZheng and Wang (2022) Study 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e346\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLM-Pu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZhou et al. (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e204\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKrause\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZhou et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e538\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZhu et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e291\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMMILS-MIL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 190px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZuckerman (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNotes. 1. Minimum age = 15. 2. Minimum age = 17. 3: Minimum age = 12. 4. Minimum age = 16. 5. Minimum age = 13. 6. Minimum age = 14.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on the above criteria and initial inspection, 394 articles met the criteria. However, more detailed inspection of this study pool, in preparation for data extraction, led to the further exclusion of 59 articles. Twenty articles were excluded as they reported correlations that used a sample that overlapped with another article. In these cases, we sought to retain the article that provided the most comprehensive study in terms of sample and measurement. Six articles used data from the longitudinal U.S Health and Retirement Study (see Table S2). The HRS (Health and Retirement Study) is sponsored by the National Institute on Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740) and is conducted by the University of Michigan. Including all six studies would have led to sample overlap and potentially biasing results, given the large sample sizes. As data was publicly available for all bi-annual HRS waves from 2006\u0026ndash;2018, a decision was made to use the available data for greater completeness. Therefore, all six articles were replaced with a single combined \u0026lsquo;HRS\u0026rsquo; study. Twelve articles used data from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the US (see Table S3). Given the common thread of participants throughout MIDUS waves I, II and III, the Homan and Kong (2020) study was retained as MIDUS II employed the 7-item version of the Ryff scale (as opposed to the less reliable 3-item version in MIDUS I) and closely resembled verifiable results from publicly available data (see OSF registry). Therefore seven studies using MIDUS data were excluded due to sample overlap. Seventeen additional studies were excluded due to concerns with how purpose or age was measured or to discrepancies between the reported age-purpose correlation and the supporting text. Eleven studies were excluded due to issues with the sample construction, with the sample either being younger than initially thought (adolescents), too small, or due to difficulty determining which subsample group the correlation belonged to. One further study was excluded due to purpose being rated by an informant (rather than self-rated). References for all excluded studies can be found in the OSF registry.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe final set consisted of 335 articles and 401 studies. Some articles reported purpose and age correlations separately for different groups (e.g., males and females), and for separate measures of purpose, and these were treated as separate studies. If a purpose scale included purpose and age correlations for both the full scale and for subscales, the full-scale correlation was extracted, with the exception being the previously mentioned meaning in life questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Extraction and Data Coding Procedures\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor each included study, we extracted the following study features: year of study, sample size, purpose measure, number of items in purpose measure, internal reliability (Cronbach alpha) of purpose measure for the study, percentage female, percentage Caucasian, age range of participants, whether the age range was reported, mean age, country of sample, language of study, type of sample (e.g., clinical or healthy), the source of the correlations (e.g., from the article, provided following correspondence with author, etc.), reference details, additional notes, and the zero-order correlation between purpose and age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn regards to data extraction and coding, the year of study was extracted as the year of publication if not explicitly stated in the text. If the data gathering exercise for a study spanned multiple years, the most recent year was chosen. Not all studies provided an age range, yet each study was coded into age range categories including emerging (E) for 18\u0026ndash;39 years, middle (M) for 40\u0026ndash;64 years, old (O) for 65\u0026ndash;79 years, and very old (V) for 80 years and above. As an example, a study with an age range of 18\u0026ndash;70 would be coded as E-O. When a study failed to provide the age range, the age range was calculated using the mean age, standard deviation and study text. For a number of these studies the study text often included clues as to the age range (e.g., middle aged or students etc.). Those studies reporting age ranges were coded as R (reported), with those not reporting age range coded as C (calculated). Studies were coded as \u0026lsquo;core\u0026rsquo; if the purpose scale was a known measure and included at least 5 items. Five was chosen as this is the number of items in the well-established meaning in life questionnaire presence subscale and several studies involving purpose measures with fewer items have shown low internal consistency. In coding each study sample as clinical (C) or healthy (H), the clinical designation was reserved for those samples that had a clear physical (e.g., cancer) or mental health (e.g., major depressive disorder) diagnosis. In the cases of elderly samples, if no specific sample-wide condition was mentioned then a status of H was assigned. However, there were a small number of cases where the study text clearly outlined a dependent living status, in which case C was chosen.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll data was extracted into Excel by the first author, with each study reviewed multiple times to check for data extraction accuracy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMissing Data\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite the extensive search and number of studies included in the meta-analysis, it is very difficult to identify, retrieve, and include every relevant study. In addition, there is the very real possibility that non-significant results are less likely to be published (Rosenthal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR304\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e). Following the process outlined by Habeck and Schultz (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR131\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) we tested for publication bias using Egger's regression test (Egger et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Sterne and Egger \u003cspan citationid=\"CR345\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) by modifying the regression model to include the standard error of the effect sizes as a moderator. If the intercept significantly deviates from zero, the overall relationship between the precision and size of studies included in the data set is considered asymmetrical, and therefore, biased (Sterne and Egger \u003cspan citationid=\"CR345\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). Diagnostic tests for identifying, and rules for excluding, outliers and influential data points are still evolving for multivariate/multi-level meta-analytical models (Viechtbauer and Cheung \u003cspan citationid=\"CR382\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). With limited options currently available using the metafor package with the rma.mv() function, we define influential outliers as effect sizes with hat values (i.e. diagonal elements of the hat matrix) greater than two times the average hat value (i.e. influential) and standardized residual values exceeding 3.0 (i.e. outliers; Stevens, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR346\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e; Viechtbauer and Cheung, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR382\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Aguinis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Analytic Approach\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeta-analytic correlations were estimated using a random effects model (Raudenbush, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR287\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) with the metafor package in R (Viechtbauer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR382\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). The random effects model assumes that the primary studies in a meta-analysis are a random sample of the population of studies. Most traditional random effects models focus on sampling variation and variation between studies (Houben et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR167\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). However, a key assumption is that included subject samples are independent (Assink et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), which is violated when multiple effect sizes are extracted from the same study sample as is the case with the current meta-analysis. Therefore, we performed a three-level meta-analysis that allows the effect sizes to be correlated within a study (Assink \u0026amp; Wibbelink, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Cheung, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). This approach models three sources of variance: sampling variance of the observed effect sizes (Level 1), variance between effect sizes from the same study (Level 2), and variance between studies (Level 3) (Assink et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The R syntax followed the guidance provided by Assink \u0026amp; Wibbelink (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), using the function \u0026ldquo;rma.mv\u0026rdquo; of the metafor package (Viechtbauer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR382\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) with R version 4.3.1 (R Core Team, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR281\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). As explained in Assink et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), all model parameters were estimated using the restricted maximum likelihood estimation method. Continuous moderator variables were mean-centred and dummy variables were created for all categorical moderators (see data files: Pur_Age_R_Data_File_v3.csv). Meta-regression models used the t distribution to test individual regression coefficients and calculate confidence intervals. The F-distribution was used to test moderator models, testing the null hypothesis that all group means are equal (categorical moderators) and the assumption of no relationship between a continuous moderator and effect sizes. Log-likelihood-ratio-tests were performed to test level 2 and level 3 variance for each model (see Assink et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Assink \u0026amp; Wibbelink, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The log-likelihood-ratio-tests were performed one-tailed and all other tests were performed two-tailed. We considered p-values of .05 as statistically significant. All correlations were Fisher\u0026rsquo;s Z transformed prior to running the models. For Fisher\u0026rsquo;s Z, it has been shown that the sampling variance is equal to 1/(\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3), with \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e equal to the sample size (Lipsey \u0026amp; Wilson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR211\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). This was used to derive the sampling variance for each study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMeasures\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePurpose and Meaning Scales\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcross all studies, 29 recognised meaning and purpose scales were employed (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), with scale items reviewed for 27 of those scales (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, note 4 for the 2 scales where items were unavailable). Of the studies that employed the meaning in life questionnaire, a small number of these used the full 10-item version which sums the scores on the presence of meaning and search for meaning subscale. For the remainder, the presence of meaning subscale was used due to its focus on the existence of meaning in one\u0026rsquo;s life. If scales were measuring broader constructs (such as spirituality) then only the subscale data relating to meaning and purpose was extracted. For some scales, a deliberate decision was made to omit data relating to certain subscales that may have a claim to relating to purpose and meaning. This was the case for the studies employing the life attitude profile scale, where data was only extracted for the purpose, coherence and personal meaning index subscales (the latter being a composite score of the two previously mentioned subscales). Three of the 29 scales may be regarded as somewhat different to the rest, with both the Sources of Meaning Profile (Revised) and the Personal Meaning Profile asking participants about their engagement with \u0026lsquo;sources of meaning\u0026rsquo; in their lives (such as relationships or achievement related activities). Both scales have been shown to be valid measures of meaning. The Engagement in Meaningful Activities Survey (Revised) is slightly different again, with all questions asking participants about the quality of and benefits derived from their activities (e.g., \u0026lsquo;the activities I do help other people\u0026rsquo;). Studies using fewer than five items to measure meaning or purpose were marked as non-core. Frequently this was where studies used a shortened version of a longer scale or where data were only available for a shorter subscale measure. Only one study failed to report the number of items in its purpose scale (T\u0026uuml;rkarslan et al., 2020). This study employed the well-established purpose in life scale which is usually employed with the full 20-item version. For this reason the study was marked as core.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAdhoc Purpose Measures\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA small number of studies employed measures of purpose and meaning that could not be traced to established scales. For all but one of these studies, the items used were listed in the accompanying article and were reviewed for appropriateness. Some of the studies used a single item measure, usually asking directly about one\u0026rsquo;s perception of their level of purpose or meaning in life. The only studies employing ad hoc measures that were marked as core were Lee et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR204\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) and Trzebiński et al. (2020). Lee et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR204\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) employed a 5-item version reported as a modified version of the purpose in life scale. Trzebiński et al. (2020) employed an 8-item measure of purpose reported as a combination of the presence of meaning subscale from the meaning in life questionnaire and the Orientation to Life Questionnaire (Antonovsky, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e), sometimes referred to as the Sense of Coherence scale. On verification the eight listed items did not appear on either scale, but were appropriately worded for meaning and purpose.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSummary of the Literature\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA summary of the studies included in the meta-analysis is provided in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, with further details provided in the OSF repository. In total, the meta-analysis included 401 purpose and age correlations (351 core and 50 noncore) across a total sample of 194,296 participants. Non-clinical participants participated in 328 of the studies with the remaining 73 studies reporting participants with a clinical diagnosis (50 with a physical diagnosis, 17 with a mental health or substance use disorder diagnosis, and the remainder requiring general care or reporting a combined physical/mental diagnosis). The 29 recognised purpose and meaning scales spanned 388 of the 401 studies, with 13 studies employing ad hoc measures. Sixty eight percent of studies used either the meaning in life questionnaire (see Steger et al., 2006), the purpose in life scale (see Crumbaugh and Maholick, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1964\u003c/span\u003e), the purpose subscale from Ryff\u0026rsquo;s psychological well-being scale (see Ryff, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR306\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e), or the Life Engagement Test (Scheier et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR312\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Fifty-six of the studies were from prior to the year 2000, with 275 occurring after 2010, reflecting the growth in interest in purpose and meaning research. Just over 100 studies came from dissertations reflecting the breadth and depth of the literature search. Regarding age range, 147 studies included the very old (80\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;years), with 102 studies only including up to old age (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;80 years), and 152 studies spanning emerging adulthood and middle age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite relative symmetry in the funnel plot (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), we detected publication bias in the overall data set (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .034). We did not detect influential outliers in the overall data set.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMeta-Analytic Correlations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe overall meta-analytic association between purpose in life and age was estimated by fitting a three-level meta-analytic model to the data consisting of an intercept only that represents the overall effect. The overall effect is .05 (expressed in Fisher\u0026rsquo;s \u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) with a standard error of .01. This overall effect is significant (\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e(400)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.50, p \u0026lt; .001). Expressed as a zero-order correlation, the overall effect is \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .045 [95% CIs .03, .06], \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001, indicating that across samples higher purpose in life was significantly associated with increasing age, with the overall effect size in the small range. A forest plot showing effect sizes and confidence intervals for all 401 studies is shown in the supplementary materials (see Figure S1). The results for the test for heterogeneity reveal significant variation between all effect sizes, \u003cem\u003eQ\u003c/em\u003e(400)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3092.15, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001. The significance of the between study variance was tested by comparing the fit of the original three-level model with the fit of a two-level model with between study variance fixed at zero. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows that between study variance is significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001). Following formulas outlined by Cheung (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) and R syntax provided by Assink and Wibbelink (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), the distribution of variance across the three levels of the meta-model was tested. Results showed that 13.46 percent of the total variance can be attributed to variance at level 1 (i.e., the typical within-study sampling variance); 0.28 percent of the total variance can be attributed to differences between effect sizes within studies at level 2 (i.e., within study variance); and 86.25 percent of the total variance can be attributed to differences between studies at level 3 (i.e., between-study variance). Moderator analysis was performed in order to examine variables that may explain the significant between-study variance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeterogeneity of Between-Study Variance (Level 3)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFull\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003edf\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAIC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBIC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAICc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elogLik\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLRT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eQE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-494.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-482.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-494.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3092.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReduced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-457.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-449.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-457.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e230.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3092.