Survey analysis of a huge number of pesticides in the sold medicinal plants under uncontrolled practices using both LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS

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Ismail, Mohamed Refaat, Mohamed Amer, Osama H. Elhamalawy, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4571203/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In developing countries, herbal plants are not only sold under controlled conditions (in markets and pharmacies), but also sold in traditional markets without proper control conditions. For this reason, a total of 120 samples of five different medicinal plants were collected from local markets in three different Egyptian governorates (40 samples for each governorate), and the presence of a wide range of pesticides residues was tested. The collected samples were extracted and cleaned up by an accredited analytical method, based on the known QuEChERS extraction approach and using GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. Results revealed that 63 pesticide residues were found in samples collected from three different governorates. Notably, more than fifteen pesticides were detected in eight samples. Furthermore, chlorpyrifos was the most frequently detected pesticide. Additionally, thiophanate-methyl had the highest concentration with a concentration of 5.65 mg kg -1 , followed by malathion with a concentration of 2.55 mg kg -1 , both of which were detected in Cairo Governorate. In conclusion, these results not only indicate the presence of uncontrolled pesticide practices in herbal agriculture production but also suggest the existence of an uncontrolled import of highly contaminated herbs. Furthermore, a probability of pesticide treatments during their storage stage may be occurred in the uncontrolled local traditional market. Medicinal herbs Pesticide residues Traditional market Pesticide control LC–MS/MS GC–MS/MS. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 1. Introduction Medicinal plants are one of the most important sources of natural and traditional medicines worldwide that can be used as drugs for preventing and curing diseases. Some of them are also widely applied as food additives, cosmetics, perfumes, and food supplements (Singh et al., 2020 ; Tripathy et al., 2015 ). Additionally, increased herbal consumption is typically preferred during pregnancy in order to avoid drug side effects (Tripathy et al., 2015 ). These plants usually have medicinal benefits because of the phytochemicals they contain, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, as well as antioxidants, which support the immune system's defence of the body against toxins, viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens (Kawamoto et al., 2010 ; Essien et al., 2012 ). The majority of the world's population (almost 80%) rely on herbal medicines for their daily health needs (Cheng and Yang, 2019 ). Moreover, the market for herbal medicines is enormous and expanding at a rate of 13% annually; by 2050, it is predicted that market demand will be 5 trillion USD (Cheng and Yang, 2019 ; WHO, 2021). However, there are concerns regarding the safety of using medicinal plants with the gradual rise in their global demand. One of the main chemical contaminants of medicinal herbs is the presence of pesticides (WHO, 1998 ). Like other agricultural crops, herbal plants are vulnerable to insects and diseases and may require pesticide applications for protection and increased productivity (Schreinemachers and Tipraqsa, 2012 ). Proper and integrated pesticide management can only be achieved by controlling the whole life cycle of a pesticide; registration, production, transportation, application, residue in the targeted agricultural product, and safe disposal. Globally, the Joint Meeting on Pesticide Management (JMPM) [WHO, 2022] is responsible for issuing the related guidelines to achieve full pesticide management. While the Joint Meeting of Pesticide Residue (JMPR) is responsible for the determination of the maximum residue limits (MRL) of a pesticide in the agricultural product (WHO, 2024), which is also known as the C O D E X limits (CXL). However, there are only a few reported CXL values for pesticide residue in herbal medicinal plants. On the other hand, the European Commission and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) have reported several MRLs regarding a huge number of pesticides in several medicinal herbal plants. Even though, the safety legislation standards and MRLs for pesticide residues in agricultural products that were set by the European Union are more strictly to be applied in developing countries. In Egypt, the Agricultural Pesticide Committee is responsible for pesticide management during its life cycle. Even though, there are no Egyptian guidelines for the usage of pesticides in agricultural herbal production. Additionally, there is a lack of legal guidance on the safe storage of herbal medicinal plants that may introduce alternative safe solutions rather than using pesticides. Under these circumstances and during the absence of regular monitoring programs on herbal sales from local markets, improper pesticide application practices may be occur not only during herbal agriculture production but also during its storage in the local markets. The production of medicinal herbal plants is usually carried out only in limited areas in Egypt. These products are usually sealed directly to refractories that subsequently test their safety under the control of national-related authorities. Then, these herbal products may be packed and sealed with the required registered permissions or processed into valuable essential herbal oils. Parts from these herbal plants or their valuable oils are used nationally in the production of several medicinal products, while major parts are exported to many countries, especially Germany. However, most of the developing countries have an uncontrolled market for the sale of herbal plants without the required permissions and registrations from related authorities. Highly harmful pesticides are still strongly promoted and are frequently used in the production of medicinal herbs, particularly in developing nations (Tripathy et al., 2015 ). Numerous previous investigations have demonstrated that pesticides can contaminate medicinal herbs, in some cases at toxic levels (Zhang et al., 2012 ). It was previously reported (Taha, 2021 ), that the collected chamomile samples from Al-Fayoum governorate, Egypt, were contaminated by pesticides. Also, only one herbal sample (out of twenty samples) was reported to be free from pesticides in Egypt (Taha and Gadalla, 2017 ). A large number of pesticides (51) were detected in the collected herbal samples from the Chinese market (Tong et al., 2014 ). Also, a significant portion of the Spanish tea and chamomile samples were contaminated by pesticides with concentrations above the EU MRLS (Lozano et al., 2012 ). Furthermore, residues of 16 pesticides were detected in 72.1% of the Polish herbal samples, and the most contaminated herb was thyme (Kowalska, 2020 ). Even the globally prohibited pesticides (DDT and HCH isomers) were detected with elevated concentrations (Kumar et al., 2018 ) in collected herbs from India. In developing countries, many people buy several herbal medicinal plants from such uncontrolled local markets because they are of low price or are adjacent to their homes. However, these uncontrolled herbal products with high concentrations of pesticide residue may have negative health impacts, especially if consumed by infants and pregnant women. It is now possible to screen several pesticide residues in various medicinal matrices due to current advances in analytical techniques. In multi-class pesticide residue analyses, gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) are fundamentally analytical techniques for the analysis of pesticide residues (Rajski et al., 2013 ; Song et al., 2019 ). LC-MS/MS can be employed to detect a broad variety of polar and moderately polar pesticides. While only GC-MS/MS can be used to determine highly non-polar pesticides (Maestroni et al., 2020 ). Therefore, in the current study, both LC-MS/MS and GC–MS/MS techniques were used to figure out the simultaneous residue determination of a large number of pesticides in five herbal plants collected from uncontrolled traditional local markets in three Egyptian governorates (Cairo, Beni Suef, and Fayoum). 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Sampling A total of 120 samples of five herbal plants, including anise, chamomile, caraway, fennel, and thyme, were randomly collected from local and uncontrolled markets located in three Egyptian governorates: Beni Suef, Fayoum, and Cairo. Beni Suef and Fayoum are the two governorates with the highest herbal plant production in Egypt. While Cairo, the capital, has the highest population number. 2.2. Chemicals and reagents Acetonitrile was purchased from CARLO ERBA. Hexane and acetone were obtained from Fisher-Scientific Ready-prepared QuEChERS phase out salt mixture (4 g MgSO 4 , 1 g NaCL, 1 g Na-citrate, 0.5 g Na 2 -citrate sesquihydrate) and a mixture for the sample extract cleaning (1g anhydrous magnesium sulphate and 0.20 g primary secondary amine (PSA)) were purchased from Agilent Technologies (USA). Ultar pure deionized water (DIW) of > 17.5 Ω cm (18.2MΩ- cm is categorized as Type 1 or Ultrapure water) was obtained using a Millipore water purification system (Milli-Q). 2.3. Pesticide residue analysis Pesticide residue analysis was accomplished using an accredited method based on the known QuEChRS protocol in the Central Laboratory for the analysis of pesticide residues in herbal samples (QCAP-Egypt Lab). 