Imagery Levels and Associated Factors Among Licensed Badminton Athletes in Eastern Anatolia
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Abstract This research examined imagery levels among licensed badminton players competing in Turkey’s Eastern Anatolia Region and investigated whether imagery varied according to selected sociodemographic and sport-related characteristics. The sample consisted of 210 licensed athletes actively training and competing in Kars, Ağrı, and Iğdır. Data were collected using the Sport Imagery Questionnaire and a researcher-developed personal information form. Statistical analyses were conducted using both parametric and non-parametric procedures in line with data distribution characteristics. The findings indicated that athletes aged 16–18 years reported higher levels of cognitive imagery and motivational general mastery compared with younger athletes. In addition, athletes with competitive success demonstrated significantly higher cognitive imagery, motivational specific imagery, and total imagery scores. Higher imagery levels were also observed among athletes with longer sport participation history and higher parental education, particularly in cognitive and motivational specific dimensions. Weekly training frequency was associated with differences in cognitive imagery only. Correlation analyses revealed positive and significant relationships among all imagery subdimensions and the total imagery score. Overall, the results suggest that imagery represents a multidimensional mental skill that develops in relation to age, experience, and competitive exposure, and plays a meaningful role in performance-related processes among badminton athletes.
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Yağmur TOPRAK, Prof. Dr. Elif KARAGÜN This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9237622/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This research examined imagery levels among licensed badminton players competing in Turkey’s Eastern Anatolia Region and investigated whether imagery varied according to selected sociodemographic and sport-related characteristics. The sample consisted of 210 licensed athletes actively training and competing in Kars, Ağrı, and Iğdır. Data were collected using the Sport Imagery Questionnaire and a researcher-developed personal information form. Statistical analyses were conducted using both parametric and non-parametric procedures in line with data distribution characteristics. The findings indicated that athletes aged 16–18 years reported higher levels of cognitive imagery and motivational general mastery compared with younger athletes. In addition, athletes with competitive success demonstrated significantly higher cognitive imagery, motivational specific imagery, and total imagery scores. Higher imagery levels were also observed among athletes with longer sport participation history and higher parental education, particularly in cognitive and motivational specific dimensions. Weekly training frequency was associated with differences in cognitive imagery only. Correlation analyses revealed positive and significant relationships among all imagery subdimensions and the total imagery score. Overall, the results suggest that imagery represents a multidimensional mental skill that develops in relation to age, experience, and competitive exposure, and plays a meaningful role in performance-related processes among badminton athletes. Imagery badminton sport psychology athletic performance motivation Introduction For a long time, explanations of athletic performance primarily emphasized physical and technical competencies; however, the role of the athlete’s psychological state has gradually become more evident in shaping performance outcomes. Mental processes are known to influence cognitive functioning, problem-solving capacity, and decision-making, and within sport contexts these processes directly affect athletic performance (Dinçer, 2016 ). Accordingly, sport cannot be conceptualized solely as a physical activity; rather, it represents a complex system requiring the coordinated interaction of physical, social, and mental components. From this perspective, the