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eModerator Analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCategorical Moderators with two Categories\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOmnibus tests based on the F distribution (using the Knapp and Hartung adjustment; Knapp \u0026amp; Hartung, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR192\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e) were employed separately for each moderator. There were no significant moderators of the overall effect by health status (healthy: \u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;328; clinical: \u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;73), \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(1, 399)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.69, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .407, core measure (core: \u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;351; non-core: \u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;50, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(1, 399)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.90, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.345, language (English: \u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;266; other: \u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;135), \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(1, 399)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.44, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.506, or data source (journal: \u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;296; other: \u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;105), \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(1, 399)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.58, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.059. Mean effects and confidence intervals for all of these categories are provided in Table S4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCategorical Moderators with Multiple Categories\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eType of purpose scale moderator categories were based on core (five or more items) purpose scales that were used in five or more studies. All other studies were grouped under the \u0026lsquo;other\u0026rsquo; category. The results of the omnibus test demonstrate that type of purpose scale moderates the overall association between age and purpose, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(9, 391)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.28, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001, with regression coefficients (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) for both the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (presence subscale) and the Sources of Meaning (meaningfulness subscale) deviating significantly from zero, with mean effects for both significantly higher than the mean effect of the \u0026lsquo;other\u0026rsquo; category (mean effects calculated by adding the regression coefficient to the intercept, MLQ-P: \u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;92, \u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e = .08; SoMe-M: \u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5, \u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003er =\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e .19). Mean effects for all scale categories are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRegression Model Results for Type of Purpose Scale as Moderator\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerator\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeta\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther (Intercept)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.095\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEWB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKrause\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.780\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLAP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.451\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLET\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.233\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLRI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.505\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.254\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoMe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMean Effects for Type of Purpose Scale as Moderator\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerator\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Effect (\u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.095\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEWB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKrause\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.887\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLAP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLET\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLRI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.197\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMLQ-P\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.963\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoMe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs per the pre-registration, age group moderator categories were analysed if they included five or more studies. The emerging to very old category was used as the reference group for regression analysis as this category spanned all ages. The results of the omnibus showed a moderating effect for age group, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(7, 393)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10.36, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001. Regression models (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) showed that emerging to very old (E-V, \u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;72), middle to very old (M-V, \u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;53), and old to very old (O-V, \u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;23) were all significant predictors of the association between age and purpose (E-V: \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e(393)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.46, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001; M-V: \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e(393) = -4.56, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001; O-V: \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e(393) = -5.0, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001). Mean effects of all age groups (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e) ranged from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.09 (old to very old) to .10 (emerging to old, \u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;89). Mean effects for five of the eight age groups differed significantly from zero (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .05). Perhaps of greatest interest is the change in direction of the effect from positive to negative in groups that included the very old and excluded the emerging. The effect for the middle to very old (M-V, \u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;53) and old to very old (O-V, \u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;23) groups was negative and significant (M-V: \u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.04 [95% CIs \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.08, \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.01], \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .021; O-V: \u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003er =\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e -.09 [95% CIs \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.15, \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.04], \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRegression Model Results for Age Group as Moderator\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerator\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeta\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmerging to Very Old (Intercept)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmerging\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmerging to Middle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.252\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmerging to Old\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.487\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiddle to Old\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.324\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiddle to very Old\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOld to Very Old\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMean Effects for Age Group as Moderator\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerator\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Effect (\u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmerging to Very Old\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmerging\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmerging to Middle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmerging to Old\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.790\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiddle to Old\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.510\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiddle to very Old\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.021\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOld to Very Old\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was a significant moderating effect for geographical region, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(5, 395)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.80, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .017. The mean effect of the Asia and Middle East region (\u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003er =\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e .00) was significantly different from the mean effect of the Americas (\u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003er =\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e .06) as evidenced by a significant regression coefficient, \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e(395) = -3.08, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .002 (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). Mean effects for the Americas (\u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003er =\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e .06) and Europe, UK and Ireland (\u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003er =\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e .06) differed significantly from zero (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001) (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRegression Model Results for Region as Moderator\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerator\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeta\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmericas (Intercept)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e224\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfrica\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.084\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEurope, UK \u0026amp; Ireland\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.983\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAustralia \u0026amp; New Zealand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.246\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsia \u0026amp; Middle East\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.464\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMean Effects for Region as Moderator\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerator\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Effect (\u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmericas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e224\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfrica\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.580\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEurope, UK \u0026amp; Ireland\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAustralia \u0026amp; New Zealand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.611\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsia \u0026amp; Middle East\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.804\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eContinuous Moderators\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeither year of study, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(1, 399)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.07, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .151, nor percentage female, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(1, 386) = .03, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .85, were significant moderators. Similarly, power distance, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(1, 390) = .17, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .676, individualism, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(1, 390) = .97, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .325, uncertainty avoidance, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(1, 390) = .03, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .869, and long term orientation, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(1, 390) = .50, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .481, were not significant moderators. However, motivation towards achievement and success was a significant moderator, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(1, 390)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.37, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .004. The regression coefficient is positive (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e = .00, \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e(390)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.89, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .004), indicating that the higher a country scores on motivation towards achievement and success, the higher the reported effects in the primary studies. Similarly, indulgence was a significant moderator, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(1, 390)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.83, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .016. The regression coefficient is also positive (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e = .00; \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e(390)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.42, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .016), indicating that the higher a country scores on indulgence, the higher the reported effects in the primary studies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMultiple Moderator Model\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe multiple moderator model examines the unique effects of variables that have been identified as significant moderators in univariate analysis (Assink \u0026amp; Wibbelink, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), by extending the meta-analytic model by adding such variables. Therefore the meta-analytic model was extended with the variables; purpose scale type, age group, geographical region, Hofstede\u0026rsquo;s motivation towards achievement and success, and Hofstede\u0026rsquo;s indulgence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe overall model is significant (\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(22, 369)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.87, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001), with significant unexplained variance remaining, \u003cem\u003eQE\u003c/em\u003e(369)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1449.84, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001. The Meaning in Life Questionnaire (presence subscale) and the Sources of Meaning (meaningfulness subscale) remained significant predictors (MLQ-P: .\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;041, \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e(369)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.63, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .009; SoMe-M: \u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e = .12, \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e(369)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.12, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .035), which implies that both moderators are robust in that they are not confounded by other variables in the model. Of particular interest, the Ryff scale in the multiple moderator model also became a significant predictor (\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.04, \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e(369) = -2.44, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .015). The fact that the regression coefficients for both the MLQ-P and Ryff are equal and opposite is of particular note, with the former showing that reported effects in the primary studies are higher when the MLQ-P is used (relative to \u0026lsquo;other\u0026rsquo; scales), and lower when the Ryff scale is used (relative to \u0026lsquo;other\u0026rsquo; scales). Relative to the emerging to very old age group, the same four age groups remained significant predictors in the multiple moderator model (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e), with higher reported effects in primary studies for the emerging to middle and emerging to old groups, and lower reported effects for the middle to very old and old to very old groups. No geographical region category held a unique moderating effect in the multiple moderator model. Of the two Hofstede cultural dimension categories, only motivation towards achievement and success remained significant in the multiple model.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab12\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMultiple Moderator Model\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerator\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeta\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercept\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEWB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.959\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKrause\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLAP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e 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\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePiL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.095\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRyff\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.015\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoMe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.035\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmerging\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.820\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmerging to Middle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.023\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmerging to Old\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.023\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.543\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiddle to Old\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.738\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiddle to very Old\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOld to Very Old\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfrica\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.196\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEurope, UK \u0026amp; Ireland\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAustralia \u0026amp; New Zealand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.487\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsia \u0026amp; Middle East\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.871\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMTAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.024\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndulgence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.077\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study aimed to assess the relationship between purpose or meaning in life and age across the adult lifespan. The results supported the pre-registered hypothesis, revealing a small positive relationship across 401 studies spanning sixty years of purpose and meaning research and all continents. This represents a significant update to Pinquart\u0026rsquo;s previous meta-analysis which suggested a small effect of declines in purpose with older age. Also in line with the pre-registered hypotheses was the fact that the type of purpose or meaning scale showed a significant moderating effect. Exploratory analysis revealed that the age group of the participants, and Hofstede\u0026rsquo;s cultural dimension of motivation towards achievement and success were significant moderators of the relationship between age and purpose or meaning. There were no significant differences in the effect sizes of primary studies for clinical versus healthy participants, core versus non-core measures of meaning and purpose, English versus non-English language, and journal articles versus other sources. In addition, the year of study and the percentage female within each sample showed no moderating effects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe finding that type of scale employed had an (albeit small) effect on the relationship between purpose or meaning and age is an important finding. It supports the notion that not all purpose and meaning scales are created equal, with potentially factorial, temporal and sub-dimension differences. These differences have been commented on substantially within the literature (Hicks \u0026amp; King, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR147\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; George and Park, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR118\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016a\u003c/span\u003e; Leontiev, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR207\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e, Martela \u0026amp; Steger, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR222\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The present study found that the 5-item presence of meaning scale (MLQ-P) and the 5-item sources of meaning \u0026ndash; meaningfulness scale (SoMe-M) both led to an elevated and positive purpose/meaning and age correlation when compared to primary studies using scales deemed as other. In contrast, the Ryff purpose scale had the effect of reducing the overall correlation between purpose/meaning and age, with a mean effect of essentially zero across all studies, supporting the pre-registered hypothesis that scales with a greater future-focus would potentially reduce the purpose-age relationship. This is further support for socioemotional selectivity theory (Carstensen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e, Carstensen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e) and the previously mentioned arguments by Pfund et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR272\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) suggesting that certain items favouring a future-focus (e.g., \u0026ldquo;I live life one day at a time and don\u0026rsquo;t really think about the future\u0026rdquo;, and \u0026ldquo;I tend to focus on the present, because the future nearly always brings me problems.