2.3.1. Standard solutions Most of the tested pesticide reference standards were purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Augsburg, Germany), but only a few were purchased from Sigma. The list of tested pesticides is presented in Table S1 . An individual stock standard solution, conc. 1000 µg/mL, was prepared in 10 mL of toluene and stored at − 20°C. Several working pesticide solution mixtures of different concentrations were prepared in methanol and stored at − 4°C. 2.3.2. Sample preparation Collected herbal samples were ground into a homogenized sample of particle size about 200 µm (Abo-Gaida et al., 2023 ). Then, 2 g of each sample were weighed in a 50 mL polypropylene tube with 10 mL of cold DIW. This sample was shaken for 1 minute using an automated axial shaker (Geno/ Grinder). Next, 10 mL of acetonitrile was added and shaken for five minutes using the same shaker. The ready-prepared salting-out mixture was added and shaken again for five minutes, followed by centrifuging for five minutes at 3500 rpm and 4°C. 5 mL aliquots of the acetonitrile sample extracts were collected in 15 mL tubes and mixed with the prepared clean-up salt mixture. Then, this tube was centrifuged for 2 minutes at 3500rpm. Finally, an aliquot from the cleaned sample extract was collected using a syringe filter (PTFE, 0.45 µm) to be directly injected into LC-MS/SM. While another part was first evaporated and exchanged with the same volume from hexane acetone mixture (9:1, v: v) before its injection into GC-MS/MS. 2.3.3. Mass spectrometry analysis LC-MS/MS chromatographic separation of the tested pesticides was performed using an Agilent HPLC system (1200 Series) and a C18 column (C18; 50 mm, 4.6 mm, and 2.7 µm). The mobile phase and a related elution program of the tested pesticides were applied as previously reported (Abo-Gaida et al., 2023 ). The used hyphenated MS/MS system was 6500 + (AB-SCIEX) with the following main mass parameters; ion spray voltage of 5000 V, entrance potential of 10 V, and a temperature of 450°C. Multiple mass reaction monitoring transitions (MRMS) and related collision energies were previously reported (Abbas et al., 2017 ). The used GC–MS/MS was an Agilent 7890B gas chromatograph with a Mass Spectrometer 7010B. The chromatographic separation was achieved using an ultra-inert column of 5% phenyl group (HP-5 MS 30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm, Agilent). A highly pure helium gas (> 99.999%) was used as a carrier gas with a flow rate of 1.83 mL/ min. Oven temperature programs and MRM transitions were used as previously reported (Taha, 2021 ). 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Contaminated samples and governorates Most of the collected medicinal herbal samples (about 99%) were contaminated by pesticides. In total, 63 pesticide residues were detected (using both GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS) in the collected samples from the three governorates. The obtained results showed that the collected samples from Cairo governorate were contaminated by a higher total number of pesticide residues (49 pesticide residues, Fig. 1 & Table 1 ) than those in Beni-Suef governorate (43, Fig. 1 & Table 2 ) and Fayoum governorate (39, Fig. 1 & Table 3 ), despite the expectation that a higher number of pesticides would be present in the area of intensive agriculture (Beni-Suef and Fayoum governorates). These results may refer to uncontrolled pesticide practices during herbal storage or the sale of illegally imported herbs from outside countries (usually Yemen and Sudan) in the unauthorized markets in Cairo. Where illegally imported herbal products may be cultivated under uncontrolled pesticide practices, they may also be susceptible to more pesticides before their shipments. Among the detected pesticides, insecticides and fungicides are the most frequently detected pesticide classes ( Table S2 ), as previously reported by Luo et al. ( 2021 ). These results are in alignment with the known negative effects of insects and fungi on the quality of herbal plants not only during their agriculture but also during their storage phase. On the other hand, the tested seed herbal plants, especially fennel and caraway, were contaminated by fewer numbers of pesticides in comparison with other medicinal plants (chamomile and thyme), Fig. 2 . This may be attributed to the more susceptible exposure of herbal leaves to pesticides than herbal seeds during agricultural pesticide practices (Fu et al., 2019 ). Also, these herbal seed products (caraway and fennel) are not largely bothered by as many pests or diseases as herbal leaves. Therefore, additional uncontrolled pesticide practices may occur for herbal leaves during the storage phase in the local uncontrolled market. However, anise, a herbal seed, was contaminated by a higher number of pesticides (Figs. 2 and 3 ). This may be attributed to its higher value since it has a higher purchasing rate; therefore, it may be susceptible to more negative, uncontrolled pesticide practices. Table 1 All detected pesticides and their detection frequencies and concentration ranges in Cairo governorate. No Total sample No. 49 Pesticides Detection frequency Percent of detection frequency Conc. range (mg/kg) min max 1 Chlorpyrifos 39 97.5 <LOQ 0.55 2 Malathion 28 70 <LOQ 2.55 3 Carbendazim 25 62.5 <LOQ 1.27 4 Propiconazol 24 60 <LOQ 1.73 5 Thiophanate-methyl** 23 57.5 <LOQ 5.65 6 Lambda-Cyhalothrin 21 52.5 <LOQ 0.15 7 Profenofos 20 50 <LOQ 0.78 8 Cypermethrin 20 50 <LOQ 0.29 9 Acetamiprid 19 47.5 <LOQ 0.25 10 Metalaxyl 17 42.5 <LOQ 0.02 11 Piperonyl butoxide 14 35 <LOQ 0.08 12 Azoxystrobin 12 30 <LOQ 0.84 13 Difenoconazole 11 27.5 <LOQ 0.87 14 Pendimethalin 11 27.5 <LOQ 0.01 15 Tebuconazole 10 25 <LOQ 0.04 16 Chlorfenapyr 10 25 <LOQ 0.02 17 Penconazole 9 22.5 <LOQ 0.28 18 Imidacloprid 9 22.5 0.01 0.13 19 Dimethomorph 8 20 <LOQ 0.01 20 Kresoxim-methyl 7 17.5 <LOQ 0.06 21 Boscalid 7 17.5 <LOQ 0.05 22 Thiobencarb 5 12.5 <LOQ 0.02 23 Chlorothalonil** 3 7.5 0.01 0.04 24 Atrazine 3 7.5 0.01 0.03 25 Pyraclostrobin 3 7.5 <LOQ 0.02 26 Diazinon 3 7.5 0.01 0.02 27 Myclobutanil 3 7.5 <LOQ / 28 Oxyfluorfen 2 5 0.01 0.32 29 Flusilazole 2 5 0.03 0.04 30 Fenitrothion 2 5 0.02 0.03 31 Mandipropamid 2 5 <LOQ 0.03 32 Propargite 2 5 <LOQ 0.01 33 Cyfluthrin 2 5 0.01 0.01 34 fenpropimorph 2 5 <LOQ / 35 Methomyl 1 2.5 0.74 / 36 Chlorpropham 1 2.5 0.35 / 37 Chlorantraniliprole 1 2.5 0.13 / 38 Lufenuron 1 2.5 0.13 / 39 Tricyclazole 1 2.5 0.11 / 40 Indoxacarb 1 2.5 0.08 / 41 Pyriproxyfen 1 2.5 0.03 / 42 Deltamethrin 1 2.5 0.02 / 43 Trifloxystrobin 1 2.5 0.01 / 44 Phosmet** 1 2.5 0.01 / 45 Malaoxon 1 2.5 0.01 / 46 Propamocarb 1 2.5 0.01 / 47 Diniconazole 1 2.5 0.01 / 48 Tetraconazole 1 2.5 <LOQ / 49 Etofenprox 1 2.5 <LOQ / Table 2 All detected pesticides, their detection frequencies, and concentration ranges Beni Suef governorate. No. Total sample No. 40 Pesticides Detection frequency Percent of detection frequency Conc. range (mg/kg) Min max 1 Chlorpyrifos 39 97.5 <LOQ 0.48 2 Malathion 23 57.5 <LOQ 0.34 3 Profenofos 20 50 <LOQ 0.06 4 Carbendazim 20 50 <LOQ 0.23 5 Metalaxyl 15 37.5 <LOQ 0.03 6 Acetamiprid 15 37.5 <LOQ 0.22 7 Piperonyl butoxide 14 35 <LOQ 0.20 8 Propiconazol 13 32.5 0.01 0.22 9 Thiophanate-methyl** 13 32.5 <LOQ 0.08 10 Cypermethrin** 12 30 <LOQ 0.06 11 Lambda-Cyhalothrin** 11 27.5 <LOQ 0.12 12 Difenoconazole 9 22.5 <LOQ 0.02 13 Dimethomorph 8 20 <LOQ 0.11 14 Pendimethalin 8 20 <LOQ 0.01 15 Azoxystrobin 7 17.5 <LOQ 0.02 16 Chlorfenapyr 7 17.5 <LOQ 0.13 17 Myclobutanil 4 10 <LOQ 0.03 18 Tebuconazole 4 10 <LOQ 0.12 19 Boscalid 3 7.5 <LOQ 0.01 20 Thiobencarb 3 7.5 <LOQ 0.01 21 Pyraclostrobin 3 7.5 <LOQ 0.01 22 Flusilazole 3 7.5 <LOQ 0.02 23 Benalaxyl 2 5 <LOQ 0.01 24 Atrazine 2 5 <LOQ 0.01 25 Oxyfluorfen 2 5 0.06 0.11 26 Penconazole 2 5 <LOQ 0.01 27 Cyfluthrin** 2 5 0.02 0.03 28 Buprofezin 1 2.5 <LOQ / 29 Pyriproxyfen 1 2.5 0.01 / 30 Abamectin 1 2.5 <LOQ / 31 Trifloxystrobin 1 2.5 <LOQ / 32 Deltamethrin** 1 2.5 0.01 / 33 Imidacloprid 1 2.5 0.01 / 34 Propargite 1 2.5 <LOQ / 35 Chlorpropham 1 2.5 <LOQ / 36 Diniconazole 1 2.5 0.06 / 37 Tetramethrin 1 2.5 <LOQ / 38 Fenpropathrin 1 2.5 0.07 / 39 Phenthoate 1 2.5 0.02 / 40 Methomyl 1 2.5 0.07 / 41 Linuron 1 2.5 0.01 / 42 Halosulfuron-methyl 1 2.5 0.01 / 43 Hexythiazox 1 2.5 <LOQ / Table 3 All detected pesticides, their detection frequencies, and concentration ranges in Fayoum governorate. No Total sample No. 40 Pesticides Detection frequency Percent of detection frequency Conc. range (mg/kg) Min max 1 Chlorpyrifos 39 97.5 0.01 0.28 2 Piperonyl butoxide 22 55 <LOQ 0.14 3 Metalaxyl 21 52.5 <LOQ 0.16 4 Carbendazim 21 52.5 <LOQ 0.14 5 Profenofos 19 47.5 <LOQ 0.26 6 Malathion 17 42.5 <LOQ 0.11 7 Thiophanate-methyl** 16 40 <LOQ 0.16 8 Cypermethrin** 14 35 <LOQ 0.06 9 Acetamiprid 14 35 <LOQ 0.24 10 Lambda-Cyhalothrin** 13 32.5 <LOQ 0.20 11 Propiconazol 12 30 <LOQ 0.19 12 Dimethomorph 8 20 <LOQ 0.04 13 Chlorfenapyr 8 20 <LOQ 0.19 14 Pendimethalin 6 15 <LOQ 0.02 15 Tebuconazole 5 12.5 <LOQ 0.03 16 Flusilazole 5 12.5 <LOQ 0.03 17 Difenoconazole 5 12.5 <LOQ 0.04 18 Penconazole 5 12.5 <LOQ 0.01 19 Azoxystrobin 4 10 <LOQ 0.04 20 Atrazine 4 10 <LOQ 0.03 21 Chlorpropham 4 10 0.019 0.06 22 Boscalid 3 7.5 <LOQ 0.01 23 Pyraclostrobin 3 7.5 <LOQ 0.01 24 Thiobencarb 2 5 <LOQ 0.01 25 Myclobutanil 2 5 <LOQ 0.04 26 Propargite 2 5 <LOQ 0.01 27 Imidacloprid 2 5 <LOQ 0.01 28 Hexaconazole 1 2.5 <LOQ / 29 Cyfluthrin** 1 2.5 0.02 / 30 Triadimenol 1 2.5 0.01 / 31 Diazinon 1 2.5 0.01 / 32 Tetramethrin 1 2.5 0.02 / 33 Lufenuron 1 2.5 <LOQ / 34 Dimethoate 1 2.5 <LOQ / 35 Diniconazole 1 2.5 0.01 / 36 Iprodione** 1 2.5 0.01 / 37 Fludioxonil 1 2.5 0.01 / 3.2. The frequencies of detected pesticides It was observed that the most frequently detected five pesticides, out of the total 63 found in all the tested samples, are chlorpyrifos, malathion, carbendazim, propiconazole, and thiophanate-methyl. The frequencies of pesticide detection in the collected herbal samples from Cairo governorate are presented in Table 1 , with chlorpyrifos accounting for 97.50%, followed by malathion (70%) and carbendazim (62.50%). However, in the Beni Suef governorate (Table 2 ), chlorpyrifos accounted for 97.50%, followed by malathion (57.50%) and profenofos (50%). Also, 97.50% of the samples from the Fayoum governorate (Table 3 ) contained chlorpyrifos. While 55% contained piperonyl butoxide, and 52.50% contained metalaxyl. Our findings are in alignment with (Adusei-Mensah et al., 2018 ; Malinowska et al., 2015; Reinholds et al., 2017 ; Xiao et al., 2019 ). Therefore, good pesticide practices in agriculture and the safe storage of herbal plants are a global demand. In the same manner, it is noteworthy that chlorpyrifos was the most frequently detected pesticide in the different medicinal plants from the three governorates, accounting for 100% in anise and chamomile and 96% in the remaining herbs (Fig. 2 ). Chlorpyrifos is a broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticide that is being frequently used throughout the world in public health centres, agriculture, and other pest attacks. It is also extensively used to get rid of ground dwellers, flies, and mosquitoes (Perry et al., 2020 ; John and Shaike, 2015 ). However, the EU and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) banned its use for agricultural purposes due to its adverse effects on human health, particularly on child neural development (European United, 2020 ; EPA, 2022 ; Tosi et al., 2018 ). 