psychological dimension constitutes an integral element of sporting success and cannot be considered secondary or peripheral (Ağralı Ermiş & Dereceli, 2023 ; Dinçer, 2016 ). This view necessitates the systematic integration of psychological skills alongside physical training in performance development processes. Mental skills such as relaxation, goal setting, and self-talk have been shown to regulate performance-related processes, with imagery emerging as a central strategy that supports performance at the cognitive level (Kızıldağ & Tiryaki, 2012 ; Yarayan & Ayan, 2018). Within both training and competition contexts, strategies such as imagery and self-talk facilitate learning, contribute to performance regulation, and support motor skill acquisition, particularly among younger athletes, by providing a more integrated framework for skill development (Hidayat et al., 2023; Kızıldağ & Tiryaki, 2012 ). The relationship between imagery and athletic performance becomes more comprehensible when considered in conjunction with attentional, perceptual, motivational, and emotional regulation processes. In sport psychology, imagery is widely recognized as a skill employed by athletes during training, competition, and non-training settings, functioning as a complementary psychological resource that supports performance-related factors (Fazlıoğlu & Karadenizli, 2024 zıldağ & Tiryaki, 2012). From this standpoint, mental processes should not be understood solely in terms of observable performance outcomes but rather in relation to the athlete’s capacity to generate cognitive adaptations to situational demands and manage dynamic performance environments (Dinçer, 2016 ; Uslu, Cihan, & Araç Ilgar, 2025). Imagery is described as a mental process that accelerates goal-setting and goal-attainment, strengthens concentration, structures self-confidence, and contributes to emotional regulation (Dinçer, 2016 ). It is conceptualized as the learning or enhancement of a new or existing movement through planned and intensive mental rehearsal without physical execution, representing a form of experience in which visual and sensory images simulate lived experiences at a mental level (Dinçer, 2016 ; Aldemir et al., 2014 ). Imagery involves the mental representation of targeted actions in the absence of physical execution, whereby experiences are simulated through the integration of multiple sensory modalities under conditions of absent external perception. Accordingly, imagery encompasses the mental reconstruction of objects, situations, or emotions—either retrospectively or prospectively—through the combined use of sensory channels and constitutes one of the core applied domains of sport psychology (Ağralı Ermiş & Dereceli, 2023 ; Fazlıoğlu & Karadenizli, 2024 ; Hidayat et al., 2023). Within this process, imagery serves both cognitive and motivational functions. Cognitive imagery supports motor skill development and strategy formation, whereas motivational imagery facilitates goal orientation, emotional regulation, and the development of self-confidence (Hidayat et al., 2023; Kumartaşlı et al., 2021 ). Imagery is associated with the internal reconstruction of sensory experiences stored in memory and is frequently referred to in sport contexts using terms such as visualization, mental rehearsal, and mental practice. Its effectiveness increases when supported by multisensory engagement (Kızıldağ & Tiryaki, 2012 ; Yarayan & Ayan, 2018). In this framework, the Sport Imagery Questionnaire comprises cognitive imagery, motivational specific imagery, motivational general arousal, and motivational general mastery subdimensions (Kumartaşlı et al., 2021 ; Bastug et al., 2017). Imagery is regarded as a significant psychological effort in enhancing athletic performance and supports multidimensional athlete development when integrated with technical, tactical, and motor training. It contributes to the regulation of psychological processes such as attention, perception, motivation, stress, and pressure, positioning it as a central determinant of performance (Dinçer, 2016 ; Ağralı Ermiş & Dereceli, 2023 ). Research indicates that imagery capacity does not differ significantly