\u0026rdquo;), may be failing to capture a more present-focused perspective of meaning and purpose as experienced by older adults. However, these findings need to be balanced in light of the discovery that the age to meaning/purpose relationship is stronger (more positive) for countries scoring higher on motivation towards achievement and success. It may be that societies driven by achievement and success, such as the USA, facilitate a culture of continued striving for achievements that may even outlast organisational life and support the continuation of more personal purpose and meaning endeavours into older age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the new language of the tripartite model of meaning (George and Park, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR118\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016a\u003c/span\u003e; Martela \u0026amp; Steger, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR222\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), the effect of scale type might also be attributed to dimensions of coherence/comprehension and significance/mattering. It is clear that both the MLQ-P and the SoMe-M possess a higher proportion of items relating to comprehension and coherence (e.g., MLQ-P: \u0026ldquo;I understand my life\u0026rsquo;s meaning.\u0026rdquo;; SoMe-M: \u0026ldquo;I think my life has a deeper meaning.\u0026rdquo;). In addition, although both the MLQ-P and Ryff\u0026rsquo;s scale focus on purpose and purposeful living, they do so in different ways, with the former leaving the participant to define purpose (\u0026ldquo;my life has a clear sense of purpose.\u0026rdquo;) and the latter choosing to align purpose with goals and accomplishments (e.g., \u0026ldquo;I know what I want to accomplish in my life.\u0026rdquo;, and \u0026ldquo;I used to set goals for myself, but that now seems like a waste of time.\u0026rdquo;). Regarding significance/mattering the SoMe-M items (e.g., \u0026ldquo;I feel part of a bigger whole\u0026rdquo;, and \u0026ldquo;I lead a fulfilled life\u0026rdquo;) show strong alignment to these concepts. Looked at holistically and the differences start to magnify, with scales focused on broader, and more temporally-integrated conceptions, such as a sense of understanding of one\u0026rsquo;s life, the perception that one\u0026rsquo;s life matters in the grander scheme of things, and a definition of purpose free of interpretation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeontiev (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR208\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) comments on the alignment of the tripartite model of meaning with previously identified cognitive, motivational and emotional components of meaning (Reker \u0026amp; Wong, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR296\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e). In this model comprehension and coherence represent cognitive activity, with mattering and significance being an emotional concern, and purpose acting as a motivational vehicle. The view that one\u0026rsquo;s emotional life becomes an increasingly important element of psychological well-being into advancing age is already well supported in the literature, most prominently by socioemotional selectivity theory (Carstensen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e, Carstensen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e). This aligns well with the notion that mattering and significance play an expanding role throughout aging in preserving a sense of meaning and purpose. Less established is the finding that comprehension and coherence may also play a critical role in preserving meaning and well-being into advanced age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoherence plays a key role in Antonovsky\u0026rsquo;s work on health promotion by drawing on order and understanding as a coping mechanism for potential stressors (Antonovsky, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e). The Meaning Frame Theory (Noguchi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR253\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) highlights the need for a frame of reference in order for someone or something to be considered meaningful. These frames may refer to the self, others (in a broad sense meaning outside of the self), and/or a purpose. Meaning in the self-frame is developed by coherence through self-integrity or identity. This may provide an important reference for older adults who may be better equipped to derive meaning through reflections on narrative self-integrity and authentic living. The \u0026lsquo;outside-the-self\u0026rsquo;, emotional frame may provide an alternative way to look at some of the findings from Socioemotional Selectivity Theory, suggesting that significance and mattering may be one such vehicle for achieving psychological well-being. Meaning as sense making is the core of the Meaning Maintenance Model (Proulx \u0026amp; Inzlicht, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR279\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) which links meaning to the degree to which relationships between events, objects, and experiences are as expected.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIf cognitive mechanisms are propping up purpose and meaning into older age, then there may be fragility to such foundations as cognitive abilities inevitably decline at some point. Indeed, in age group moderation, multivariate analysis showed that effect sizes were significantly reduced (and negative) for both the middle to very old and old to very old categories, compared with the emerging to very old categories. Further, the age and purpose/meaning association changed from positive to negative for these two age groups that included the very old and excluded the emerging age bracket. The question of which cognitive abilities underpin a sense of comprehension and coherence is an interesting one. If sense making is reliant on mental representations of expected relationships (Proulx \u0026amp; Inzlicht, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR279\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), and compensatory efforts to restore such, when violated, then future research should examine the role of relational thinking and reasoning (Alexander, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) to understand the neural and cognitive underpinnings of meaning as comprehension. Relational thinking involves perceiving patterns (Alexander, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), with relational reasoning harnessing this pattern recognition for higher cognitive purposes. One of these purposes may include generating a sense of coherence in life, by reflecting on relationships that include temporal reflections (past to present consistency in terms of self-integrity), current interpersonal relationships, as well as fitting current circumstances into well-understood schemas. Relational reasoning studies involving visuo-spatial and analogous reasoning tasks have shown that increasingly abstract processing leads to a posterior-to-anterior recruitment shift in the pre-frontal cortex (Krawczyk et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR198\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Evidence of age-related deficits in relational processing via analogical reasoning is mixed (Byczewska-Konieczny et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), with declines usually attributed to broader well-understood cognitive declines in processing speed, inhibitory control and working memory (Byczewska-Konieczny et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; also see Zanto \u0026amp; Gazzaley, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR409\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e for aging of the frontal lobe). Further work is needed to understand the cognitive and neural foundations of meaning as comprehension, and how this relates to cognitive aging.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStrengths, Limitations, and Future Directions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are some significant strengths of the current study. It is the first to synthesize the meaning and purpose literature, across the full sixty year history, as it relates to aging, with a consideration for both methodological and theoretical moderators. Also the large number of primary studies can offer confidence in the current findings. However, several limitations should also be noted. Overall, despite the broad geographical coverage, over 50% of studies included in the analysis were from U.S. samples which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other regions. Additionally, the variables assessed as moderators explained only a portion of between-study variance. Given the cross-sectional and linear nature of the study firm conclusions cannot be drawn about the longitudinal developmental trajectory of purpose and meaning in life or whether that trajectory is better served by non-linear models. There is some evidence from the current study that levels of meaning and purpose may start to decline towards older age, with this age related decline happening at more advanced ages than previously reported. Similarly, despite year of study not being a significant moderator, cohort effects cannot be ruled out in this study. One possible explanation for the difference in results of this study versus previous meta-analysis (Pinquart, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR275\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e) may be due to cohort effects, whereby younger adults are reporting lower purpose or meaning scores in more recent times, potentially due to societal changes that have increased financial burdens on younger adults (housing and education price rises) and led to increases in mental health concerns among this age group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current findings offer a number of promising avenues for future research. Firstly, this study provides support for the multi-dimensional nature of meaning and purpose, and recent efforts to move towards such a model. Studies that address lifespan differences in various facets of meaning and purpose will be critical for developing a more nuanced understanding of the association between age and purpose. Results of the current study also highlight an opportunity to explore purpose and meaning in advanced age from a cognitive perspective, uncovering potential links between cognitive and brain changes and aspects of meaning and purpose. Lastly, the breadth of the measures of meaning and purpose used in the current study raise questions as to the finality of tripartite models, suggesting that more work is needed to derive a fuller picture of this construct.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe last sixty years of purpose and meaning research have established meaning and purpose as a robust protective factor against mental ill-health and the challenges of aging. As the global population continues to age, it is imperative that health-promoting strategies expand beyond the well-established pillars of physical exercise, healthy nutrition, stress management and adequate sleep. Focusing on purpose and meaning with its strong links to these foundational health-pillars and markers of cognitive and functional ability is a promising strategy for aging communities and populations. In a broader sense, purpose and meaning research still lags behind personality research, in terms of universally agreed structures and measures, with some progress made in the last decade to present a tripartite model of meaning. The results of our study are encouraging from an aging perspective. While the Pinquart (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR275\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e) meta-analysis found declines in purpose for both middle-aged adults and older adults, the current data suggest that the purpose-age relationship does not become negative until in very old age, and even then the effect size is small. This suggests that overall, purpose and meaning can potentially be sustained into the latter stages of life. Emotional and cognitive interpretations of meaning may become more salient in older age, and may present exciting avenues for future research, as well as providing direction for future clinical and practical applications to enhance overall well-being.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eI.B. Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing- Original draft preparation. P.B. and C.O. Supervision, Writing- Reviewing and Editing. P.B. Methodology.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStudies used in the meta-analysis are marked with an asterisk\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Abikoye, G. E. \u0026amp; Lawal, A. M. (2023). 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(1996). \u003cem\u003eA Spanish translation of the spiritual well-being scale: Preliminary validation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Publication No. 9702208) [Doctoral dissertation, George Fox University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Bryan, C. J., Bryan, A. O., \u0026amp; Kopacz, M. S. (2019). Finding purpose and happiness after recovery from suicide ideation. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Positive Psychology, 16\u003c/em\u003e(1), 46\u0026ndash;53. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2019.1676460\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Bryan, C. J., Elder, W. B., McNaughton-Cassill, M., Osman, A., Hernandez, A. M., \u0026amp; Allison, S. (2013). Meaning in life, emotional distress, suicidal ideation, and life functioning in an active duty military sample. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Positive Psychology, 8\u003c/em\u003e(5), 444\u0026ndash;452. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2013.823557\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Burrow, A. L., \u0026amp; Rainone, N. (2017). How many likes did I get?: Purpose moderates links between positive social media feedback and self-esteem. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Experimental Social Psychology, 69\u003c/em\u003e, 232\u0026ndash;236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2016.09.005\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Burrow, A. L., \u0026amp; Spreng, R. N. (2016). Waiting with purpose: A reliable but small association between purpose in life and impulsivity. \u003cem\u003ePersonality and Individual Differences, 90\u003c/em\u003e, 187\u0026ndash;189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.010\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Burrow, A. L., Stanley, M., Sumner, R., \u0026amp; Hill, P. L. (2014). Purpose in life as a resource for increasing comfort with ethnic diversity. \u003cem\u003ePersonality \u0026amp; Social Psychology Bulletin, 40\u003c/em\u003e(11), 1507\u0026ndash;1516. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214549540\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eButler, J., \u0026amp; Kern, M. L. (2016). The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Wellbeing, 6\u003c/em\u003e(3), 1\u0026ndash;48. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v6i3.526\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eByczewska-Konieczny, K., Paleczna, M., \u0026amp; Mironiuk, O. (2019). Simple verbal analogical reasoning and its predictors in old age. \u003cem\u003eNeuropsychology, Development, and Cognition. Section B, Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e27\u003c/em\u003e(5), 693\u0026ndash;709. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2019.1666968\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Cabness, J. L. (2003). \u003cem\u003ePsychosocial resilience, depression, and subjective well-being in long-term care\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Publication No. 3075227) [Doctoral dissertation, The Catholic University of America]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Carpenter, J. S. (1996). \u003cem\u003eSelf-esteem and well-being in women with breast cancer and age-matched comparison women\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 9623969) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Kentucky]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCarstensen, L. L. (1995). Evidence for a life-span theory of socioemotional selectivity. \u003cem\u003eCurrent Directions in Psychological Science, 4\u003c/em\u003e(5), 151\u0026ndash;156. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep11512261\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCarstensen, L. L. (2021). Socioemotional Selectivity Theory: The role of perceived endings in human motivation. \u003cem\u003eThe Gerontologist, 61\u003c/em\u003e(8), 1188\u0026ndash;1196. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnab116\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCarstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., \u0026amp; Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. \u003cem\u003eAmerican Psychologist\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e54\u003c/em\u003e(3), 165-181. https://doi.org/10.1037/2F0003-066X.54.3.165\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Chan, C. S., Rhodes, J. E., \u0026amp; P\u0026eacute;rez, J. E. (2012). A prospective study of religiousness and psychological distress among female survivors of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. \u003cem\u003eAmerican Journal of Community Psychology, 49\u003c/em\u003e(1-2), 168\u0026ndash;181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-011-9445-y\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Chang, B., Cheng, J., Fang, J., \u0026amp; Dang, J. (2021). The indirect effect of death anxiety on experienced meaning in life via search for meaning and prosocial behavior. \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in Psychology, 12\u003c/em\u003e, 673460. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.673460\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Chasson, M., Ben-Yaakov, O., \u0026amp; Taubman-Ben-Ari, O. (2021). Meaning in life among new mothers before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of mothers\u0026apos; marital satisfaction and perception of the infant. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Happiness Studies, 22\u003c/em\u003e(8), 3499\u0026ndash;3512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-021-00378-1\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCheung, M. W. L. (2014). Modeling dependent effect sizes with three-level meta-analyses: A structural equation modeling approach. \u003cem\u003ePsychological Methods, 19\u003c/em\u003e, 211\u0026ndash; 229. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032968\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Chow E. O. (2017). The role of meaning in life: Mediating the effects of perceived knowledge of stroke on depression and life satisfaction among stroke survivors. \u003cem\u003eClinical Rehabilitation, 31\u003c/em\u003e(12), 1664\u0026ndash;1673. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215517708604\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Chow, E. O., \u0026amp; Ho, H. C. (2012). The relationship between psychological resources, social resources, and depression: Results from older spousal caregivers in Hong Kong. \u003cem\u003eAging \u0026amp; Mental Health, 16(\u003c/em\u003e8), 1016\u0026ndash;1027. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2012.692769\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Chukwuorji, J. C., Ekpedoho, E. A., Ifeagwazi, C. M., Iorfa, S. K., \u0026amp; Nwonyi, S. K. (2019). Psychometric properties of the Meaning in Life Questionnaire\u0026mdash;Hausa version among internally displaced persons in Nigeria. \u003cem\u003eTranscultural Psychiatry, 56\u003c/em\u003e(1), 103\u0026ndash;122. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461518794218\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Cicone, C. M. (2003). \u003cem\u003eHope and optimism: Impact on burnout, satisfaction with life and psychological well-being in psychotherapists\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 3087082) [Doctoral dissertation, Alliant International University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eClarke, P. J., Marshall, V. W., Ryff, C. D., \u0026amp; Rosenthal, C. J. (2000). Well being in Canadian seniors: Findings from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. \u003cem\u003eCanadian Journal on Aging, 19\u003c/em\u003e(2), 139\u0026ndash;159. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0714980800013982\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Clement, L. R. (2018). \u003cem\u003eExistential factors influencing end-of-life treatment decision making: The role of death anxiety and meaning in life in choosing to receive destination therapy left ventricular assist device in advanced heart failure patients\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 10809303) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado at Denver]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Coleman, C. L. (1996). \u003cem\u003eThe effects of religious attributes on psychological well-being and health status in African-Americans living with HIV infection\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Publication No. 9714788) [Doctoral dissertation, University of California, San Francisco]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Corral-Fr\u0026iacute;as, N. S., Velardez Soto, S. N., Fr\u0026iacute;as-Armenta, M., Corona-Espinosa, A., \u0026amp; Watson, D. (2019). Concurrent validity and reliability of two short forms of the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire in a student sample from Northwest Mexico. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 41\u003c/em\u003e(2), 304\u0026ndash;316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-019-09738-x\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Costanza, A., Baertschi, M., Richard-Lepouriel, H., Weber, K., Pompili, M., \u0026amp; Canuto, A. (2020). The presence and the search constructs of meaning in life in suicidal patients attending a psychiatric emergency department. \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in Psychiatry, 11\u003c/em\u003e, Article 327. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00327\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCostin, V., \u0026amp; Vignoles, V. L. (2020). Meaning is about mattering: Evaluating coherence, purpose, and existential mattering as precursors of meaning in life judgments. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118(\u003c/em\u003e4), 864\u0026ndash;884. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000225\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Coward D. D. (1996). Self-transcendence and correlates in a healthy population. \u003cem\u003eNursing Research, 45\u003c/em\u003e(2), 116\u0026ndash;121. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-199603000-00011\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Cranford, J. A., Krentzman, A. R., Mowbray, O., \u0026amp; Robinson, E. A. (2014). Trajectories of alcohol use over time among adults with alcohol dependence. \u003cem\u003eAddictive Behaviors, 39\u003c/em\u003e(5), 1006\u0026ndash;1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.02.009\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Crea, G., Francis, L. J. (2022). Purpose in life as protection against professional burnout among catholic priests and religious in Italy: Testing the insights of Logotherapy. \u003cem\u003ePastoral Psychology, 71\u003c/em\u003e, 471\u0026ndash;483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-022-01009-z\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Creedon, M. A. (2013). \u003cem\u003eConnectedness to nature and its relationship to meaning in life\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 3595184) [Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts School of Professional Psychology]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Crego, A., Yela, J. R., G\u0026oacute;mez-Mart\u0026iacute;nez, M. \u0026Aacute;., \u0026amp; Karim, A. A. (2020). The contribution of meaningfulness and mindfulness to psychological well-being and mental health: A structural equation model. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 21\u003c/em\u003e(8), 2827\u0026ndash;2850. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00201-y\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Crego, A., Yela, J. R., G\u0026oacute;mez-Mart\u0026iacute;nez, M. \u0026Aacute;., Riesco-Mat\u0026iacute;as, P., \u0026amp; Petisco-Rodr\u0026iacute;guez, C. (2021). Relationships between mindfulness, purpose in life, happiness, anxiety, and depression: Testing a mediation model in a sample of women. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18\u003c/em\u003e(3), 925. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030925\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCrumbaugh, J. (1977). The Seeking of Noetic Goals Test (SONG): A complementary scale to the Purpose in Life Test (PIL). \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical Psychology, 33\u003c/em\u003e(3), 900\u0026ndash;907. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(197707)33:3\u0026lt;900::AID-JCLP2270330362\u0026gt;3.0.CO;2-8\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCrumbaugh, J., \u0026amp; Maholick, L. (1964). An experimental study in existentialism: The psychometric approach to Frankl\u0026apos;s concept of noogenic neurosis. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical Psychology, 20\u003c/em\u003e, 200-207.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Czekierda, K., Horodyska, K., Banik, A., Wilhelm, L., Knoll, N., \u0026amp; Luszczynska, A. (2019). Meaning in life and physical quality of life: Cross-lagged associations during inpatient rehabilitation. \u003cem\u003eRehabilitation Psychology, 64\u003c/em\u003e(4), 425\u0026ndash;434. https://doi.org/10.1037/rep0000281\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Dakin, B. C., Laham, S. M., Tan, N. P., \u0026amp; Bastian, B. (2021). Searching for meaning is associated with costly prosociality. \u003cem\u003ePloS One, 16\u003c/em\u003e(10), e0258769. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258769\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Damiani, T., Sharkey, J. D., Morgan, M. L., \u0026amp; Mullin, A. (2023). Posttraumatic growth, purpose, and trauma in university survivors of sexual assault. \u003cem\u003eJournal of American College Health, 1\u0026ndash;9\u003c/em\u003e. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2023.2208233\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Davies, R. L., Cox, S., Kelley, M. L., Meca, A., Milam, A. L., \u0026amp; Chae, J. W. (2022). Posttraumatic stress disorder, personal identity, and meaning in life in U.S. Veterans. \u003cem\u003eIdentity: An International Journal of Theory and Research\u003c/em\u003e. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2022.2124513\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* de Miguel, A., Marrero, R. J., Fumero, A., Carballeira, M., \u0026amp; Nuez, C. (2018). Well-being among Spanish lesbian, gay, bisexual and heterosexual adults: Disclosure of sexual orientation to family and friends. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Sexual Health, 30\u003c/em\u003e(1), 124\u0026ndash;131. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2018.1451423\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Dellaria, J. M (2017). \u003cem\u003eThe relationship between spirituality and leader behavior When controlling for personality\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Publication No. 10690828) [Doctoral dissertation, Our Lady of the Lake University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* deRoon-Cassini, T. A., de St. Aubin, E., Valvano, A., Hastings, J., \u0026amp; Horn, P. (2009). Psychological well-being after spinal cord injury: Perception of loss and meaning making. \u003cem\u003eRehabilitation Psychology, 54\u003c/em\u003e(3), 306\u0026ndash;314. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016545\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Dewitte, L., Hill, P. L., Vandenbulcke, M., \u0026amp; Dezutter, J. (2022). The longitudinal relationship between meaning in life, depressive symptoms, life satisfaction, and cognitive functioning for older adults with Alzheimer\u0026apos;s disease. \u003cem\u003eEuropean Journal of Ageing, 19\u003c/em\u003e(4), 1155\u0026ndash;1166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-022-00689-z\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Dewitte, L., Vandenbulcke, M., Schellekens, T., \u0026amp; Dezutter, J. (2021). Sources of well-being for older adults with and without dementia in residential care: Relations to presence of meaning and life satisfaction. \u003cem\u003eAging \u0026amp; Mental Health, 25\u003c/em\u003e(1), 170\u0026ndash;178. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2019.1691144\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Dodd, R. B. (2002). \u003cem\u003eThe relation between spiritual functioning in pastors and perceived stress levels\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Publication No. 3065218) [Doctoral dissertation, Regent University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Drebing, C. E. (1990). \u003cem\u003eThe status of the dream in the midlife transition, and its impact on depression, anxiety, and purpose-in-life in women\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 9027829) [Doctoral dissertation, Fuller Theological Seminary]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Duke, E. H. (1977). \u003cem\u003eMeaning in life and acceptance of death in terminally ill patients\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 7732297) [Doctoral dissertation, Northwestern University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEakman, A. M. (2012). Measurement characteristics of the engagement in meaningful activities survey in an age-diverse sample. \u003cem\u003eThe American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66\u003c/em\u003e(2), e20\u0026ndash;e29. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2012.001867.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Eakman, A. M., Carlson, M. E., \u0026amp; Clark, F. A. (2010). The Meaningful Activity Participation Assessment: A measure of engagement in personally valued activities. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Aging \u0026amp; Human Development, 70\u003c/em\u003e(4), 299\u0026ndash;317. https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.70.4.b\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEgger, M., Davey Smith, G., Schneider, M., \u0026amp; Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. \u003cem\u003eBMJ (Clinical research ed.)\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e315\u003c/em\u003e(7109), 629\u0026ndash;634. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEllison, C. W. (1983). Spiritual well-being: Conceptualization and measurement. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Psychology and Theology, 11\u003c/em\u003e(4), 330\u0026ndash;340. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164718301100406\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Erci B. (2015). Meaning in life of patients with cancer. \u003cem\u003ePalliative \u0026amp; Supportive Care, 13\u003c/em\u003e(1), 3\u0026ndash;10. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1478951513000254\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Farrell, A. G. (2013). The FACIT-sp: Factor structure in a cancer treatment population (Publication No. 3604431) [Doctoral dissertation, Indiana State University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Feder, A., Ahmad, S., Lee, E. J., Morgan, J. E., Singh, R., Smith, B. W., Southwick, S. M., \u0026amp; Charney, D. S. (2013). Coping and PTSD symptoms in Pakistani earthquake survivors: Purpose in life, religious coping and social support. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Affective Disorders, 147\u003c/em\u003e(1-3), 156\u0026ndash;163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.027\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Feder, A., Southwick, S. M., Goetz, R. R., Wang, Y., Alonso, A., Smith, B. W., Buchholz, K. R., Waldeck, T., Ameli, R., Moore, J., Hain, R., Charney, D. S., \u0026amp; Vythilingam, M. (2008). Posttraumatic growth in former Vietnam prisoners of war. \u003cem\u003ePsychiatry, 71\u003c/em\u003e(4), 359\u0026ndash;370. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2008.71.4.359\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Ferguson, S. J., Taylor, A. J., \u0026amp; McMahon, C. (2017). Hope for the future and avoidance of the present: Associations with well-being in older adults. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 18\u003c/em\u003e(5), 1485\u0026ndash;1506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9787-0\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Fike, K. J., Morton, C. S., Thorne, K. M., \u0026amp; Mattis, J. S. (2022). The power of faith: Racial discrimination and religiosity among Black American men. \u003cem\u003eCultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology\u003c/em\u003e. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000574\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Fletcher, S. (1981). \u003cem\u003eAn investigation of the relationship of locus of control and social opportunity to life satisfaction and purpose in life among elderly women\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 8210915) [Doctoral dissertation, New York University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Flood, M. (2007). Exploring the relationships between creativity, depression, and successful aging. \u003cem\u003eActivities, Adaptation \u0026amp; Aging, 31\u003c/em\u003e(1), 55\u0026ndash;71. https://doi.org/10.1300/J016v31n01_04\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Fortems, C., Dezutter, J., Dewitte, L., \u0026amp; Vanhooren, S. (2022). The mediating role of meaning in life between the therapeutic relationship and therapy outcome in person-centered and experiential psychotherapies. \u003cem\u003ePerson-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies, 21\u003c/em\u003e(1), 73\u0026ndash;93. https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2021.1938184\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Fox, R. B. (2001). \u003cem\u003eReligious identity, religious practices, and spiritual coping in adults undergoing treatment for cancer\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 3029134) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Kansas]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Francis, L. J., \u0026amp; Crea, G. (2016). The relationship between priestly motivational styles and personal wellbeing in ministry: Exploring the connection between religious orientation and purpose in life among catholic priests serving in Italy. \u003cem\u003eReview of Religious Research, 58\u003c/em\u003e(2), 219-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-015-0242-1\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Francis, L. J., Jewell, A., \u0026amp; Robbins, M. (2010). The relationship between religious orientation, personality, and purpose in life among an older Methodist sample. \u003cem\u003eMental Health, Religion \u0026amp; Culture, 13(\u003c/em\u003e7-8), 777\u0026ndash;791. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670802360907\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Fraser, R., Slattery, J., \u0026amp; Yakovenko, I. (2023). Escaping through video games: Using your avatar to find meaning in life. \u003cem\u003eComputers in Human Behavior, 144\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107756\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Freeman, D. R. (1996). \u003cem\u003eThe relationship between spiritual wholeness and physical violence\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 9728632) [Doctoral dissertation, The Catholic University of America]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Galek, K., Flannelly, K. J., Ellison, C. G., Silton, N. R., \u0026amp; Jankowski, K. R. B. (2015). Religion, meaning and purpose, and mental health. \u003cem\u003ePsychology of Religion and Spirituality, 7\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1\u0026ndash;12. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037887\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Ganocy, S. J., Goto, T., Chan, P. K., Cohen, G. H., Sampson, L., Galea, S., Liberzon, I., Fine, T., Shirley, E., Sizemore, J., Calabrese, J. R., \u0026amp; Tamburrino, M. B. (2016). Association of spirituality with mental health conditions in Ohio National Guard Soldiers. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 204\u003c/em\u003e(7), 524\u0026ndash;529. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000519\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Garc\u0026iacute;a-Alandete, J., Ros, M. C., Salvador, J. H. M., \u0026amp; Rodr\u0026iacute;guez, S. P. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Purpose-In-Life Test and age-related differences among women diagnosed with eating disorders. \u003cem\u003ePsychiatry Research, 261\u003c/em\u003e, 161\u0026ndash;167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.052\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Garc\u0026iacute;a-Alandete, J., Rubio-Belmonte, C., \u0026amp; Soucase Lozano, B. (2018). A replication of the Reker and Cousins\u0026rsquo; study about the complementarity between the Purpose-In-Life Test (PIL) and the Seeking of Noetic Goals (SONG) among Spanish young people. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 19\u003c/em\u003e(1), 81\u0026ndash;97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9810-5\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGeorge, L. S., \u0026amp; Park, C. L. (2016a). Meaning in life as comprehension, purpose, and mattering: Toward integration and new research questions. \u003cem\u003eReview of General Psychology, 20\u003c/em\u003e(3), 205\u0026ndash;220. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000077\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGeorge, L. S., \u0026amp; Park, C. L. (2016b). The Multidimensional Existential Meaning Scale: A tripartite approach to measuring meaning in life. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Positive Psychology, 12\u003c/em\u003e(6), 613\u0026ndash;627. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1209546\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Giannone, D. A., Kaplin, D., \u0026amp; Francis, L. J. (2019). Exploring two approaches to an existential function of religiosity in mental health. \u003cem\u003eMental Health, Religion \u0026amp; Culture, 22\u003c/em\u003e(1), 56\u0026ndash;72. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2019.1592136\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGoldberg, B., Brintnell, E. S., \u0026amp; Goldberg, J. (2002). The relationship between engagement in meaningful activities and quality of life in persons disabled by mental illness. \u003cem\u003eOccupational Therapy in Mental Health, 18\u003c/em\u003e(2), 17\u0026ndash;44. https://doi.org/10.1300/J004v18n02_03\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Goldenthal, L. M. (1981). \u003cem\u003ePersonality characteristics of alcoholics in a religious treatment program\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Publication No. NK51191) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Windsor (Canada)]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Golovchanova, N., Dezutter, J., \u0026amp; Vanhooren, S. (2021). Meaning profiles and the perception of the working alliance at the start of outpatient person-centered, experiential, and existential psychotherapies. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical Psychology, 77\u003c/em\u003e(3), 770\u0026ndash;781. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23057\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Gonz\u0026aacute;lez-Cutre, D., Romero-El\u0026iacute;as, M., Jim\u0026eacute;nez-Loaisa, A., Beltr\u0026aacute;n-Carrillo, V. J., \u0026amp; Hagger, M. S. (2020). Testing the need for novelty as a candidate need in basic psychological needs theory. \u003cem\u003eMotivation and Emotion, 44\u003c/em\u003e(2), 295\u0026ndash;314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-019-09812-7\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Goodman, M. L., Gibson, D. C., Keiser, P. H., Gitari, S., \u0026amp; Raimer-Goodman, L. (2019). Family, belonging and meaning in life among semi-rural Kenyans. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 20\u003c/em\u003e(5), 1627\u0026ndash;1645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-0017-9\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Goodman, M., Theron, L., Seidel, S., Elliott, A., Raimer-Goodman, L., Keiser, P., Gitari, S., \u0026amp; Gatwiri, C. (2023). Flourishing communities: A new model to promote sustainable community leadership and transformation in semi-rural Kenya. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Community \u0026amp; Applied Social Psychology, 33(\u003c/em\u003e3), 756\u0026ndash;772. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2665\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Goodwill, J. R., \u0026amp; Hope, M. O. (2024). Religion and suicide in black emerging adults: Examining pathways through hope and meaning in life. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Youth and Adolescence, 53\u003c/em\u003e(5), 1119\u0026ndash;1133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-023-01930-3\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Graeser, D. M. (1994). \u003cem\u003eThe relationship between purpose-in-life, religiosity, belief in afterlife, and death anxiety in a terminally ill population\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 9421072) [Doctoral dissertation, The Fielding Institute]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Grimm, N. J. (2005). \u003cem\u003eBenevolence and well-being: The relationship of volunteering to life satisfaction\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Publication No. 3174139) [Doctoral dissertation, State University of New York at Buffalo]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Gutierrez, C. E. (1992). \u003cem\u003eExistential theory, ego development, purpose in life, and death anxiety among older adults\u003c/em\u003e [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Michigan State University. https://d.lib.msu.edu/etd/22890\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHabeck, C. W., \u0026amp; Schultz, A. K. (2015). Community-level impacts of white-tailed deer on understorey plants in North American forests: a meta-analysis. \u003cem\u003eAoB PLANTS\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e, plv119. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plv119\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Haase, C. M., Heckhausen, J., \u0026amp; Silbereisen, R. K. (2012). The interplay of occupational motivation and well-being during the transition from university to work. \u003cem\u003eDevelopmental Psychology, 48\u003c/em\u003e(6), 1739\u0026ndash;1751. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026641\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Haase, C. M., Singer, T., Silbereisen, R. K., Heckhausen, J., \u0026amp; Wrosch, C. (2021). Well-being as a resource for goal reengagement: Evidence from two longitudinal studies. \u003cem\u003eMotivation Science, 7\u003c/em\u003e(1), 21\u0026ndash;31. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000199\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Halama, P., Koh\u0026uacute;tov\u0026aacute;, V., Havan, P., \u0026amp; Koh\u0026uacute;t, M. (2024). The psychometric properties of the meaning in life questionnaire in Slovakia. \u003cem\u003eČeskoslovensk\u0026aacute; Psychologie: Časopis Pro Psychologickou Teorii a Praxi, 68\u003c/em\u003e(1), 49\u0026ndash;66. https://doi.org/10.51561/cspsych.68.1.49\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Hamm, J. M., Tan, J. X. Y., Barlow, M. A., Delaney, R. L., \u0026amp; Duggan, K. A. (2022). Goal adjustment capacities in uncontrollable life circumstances: Benefits for psychological well-being during COVID-19. \u003cem\u003eMotivation and Emotion, 46\u003c/em\u003e(3), 319\u0026ndash;335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-022-09941-6\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Han, X., Yang, Y., Li, F., \u0026amp; Li, Y. (2022). Adding life to years: The influence of internet use and appearance management on life satisfaction among the elderly. \u003cem\u003eSocial Indicators Research, 160\u003c/em\u003e, 585\u0026ndash;600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02342-7\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Hanna, M., \u0026amp; Strober, L. B. (2020). Anxiety and depression in Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Antecedents, consequences, and differential impact on well-being and quality of life. \u003cem\u003eMultiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 44\u003c/em\u003e, Article 102261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2020.102261\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Harshaw, R. L. (1999). \u003cem\u003eThe relationship between purpose in life and occupational strain among active duty Air Force nurses: A descriptive correlational study\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 1396542) [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Texas at Arlington]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Health and Retirement Study (2018). Public survey data (2006-2018 HRS Core) [Data sets and code books] public use dataset. Produced and distributed by the University of Michigan with funding from the National Institute on Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740). Ann Arbor, MI, (2006-2018). https://hrsdata.isr.umich.edu/data-products/public-survey-data\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Heidrich, S. M. (1993). The relationship between physical health and psychological well-being in elderly women: A developmental perspective. \u003cem\u003eResearch in Nursing \u0026amp; Health, 16\u003c/em\u003e(2), 123\u0026ndash;130. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.4770160207\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Heidrich, S. M., Forsthoff, C. A., \u0026amp; Ward, S. E. (1994). Psychological adjustment in adults with cancer: The self as mediator. \u003cem\u003eHealth Psychology, 13\u003c/em\u003e(4), 346\u0026ndash;353. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.13.4.346\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHeisel, M. J., \u0026amp; Flett, G. L. (2006). The development and initial validation of the geriatric suicide ideation scale. \u003cem\u003eThe American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14\u003c/em\u003e, 742\u0026ndash;751.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Helminiak, D. A. (1994). \u003cem\u003eMen and women in midlife transition and the crisis of meaning and purpose in life, a matter of spirituality\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 9519301) [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Henderson-King, D., \u0026amp; Mitchell, A. M. (2011). Do materialism, intrinsic aspirations, and meaning in life predict students\u0026rsquo; meanings of education? \u003cem\u003eSocial Psychology of Education: An International Journal, 14\u003c/em\u003e(1), 119\u0026ndash;134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-010-9133-z\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Hern\u0026aacute;ndez-Varas, E., Labrador Encinas, F. J., \u0026amp; M\u0026eacute;ndez Su\u0026aacute;rez, M. (2019). Psychological capital, work satisfaction and health self-perception as predictors of psychological wellbeing in military personnel. \u003cem\u003ePsicothema, 31\u003c/em\u003e(3), 277\u0026ndash;283. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2019.22\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Hershberger, P. J., \u0026amp; Walsh, W. B. (1990). Multiple role involvements and the adjustment to conjugal bereavement: An exploratory study. \u003cem\u003eOMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 21\u003c/em\u003e(2), 91-102. https://doi.org/10.2190/K8D3-NTBT-KTMF-58CB\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHicks, J. A., \u0026amp; King, L. A. (2009). Meaning in life as a subjective judgment and a lived experience. \u003cem\u003eSocial and Personality Psychology Compass, 3\u003c/em\u003e(4), 638\u0026ndash;653. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00193.x\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Hicks, J. A., Trent, J., Davis, W. E., \u0026amp; King, L. A. (2012). Positive affect, meaning in life, and future time perspective: An application of socioemotional selectivity theory. \u003cem\u003ePsychology and Aging, 27\u003c/em\u003e(1), 181\u0026ndash;189. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023965\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Hill, C. E., Kline, K. V., Miller, M., Marks, E., Pinto-Coelho, K., \u0026amp; Zetzer, H. (2019). Development of the meaning in life measure. \u003cem\u003eCounselling Psychology Quarterly, 32\u003c/em\u003e(2), 205\u0026ndash;226. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2018.1434483\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHill, P. L., Edmonds, G. W., \u0026amp; Hampson, S. E. (2019). A purposeful lifestyle is a healthful lifestyle: Linking sense of purpose to self-rated health through multiple health behaviors. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Health Psychology, 24\u003c/em\u003e(10), 1392-1400. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105317708251\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHill, P. L., Edmonds, G. W., Peterson, M., Luyckx, K., \u0026amp; Andrews, J. A. (2015). Purpose in life in emerging adulthood: Development and validation of a new brief measure. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Positive Psychology, 11\u003c/em\u003e(3), 237\u0026ndash;245. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1048817\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHill, P. L., Turiano, N. A., Spiro, A. III, \u0026amp; Mroczek, D. K. (2015). Understanding inter-individual variability in purpose: Longitudinal findings from the VA Normative Aging Study. \u003cem\u003ePsychology and Aging, 30\u003c/em\u003e(3), 529\u0026ndash;533. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000020\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHill, P. L., \u0026amp; Weston, S. J. (2019). Evaluating eight-year trajectories for sense of purpose in the health and retirement study. \u003cem\u003eAging \u0026amp; Mental Health, 23\u003c/em\u003e(2), 233\u0026ndash;237. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2017.1399344\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Hirsch, J. K., Nsamenang, S. A., Chang, E. C., \u0026amp; Kaslow, N. J. (2014). Spiritual well-being and depressive symptoms in female African American suicide attempters: Mediating effects of optimism and pessimism. \u003cem\u003ePsychology of Religion and Spirituality, 6\u003c/em\u003e(4), 276\u0026ndash;283. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036723\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Hofer, J., Busch, H., Au, A., Pol\u0026aacute;čkov\u0026aacute; \u0026Scaron;olcov\u0026aacute;, I., Tavel, P., \u0026amp; Tsien Wong, T. (2014). For the benefit of others: Generativity and meaning in life in the elderly in four cultures. \u003cem\u003ePsychology and Aging, 29\u003c/em\u003e(4), 764\u0026ndash;775. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037762\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Hofer, M., Birrer, A., Eden, A., \u0026amp; Seifert, A. (2022). Daily TV use and meaning in life among older adults: The moderating role of selective and compensatory TV use. \u003cem\u003eMass Communication and Society, 1\u0026ndash;22\u003c/em\u003e. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2022.2135447\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. \u003cem\u003eOnline Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2\u003c/em\u003e(1). https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHofstede, G., \u0026amp; Bond, M. H. (1984). Hofstede\u0026apos;s culture dimensions: An independent validation using Rokeach\u0026apos;s Value Survey. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 15\u003c/em\u003e(4), 417\u0026ndash;433. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002184015004003\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Holahan, L. (1995). \u003cem\u003eA study of suffering, hope, healing, and demographic factors in persons receiving hemodialysis\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 9539817) [Doctoral dissertation, Teachers College, Columbia University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Hollis, R. K. (1995). \u003cem\u003ePredictors of AIDS risky behavior among African American women\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 9532548) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Chicago, Health Sciences Center\u0026thinsp;]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Holzer, K. (2011). \u003cem\u003eSpiritual well-being and anxiety: The relationship and underlying constructs\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Publication No. 3484532) [Doctoral dissertation, Adler School of Professional Psychology]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Homan K. J. (2016). Secure attachment and eudaimonic well-being in late adulthood: The mediating role of self-compassion. \u003cem\u003eAging \u0026amp; Mental Health, 22\u003c/em\u003e(3), 363\u0026ndash;370. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2016.1254597\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Homan, K. J., \u0026amp; Kong, J. (2020). Longitudinal health consequences of childhood adversity: The mediating role of purpose in life. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Gerontological Social Work, 63\u003c/em\u003e(8), 864\u0026ndash;877. https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2020.1808140\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Hong, J. H., Talavera, D. C., Odafe, M. O., Barr, C. D., \u0026amp; Walker, R. L. (2018). Does purpose in life or ethnic identity moderate the association for racial discrimination and suicide ideation in racial/ethnic minority emerging adults? \u003cem\u003eCultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology\u003c/em\u003e. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000245\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Hooker, S. A., \u0026amp; Masters, K. S. (2014). Purpose in life is associated with physical activity measured by accelerometer. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Health Psychology, 21\u003c/em\u003e(6), 962\u0026ndash;971. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314542822\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Horwood, S., \u0026amp; Anglim, J. (2019). Problematic smartphone usage and subjective and psychological well-being. \u003cem\u003eComputers in Human Behavior, 97\u003c/em\u003e, 44\u0026ndash;50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.02.028\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHouben, M., Van den Noortgate, W., \u0026amp; Kuppens, P. (2015). The relation between short-term emotion dynamics and psychological well-being: A meta-analysis. \u003cem\u003ePsychological Bulletin, 141\u003c/em\u003e(4), 901\u0026ndash;930. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038822\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Hughes, A. A. (2018). \u003cem\u003eChristians and their behaviors: A quantitative analysis of the effect of mind-body beliefs on daily practices\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;(Publication No. 10932625) [Doctoral dissertation, Fuller Theological Seminary]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Hui, V. K., \u0026amp; Fung, H. H. (2009). Mortality anxiety as a function of intrinsic religiosity and perceived purpose in life. \u003cem\u003eDeath Studies, 33\u003c/em\u003e(1), 30\u0026ndash;50. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180802494099\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Hurd, N. M., Stoddard, S. A., Bauermeister, J. A., \u0026amp; Zimmerman, M. A. (2014). Natural mentors, mental health, and substance use: Exploring pathways via coping and purpose. \u003cem\u003eAmerican Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84\u003c/em\u003e(2), 190\u0026ndash;200. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0099361\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Ishikawa, M. E. (2013). \u003cem\u003eNisei, sansei, and yonsei: Acculturation, ethnic identity, and subjective well-being among three generations of Japanese Americans\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 3598078) [Doctoral dissertation, Washington State University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Itzick, M., Kagan, M., \u0026amp; Ben-Ezra, M. (2018). Social worker characteristics associated with perceived meaning in life. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Social Work, 18\u003c/em\u003e(3), 326\u0026ndash;347. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468017316654345\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Jaarsma, T. A., Pool, G., Ranchor, A. V., \u0026amp; Sanderman, R. (2007). The concept and measurement of meaning in life in Dutch cancer patients. \u003cem\u003ePsycho-Oncology, 16\u003c/em\u003e(3), 241\u0026ndash;248. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1056\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJim, H. S., Purnell, J. Q., Richardson, S. A., Golden-Kreutz, D., \u0026amp; Andersen, B. L. (2006). Measuring meaning in life following cancer. \u003cem\u003eQuality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation, 15\u003c/em\u003e(8), 1355\u0026ndash;1371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-006-0028-6\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Jim, H. S., Richardson, S. A., Golden-Kreutz, D. M., \u0026amp; Andersen, B. L. (2006). Strategies used in coping with a cancer diagnosis predict meaning in life for survivors. \u003cem\u003eHealth Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 25\u003c/em\u003e(6), 753\u0026ndash;761. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.25.6.753\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Johnny, W. (2013). \u003cem\u003eRace-related stress, spiritual well-being, and help-seeking in black British West Indian Americans\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 3595798) [Doctoral dissertation,\u0026thinsp;Walden University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Johnson, B. A. (2007). \u003cem\u003eRelationships among social support, life purpose, and stress in the lives of graduate students\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Publication No. 3281543) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Florida]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Junior, V. Y. (1999). \u003cem\u003eSelf-esteem, self-efficacy, and purpose and meaning in life among recovering alcoholics in Alcoholics Anonymous\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 9932990) [Doctoral dissertation, Wayne State University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Kalafatoğlu, Z. L. (2022). \u003cem\u003ePosttraumatic growth, posttraumatic stress, meaning in life, death anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty and loss in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 29394881) [Doctoral dissertation, Bahcesehir University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Kan, E. Z. (2007). \u003cem\u003eAdaptive behaviors and perceptions of recovery following coronary artery bypass graft surgery\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 3272376) [Doctoral dissertation, Widener University School of Nursing]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Kang, Y., Cosme, D., Pei, R., Pandey, P., Carreras-Tartak, J., \u0026amp; Falk, E. B. (2021). Purpose in life, loneliness, and protective health behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. \u003cem\u003eThe Gerontologist, 61\u003c/em\u003e(6), 878\u0026ndash;887. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnab081\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Karataş, Z., Uzun, K., \u0026amp; Tagay, \u0026Ouml;. (2021). Relationships between the life satisfaction, meaning in life, hope and COVID-19 fear for Turkish adults during the COVID-19 outbreak. \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in Psychology, 12\u003c/em\u003e, 633384. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.633384\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Kelley, M. M. (2003). \u003cem\u003eBereavement and grief related to a significant death: A psychological and theological study of attachment styles and religious coping\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Publication No. 3068039) [Doctoral dissertation, Boston University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Kereste\u0026scaron;, G., Brković, I., \u0026amp; Jagodić, G. K. (2012). Predictors of psychological well-being of adolescents\u0026apos; parents. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 13\u003c/em\u003e(6), 1073\u0026ndash;1089. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-011-9307-1\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKeyes, C. L. M. (2011). Authentic purpose: The spiritual infrastructure of life. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Management, Spirituality \u0026amp; Religion, 8\u003c/em\u003e(4), 281\u0026ndash;297. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2011.630133\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Kim, S-S. (2008). \u003cem\u003eInterdependence of spirituality and well-being among Korean elders and family caregivers\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 3303781) [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Arizona]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Kim, Y., Carver, C. S., \u0026amp; Cannady, R. S. (2015). Caregiving motivation predicts long-term spirituality and quality of life of the caregivers. \u003cem\u003eAnnals of Behavioral Medicine, 49\u003c/em\u003e(4), 500\u0026ndash;509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-014-9674-z\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Kishida, Y., Kitamura, T., Gatayama, R., Matsuoka, T., Miura, S., \u0026amp; Yamabe, K. (2004). Ryff\u0026apos;s psychological well-being inventory: factorial structure and life history correlates among Japanese university students. \u003cem\u003ePsychological Reports, 94\u003c/em\u003e(1), 83\u0026ndash;103. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.94.1.83-103\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Klaas, D. J. K. (1996). \u003cem\u003eThe experience of depression, meaning in life and self-transcendence in two groups of elders\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 9720690) [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Arizona]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Kleiman, E. M., \u0026amp; Beaver, J. K. (2013). A meaningful life is worth living: Meaning in life as a suicide resiliency factor. \u003cem\u003ePsychiatry Research, 210\u003c/em\u003e(3), 934\u0026ndash;939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.08.002\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Klonover, E., Maytles, R., Trachtingot, I., \u0026amp; Bergman, Y. S. (2023). Sense of community, meaning in life, and satisfaction with life among ultra-orthodox Jews: A mediation model. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Community Psychology, 51\u003c/em\u003e(1), 516\u0026ndash;523. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22914\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKnapp, G., \u0026amp; Hartung, J. (2003). Improved tests for a random effects meta-regression with a single covariate. \u003cem\u003eStatistics in Medicine\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e22\u003c/em\u003e(17), 2693\u0026ndash;2710. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1482\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Koenig, H. G., Berk, L. S., Daher, N. S., Pearce, M. J., Bellinger, D. L., Robins, C. J., Nelson, B., Shaw, S. F., Cohen, H. J., \u0026amp; King, M. B. (2014). Religious involvement is associated with greater purpose, optimism, generosity and gratitude in persons with major depression and chronic medical illness. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Psychosomatic Research, 77(\u003c/em\u003e2), 135\u0026ndash;143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.05.002\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Konkol\u0026yuml; Thege, B., Bachner, Y. G., Martos, T., \u0026amp; Kushnir, T. (2009). Meaning in life: Does it play a role in smoking? \u003cem\u003eSubstance Use \u0026amp; Misuse, 44\u003c/em\u003e(11), 1566\u0026ndash;1577. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826080802495096\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Kozar‐Westman, M., Troutman‐Jordan, M., \u0026amp; Nies, M. A. (2013). Successful aging among assisted living community older adults. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Nursing Scholarship, 45\u003c/em\u003e(3), 238\u0026ndash;246. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12027\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKrause, N. ( 2004 ). Stressors in highly valued roles, meaning in life, and the physical health status of older adults. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 59B\u003c/em\u003e, S287 \u0026ndash; S297.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Krause N. (2009). Meaning in life and mortality. \u003cem\u003eThe Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 64\u003c/em\u003e(4), 517\u0026ndash;527. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbp047\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKrawczyk, D. C., Michelle McClelland, M., \u0026amp; Donovan, C. M. (2011). A hierarchy for relational reasoning in the prefrontal cortex. \u003cem\u003eCortex; a journal devoted to the study of\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;the nervous system and behavior\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e47\u003c/em\u003e(5), 588\u0026ndash;597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2010.04.008\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Krok, D., Telka, E., \u0026amp; Zarzycka, B. (2022). Modeling psychological well-being among abdominal and pelvic cancer patients: The roles of total pain, meaning in life, and coping. \u003cem\u003ePsycho-Oncology, 31\u003c/em\u003e(11), 1852\u0026ndash;1859. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.6043\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Kulik, L., Shilo-Levin, S., \u0026amp; Liberman, G. (2015). Multiple roles, role satisfaction, and sense of meaning in life: An extended examination of role enrichment theory. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Career Assessment, 23\u003c/em\u003e(1), 137\u0026ndash;151. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072714523243\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Kulik, L., Shilo-Levin, S., \u0026amp; Liberman, G. (2017). The contribution of role satisfaction, meaning in life and work-home conflict to explaining well-being among working grandparents. \u003cem\u003eAnxiety, Stress, and Coping, 30\u003c/em\u003e(3), 333\u0026ndash;346. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2016.1269322\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Lawton, A., Miller-Lewis, L., \u0026amp; Gerace, A. (2023). Predicting wellbeing in retirees during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of meaning in life and goal setting. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Adult Development\u003c/em\u003e. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-023-09455-6\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Lebădă, D., \u0026amp; David, L.T. (2018). A correlation between quality of life and depression in elderly persons. \u003cem\u003eBulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov: Series VII: Social Sciences, Law, 11\u003c/em\u003e(60:1), 33-38. http://webbut2.unitbv.ro/BU2018/Series%20VII/2018/BULETIN%20I%20PDF/06_Lebada.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Lee, J., Cho, D., \u0026amp; Suh, Y. J. (2017). Purpose and meaning in life and job satisfaction among the aged. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Aging \u0026amp; Human Development, 85\u003c/em\u003e(4), 377\u0026ndash;402. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415016688305\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Lee, J. M., Choi, H. H., Lee, H., Park, J., \u0026amp; Lee, J. (2022). The Impact of cyberbullying victimization on psychosocial behaviors among college students during the Covid-19 pandemic: The indirect effect of a sense of purpose in life. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Aggression, Maltreatment \u0026amp; Trauma, 32\u003c/em\u003e(9), 1254\u0026ndash;1270. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2022.2136554\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Lee, Y. P. (2017). \u003cem\u003eThe impact of a positive psychology course on well-being among adults in Hong Kong\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 10286196) [Doctoral dissertation, Alliant International University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLeontiev, D. A. (2013). Personal meaning: A challenge for psychology. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Positive Psychology, 8\u003c/em\u003e(6), 459\u0026ndash;470. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2013.830767\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLeontiev, D. (2017). Converging paths toward meaning. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Constructivist Psychology, 30\u003c/em\u003e(1), 74\u0026ndash;81. https://doi.org/10.1080/10720537.2015.1119089\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Lightsey, O. R., Jr., \u0026amp; Sweeney, J. (2008). Meaning in life, emotion-oriented coping, generalized self-efficacy, and family cohesion as predictors of family satisfaction among mothers of children with disabilities. \u003cem\u003eThe Family Journal, 16\u003c/em\u003e(3), 212\u0026ndash;221. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480708317503\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Lin, L., \u0026amp; Chan, H.-W. (2020). The associations between happiness motives and well-being in China: The mediating role of psychological need satisfaction and frustration. \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in Psychology, 11\u003c/em\u003e, Article 2198. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02198\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLipsey, M. W. \u0026amp; Wilson, D. B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Liu, Y., Usman, M., Zhang, J., \u0026amp; Gul, H. (2020). Making sense of Chinese employees\u0026rsquo; suicidal ideation: A psychological strain\u0026mdash;life meaning model. \u003cem\u003ePsychological Reports, 123\u003c/em\u003e(2), 201-223. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294118811096\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Lopez, M. (2020). \u003cem\u003eDevelopment and validation of a scale to assess meaning in life: Lopez Meaning Scale (LMS)\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 13899844) [Doctoral dissertation, Alliant International University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Lu, L., \u0026amp; Kao, S-F. (2018). Striving for positive aging among Chinese older people: Effects of life stress and control beliefs in a longitudinal study. \u003cem\u003eThe International Journal of Aging and Human Development; 86\u003c/em\u003e(4), 382-400. doi:10.1177/0091415017732972\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Lutzman, M., \u0026amp; Sommerfeld, E. (2021). The role of meaning in life as a protective factor in suicidal ideation among elderly men with physical illnesses. \u003cem\u003eCurrent Psychology, 42\u003c/em\u003e(13), 10603\u0026ndash;10612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02332-z\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Lyke J. (2013). Associations among aspects of meaning in life and death anxiety in young adults. \u003cem\u003eDeath Studies, 37\u003c/em\u003e(5), 471\u0026ndash;482. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2011.649939\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMacDonald, D. A. (1997). \u003cem\u003eThe development of a comprehensive factor-analytically derived measure of spirituality and its relationship to psychological functioning\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Publication No. NQ52412) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Windsor (Canada)]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Maki, A. (2005). \u003cem\u003eThe relationship between spirituality and successful aging among older minority women\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 3183088) [Doctoral dissertation, Florida State University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMann, F. D., DeYoung, C. G., \u0026amp; Krueger, R. F. (2021). Patterns of cumulative continuity and maturity in personality and well-being: Evidence from a large longitudinal sample of adults. \u003cem\u003ePersonality and Individual Differences, 169\u003c/em\u003e, Article 109737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109737\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Maqbool, M., Rather, Y. H., Wani, F. A., Mir, Z. S., Ul Ann, Q., \u0026amp; Banoo, S. (2021). Fear of Covid-19, meaning in life and loneliness in the times of Covid-19 pandemics. \u003cem\u003eIndian Journal of Positive Psychology, 12\u003c/em\u003e(4), 388-391.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Markstrom, C. A., Sabino, V. M., Turner, B. J., \u0026amp; Berman, R. C. (1997). The psychosocial inventory of ego strengths: Development and validation of a new Eriksonian measure. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Youth and Adolescence, 26\u003c/em\u003e(6), 705\u0026ndash;732. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022348709532\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMartela, F., \u0026amp; Steger, M. F. (2016). The meaning of meaning in life: Coherence, purpose and significance as the three facets of meaning. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Positive Psychology, 11\u003c/em\u003e(5), 531\u0026ndash;545. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1137623\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Martin, R. A., MacKinnon, S., Johnson, J., \u0026amp; Rohsenow, D. J. (2011). Purpose in life predicts treatment outcome among adult cocaine abusers in treatment.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 40\u003c/em\u003e(2), 183\u0026ndash;188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2010.10.002\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Martos, T., \u0026amp; Kopp, M. S. (2012). Life goals and well-being: Does financial status matter? Evidence from a representative Hungarian sample. \u003cem\u003eSocial Indicators Research, 105\u003c/em\u003e(3), 561\u0026ndash;568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9788-7\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Matheis, E. N., Tulsky, D. S., \u0026amp; Matheis, R. J. (2006). The relation between spirituality and quality of life among individuals with spinal cord injury. \u003cem\u003eRehabilitation Psychology, 51\u003c/em\u003e(3), 265\u0026ndash;271. https://doi.org/10.1037/0090-5550.51.3.265\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMayers, A. M., Khoo, S. T., \u0026amp; Svartberg, M. (2002). The Existential Loneliness Questionnaire: Background, development, and preliminary findings. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical Psychology, 58\u003c/em\u003e(9), 1183-1193. doi:10.1002/jclp.10038\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Mcgaffic, C. M. (1995). \u003cem\u003ePatterns of spirituality and health among aging adults and dying adults living in the community\u003c/em\u003e [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Arizona. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187408\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* McManus, M. D., Siegel, J. T., \u0026amp; Nakamura, J. (2019). The predictive power of low-arousal positive affect. \u003cem\u003eMotivation and Emotion, 43\u003c/em\u003e(1), 130\u0026ndash;144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-018-9719-x\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Mehnert, A., \u0026amp; Koch, U. (2008). Psychometric evaluation of the German version of the Life Attitude Profile-Revised (LAP-R) in prostate cancer patients. \u003cem\u003ePalliative \u0026amp; Supportive Care, 6\u003c/em\u003e(2), 119\u0026ndash;124. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1478951508000199\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Meng, L., Lin, X., Du, J., \u0026amp; Lu, X. (2022). How can employees break free from helplessness in critical work incidents? \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Stress Management, 29\u003c/em\u003e(4), 330\u0026ndash;341. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000264\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Meraviglia M. (2006). Effects of spirituality in breast cancer survivors. \u003cem\u003eOncology Nursing Forum, 33\u003c/em\u003e(1), E1\u0026ndash;E7. https://doi.org/10.1188/06.ONF.E1-E7\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Meyer, T. M. (1998). \u003cem\u003eCoping and adjustment during acute rehabilitation for spinal cord injury\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Publication No. 9904764) [Doctoral dissertation, Auburn University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Miller, A. D., \u0026amp; Rottinghaus, P. J. (2014). Career indecision, meaning in life, and anxiety: An existential framework. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Career Assessment, 22\u003c/em\u003e(2), 233\u0026ndash;247. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072713493763\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Miller-Lewis, L., Tieman, J., Rawlings, D., Sanderson, C., \u0026amp; Parker, D. (2019). Correlates of perceived death competence: What role does meaning-in-life and quality-of-life play? \u003cem\u003ePalliative \u0026amp; Supportive Care, 17\u003c/em\u003e(5), 550\u0026ndash;560. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1478951518000937\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Mogollon, J. A. E. (2021). \u003cem\u003eThe need for purpose: The desire for meaningful direction as a fundamental human motivation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Publication No. 29248383) [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Western Ontario]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Mohd Nazan, A. I. N. B. (2017). \u003cem\u003eSocial engagement and health: A structural equation modeling analysis of downstream links to health outcomes among white-collar\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eprofessionals\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 10624776) [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Wisconsin]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Moisseron-Baud\u0026eacute;, M., Bernaud, J-L., Sovet, L. (2022). Relationships between sense of community, authenticity, and meaning in life in four social communities in France. \u003cem\u003eSustainability, 14\u003c/em\u003e(2):1018. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14021018\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Montag, C., M\u0026uuml;ller, M., Pontes, H. M., \u0026amp; Elhai, J. D. (2023). On fear of missing out, social networks use disorder tendencies and meaning in life. \u003cem\u003eBMC Psychology, 11\u003c/em\u003e(1), 358. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01342-9\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMorgan, J., \u0026amp; Farsides, T. (2007). Measuring meaning in life. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Happiness Studies, 10\u003c/em\u003e, 197\u0026ndash;214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-007-9075-0\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMorgan, J., \u0026amp; Robinson, O. (2013). Intrinsic aspirations and personal meaning across adulthood: Conceptual interrelations and age/sex differences. \u003cem\u003eDevelopmental Psychology, 49\u003c/em\u003e, 999\u0026ndash;1010. doi:10.1037/a0029237\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* M\u0026oacute;r\u0026oacute;, L., Simon, K., B\u0026aacute;rd, I., \u0026amp; R\u0026aacute;cz, J. (2011). Voice of the psychonauts: Coping, life purpose, and spirituality in psychedelic drug users. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Psychoactive Drugs, 43\u003c/em\u003e(3), 188\u0026ndash;198. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2011.605661\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Morse, J. L. (2021). \u003cem\u003eThe effects of intolerance of uncertainty and meaning in life on psychological and physical health\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 28644091) [Doctoral dissertation, \u0026thinsp;Colorado State University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Mosalum, L. M. J. (1998). \u003cem\u003ePsychological health and well-being in a community sample of Bahraini adults\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 9838693) [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Wisconsin]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Moss, M. E., Yu, S. B., \u0026amp; Mayr, U. (2023). The within-person dynamics of affect, meaning in life, and perceived stress. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Positive Psychology, 18\u003c/em\u003e(5), 798-806, DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2022.2093785\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Mundaden, M. U., \u0026amp; Tungol, J. (2021). The impact of prolonged grief on meaning in life among young widows (25-40 year old) in Kerala State, India. \u003cem\u003eIAHRW International Journal of Social Sciences Review, 9\u003c/em\u003e(4), 252-257.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Nakash, O., Nagar, M., Barker, Y., \u0026amp; Lotan, D. (2016). The association between religiosity and alcohol use: The mediating role of meaning in life and media exposure. \u003cem\u003eMental Health, Religion \u0026amp; Culture, 19\u003c/em\u003e(6), 574\u0026ndash;586. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2016.1217515\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Negri, L., Bassi, M., \u0026amp; Delle Fave, A. (2020). Italian validation of the Meaning in Life Questionnaire: Factor structure, reliability, convergent, and discriminant validity. \u003cem\u003ePsychological Reports, 123\u003c/em\u003e(2), 578\u0026ndash;600. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294118821302\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Neter, E., Litvak, A., \u0026amp; Miller, A. (2009). Goal disengagement and goal re-engagement among multiple sclerosis patients: Relationship to well-being and illness representation. \u003cem\u003ePsychology \u0026amp; Health, 24\u003c/em\u003e(2), 175\u0026ndash;186. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440701668665\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Newman D. B. (2022). Low income amplifies the negative relationship between nostalgia proneness and well-being. \u003cem\u003eApplied Research in Quality of Life, 17\u003c/em\u003e(6), 3311\u0026ndash;3326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-022-10066-8\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Newman, D. B., Nezlek, J. B., \u0026amp; Tay. L. (2024) General gratitude and gratitude to God: Associations with personality and well-being, \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Positive Psychology, 19\u003c/em\u003e(1), 157-165, DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2023.2178958\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Newton, N. J., Howard, C., Houkamau, C. A., \u0026amp; Sibley, C. G. (2024). Age, ethnicity, life events and wellbeing among New Zealand women. \u003cem\u003eAgeing and Society, 44\u003c/em\u003e(6), 1288\u0026ndash;1307. doi:10.1017/S0144686X22000770\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Ng, W. Q., \u0026amp; Yang, H. (2023). Investigating the link between IADL and depressive symptoms in older adults: A cross-sectional serial mediation model. \u003cem\u003eClinical Gerontologist, 46\u003c/em\u003e(5), 844\u0026ndash;859. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317115.2022.2130847\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNoguchi, K. (2020). The meaning frame theory: Meaning arises with reference points. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 21\u003c/em\u003e(8), 3121\u0026ndash;3141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00208-5\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Nowicki, G. J., Ślusarska, B., Tucholska, K., Naylor, K., Chrzan-Rodak, A., \u0026amp; Niedorys, B. (2020). The severity of traumatic stress associated with COVID-19 pandemic, perception of support, sense of security, and sense of meaning in life among nurses: Research protocol and preliminary results from Poland. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17\u003c/em\u003e(18), 6491. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186491\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* O\u0026apos;Connor, B. P., \u0026amp; Vallerand, R. J. (1998). Psychological adjustment variables as predictors of mortality among nursing home residents. \u003cem\u003ePsychology and Aging, 13\u003c/em\u003e(3), 368\u0026ndash;374. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.13.3.368\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Olesovsky, P. (2003). \u003cem\u003eMeaning in life, and depression: A comparative study of the relation between them across the life span\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 3080404) [Doctoral dissertation, Alliant International University, San Diego]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Owens, G. P., Steger, M. F., Whitesell, A. A., \u0026amp; Herrera, C. J. (2009). Posttraumatic stress disorder, guilt, depression, and meaning in life among military veterans. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Traumatic Stress, 22\u003c/em\u003e(6), 654\u0026ndash;657. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20460\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePaloutzian, R. F., \u0026amp; Ellison, C. W. (1982). \u003cem\u003eLoneliness spiritual well-being and the quality of life\u003c/em\u003e. Wiley\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Park, C. L., Sacco, S. J., Kraus, S.W., Mazure, C. M., \u0026amp; Hoff, R. A. (2021). Demographic, deployment and post-deployment experiences predict trajectories of meaning in life in oef/oif/ond veterans. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Positive Psychology\u003c/em\u003e. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2021.1991452\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Park, N., Park, M., \u0026amp; Peterson, C. (2010). When is the search for meaning related to life satisfaction? \u003cem\u003eApplied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 2\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1\u0026ndash;13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01024.x\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Peacock, E. J., \u0026amp; Reker, G. T. (1982). The Life Attitude Profile (LAP): Further evidence of reliability and empirical validity. \u003cem\u003eCanadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement, 14\u003c/em\u003e(1), 92\u0026ndash;95. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0081225\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Pearson, M. R., Brown, D. B., Bravo, A. J., \u0026amp; Witkiewitz, K. (2015). Staying in the moment and finding purpose: The associations of trait mindfulness, decentering, and purpose in life with depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and alcohol-related problems. \u003cem\u003eMindfulness, 6\u003c/em\u003e(3), 645\u0026ndash;653. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0300-8\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Pearson, P. R., \u0026amp; Sheffield, B. F. (1974). Purpose-in-life and the Eysenck Personality Inventory. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical Psychology, 30\u003c/em\u003e(4), 562\u0026ndash;564. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(197410)30:4\u0026lt;562::AID-JCLP2270300428\u0026gt;3.0.CO;2-D\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Pearson, P. R., \u0026amp; Sheffield, B. F. (1975). Purpose in life and social attitudes in psychiatric patients. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical Psychology, 31\u003c/em\u003e(2), 330\u0026ndash;332. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(197504)31:2\u0026lt;330::AID-JCLP2270310237\u0026gt;3.0.CO;2-Y\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Pedaprolu, R., Yashavanth, B. S., \u0026amp; Rao, R. V. S. (2021). Personality and well-being traits of agricultural scientists: Assessment, correlations, and prediction. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Organisation and Human Behaviour; New Delhi, 10\u003c/em\u003e(3), 9-21.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Peebles, S. A. (2006). \u003cem\u003eAn empirical and existential examination of narcissistic functioning\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 3225279) [Doctoral dissertation, Auburn University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Peng, J., Zhang, J., Zheng, L., Guo, H., Miao, D., \u0026amp; Fang, P. (2020). Career calling and job satisfaction in army officers: A multiple mediating model analysis. \u003cem\u003ePsychological Reports, 123\u003c/em\u003e(6), 2459\u0026ndash;2478. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294119862990\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Peng, Y. (1994). \u003cem\u003ePrimary and secondary control in American and Chinese-American adults: Cross-cultural and life-span developmental perspectives\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 9417712) [Doctoral dissertation, Brandeis University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Perryman, K. V. (2003). \u003cem\u003ePurpose in life, meaning and prayer: Patterns among intercessory prayer providers\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Publication No. 3076349) [Doctoral dissertation, Spalding University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePeterman, A. H., Fitchett, G., Brady, M. J., Hernandez, L., \u0026amp; Cella, D. (2002). Measuring spiritual well-being in people with cancer: The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-being Scale (FACIT-Sp). \u003cem\u003eAnnals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 24\u003c/em\u003e(1), 49\u0026ndash;58. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324796ABM2401_06\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Petersen, L. R., \u0026amp; Roy, A. (1985). Religiosity, anxiety, and meaning and purpose: Religion\u0026apos;s consequences for psychological well-being. \u003cem\u003eReview of Religious Research, 27\u003c/em\u003e, 49. https://doi.org/10.2307/3511937\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePfund, G. N., Olaru, G., Allemand, M., \u0026amp; Hill, P. L. (2023). Purposeful and purposeless aging: Structural issues for sense of purpose and their implications for predicting life outcomes. \u003cem\u003eDevelopmental Psychology\u003c/em\u003e. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001633\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Pfund, G. N., Spears, I., Norton, S. A., Bogdan, R., Oltmanns, T. F., \u0026amp; Hill, P. L. (2022). Sense of purpose as a potential buffer between mental health and subjective cognitive decline. \u003cem\u003eInternational Psychogeriatrics, 34\u003c/em\u003e(12), 1045\u0026ndash;1055. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610222000680\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Phillips, W. J., \u0026amp; Ferguson, S. J. (2013). Self-compassion: A resource for positive aging. \u003cem\u003eThe Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 68\u003c/em\u003e(4), 529\u0026ndash;539. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbs091\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePinquart, M. (2002). Creating and maintaining purpose in life in old age: A meta-analysis. \u003cem\u003eAgeing International, 27\u003c/em\u003e, 90-114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-002-1004-2\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Pinquart, M., \u0026amp; Frohlich, C. (2009). Psychosocial resources and subjective well-being of cancer patients. \u003cem\u003ePsychology \u0026amp; Health, 24\u003c/em\u003e(4), 407\u0026ndash;421. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440701717009\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Plach, S. K., Heidrich, S. M., \u0026amp; Waite, R. M. (2003). Relationship of social role quality to psychological well-being in women with rheumatoid arthritis. \u003cem\u003eResearch in Nursing \u0026amp; Health, 26\u003c/em\u003e(3), 190\u0026ndash;202. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.10087\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Pollet, E., \u0026amp; Schnell, T. (2017). Brilliant: But what for? Meaning and subjective well-being in the lives of intellectually gifted and academically high-achieving adults. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 18\u003c/em\u003e(5), 1459\u0026ndash;1484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9783-4\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eProulx, T., \u0026amp; Inzlicht, M. (2012). The five \u0026ldquo;A\u0026rdquo;s of meaning maintenance: Finding meaning in the theories of sense-making. \u003cem\u003ePsychological Inquiry, 23\u003c/em\u003e(4), 317\u0026ndash;335. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2012.702372\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Pulopulos, M. M., \u0026amp; Kozusznik, M. W. (2018). The moderating role of meaning in life in the relationship between perceived stress and diurnal cortisol. \u003cem\u003eStress (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 21\u003c/em\u003e(3), 203\u0026ndash;210. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2018.1429397\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eR Core Team (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRahe, R. H., \u0026amp; Tolles, R. L. (2002). The Brief Stress and Coping Inventory: A useful stress management instrument. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Stress Management, 9\u003c/em\u003e(2), 61\u0026ndash;70. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014950618756\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Ramos, P. J. (2012). \u003cem\u003eWell-being: A study of attorney beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Publication No. 3541419) [Doctoral dissertation, Saybrook University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Rasheed, N., Fatima, I., \u0026amp; Tariq, O. (2022). University students\u0026apos; mental well-being during COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of resilience between meaning in life and mental well-being. \u003cem\u003eActa Psychologica, 227\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103618\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Ratner, K., \u0026amp; Burrow, A. L. (2017). Autistic features in the general population: Implications for sensing purpose in life. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Positive Psychology, 13\u003c/em\u003e(5), 494\u0026ndash;501. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2017.1315647\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Ratner, K., Burrow, A. L., Thoemmes, F., \u0026amp; Mendle, J. (2022). Invariance of the Derailment Scale-6: Testing the measurement and correlates of derailment across adulthood. \u003cem\u003ePsychological Assessment, 34\u003c/em\u003e(4), 320\u0026ndash;331. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0001093\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRaudenbush, S. W. (2009). Analyzing effect sizes: Random effects models. In L. V. H. Cooper \u0026amp; J. C. Valentine (Eds.), \u003cem\u003eThe handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(pp. 295\u0026ndash;315). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Reker, G. T. (1977). The Purpose-in-Life Test in an inmate population: An empirical investigation. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical Psychology, 33\u003c/em\u003e(3), 688\u0026ndash;693. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(197707)33:3\u0026lt;688::AID-JCLP2270330316\u0026gt;3.0.CO;2-F\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eReker, G. T. (1996). \u003cem\u003eManual of the Sources of Meaning Profile\u0026ndash;Revised (SOMP-R).\u003c/em\u003e Student Psychologists Press.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eReker, G. T. (2001). \u003cem\u003eThe Life Attitude Profile - Revised: (LAP-R).\u003c/em\u003e Student Psychologists Press.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eReker, G. T. (2005). Meaning in life of young, middle-aged, and older adults: Factorial validity, age, and gender invariance of the Personal Meaning Index (PMI). \u003cem\u003ePersonality and Individual Differences, 38\u003c/em\u003e, 71\u0026ndash;85. doi:10.1016/ j.paid.2004.03.010\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Reker, G. T., \u0026amp; Cousins, J. B. (1979). Factor structure, construct validity and reliability of the Seeking of Noetic Goals (SONG) and Purpose in Life (PIL) tests. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical Psychology, 35\u003c/em\u003e(1), 85\u0026ndash;91. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(197901)35:1\u0026lt;85::AID-JCLP2270350110\u0026gt;3.0.CO;2-R\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Reker, G. T., \u0026amp; Peacock, E. J. (1981). 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Bengtson (Eds.), \u003cem\u003eEmergent theories of aging\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 214\u0026ndash;246). Springer Publishing Company.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Reynolds, C. J., Smith, S. M., \u0026amp; Conway, P. (2022). Intrinsic religiosity attenuates the negative relationship between social disconnectedness and meaning in life. \u003cem\u003ePsychology of Religion and Spirituality, 14\u003c/em\u003e(3), 390\u0026ndash;394. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000318\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Rice-Erso, K. L. (1998). \u003cem\u003eThe psychosocial consequences of postoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy for early-stage breast cancer\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 8902694) [Doctoral dissertation, Adelphi University, Northwestern University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Riedford, K. B. 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Affect, meaning in life, and life satisfaction among immigrants and non-immigrants: A moderated mediation model. \u003cem\u003eCurrent Psychology, 40\u003c/em\u003e, 3450\u0026ndash;3458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00284-z\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRyff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57\u003c/em\u003e(6), 1069\u0026ndash;1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRyff, C. D. (1991). Possible selves in adulthood and old age: A tale of shifting horizons. \u003cem\u003ePsychology and Aging, 6\u003c/em\u003e(2), 286\u0026ndash;295. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.6.2.286\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRyff, C. D., \u0026amp; Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69\u003c/em\u003e(4), 719\u0026ndash;727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSalsman, J. M., Butt, Z., Pilkonis, P. A., Cyranowski, J. M., Zill, N., Hendrie, H. C., Kupst, M. J., Kelly, M. A., Bode, R. K., Choi, S. W., Lai, J. S., Griffith, J. W., Stoney, C. M., Brouwers, P., Knox, S. S., \u0026amp; Cella, D. (2013). Emotion assessment using the NIH Toolbox. \u003cem\u003eNeurology, 80\u003c/em\u003e(11 Suppl 3), S76\u0026ndash;S86. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182872e11\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSalsman, J. M., Lai, J.-S., Hendrie, H. C., Butt, Z., Zill, N., Pilkonis, P. A., Peterson, C., Stoney, C. M., Brouwers, P., \u0026amp; Cella, D. (2014). Assessing psychological well-being: Self-report instruments for the NIH Toolbox. \u003cem\u003eQuality of Life Research, 23\u003c/em\u003e(1), 205\u0026ndash;215. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s11136- 013- 0452-3\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Salt, E., Crofford, L. J., \u0026amp; Segerstrom, S. (2017). The mediating and moderating effect of volunteering on pain and depression, life purpose, well-being, and physical activity. \u003cem\u003ePain Management Nursing: Official Journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses, 18\u003c/em\u003e(4), 243\u0026ndash;249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2017.04.004\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eScheier, M. F., Wrosch, C., Baum, A., Cohen, S., Martire, L. M., Matthews, K. A., Schulz, R., \u0026amp; Zdaniuk, B. (2006). The Life Engagement Test: Assessing purpose in life. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Behavioral Medicine, 29\u003c/em\u003e(3), 291\u0026ndash;298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-005-9044-1\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Schettino, J. R. (2012). \u003cem\u003eThe multi-dimensional nature of religiosity/spirituality and its association with psychological adjustment\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 3510431) [Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Schlegel, R. J., Hicks, J. A., King, L. A., \u0026amp; Arndt, J. (2011). Feeling like you know who you are: Perceived true self-knowledge and meaning in life. \u003cem\u003ePersonality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37\u003c/em\u003e(6), 745\u0026ndash;756. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211400424\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Schnell, T. (2009). The Sources of Meaning and Meaning in Life Questionnaire (SoMe): Relations to demographics and well-being. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Positive Psychology, 4\u003c/em\u003e(6), 483\u0026ndash;499. doi:10.1080/17439760903271074\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Schnell, T., \u0026amp; Danbolt, L. J. (2023). The Meaning and Purpose Scales (MAPS): Development and multi-study validation of short measures of meaningfulness, crisis of meaning, and sources of purpose. \u003cem\u003eBMC Psychology, 11\u003c/em\u003e(1), 304. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01319-8\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Schnell, T., \u0026amp; Krampe, H. (2020). Meaning in life and self-control buffer stress in times of COVID-19: Moderating and mediating effects with regard to mental distress. \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in Psychiatry, 11\u003c/em\u003e, Article 582352. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.582352\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Schuurmans-Stekhoven, J. B. (2018). Auspicious or suspicious - does religiosity really promote elder well-being? Examining the belief-as-benefit effect among older Japanese. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 81\u003c/em\u003e, 129\u0026ndash;135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2018.12.005\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Scott, R. O. (2007). \u003cem\u003eThe relationship of the components of an authentic life on self -efficacy and perception of stress in persons diagnosed with major mental health disorders\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 3257648) [Doctoral dissertation, The Catholic University of America]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Shao, J., Zhang, Q., Lin, T., Shen, J., \u0026amp; Li, D. (2014). Well-being of elderly stroke survivors in Chinese communities: Mediating effects of meaning in life. \u003cem\u003eAging \u0026amp; Mental Health, 18\u003c/em\u003e(4), 435\u0026ndash;443. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2013.848836\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Shelton, A. J. (2018). \u003cem\u003eMeaning in life and psychological wellness among Latino immigrants: Role of attachment, belongingness, and hope\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Publication No. 11005452) [Doctoral dissertation, University of North Texas]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Shenkman, G., Ifrah, K. \u0026amp; Shmotkin, D. (2023). The association of couplehood and parenthood with the hedonic and eudaimonic well-being of older gay men. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Happiness Studies, 24\u003c/em\u003e, 1419\u0026ndash;1437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-023-00645-3\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Sherman, E., Michel, R., Rybak, C., Randall, G. K., Davidson, J. (2011). Meaning in life and volunteerism in older adults. \u003cem\u003eAdultspan Journal, 10\u003c/em\u003e(2), 78-90. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0029.2011.tb00127.x\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Shiri, S., Wexler, I., Marmor, A., Meiner, Z., Schwartz, I., Levzion Korach, O., \u0026amp; Azoulay, D. (2020). Hospice care: Hope and meaning in life mediate subjective well-being of staff. \u003cem\u003eThe American Journal of Hospice \u0026amp; Palliative Care, 37\u003c/em\u003e(10), 785\u0026ndash;790. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049909120905261\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Shrira, A., Palgi, Y., Ben-Ezra, M., \u0026amp; Shmotkin, D. (2011). How subjective well-being and meaning in life interact in the hostile world? \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Positive Psychology, 6\u003c/em\u003e(4), 273\u0026ndash;285. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2011.577090\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Siegel, J. D. (2015). \u003cem\u003eSpirituality, religious coping, and depressive symptoms in hospice patients: A terror management perspective\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 3686804) [Doctoral dissertation, Walden University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Sinclair, S., Bryan, C. J., \u0026amp; Bryan, A. O. (2016). Meaning in life as a protective factor for the emergence of suicide ideation that leads to suicide attempts among military personnel and veterans with elevated PTSD and depression. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 9\u003c/em\u003e(1), 87\u0026ndash;98. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2016.9.1.87\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Singer, J., Cummings, C., Moody, S. A., \u0026amp; Benuto, L. T. (2020). Reducing burnout, vicarious trauma, and secondary traumatic stress through investigating purpose in life in social workers. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Social Work, 20\u003c/em\u003e(5), 620-638. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468017319853057\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Singh, S., Singh, A. K., \u0026amp; Singh, A. P. (2013). Does justice perception matter for psychological well-being of executives? \u003cem\u003eJournal of Psychosocial Research, 8\u003c/em\u003e(2), 243-251. DOI: 10.13140/2.1.1605.6964\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Sipowicz, K., Pietras, T., \u0026amp; Kosmalski, M. (2023). Feelings of loneliness and meaning in life in subjects with Asperger\u0026apos;s syndrome: A pilot study. \u003cem\u003eScientific Reports, 13\u003c/em\u003e(1), 17453. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-43826-z\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Skarra, T. R. 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The Leadership Quarterly, 9\u003c/em\u003e(4), 503\u0026ndash;526. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(98)90013-3\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Sougleris, C., \u0026amp; Ranzijn, R. (2011). Proactive coping in community-dwelling older Australians. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Aging \u0026amp; Human Development, 72\u003c/em\u003e(2), 155\u0026ndash;168. https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.72.2.d\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Spitzenst\u0026auml;tter, D., \u0026amp; Schnell, T. (2022). Effects of mortality awareness on attitudes toward dying and death and meaning in life\u0026mdash;A randomized controlled trial. \u003cem\u003eDeath Studies, 46\u003c/em\u003e(5), 1219\u0026ndash;1233. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1808737\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSpringer, K. W., Pudrovska, T., \u0026amp; Hauser, R. M. (2011). Does psychological well-being change with age? 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(2001). \u003cem\u003ePredictors of adjustment to HIV/AIDS: The role of personal meaning construction and spirituality in a stress and coping model\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 3024354) [Doctoral dissertation, Georgia State University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Taubman-Ben-Ari, O., \u0026amp; Weintroub, A. (2008). Meaning in life and personal growth among pediatric physicians and nurses. \u003cem\u003eDeath studies, 32\u003c/em\u003e(7), 621\u0026ndash;645. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180802215627\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Teas, E., Friedman, E., \u0026amp; Amireault, S. (2022). Purpose in life and personal growth: The unique and joint contribution of physical activity and basic psychological needs. \u003cem\u003eApplied Psychology. Health and Well-Being\u003c/em\u003e. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/APHW.12347\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe Culture Factor Group (n.d.). Country comparison tool. https://www.theculturefactor.com/country-comparison-tool\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Thill, S., Houssemand, C., \u0026amp; Pignault, A. (2020). Effects of meaning in life and of work on health in unemployment. \u003cem\u003eHealth Psychology Open, 7\u003c/em\u003e(2), 2055102920967258. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055102920967258\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Thomas, A. G. (2023). \u003cem\u003eMeaning and death anxiety in post-9/11 U.S. veterans\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 30818779) [Doctoral dissertation, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Tigershtrom, A., Boyraz, G. (2022). Engagement in meaningful activities and psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Loss and Trauma, 27\u003c/em\u003e(7). https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2021.2016140\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Triad\u0026oacute;, C., Villar, F., Sol\u0026eacute;, C., \u0026amp; Celdr\u0026aacute;n, M. (2007). Construct validity of Ryff\u0026apos;s Scale of psychological well-being in Spanish older adults. \u003cem\u003ePsychological Reports, 100\u003c/em\u003e(3 Pt 2), 1151\u0026ndash;1164. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.4.1151-1164\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Trott, D. C. III. (1996). \u003cem\u003eSpiritual well-being of workers: An exploratory study of spirituality in the workplace\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Publication No. 9705971) [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Trzebiński, J., Cabański, M., \u0026amp; Czarnecka, J. Z. (2020). Reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic: The influence of meaning in life, life satisfaction, and assumptions on world orderliness and positivity. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Loss and Trauma, 25\u003c/em\u003e(6-7), 544\u0026ndash;557. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1765098\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Tsang, H. L. (2021). \u003cem\u003eConsequences of unmet belongingness needs: An investigation of different underlying mechanisms across lifespan\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 29186028) [Doctoral dissertation, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong)]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* T\u0026uuml;rkarslan, K. K., Okay, D., \u0026Ccedil;evrim, M., \u0026amp; Bozo, \u0026Ouml;. (2020). Life is short, stay awake: Death anxiety and bedtime procrastination. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of General Psychology, 147\u003c/em\u003e(1), 43\u0026ndash;61. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2019.1633994\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Updegrove, A. H. (2019). \u003cem\u003eThe \u0026quot;cost of caring\u0026quot;: Identifying correlates of burnout, secondary traumatic stress, and compassion satisfaction among Texas victim assistance coordinators\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 27603111) [Doctoral dissertation, Sam Houston State University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Usta, E., \u0026amp; Bayram, S. (2021). Determination of factors affecting self-transcendence and meaning in life among the elderly receiving institutional care. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Religion and Health, 60\u003c/em\u003e(3), 2024\u0026ndash;2036. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01165-7\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Van Der Wende, J. (2000). \u003cem\u003eCoping, benefit-finding, and neuropsychological factors in multiple sclerosis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Publication No. 9969065) [Doctoral dissertation, Pacific Graduate School of Psychology]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* van Doornik, S. F. W., Glashouwer, K. A., Ostafin, B. D., \u0026amp; de Jong, P. J. (2021). The causal influence of life meaning on weight and shape concerns in women at risk for developing an eating disorder. \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in Psychology, 12\u003c/em\u003e, 593393. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.593393\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* van Doornik, S. F. W., H\u0026ouml;ing, F. E. J., Glashouwer, K. A., de Jong, P. J., \u0026amp; Ostafin, B. D. (2023). Brief report: The relationship between eating disorder symptoms and meaning in life. \u003cem\u003eThe Humanistic Psychologist, 51\u003c/em\u003e(4), 407\u0026ndash;414. https://doi.org/10.1037/hum0000312\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Vanhooren, S., Grosemans, A., \u0026amp; Breynaert, J. (2022). Focusing, the felt sense, and meaning in life. \u003cem\u003ePerson-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies, 21\u003c/em\u003e(3), 250\u0026ndash;268. https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2022.2028660\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Vanhooren, S., Leijssen, M., \u0026amp; Dezutter, J. (2016). Profiles of meaning and search for meaning among prisoners. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Positive Psychology, 11\u003c/em\u003e(6), 622\u0026ndash;633. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1137625\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Van Orden, K. A., Bamonti, P. M., King, D. A., \u0026amp; Duberstein, P. R. (2012). Does perceived burdensomeness erode meaning in life among older adults? \u003cem\u003eAging \u0026amp; Mental Health, 16\u003c/em\u003e(7), 855\u0026ndash;860. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2012.657156\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVan Ranst, N., \u0026amp; Marcoen, A. (1997). Meaning in life of young and elderly adults: An examination of the factorial validity and invariance of the life regard index. \u003cem\u003ePersonality and Individual Differences, 22\u003c/em\u003e, 877\u0026ndash;884. doi:10.1016/ S0191-8869(97)00011-1\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* van Tilburg T. G. (2021). Social, emotional, and existential loneliness: A test of the multidimensional concept. \u003cem\u003eThe Gerontologist, 61\u003c/em\u003e(7), e335\u0026ndash;e344. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa082\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Vardeman, C. E. (2017). \u003cem\u003eMe, my selfie, and I: Personality traits\u0026apos; influence on online self-portrait sharing\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 10690904) [Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Vehling, S., Lehmann, C., Oechsle, K., Bokemeyer, C., Kr\u0026uuml;ll, A., Koch, U., \u0026amp; Mehnert, A. (2012). Is advanced cancer associated with demoralization and lower global meaning? The role of tumor stage and physical problems in explaining existential distress in cancer patients. \u003cem\u003ePsycho-Oncology, 21\u003c/em\u003e(1), 54\u0026ndash;63. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1866\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Velasco-Gonzalez, L., \u0026amp; Rioux, L. (2014). The spiritual well-being of elderly people: A study of a French sample. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Religion and Health, 53\u003c/em\u003e(4), 1123\u0026ndash;1137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-013-9710-5\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Vermote, B., Morb\u0026eacute;e, S., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Waterschoot, J., Beyers, W., \u0026amp; Van der Kaap-Deeder, J. (2023). How do late adults experience meaning during the COVID-19 lockdown? The role of intrinsic goals. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Happiness Studies, 24\u003c/em\u003e(5), 1759\u0026ndash;1780. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-023-00657-z\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eViechtbauer, W. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Statistical Software\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e36\u003c/em\u003e(3), 1\u0026ndash;48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v036.i03\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eViechtbauer, W., \u0026amp; Cheung, M. W. (2010). Outlier and influence diagnostics for meta-analysis. \u003cem\u003eResearch Synthesis Methods\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e(2), 112\u0026ndash;125. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.11\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Wang, G., Sun, W., Liu, L., Jiang, Y., Ding, X., \u0026amp; Liu, Y. (2023). 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(1986). \u003cem\u003eThe measurement of subjective variables in epidemiology: Development and validation of an instrument for quantifying self-perceived meaning in life among the chronically iIl institutionalized elderly\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 8702854) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Warner, S. C., \u0026amp; Williams, J. I. (1987). The Meaning in Life Scale: Determining the reliability and validity of a measure. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Chronic Diseases, 40\u003c/em\u003e(6), 503\u0026ndash;512. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(87)90007-5\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWaterman, A. S., Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., Ravert, R. D., Williams, M. K., Agocha, V. B., Kim, S. Y., \u0026amp; Donnellan, M. B. (2010). 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Adaptation to multiple sclerosis: The role of social support, functional disability, and perceived uncertainty. \u003cem\u003eNursing Research, 39\u003c/em\u003e(5), 294\u0026ndash;299. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-199009000-00013\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Wingo, A. P., Wingo, T. S., Fan, W., Bergquist, S., Alonso, A., Marcus, M., Levey, A. I., \u0026amp; Lah, J. J. (2020). Purpose in life is a robust protective factor of reported cognitive decline among late middle-aged adults: The Emory Healthy Aging Study. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Affective Disorders, 263\u003c/em\u003e, 310\u0026ndash;317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.124\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Wnuk, M., Marcinkowski, J. T., \u0026amp; Fobair, P. (2012). The relationship of purpose in life and hope in shaping happiness among patients with cancer in Poland. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Psychosocial Oncology, 30\u003c/em\u003e(4), 461\u0026ndash;483. https://doi.org/10.1080/07347332.2012.684988\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWong, P. T. P. (1998). Implicit theories of meaningful life and the development of the Personal Meaning Profile (PMP). In P. T. P. Wong \u0026amp; P. Fry (Eds.), \u003cem\u003eHandbook of personal meaning: Theory, research, and practice\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(pp. 111\u0026ndash;140). Lawrence Erlbaum.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Woo, L. C. (2011). \u003cem\u003eToward a strength-based model of resilience in later life\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. MR68210) [Doctoral dissertation, Trent University (Canada)]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWood, A. M., \u0026amp; Joseph, S. (2010). The absence of positive psychological (eudemonic) well-being as a risk factor for depression: A ten year cohort study. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Affective Disorders\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e122\u003c/em\u003e(3), 213\u0026ndash;217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.032\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Wu, A. M., Lei, L. L., \u0026amp; Ku, L. (2013). Psychological needs, purpose in life, and problem video game playing among Chinese young adults. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Psychology: Journal International de Psychologie, 48\u003c/em\u003e(4), 583\u0026ndash;590. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2012.658057\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Yakushko, O. F. (2004). \u003cem\u003e\u0026quot;Making the world a better place for women\u0026quot;: A mixed methods exploratory investigation about women\u0026apos;s identity development and well being\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 3144471) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri - Columbia]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Yampolsky, M. A., Wittich, W., Webb, G., \u0026amp; Overbury, O. (2008). The role of spirituality in coping with visual impairment. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Visual Impairment \u0026amp; Blindness, 102\u003c/em\u003e(1), 28-39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X0810200104\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Yeung, P., Allen, J., Godfrey, H. K., Alpass, F., \u0026amp; Stephens, C. (2019). Risk and protective factors for wellbeing in older veterans in New Zealand. \u003cem\u003eAging \u0026amp; Mental Health, 23\u003c/em\u003e(8), 992\u0026ndash;999. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2018.1471584\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Yeung, P., \u0026amp; Breheny, M. (2019). Quality of life among older people with a disability: The role of purpose in life and capabilities. \u003cem\u003eDisability and Rehabilitation, 43\u003c/em\u003e(2), 181\u0026ndash;191. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2019.1620875\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Yeung, P., Severinsen, C., Good, G., \u0026amp; O\u0026apos;Donoghue, K. (2022). Social environment and quality of life among older people with diabetes and multiple chronic illnesses in New Zealand: Intermediary effects of psychosocial support and constraints. \u003cem\u003eDisability and Rehabilitation, 44\u003c/em\u003e(5), 768\u0026ndash;780. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2020.1783375\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Yiu-kee, C., \u0026amp; Tang, C. S.-k. (1990). \u003cem\u003eExistential correlates of burnout among mental health professionals in Hong Kong\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[Unpublished master\u0026apos;s thesis]. The Chinese University of Hong Kong. https://repository.lib.cuhk.edu.hk/en/item/cuhk-318619\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Yoon, E., Cabirou, L., Hoepf, A., \u0026amp; Knoll, M. (2021). Interrelations of religiousness/spirituality, meaning in life, and mental health. \u003cem\u003eCounselling Psychology Quarterly, 34\u003c/em\u003e(2), 219-234. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2020.1712651\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Yoon, E., Chang, C. C.-T., Clawson, A., Knoll, M., Aydin, F., Barsigian, L., \u0026amp; Hughes, K. (2015). Religiousness, spirituality, and eudaimonic and hedonic well-being. \u003cem\u003eCounselling Psychology Quarterly, 28\u003c/em\u003e(2), 132\u0026ndash;149. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2014.968528\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Yu, E. A., Chang, E. C., \u0026amp; Kim, J. H. J. (2016). Asian American culturally relevant values as predictors of meaning in life in Asian and European American college students: Evidence for cultural differences? \u003cem\u003eAsian American Journal of Psychology, 7\u003c/em\u003e(3), 159\u0026ndash;166. https://doi.org/10.1037/aap0000042\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Yu, E.A., Chang, E.C., Yu, T., Bennett, S. C., \u0026amp; Fowler, E. E. (2017). Examining gender differences in the roles of meaning in life and interpersonal expectancies in depressive symptoms. \u003cem\u003eGender Issues, 34\u003c/em\u003e, 203\u0026ndash;222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-016-9174-5\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Zambianchi, M., \u0026amp; Carelli, M. G. (2018). Positive attitudes towards technologies and facets of well-being in older adults. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Applied Gerontology : The Official Journal of the Southern Gerontological Society, 37\u003c/em\u003e(3), 371\u0026ndash;388. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464816647825\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZanto, T. P., \u0026amp; Gazzaley, A. (2019). Aging of the frontal lobe. \u003cem\u003eHandbook of Clinical Neurology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e163\u003c/em\u003e, 369\u0026ndash;389. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804281-6.00020-3\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Zeitchik, G. (2000). \u003cem\u003eThe construct validity of the purpose in life test: Quantifying Victor Frankl\u0026apos;s \u0026quot;will to meaning\u0026quot;\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 9988059) [Doctoral dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Zhang, H., Sang, Z., Chen, C., Zhu, J., \u0026amp; Deng, W. (2018). Need for meaning, meaning confusion, meaning anxiety, and meaning avoidance: Additional dimensions of meaning in life. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 19\u003c/em\u003e(1), 191\u0026ndash;212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9815-0\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Zhang, M. X., Mou, N. L., Tong, K. K., \u0026amp; Wu, A. M. S. (2018). Investigation of the effects of purpose in life, grit, gratitude, and school belonging on mental distress among Chinese emerging adults. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15\u003c/em\u003e(10), Article 2147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102147\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Zhang, M. X., Wang, X., Yu, S. M., \u0026amp; Wu, A. M. S. (2019). Purpose in life, social support, and internet gaming disorder among Chinese university students: A 1-year follow-up study. \u003cem\u003eAddictive Behaviors, 99\u003c/em\u003e, Article 106070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106070\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Zhang, Z., \u0026amp; Zhang, J. (2017). Perceived residential environment of neighbourhood and subjective well-being among the elderly in China: A mediating role of sense of community. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Environmental Psychology, 51\u003c/em\u003e, 82\u0026ndash;94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.03.004\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Zhao, H., \u0026amp; Zhang, H. (2022). Why dispositional awe promotes psychosocial flourishing? An investigation of intrapersonal and interpersonal pathways among Chinese emerging adults. \u003cem\u003eCurrent Psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.),\u003c/em\u003e 1\u0026ndash;13. 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J, Kishore, R., Zuo, M., Liao, R., \u0026amp; Tang, X. (2021). Older adults in virtual communities: Understanding the antecedents of knowledge contribution and knowledge seeking through the lens of socioemotional selectivity and social cognitive theories. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Knowledge Management, 26\u003c/em\u003e(4), 972-992.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Zhou, Z., Zheng, L., Qi, W., \u0026amp; Miao, M. (2022). Finding meaning from the present and future: The mediating role of meaning in life between temporal focus and mental health. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 16.\u003c/em\u003e https://doi.org/10.1177/18344909221138710\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Zhu, C., Su, R., Zhang, X., Yin, Y., \u0026amp; Liu, Y. (2022). Are social dominance and aggression completely harmful to an individual\u0026rsquo;s meaning in life? An explanation from the perspective of external value. \u003cem\u003eCurrent Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues\u003c/em\u003e. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-02781-0\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Zuckerman, S. (2017). \u003cem\u003eWhat predicts suicide among psychologists? An examination of vulnerability and protective factors\u003c/em\u003e (Publication No. 10669683) [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Memphis]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e* Zuckerman, S., Lightsey, O. R., Jr, \u0026amp; White, J. M. (2023). What predicts suicidality among psychologists? An examination of risk and resilience. \u003cem\u003eDeath Studies, 47\u003c/em\u003e(2), 192\u0026ndash;203. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2022.2042753\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8930714/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8930714/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis meta-analysis evaluated the relation between purpose or meaning in life and age across the adult lifespan. This represents the most comprehensive assessment to date of the relations between these two variables, based on sixty years of meaning and purpose research. The study included 335articles gathered through a search in PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, and EBSCO. Using a three-level random effects model, the overall effect size based on \u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;401 studies and \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;194,296 participants was \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .05 [95% CIs .03, .06], \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001. There were significant moderating effects of type of purpose scale, age group of participants, and Hofstede\u0026rsquo;s cultural dimension of motivation towards achievement and success. Results suggest that the relationship between purpose and age may switch from positive to negative in samples excluding the emerging adult age group and including the very old. Moderating effects of type of purpose scale support recent efforts to understand the multi-dimensional nature of meaning and purpose, and highlight the differing role that motivational, cognitive and emotional aspects of meaning and purpose may play at different stages of the life course, Specifically, scales showing a greater future-focus potentially reduce the strength of the relationship between purpose and age. Building upon these collective findings we provide recommendations for theory and practice, as well as address limitations in the existing literature to guide future investigations.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Purpose and Meaning in Life in Older Age: A Correlational Meta-Analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-19 16:30:09","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8930714/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fde20c35-862d-461e-a9e6-b42711854913","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 19th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-19T14:10:47+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-19 16:30:09","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8930714","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8930714","identity":"rs-8930714","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}