3.3. Detected pesticides with high concentrations and related MRLs Although chlorpyrifos was the most frequently detected pesticide residue in the three targeted governorates, thiophanate-methyl had the highest residue concentration of 5.65 mg kg − 1 in a thyme sample, followed by 3.69 mg kg − 1 in an anise sample, both collected from the Cairo governorate. These obtained results were 55 and 36 times, respectively; the corresponding EU MRL (Table 4 ). Also, malathion, propiconazole, difenconazole, azoxystrobin, and profenofos were detected at high residue concentrations of 55, 1.73, 0.87, 0.84, and 0.78 mg kg − 1 , respectively, in anise samples collected from Cairo. The worst scenario is that these contaminated samples may be taken by infants or pregnant women based on the safety of natural herbal plants as an alternative to medicinal products. In this context, the highest residue concentrations of carbendazim and chlorpyrifos were found in fennel and chamomile samples collected from Cairo too, with concentrations of 1.27 and 0.55 mg kg − 1 , respectively. Table 4 The corresponding EU MRL of some detected pesticide residues in herbal plants. Item Caraway Anise Fennel Chamomile Thyme Main food category Spices Spices Spices Herbal infusions Leaf vegetables & fresh herbs Subgroup/MRL Fruits and berries Seed Seed Flowers Herbs Thiophanate-methyl 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Malathion 0.02 0.02 0.1 1.5 0.02 Propiconazol 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.02 Carbendazim 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Difenconazol 0.3 0.3 0.3 20 4 Azoxystrobin 0.3 0.3 0.3 60 70 Profenofos 0.07 0.05 0.1 0.05 0.03 Chlorpyrifos 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 In Beni Suef governorate, the highest concentration of detected pesticides was chlorpyrifos, followed by malathion with concentrations of 0.48 and 0.34 mg kg − 1 in a chamomile and an anise sample, respectively (Fig. 1 & Table 2 ). While, in Fayoum governorate, chlorpyrifos and profenofos had the highest concentrations of pesticides detected, with concentrations of 0.28 and 0.26 mg kg − 1 , in chamomile and fennel samples, respectively (Fig. 1 & Table 3 ). The presence of such elevated residue concentrations of several pesticides in herbal samples from Cairo governorate (Fig. 1 & Table 1 ) compared to Baniswif and Fayoum (both representing the main intensive agriculture area of the targeted herbs) represents further confirmation of our suggestions that there is an illegal use of unauthorized imported herbals and/or the presence of an uncontrolled pesticide application during the storage phase of targeted herbs in the local markets of Cairo governorate. Furthermore, it was elucidated that anise herbal seed, despite being contaminated with fewer pesticides than other tested herbals, is highly contaminated by the highest pesticide residue concentrations, especially in the Cairo governorate. This may be attributed to the high purchasing rate of anise compared to other herbs; therefore, it may be susceptible to higher uncontrolled pesticide practices. Many pesticides that were detected with the highest residue concentrations in herbal samples from Cairo are widely applied for various distinguishable Egyptian agriculture products and have a high EU MRL. Thiophanate-methyl (dimethyl-4,4′-(o-phenylene)-bis(3-thioallophanate)) has been widely used to prevent the growth of phytopathogenic fungi while simultaneously prolonging the period of food storage (Sharma, 2018). Egypt is one of the first five worldwide producers of orange, and the application of thiophanate-methyl on orange is commonly performed since it has a high MRL of 6.00 in orange. So, the availability of these pesticides, a lack of application awareness, and the absence of guidelines specific to herbs may all lead to such elevated concentrations in herbs, along with uncontrolled practices during storage. 3.4. Simultaneous contamination of samples by huge pesticide numbers The concern is not just the high pesticide concentrations, as previously mentioned, but also the abundance of numerous pesticides in the same sample. As shown in Fig. 3 , out of the total samples, 26 samples (21.66%) had one to three pesticides found, 31 samples (25.83%) had four to seven pesticides detected, and 54 samples (45.0%) had eight to fifteen pesticides detected. Notably, eight samples had more than fifteen pesticides. These findings indicate huge uncontrolled practices during pesticide application in the fields, mostly due to the lack of national and international (Un Codex) guidelines for applying pesticides to herbal plants. Such scenarios of uncontrolled pesticide application on herbal plants during their agricultural and storage phases indeed have negative health concerns, especially for pregnant and infant consumers. Conclusion The residue analysis of 461 pesticides in five different medicinal plants that are being sold in uncontrolled and traditional markets in three Egyptian governorates was accomplished using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS during 2021-2023. In 120 samples of different medicinal plants, 99.1% had one or more pesticide residues with concentrations ranging from <LOQ to 5.65 mg kg -1 . Insecticides and fungicides are the most commonly found pesticides. Moreover, the Cairo governorate had the highest number and concentration of pesticide residues in comparison with the remaining governorates. Such herbal products in the uncontrolled markets of developing countries are sold at low prices, which makes them attractive for low-income families. Under these circumstances, many of the herbal plants sold in local markets are not safe for their consumers, especially pregnant women and infants. Therefore, the current study highlights the necessity of existing national guidelines for the application of pesticides to herbal plants during their agricultural production, considering the environment and public health too. Furthermore, national authorities should increase the monitoring on imported herbal plants together with introducing alternative solutions, rather than direct pesticides, to improve the storage of herbal plants. Declarations Declaration of Competing Interest: The authors declare no competing interests. Role of funding sources: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Author Contribution Sherif M. Taha; conceptualization, supervision, and writing, Osama H. Elhamalawy; writing, data analysis and reviewing, Hend M. Abd Allah; supervision and reviewing, Mohamed Amer; data analysis and reviewing, Mohamed Refaat; reviewing, Marwa;reviewing. 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Environmental Chemistry Letters, 13, 269-291.‏ Kawamoto, H., Miyake, S., Miyasaka, M., Ohteki, T., Sorimachi, N., Takahama, Y., & Taki, S. (2010). Your Amazing Immune System-How it protects your body. French Translation: European Federation of Immunological Societies in. Kowalska, G., 2020. PesticideResidues in some polish herbs. Agriculture 10 (5), 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10050154. Kumar, N., Kulsoom, M., Shukla, V., Kumar, D., Priyanka, Kumar, S., Tiwari, J., Dwivedi, 2018. Profiling of heavy metal and pesticide residues in medicinal plants. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25 (29), 29505–29510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2993- z. Lozano, A., Rajski, Ł., Belmonte-Valles, N., Uclés, A., Uclés, S., Mezcua, M., & Fernández-Alba, A. R. (2012). Pesticide analysis in teas and chamomile by liquid chromatography and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using a modified QuEChERS method: validation and pilot survey in real samples. Journal of Chromatography A , 1268 , 109-122.‏ Luo, L., Dong, L., Huang, Q., Ma, S., Fantke, P., Li, J., ... & Chen, S. (2021). Detection and risk assessments of multi-pesticides in 1771 cultivated herbal medicines by LC/MS-MS and GC/MS-MS. Chemosphere , 262 , 127477.‏ Maestroni, B., Besil, N., Bojorge, A., Gérez, N., Pérez-Parada, A., Cannavan, A., ... & Cesio, M. V. (2020). Optimization and validation of a single method for the determination of pesticide residues in Peumus boldus Molina leaves using GC-MSD, GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. Journal of applied research on medicinal and aromatic plants , 18 , 100254.‏Research of D. shrief taha Malinowska, E., & Jankowski, K. (2015). Pesticide residues in some herbs growing in agricultural areas in Poland. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187, 775. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s10661- 015- 4997-1 Perry, J.; Cotton, J.; Rahman, M.A.; Brumby, S. Organophosphate Exposure and the Chronic Effects on Farmers: A Narrative Review. Rural. Remote Health 2020, 20, 4508. Rajski, Ł., Lozano, A., Belmonte-Valles, N., Uclés, A., Uclés, S., Mezcua, M., & Fernandez-Alba, A. R. (2013). Comparison of three multiresidue methods to analyse pesticides in green tea with liquid and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Analyst , 138 (3), 921-931.‏ Reinholds, I., Pugajeva, I., Bavrins, K., Kuckovska, G., Bartkevics, V., 2017. Mycotoxins, pesticides and toxic metals in commercial spices and herbs. Food AdditContam Part B 10 (19), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2016.1210244. Schreinemachers, P., & Tipraqsa, P. (2012). Agricultural pesticides and land use intensification in high, middle and low income countries. Food policy , 37 (6), 616-626.