by gender, whereas meaningful associations have been identified between sport age and both cognitive imagery and motivational general mastery. Increases in cognitive imagery are accompanied by higher motivational general arousal, while increases in motivational general mastery correspond to higher motivational specific imagery (Bastug et al., 2017; Kumartaşlı et al., 2021 ). At the same time, the functional role and performance implications of imagery may vary depending on the cognitive demands inherent to the sport. In open-skill sports, athletes are required to rapidly perceive environmental cues, adapt to constantly changing conditions, and anticipate subsequent actions, all of which are critical determinants of performance (Munzert, 2008 ). In this regard, badminton—characterized by high speed, complex coordination, rapid decision-making, and sustained attentional demands—represents a sporting context in which imagery processes assume particular relevance (Bastug, Agilonu, & Balkan, 2017; Munzert, 2008 ). Empirical studies conducted in badminton settings indicate that imagery supports motor skill acquisition, contributes to the development of fundamental stroke techniques, and is associated with attentional processes when implemented alongside physical training (Hidayat et al., 2023; Bastug, Agilonu, & Balkan, 2017). During imagery processes, not only postural movements but also dynamic environmental variables such as shuttle trajectory, speed variations, and opponent actions are incorporated into mental representations, reflecting the open-skill nature of the sport (Munzert, 2008 ; Bastug et al., 2017). Imagery practices accompanying physical training have been shown to enhance attentional capacity, with increases in motivational specific imagery associated with strengthened attention processes and improved self-confidence (Bastug et al., 2017; Hidayat et al., 2023). Within this framework, examining imagery levels among licensed badminton players in relation to age, experience, training exposure, and contextual variables allows for a more nuanced understanding of how mental skills interact with performance demands in open-skill sports. Investigations involving licensed badminton players from the Eastern Anatolia Region are therefore expected to contribute region-specific insights to the sport psychology literature while providing a theoretical basis for structuring mental training practices aligned with the cognitive characteristics of badminton (Bastug, Agilonu, & Balkan, 2017). Methods Study Design and Setting This study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey design to examine imagery levels among licensed badminton athletes competing in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Türkiye. Data were collected from athletes who were actively training in clubs affiliated with the Provincial Directorates of Youth and Sports in the provinces of Kars, Ağrı, and Iğdır. The study was conducted within organized sport club settings during the athletes’ regular training periods. Participants and Sampling The study population consisted of licensed badminton athletes competing in the Eastern Anatolia Region. The sample comprised 210 licensed athletes who voluntarily participated in the study and were recruited using convenience sampling. All participants were actively registered in badminton clubs operating under the Provincial Directorates of Youth and Sports in Kars, Ağrı, and Iğdır. Participants’ sociodemographic and sport-related characteristics are presented in Table 1. Table I. Socio-Demographic and Sport-Related Characteristics of the Participants Variable Category n % Age (years) 12–15 125 59.5 16–18 85 40.5 Gender Male 125 59.5 Female 85 40.5 School Level Secondary school 70 33.3 High school 140 66.7 Mother’s Education Level Primary school 78 37.1 Secondary school 56 26.7 High school 51 24.3 University 25 11.9 Father’s Education Level Primary school 45 21.4 Secondary school 48 22.9 High school 75 35.7 University 42 20.0 Family Monthly Income ≤ 20,000 TL 42 20.0 20,001–30,000 TL 33 15.7 30,001–40,000 TL 41 19.5 40,001–50,000 TL 36 17.1 ≥ 50,000 TL 58 27.6 Number of Siblings None 7 3.3 1 18 8.6 2 37 17.6 