Numerical Investigation of Soil-Tunnel Interaction under Surface Blast Loads with Regression-Based Energy Correlations

Numerical Investigation of Soil-Tunnel Interaction under Surface Blast Loads with Regression-Based Energy Correlations | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Numerical Investigation of Soil-Tunnel Interaction under Surface Blast Loads with Regression-Based Energy Correlations Abdullah H. Alsabhan, Ibraheem Rais, Junaid Ahemad Khan, Aklilu Shitu Gebremariam, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7930531/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The demand for sustainable development in cities has enhanced the utilization of underground urban space (UUS) by constructing underground structures. During war, this UUS may be utilized as protective structures (tunnels, bunkers, and strategic storage). Hence, their behavior in extreme events such as blasts, fires, earthquakes, etc., must be evaluated properly. This paper presents a numerical study on an underground metro tunnel constructed in sandy clay, subjected to a surface blast. The Mohr-Coulomb plasticity model was used to simulate soil behavior, while the concrete damaged plasticity (CDP) model captured the nonlinear response of concrete. Tunnel liner reinforcement was modeled using the Johnson-Cook plasticity model with a hardening law and rate dependence. Surface blast analysis was conducted using the CONWEP (Conventional Weapons Effects) tool, based on the US Department of Army technical manual (TM5-855-1) and Trinitrotoluene (TNT) explosive parameters. The simulations were carried out for 0.1 seconds. The validation of the model and process was performed with peak pressure calculations from the TM5-885-1 manual and empirical relationships established in published literature. However, a reassessment of these formulas has been done by regression analysis of simulation data. Further, relationships were established between energies (kinetic, plastic dissipation, and strain) generated in the soil and different TNT weights by regression analysis. Additionally, the stresses in the soil, deformation, and tensile damage in the tunnel liner due to different TNT weights have been examined for overburden depths of 15m, 12m, and 9m. Physical sciences/Engineering Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Earth and environmental sciences/Natural hazards Earth and environmental sciences/Solid earth sciences Clayey Soil Finite Element Method Surface Blasting Tunnel lining Soil-tunnel interaction Tension Damage Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 16 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 25 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 01 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 29 Oct, 2025 Editor invited by journal 29 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 25 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 25 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 23 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7930531","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":541954908,"identity":"11bb63e9-12c6-4213-b9f4-4b271932c0f1","order_by":0,"name":"Abdullah H. 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Rehan Sadique","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Aligarh Muslim University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md.","middleName":"Rehan","lastName":"Sadique","suffix":""},{"id":541954913,"identity":"a19c2adb-1c0b-4ff0-a1d1-b2f33f32b4b2","order_by":5,"name":"Shamshad Alam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"King Saud University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shamshad","middleName":"","lastName":"Alam","suffix":""},{"id":541954914,"identity":"17eaeb73-f094-4f51-b495-1e614a606c8b","order_by":6,"name":"Jibran Qadri","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Padua","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jibran","middleName":"","lastName":"Qadri","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-23 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During war, this UUS may be utilized as protective structures (tunnels, bunkers, and strategic storage). Hence, their behavior in extreme events such as blasts, fires, earthquakes, etc., must be evaluated properly. This paper presents a numerical study on an underground metro tunnel constructed in sandy clay, subjected to a surface blast. The Mohr-Coulomb plasticity model was used to simulate soil behavior, while the concrete damaged plasticity (CDP) model captured the nonlinear response of concrete. Tunnel liner reinforcement was modeled using the Johnson-Cook plasticity model with a hardening law and rate dependence. Surface blast analysis was conducted using the CONWEP (Conventional Weapons Effects) tool, based on the US Department of Army technical manual (TM5-855-1) and Trinitrotoluene (TNT) explosive parameters. The simulations were carried out for 0.1 seconds. The validation of the model and process was performed with peak pressure calculations from the TM5-885-1 manual and empirical relationships established in published literature. However, a reassessment of these formulas has been done by regression analysis of simulation data. Further, relationships were established between energies (kinetic, plastic dissipation, and strain) generated in the soil and different TNT weights by regression analysis. Additionally, the stresses in the soil, deformation, and tensile damage in the tunnel liner due to different TNT weights have been examined for overburden depths of 15m, 12m, and 9m.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Numerical Investigation of Soil-Tunnel Interaction under Surface Blast Loads with Regression-Based Energy Correlations","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-10 14:22:07","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7930531/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-16T06:43:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-25T14:30:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"314564720964857100052808965371410937955","date":"2025-11-17T07:31:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"55261133516048449806252429421288415702","date":"2025-11-13T13:32:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-01T13:42:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"245833506892889674536597684557192984267","date":"2025-11-01T10:52:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-29T13:40:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-29T05:51:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-25T09:56:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-25T09:54:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-10-23T09:05:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4f91a47a-81c0-4e0d-bada-f5ee72854048","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 10th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":57659194,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":57659195,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"},{"id":57659196,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Natural hazards"},{"id":57659197,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Solid earth sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-16T16:02:41+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7930531","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-42024-x","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-09 15:59:18","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 9th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-10 14:22:07","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-026-42024-x","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-42024-x","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7930531","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7930531","identity":"rs-7930531","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}