‏ Sharma, G., et al., 2018. Guar gum-crosslinked-Soya lecithin nanohydrogel sheets as effective adsorbent for the removal of thiophanate methyl fungicide. Int J. Biol. Macromol. vol. 114, 295–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.093. Singh, P. A., Bajwa, N., Naman, S., & Baldi, A. (2020). A review on robust computational approaches based identification and authentication of herbal raw drugs. Letters in Drug Design & Discovery , 17 (9), 1066-1083.‏ Song, N. E., Lee, J. Y., Mansur, A. R., Jang, H. W., Lim, M. C., Lee, Y., ... & Nam, T. G. (2019). Determination of 60 pesticides in hen eggs using the QuEChERS procedure followed by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. Food chemistry , 298 , 125050.‏ Taha, S. M. (2021). A rapid sensitive and selective GC-Ms/Ms method for multi residue analysis of a large number of pesticides in chamomile. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry , 64 (2), 605-622.‏ Taha, S. M., & Gadalla, S. A. (2017). Development of an efficient method for multi residue analysis of 160 pesticides in herbal plant by ethyl acetate hexane mixture with direct injection to GC-MS/MS. Talanta , 174 , 767-779.‏ Tong, H., Tong, Y., Xue, J., Liu, D., & Wu, X. (2014). Multi-residual pesticide monitoring in commercial Chinese herbal medicines by gas chromatography–triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Food Analytical Methods , 7 (1), 135-145.‏ Tosi, S., Costa, C., Vesco, U., Quaglia, G., & Guido, G. (2018). A 3-year survey of Italian honey bee-collected pollen reveals widespread contamination by agricultural pesticides. Science of the total environment , 615 , 208-218.‏ Tripathy, V., Basak, B. B., Varghese, T. S., & Saha, A. (2015). Residues and contaminants in medicinal herbs—A review. Phytochemistry Letters , 14 , 67-78.‏ WHO, 1998. WHO Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Materials. World Health Organization, Geneva. World Health Organization. (2021). The selection and use of essential medicines: report of the WHO Expert Committee on Selection and Use of Essential Medicines, 2021 (including the 22nd WHO model list of essential medicines and the 8th WHO model list of essential medicines for children).‏ World Health Organization. (2022). Report of the 14th FAO/WHO joint meeting on pesticide management, 14–15 October 2021, virtual meeting.‏ World Health Organization. (2024). Pesticide residues in food 2022. Joint FAO/WHO meeting on pesticide residues. Evaluation Part II–Toxicological . World Health Organization.‏ Xiao, J., Xu, X., Wang, F., Ma, J., Liao, M., Shi, Y., et al. (2019). Analysis of exposure to pesticide residues from Traditional Chinese Medicine. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 365, 857–867. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jhazm at. 2018. 11. 075. Zhang, L., Yan, J., Liu, X., Ye, Z., Yang, X., Meyboom, R., ... & Duez, P. (2012). Pharmacovigilance practice and risk control of Traditional Chinese Medicine drugs in China: current status and future perspective. Journal of ethnopharmacology , 140 (3), 519-525.‏ Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4571203","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":337571310,"identity":"d94f498c-43dd-41ba-8194-73cb94621cb0","order_by":0,"name":"Marwa M. Ismail","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marwa","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Ismail","suffix":""},{"id":337571311,"identity":"acf5211b-fee7-45f2-a2a5-10dc3e1e2c3e","order_by":1,"name":"Mohamed Refaat","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohamed","middleName":"","lastName":"Refaat","suffix":""},{"id":337571312,"identity":"4b02a9b4-5375-462b-84cb-6891872452a3","order_by":2,"name":"Mohamed Amer","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohamed","middleName":"","lastName":"Amer","suffix":""},{"id":337571313,"identity":"17ea0c96-c359-4fba-a9ce-7021593c5f14","order_by":3,"name":"Osama H. Elhamalawy","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Al-Azhar University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Osama","middleName":"H.","lastName":"Elhamalawy","suffix":""},{"id":337571314,"identity":"ca03a01d-3167-4a2d-9ee8-3d884780ccdd","order_by":4,"name":"Hend M. Abd Allah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hend","middleName":"M. Abd","lastName":"Allah","suffix":""},{"id":337571315,"identity":"ba1898e8-840c-473c-86c1-2f202e50984e","order_by":5,"name":"Sherif M. Taha","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8ElEQVRIie3PMWrDMBSAYQmBsoh6fcZtfQWBwVNorvKCwVkEGTKVQjr4EoacIosuEHCvIEiGOIbMMSXBnVI5Uyfb2QLVDxJveB9IhLhcjxjYg+NxO9C9ncXTMJKmYAcmW8IHEZJuWsJvcy8JV1lx2iNbeqvs+H5Wb8+csPJgOojcFUmOyAF2Rbx90Yl9GI8i1UVARWTaCCAG462vmSWCB10kzOffBBEgNLPLwtef/YQYxSyRII2Kaa03/USaNLIE/bVRi4DqL8FZz1/CPKlog1fv1czW9Y/+mHijrKw6H/Y3Jm730PU22tyz7XK5XP+mX0/PQ/Fvz6RHAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sherif","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Taha","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-12 15:09:26","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4571203/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4571203/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":62126370,"identity":"9dba10ec-fc90-4dc4-8c4b-796d154ac927","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-09 14:46:59","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":134058,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe first three pesticides with the highest residue concentrations (\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e) and the total number of found pesticides (\u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e) in the collected herbal samples at the three targeted governorates.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4571203/v1/258a8642657ef917a46ba9eb.png"},{"id":62126374,"identity":"9f785f76-cae2-4873-a22e-3f568368ed71","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-09 14:47:00","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":258899,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNumber of found pesticides in all the collected samples of the five tested medicinal plants (\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e) and the first three pesticides of highest detection frequencies in each of these plants (\u003cstrong\u003eB to F\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4571203/v1/1bdedc46a2545ec6b62f78e6.png"},{"id":62126373,"identity":"7ae573f1-df46-48da-92bf-f1453a38791c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-09 14:47:00","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":121357,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNumber of found pesticides in the same collected samples from the three targeted governorates (up to down; \u003cstrong\u003eCairo, Beni Suef, and Fayoum\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4571203/v1/a97451934541ec972d4baec9.png"},{"id":68836917,"identity":"ff2d3950-05ae-49c7-a6c6-14783f1ee462","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-12 14:32:12","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1703356,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4571203/v1/7e4b8778-614c-4836-87da-732cc424e5bd.pdf"},{"id":62126372,"identity":"e6dab1f1-be84-47de-a3b7-6b35f7be0b61","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-09 14:47:00","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":35245,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementarydata.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4571203/v1/d1b2bdbb205be923d7c50448.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Survey analysis of a huge number of pesticides in the sold medicinal plants under uncontrolled practices using both LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMedicinal plants are one of the most important sources of natural and traditional medicines worldwide that can be used as drugs for preventing and curing diseases. Some of them are also widely applied as food additives, cosmetics, perfumes, and food supplements (Singh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Tripathy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, increased herbal consumption is typically preferred during pregnancy in order to avoid drug side effects (Tripathy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). These plants usually have medicinal benefits because of the phytochemicals they contain, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, as well as antioxidants, which support the immune system's defence of the body against toxins, viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens (Kawamoto et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Essien et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The majority of the world's population (almost 80%) rely on herbal medicines for their daily health needs (Cheng and Yang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, the market for herbal medicines is enormous and expanding at a rate of 13% annually; by 2050, it is predicted that market demand will be 5 trillion USD (Cheng and Yang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; WHO, 2021). However, there are concerns regarding the safety of using medicinal plants with the gradual rise in their global demand. One of the main chemical contaminants of medicinal herbs is the presence of pesticides (WHO, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e). Like other agricultural crops, herbal plants are vulnerable to insects and diseases and may require pesticide applications for protection and increased productivity (Schreinemachers and Tipraqsa, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProper and integrated pesticide management can only be achieved by controlling the whole life cycle of a pesticide; registration, production, transportation, application, residue in the targeted agricultural product, and safe disposal. Globally, the Joint Meeting on Pesticide Management (JMPM) [WHO, 2022] is responsible for issuing the related guidelines to achieve full pesticide management. While the Joint Meeting of Pesticide Residue (JMPR) is responsible for the determination of the maximum residue limits (MRL) of a pesticide in the agricultural product (WHO, 2024), which is also known as the C O D E X limits (CXL). However, there are only a few reported CXL values for pesticide residue in herbal medicinal plants. On the other hand, the European Commission and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) have reported several MRLs regarding a huge number of pesticides in several medicinal herbal plants. Even though, the safety legislation standards and MRLs for pesticide residues in agricultural products that were set by the European Union are more strictly to be applied in developing countries. In Egypt, the Agricultural Pesticide Committee is responsible for pesticide management during its life cycle. Even though, there are no Egyptian guidelines for the usage of pesticides in agricultural herbal production. Additionally, there is a lack of legal guidance on the safe storage of herbal medicinal plants that may introduce alternative safe solutions rather than using pesticides. Under these circumstances and during the absence of regular monitoring programs on herbal sales from local markets, improper pesticide application practices may be occur not only during herbal agriculture production but also during its storage in the local markets.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe production of medicinal herbal plants is usually carried out only in limited areas in Egypt. These products are usually sealed directly to refractories that subsequently test their safety under the control of national-related authorities. Then, these herbal products may be packed and sealed with the required registered permissions or processed into valuable essential herbal oils. Parts from these herbal plants or their valuable oils are used nationally in the production of several medicinal products, while major parts are exported to many countries, especially Germany. However, most of the developing countries have an uncontrolled market for the sale of herbal plants without the required permissions and registrations from related authorities. Highly harmful pesticides are still strongly promoted and are frequently used in the production of medicinal herbs, particularly in developing nations (Tripathy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Numerous previous investigations have demonstrated that pesticides can contaminate medicinal herbs, in some cases at toxic levels (Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). It was previously reported (Taha, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), that the collected chamomile samples from Al-Fayoum governorate, Egypt, were contaminated by pesticides. Also, only one herbal sample (out of twenty samples) was reported to be free from pesticides in Egypt (Taha and Gadalla, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). A large number of pesticides (51) were detected in the collected herbal samples from the Chinese market (Tong et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Also, a significant portion of the Spanish tea and chamomile samples were contaminated by pesticides with concentrations above the EU MRLS (Lozano et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, residues of 16 pesticides were detected in 72.1% of the Polish herbal samples, and the most contaminated herb was thyme (Kowalska, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Even the globally prohibited pesticides (DDT and HCH isomers) were detected with elevated concentrations (Kumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) in collected herbs from India.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn developing countries, many people buy several herbal medicinal plants from such uncontrolled local markets because they are of low price or are adjacent to their homes. However, these uncontrolled herbal products with high concentrations of pesticide residue may have negative health impacts, especially if consumed by infants and pregnant women. It is now possible to screen several pesticide residues in various medicinal matrices due to current advances in analytical techniques. In multi-class pesticide residue analyses, gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) are fundamentally analytical techniques for the analysis of pesticide residues (Rajski et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Song et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). LC-MS/MS can be employed to detect a broad variety of polar and moderately polar pesticides. While only GC-MS/MS can be used to determine highly non-polar pesticides (Maestroni et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, in the current study, both LC-MS/MS and GC\u0026ndash;MS/MS techniques were used to figure out the simultaneous residue determination of a large number of pesticides in five herbal plants collected from uncontrolled traditional local markets in three Egyptian governorates (Cairo, Beni Suef, and Fayoum).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Sampling\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 120 samples of five herbal plants, including anise, chamomile, caraway, fennel, and thyme, were randomly collected from local and uncontrolled markets located in three Egyptian governorates: Beni Suef, Fayoum, and Cairo. Beni Suef and Fayoum are the two governorates with the highest herbal plant production in Egypt. While Cairo, the capital, has the highest population number.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Chemicals and reagents\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetonitrile was purchased from CARLO ERBA. Hexane and acetone were obtained from Fisher-Scientific Ready-prepared QuEChERS phase out salt mixture (4 g MgSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, 1 g NaCL, 1 g Na-citrate, 0.5 g Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-citrate sesquihydrate) and a mixture for the sample extract cleaning (1g anhydrous magnesium sulphate and 0.20 g primary secondary amine (PSA)) were purchased from Agilent Technologies (USA). Ultar pure deionized water (DIW) of \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;17.5 Ω cm (18.2MΩ-\u003cb\u003ecm\u003c/b\u003e is categorized as Type 1 or Ultrapure \u003cb\u003ewater)\u003c/b\u003e was obtained using a Millipore water purification system (Milli-Q).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Pesticide residue analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePesticide residue analysis was accomplished using an accredited method based on the known QuEChRS protocol in the Central Laboratory for the analysis of pesticide residues in herbal samples (QCAP-Egypt Lab).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3.1. Standard solutions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost of the tested pesticide reference standards were purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Augsburg, Germany), but only a few were purchased from Sigma. The list of tested pesticides is presented in \u003cb\u003eTable \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e. An individual stock standard solution, conc. 1000 \u0026micro;g/mL, was prepared in 10 mL of toluene and stored at \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;20\u0026deg;C. Several working pesticide solution mixtures of different concentrations were prepared in methanol and stored at \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3.2. Sample preparation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollected herbal samples were ground into a homogenized sample of particle size about 200 \u0026micro;m (Abo-Gaida et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Then, 2 g of each sample were weighed in a 50 mL polypropylene tube with 10 mL of cold DIW. This sample was shaken for 1 minute using an automated axial shaker (Geno/ Grinder). Next, 10 mL of acetonitrile was added and shaken for five minutes using the same shaker. The ready-prepared salting-out mixture was added and shaken again for five minutes, followed by centrifuging for five minutes at 3500 rpm and 4\u0026deg;C. 5 mL aliquots of the acetonitrile sample extracts were collected in 15 mL tubes and mixed with the prepared clean-up salt mixture. Then, this tube was centrifuged for 2 minutes at 3500rpm. Finally, an aliquot from the cleaned sample extract was collected using a syringe filter (PTFE, 0.45 \u0026micro;m) to be directly injected into LC-MS/SM. While another part was first evaporated and exchanged with the same volume from hexane acetone mixture (9:1, v: v) before its injection into GC-MS/MS.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.3.3. Mass spectrometry analysis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC-MS/MS chromatographic separation of the tested pesticides was performed using an Agilent HPLC system (1200 Series) and a C18 column (C18; 50 mm, 4.6 mm, and 2.7 \u0026micro;m). The mobile phase and a related elution program of the tested pesticides were applied as previously reported (Abo-Gaida et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The used hyphenated MS/MS system was 6500 + (AB-SCIEX) with the following main mass parameters; ion spray voltage of 5000 V, entrance potential of 10 V, and a temperature of 450\u0026deg;C. Multiple mass reaction monitoring transitions (MRMS) and related collision energies were previously reported (Abbas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe used GC\u0026ndash;MS/MS was an Agilent 7890B gas chromatograph with a Mass Spectrometer 7010B. The chromatographic separation was achieved using an ultra-inert column of 5% phenyl group (HP-5 MS 30 m \u0026times; 0.25 mm, 0.25 \u0026micro;m, Agilent). A highly pure helium gas (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;99.999%) was used as a carrier gas with a flow rate of 1.83 mL/ min. Oven temperature programs and MRM transitions were used as previously reported (Taha, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Contaminated samples and governorates\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMost of the collected medicinal herbal samples (about 99%) were contaminated by pesticides. In total, 63 pesticide residues were detected (using both GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS) in the collected samples from the three governorates. The obtained results showed that the collected samples from Cairo governorate were contaminated by a higher total number of pesticide residues (49 pesticide residues, Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/strong\u003e Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) than those in Beni-Suef governorate (43, Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/strong\u003e Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) and Fayoum governorate (39, Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/strong\u003e Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), despite the expectation that a higher number of pesticides would be present in the area of intensive agriculture (Beni-Suef and Fayoum governorates). These results may refer to uncontrolled pesticide practices during herbal storage or the sale of illegally imported herbs from outside countries (usually Yemen and Sudan) in the unauthorized markets in Cairo. Where illegally imported herbal products may be cultivated under uncontrolled pesticide practices, they may also be susceptible to more pesticides before their shipments. Among the detected pesticides, insecticides and fungicides are the most frequently detected pesticide classes (\u003cstrong\u003eTable S2\u003c/strong\u003e), as previously reported by Luo et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). These results are in alignment with the known negative effects of insects and fungi on the quality of herbal plants not only during their agriculture but also during their storage phase. On the other hand, the tested seed herbal plants, especially fennel and caraway, were contaminated by fewer numbers of pesticides in comparison with other medicinal plants (chamomile and thyme), Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. This may be attributed to the more susceptible exposure of herbal leaves to pesticides than herbal seeds during agricultural pesticide practices (Fu et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Also, these herbal seed products (caraway and fennel) are not largely bothered by as many pests or diseases as herbal leaves. Therefore, additional uncontrolled pesticide practices may occur for herbal leaves during the storage phase in the local uncontrolled market. However, anise, a herbal seed, was contaminated by a higher number of pesticides (Figs. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). This may be attributed to its higher value since it has a higher purchasing rate; therefore, it may be susceptible to more negative, uncontrolled pesticide practices.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll detected pesticides and their detection frequencies and concentration ranges in Cairo governorate.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal sample No. 49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePesticides\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDetection frequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent of detection frequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConc. range (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChlorpyrifos\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalathion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCarbendazim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePropiconazol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThiophanate-methyl**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLambda-Cyhalothrin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProfenofos\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCypermethrin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcetamiprid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMetalaxyl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiperonyl butoxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAzoxystrobin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDifenoconazole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePendimethalin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTebuconazole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChlorfenapyr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePenconazole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImidacloprid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDimethomorph\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKresoxim-methyl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBoscalid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThiobencarb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChlorothalonil**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAtrazine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePyraclostrobin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiazinon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMyclobutanil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOxyfluorfen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlusilazole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFenitrothion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMandipropamid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePropargite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyfluthrin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efenpropimorph\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethomyl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChlorpropham\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChlorantraniliprole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLufenuron\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTricyclazole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndoxacarb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePyriproxyfen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeltamethrin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrifloxystrobin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhosmet**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalaoxon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePropamocarb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiniconazole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTetraconazole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEtofenprox\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll detected pesticides, their detection frequencies, and concentration ranges Beni Suef governorate.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal sample No. 40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePesticides\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDetection frequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent of detection frequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConc. range (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChlorpyrifos\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalathion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProfenofos\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCarbendazim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMetalaxyl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcetamiprid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiperonyl butoxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePropiconazol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThiophanate-methyl**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCypermethrin**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLambda-Cyhalothrin**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDifenoconazole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDimethomorph\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePendimethalin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAzoxystrobin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChlorfenapyr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMyclobutanil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e18\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTebuconazole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e19\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBoscalid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThiobencarb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePyraclostrobin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e22\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlusilazole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e23\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBenalaxyl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e24\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAtrazine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOxyfluorfen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e26\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePenconazole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e27\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyfluthrin**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e28\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBuprofezin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e29\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePyriproxyfen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e30\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbamectin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e31\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrifloxystrobin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e32\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeltamethrin**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e33\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImidacloprid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e34\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePropargite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e35\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChlorpropham\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e36\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiniconazole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e37\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTetramethrin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e38\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFenpropathrin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e39\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhenthoate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e40\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethomyl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e41\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLinuron\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e42\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHalosulfuron-methyl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e43\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHexythiazox\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll detected pesticides, their detection frequencies, and concentration ranges in Fayoum governorate.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal sample No. 40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePesticides\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDetection frequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent of detection frequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConc. range (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChlorpyrifos\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiperonyl butoxide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMetalaxyl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCarbendazim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProfenofos\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalathion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThiophanate-methyl**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCypermethrin**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcetamiprid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLambda-Cyhalothrin**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePropiconazol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDimethomorph\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChlorfenapyr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePendimethalin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTebuconazole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlusilazole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDifenoconazole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e18\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePenconazole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e19\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAzoxystrobin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAtrazine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChlorpropham\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e22\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBoscalid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e23\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePyraclostrobin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e24\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThiobencarb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMyclobutanil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e26\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePropargite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e27\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImidacloprid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e28\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHexaconazole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e29\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyfluthrin**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e30\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTriadimenol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e31\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiazinon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e32\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTetramethrin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e33\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLufenuron\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e34\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDimethoate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;LOQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e35\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiniconazole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e36\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIprodione**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e37\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFludioxonil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2. The frequencies of detected pesticides\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt was observed that the most frequently detected five pesticides, out of the total 63 found in all the tested samples, are chlorpyrifos, malathion, carbendazim, propiconazole, and thiophanate-methyl. The frequencies of pesticide detection in the collected herbal samples from Cairo governorate are presented in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, with chlorpyrifos accounting for 97.50%, followed by malathion (70%) and carbendazim (62.50%). However, in the Beni Suef governorate (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), chlorpyrifos accounted for 97.50%, followed by malathion (57.50%) and profenofos (50%). Also, 97.50% of the samples from the Fayoum governorate (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) contained chlorpyrifos. While 55% contained piperonyl butoxide, and 52.50% contained metalaxyl. Our findings are in alignment with (Adusei-Mensah et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Malinowska et al., 2015; Reinholds et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Xiao et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, good pesticide practices in agriculture and the safe storage of herbal plants are a global demand.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn the same manner, it is noteworthy that chlorpyrifos was the most frequently detected pesticide in the different medicinal plants from the three governorates, accounting for 100% in anise and chamomile and 96% in the remaining herbs (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Chlorpyrifos is a broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticide that is being frequently used throughout the world in public health centres, agriculture, and other pest attacks. It is also extensively used to get rid of ground dwellers, flies, and mosquitoes (Perry et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; John and Shaike, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). However, the EU and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) banned its use for agricultural purposes due to its adverse effects on human health, particularly on child neural development (European United, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; EPA, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Tosi et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Detected pesticides with high concentrations and related MRLs\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlthough chlorpyrifos was the most frequently detected pesticide residue in the three targeted governorates, thiophanate-methyl had the highest residue concentration of 5.65 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in a thyme sample, followed by 3.69 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in an anise sample, both collected from the Cairo governorate. These obtained results were 55 and 36 times, respectively; the corresponding EU MRL (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Also, malathion, propiconazole, difenconazole, azoxystrobin, and profenofos were detected at high residue concentrations of 55, 1.73, 0.87, 0.84, and 0.78 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively, in anise samples collected from Cairo. The worst scenario is that these contaminated samples may be taken by infants or pregnant women based on the safety of natural herbal plants as an alternative to medicinal products. In this context, the highest residue concentrations of carbendazim and chlorpyrifos were found in fennel and chamomile samples collected from Cairo too, with concentrations of 1.27 and 0.55 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe corresponding EU MRL of some detected pesticide residues in herbal plants.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaraway\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnise\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFennel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChamomile\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThyme\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMain food category\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpices\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpices\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpices\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHerbal infusions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf vegetables \u0026amp; fresh herbs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSubgroup/MRL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruits and berries\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHerbs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThiophanate-methyl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalathion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePropiconazol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCarbendazim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDifenconazol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAzoxystrobin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProfenofos\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChlorpyrifos\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn Beni Suef governorate, the highest concentration of detected pesticides was chlorpyrifos, followed by malathion with concentrations of 0.48 and 0.34 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in a chamomile and an anise sample, respectively (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/strong\u003e Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). While, in Fayoum governorate, chlorpyrifos and profenofos had the highest concentrations of pesticides detected, with concentrations of 0.28 and 0.26 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, in chamomile and fennel samples, respectively (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/strong\u003e Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe presence of such elevated residue concentrations of several pesticides in herbal samples from Cairo governorate (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/strong\u003e Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) compared to Baniswif and Fayoum (both representing the main intensive agriculture area of the targeted herbs) represents further confirmation of our suggestions that there is an illegal use of unauthorized imported herbals and/or the presence of an uncontrolled pesticide application during the storage phase of targeted herbs in the local markets of Cairo governorate. Furthermore, it was elucidated that anise herbal seed, despite being contaminated with fewer pesticides than other tested herbals, is highly contaminated by the highest pesticide residue concentrations, especially in the Cairo governorate. This may be attributed to the high purchasing rate of anise compared to other herbs; therefore, it may be susceptible to higher uncontrolled pesticide practices.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMany pesticides that were detected with the highest residue concentrations in herbal samples from Cairo are widely applied for various distinguishable Egyptian agriculture products and have a high EU MRL. Thiophanate-methyl (dimethyl-4,4\u0026prime;-(o-phenylene)-bis(3-thioallophanate)) has been widely used to prevent the growth of phytopathogenic fungi while simultaneously prolonging the period of food storage (Sharma, 2018). Egypt is one of the first five worldwide producers of orange, and the application of thiophanate-methyl on orange is commonly performed since it has a high MRL of 6.00 in orange. So, the availability of these pesticides, a lack of application awareness, and the absence of guidelines specific to herbs may all lead to such elevated concentrations in herbs, along with uncontrolled practices during storage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Simultaneous contamination of samples by huge pesticide numbers\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe concern is not just the high pesticide concentrations, as previously mentioned, but also the abundance of numerous pesticides in the same sample. As shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, out of the total samples, 26 samples (21.66%) had one to three pesticides found, 31 samples (25.83%) had four to seven pesticides detected, and 54 samples (45.0%) had eight to fifteen pesticides detected. Notably, eight samples had more than fifteen pesticides. These findings indicate huge uncontrolled practices during pesticide application in the fields, mostly due to the lack of national and international (Un Codex) guidelines for applying pesticides to herbal plants. Such scenarios of uncontrolled pesticide application on herbal plants during their agricultural and storage phases indeed have negative health concerns, especially for pregnant and infant consumers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe residue analysis of 461 pesticides in five different medicinal plants that are being sold in uncontrolled and traditional markets in three Egyptian governorates was accomplished using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS during 2021-2023. In 120 samples of different medicinal plants, 99.1% had one or more pesticide residues with concentrations ranging from \u0026lt;LOQ to 5.65 mg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e. Insecticides and fungicides are the most commonly found pesticides. Moreover, the Cairo governorate had the highest number and concentration of pesticide residues in comparison with the remaining governorates. Such herbal products in the uncontrolled markets of developing countries are sold at low prices, which makes them attractive for low-income families. Under these circumstances, many of the herbal plants sold in local markets are not safe for their consumers, especially pregnant women and infants. Therefore, the current study highlights the necessity of existing national guidelines for the application of pesticides to herbal plants during their agricultural production, considering the environment and public health too. Furthermore, national authorities should increase the monitoring on imported herbal plants together with introducing alternative solutions, rather than direct pesticides, to improve the storage of herbal plants.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDeclaration of Competing Interest:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRole of funding sources:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSherif M. Taha; conceptualization, supervision, and writing, Osama H. Elhamalawy; writing, data analysis and reviewing, Hend M. Abd Allah; supervision and reviewing, Mohamed Amer; data analysis and reviewing, Mohamed Refaat; reviewing, Marwa;reviewing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eACKNOWLEDGMENTS:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors express their sincere regards to all staff members at QCAP laboratory, especially those who participated in methodology practices during the daily routine work of the QCAP.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbbas, M. S., Soliman, A. S., El-Gammal, H. A., Amer, M. E., \u0026amp; Attallah, E. R. (2017). Development and validation of a multiresidue method for the determination of 323 pesticide residues in dry herbs using QuEChERS method and LC-ESI-MS/MS. \u003cem\u003eInternational journal of environmental analytical chemistry\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e97\u003c/em\u003e(11), 1003-1023.\u0026rlm;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbdelfattah, E. A., \u0026amp; El-Bassiony, G. M. (2022). 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World Health Organization, Geneva.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization. (2021). The selection and use of essential medicines: report of the WHO Expert Committee on Selection and Use of Essential Medicines, 2021 (including the 22nd WHO model list of essential medicines and the 8th WHO model list of essential medicines for children).\u0026rlm;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization. (2022). Report of the 14th FAO/WHO joint meeting on pesticide management, 14\u0026ndash;15 October 2021, virtual meeting.\u0026rlm;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization. (2024). Pesticide residues in food 2022. Joint FAO/WHO meeting on pesticide residues.\u003cem\u003e Evaluation Part II\u0026ndash;Toxicological\u003c/em\u003e. World Health Organization.\u0026rlm;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXiao, J., Xu, X., Wang, F., Ma, J., Liao, M., Shi, Y., et al. (2019). Analysis of exposure to pesticide residues from Traditional Chinese Medicine. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 365, 857\u0026ndash;867. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jhazm at. 2018. 11. 075.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang, L., Yan, J., Liu, X., Ye, Z., Yang, X., Meyboom, R., ... \u0026amp; Duez, P. (2012). Pharmacovigilance practice and risk control of Traditional Chinese Medicine drugs in China: current status and future perspective. \u003cem\u003eJournal of ethnopharmacology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e140\u003c/em\u003e(3), 519-525.\u0026rlm;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Medicinal herbs, Pesticide residues, Traditional market, Pesticide control, LC–MS/MS, GC–MS/MS.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4571203/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4571203/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn developing countries, herbal plants are not only sold under controlled conditions (in markets and pharmacies), but also sold in traditional markets without proper control conditions. For this reason, a total of 120 samples of five different medicinal plants were collected from local markets in three different Egyptian governorates (40 samples for each governorate), and the presence of a wide range of pesticides residues was tested. The collected samples were extracted and cleaned up by an accredited analytical method, based on the known QuEChERS extraction approach and using GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. Results revealed that 63 pesticide residues were found in samples collected from three different governorates. Notably, more than fifteen pesticides were detected in eight samples. \u0026nbsp;Furthermore, chlorpyrifos was the most frequently detected pesticide. Additionally, thiophanate-methyl had the highest concentration with a concentration of 5.65 mg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, followed by malathion with a concentration of 2.55 mg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, both of which were detected in Cairo Governorate. In conclusion, these results not only indicate the presence of uncontrolled pesticide practices in herbal agriculture production but also suggest the existence of an uncontrolled import of highly contaminated herbs. Furthermore, a probability of pesticide treatments during their storage stage may be occurred in the uncontrolled local traditional market.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Survey analysis of a huge number of pesticides in the sold medicinal plants under uncontrolled practices using both LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-09 14:46:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4571203/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ca28cfa0-008b-4dca-a75c-8fe66343e0f2","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 9th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-11-12T14:24:00+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-09 14:46:55","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4571203","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4571203","identity":"rs-4571203","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}