3 65 31.0 4 49 23.3 ≥ 5 34 16.2 Years of Sport Participation 0–2 years 104 49.5 2–4 years 53 25.2 ≥ 4 years 53 25.2 Participation in Non-Sport Activities Yes 147 70.0 No 63 30.0 Weekly Training Frequency 1–2 days 62 29.5 2–4 days 76 36.2 5–6 days 42 20.0 ≥ 6 days 30 14.3 Competition Achievement (Medal) Yes 125 59.5 No 85 40.5 Province Ağrı 66 31.4 Iğdır 59 28.1 Kars 85 40.5 Measures Personal Information Form : Participants’ sociodemographic and sport-related characteristics were assessed using a 12-item personal information form developed by the researchers. The form included items related to age group, gender, school level, parental education, household income, number of siblings, years of sport participation, weekly training frequency, participation in non-sport activities, medal status, and province of residence. Sport Imagery Inventory : Imagery levels were assessed using the Sport Imagery Inventory (SII). The original scale was developed by Hall, Mack, Paivio, and Hausenblas, and its Turkish adaptation was conducted by Kızıldağ and Tiryaki. The inventory consists of 21 items rated on a 7-point Likert-type scale and yields four subscale scores: cognitive imagery, motivational specific imagery, motivational general arousal, and motivational general mastery. In the present study, the internal consistency of the total scale score was found to be high (Cronbach’s α = .89). Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 27) (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, and standard deviation) were calculated for all variables. The assumptions of normality were examined using skewness and kurtosis values. Skewness values ranged from − 0.45 to − 0.15, and kurtosis values ranged from − 0.76 to − 0.21, indicating an approximately normal distribution within the ± 1 criterion (Hair et al., 2013 ). Accordingly, parametric statistical tests were employed for normally distributed variables. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to examine associations among imagery scores. Independent-samples t-tests were used for comparisons between two groups (e.g., gender). For variables with three or more categories (e.g., parental education level), one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, followed by appropriate post-hoc tests to identify group differences. Because the “no siblings” category included a small number of participants (n = 7), comparisons based on number of siblings were conducted using the Kruskal–Wallis H test. The level of statistical significance was set at α = .05 for all analyses. Results Table II. Descriptive statistics of imagery scores Subscale n Mean SD Skewness Kurtosis Cognitive Imagery (CI) 210 4.57 1.26 −0.16 −0.42 Motivational Specific Imagery (MSI) 210 4.90 1.36 −0.45 −0.21 Motivational General–Arousal (MG-A) 210 4.59 1.40 −0.15 −0.53 Motivational General–Mastery (MG-M) 210 4.90 1.60 −0.41 −0.76 Total Imagery Score 210 4.70 1.11 −0.16 −0.45 Descriptive statistics for sport imagery dimensions are presented in Table II. The mean scores indicated moderate to moderately high levels across all imagery subdimensions. Cognitive imagery had a mean score of 4.57 (SD = 1.26), while motivational specific imagery and motivational general mastery demonstrated the highest mean values (M = 4.90). Skewness and kurtosis values for all variables were within the acceptable range of ± 1, indicating approximately normal distributions. Accordingly, parametric statistical analyses were deemed appropriate (Hair vd., 2013). Table III. Comparisons of sport imagery scores according to sociodemographic variables (significant results) Demographic variable Subscale Group (code) n Mean ± SD Test value p Direction of difference Age Cognitive Imagery 12–15 (1) 125 4.40 ± 1.24 t = − 2.42 .017* 2 > 1 16–18 (2) 85 4.82 ± 1.26 Motivational General–Mastery 12–15 (1) 125 4.72 ± 1.54 t = − 2.00 .047* 2 > 1 16–18 (2) 85 5.17 ± 1.66 Competition Achievement (Medal) Cognitive Imagery Yes (1) 125 4.77 ± 1.29 t = 2.78 .006* 1 > 2 No (2) 85 4.28 ± 1.17 Motivational Specific Imagery Yes (1) 125 5.05 ± 1.37 t = 1.97 .049* 1 > 2 No (2) 85 4.68 ± 1.31 Total Imagery Score Yes (1) 125 4.86 ± 1.15 t = 2.61 .010* 1 > 2 No (2) 85 4.46 ± 1.01 Mother’s education level Cognitive Imagery Primary (1) 78 4.34 ± 1.15 F = 3.16 .026* 3 > 1 Secondary (2) 56 4.42 ± 1.25 High school (3) 51 4.96 ± 1.14 University (4) 25 4.82 ± 1.64 Motivational Specific Imagery Primary (1) 78 4.65 ± 1.23 F = 4.82 .003* 3 > 1,2 Secondary (2) 56 4.63 ± 1.42 High school (3) 51 5.36 ± 1.07 University (4) 25 5.36 ± 1.78 Motivational General–Arousal Primary (1) 78 4.62 ± 1.26 F = 6.38 2 Secondary (2) 56 4.01 ± 1.57 High school (3) 51 5.15 ± 1.06 University (4) 25 4.66 ± 1.54 Total Imagery Score Primary (1) 78 4.52 ± 0.98 F = 3.96 .009* 3 > 1,2 Secondary (2) 56 4.49 ± 1.12 High school (3) 51 5.08 ± 1.01 University (4) 25 4.95 ± 1.47 Father’s education level Cognitive Imagery Primary (1) 45 4.17 ± 1.32 F = 4.56 .004* 3,4 > 1 Secondary (2) 48 4.27 ± 1.09 High school (3) 75 4.82 ± 1.14 University (4) 42 4.90 ± 1.42 Motivational Specific Imagery Primary (1) 45 4.53 ± 1.45 F = 4.46 .005* 4 > 1,2 Secondary (2) 48 4.67 ± 1.21 High school (3) 75 4.94 ± 1.29 University (4) 42 5.49 ± 1.36 Total Imagery Score Primary (1) 45 4.37 ± 1.17 F = 4.01 .008* 4 > 1 Secondary (2) 48 4.47 ± 0.96 High school(3) 75 4.86 ± 1.02 University(4) 42 5.04 ± 1.26 Years of sport participation Cognitive Imagery 0–2 years (1) 104 4.38 ± 1.19 F = 4.28 .015* 3 > 1 2–4 years (2) 53 4.51 ± 1.31 ≥ 4 years (3) 53 4.99 ± 1.27 Motivational Specific Imagery 0–2 years (1) 104 4.68 ± 1.37 F = 3.13 .046* 3 > 1 2–4 years (2) 53 5.00 ± 1.21 ≥ 4 years (3) 53 5.23 ± 1.42 Total Imagery Score 0–2 years (1) 104 4.53 ± 1.07 F = 3.20 .043* 3 > 1 2–4 years (2) 53 4.74 ± 1.12 ≥ 4 years (3) 53 5.00 ± 1.16 Weekly training frequency Cognitive Imagery 1–2 days (1) 62 4.14 ± 1.21 F = 3.64 .014* 2,3 > 1 2–4 days (2) 76 4.70 ± 1.20 5–6 days (3) 42 4.79 ± 1.26 ≥ 6 days (4) 30 4.82 ± 1.34 Total Imagery Score 1–2 days (1) 62 4.38 ± 1.02 F = 2.66 .049* – Number of siblings Motivational Specific Imagery None 7 6.09 ± 1.04 H = 11.55 .041* – Province Motivational General–Arousal Ağrı (1) 66 4.71 ± 1.26 F = 4.85 .009* 2 > 3 Iğdır (2) 59 4.94 ± 1.19 Kars (3) 85 4.25 ± 1.56 Note . p < .05. t = independent-samples t-test, F = one-way ANOVA, H = Kruskal–Wallis test. As presented in Table X, significant differences in sport imagery scores were observed across several sociodemographic variables. Athletes aged 16–18 years demonstrated significantly higher cognitive imagery and motivational general–mastery scores compared with those aged 12–15 years (p < .05). Athletes who had won medals reported significantly higher scores in cognitive imagery, motivational specific imagery, and total imagery score than non-medalists (p < .05), indicating a positive association between competitive achievement and imagery use. Parental education level was also associated with imagery scores. Athletes whose mothers and fathers had completed high school or university education exhibited significantly higher imagery scores across several subscales, particularly cognitive imagery, motivational specific imagery, motivational general–arousal, and total imagery score (p < .05). With respect to sport experience, imagery scores increased significantly with longer years of sport participation, with athletes reporting four or more years of experience demonstrating higher cognitive imagery, motivational specific imagery, and total imagery scores compared with those with shorter participation history (p < .05). Weekly training frequency was associated with cognitive imagery only, with athletes training two or more days per week reporting higher scores than those training one to two days per week (p < .05). No statistically significant post-hoc differences were detected for the total imagery score. In addition, athletes residing in Iğdır reported significantly higher motivational general–arousal scores compared with those living in Kars (p < .05). Table IV. Pearson correlation coefficients among imagery variables Variables 1 2 3 4 5 1. Cognitive Imagery 1 2. Motivational Specific Imagery .66** 1 3. Motivational General–Arousal .42** .44** 1 4. Motivational General–Mastery .67** .53** .45** 1 5. Total Imagery Score .91** .82** .66** .79** 1 As shown in Table III, cognitive imagery, motivational specific imagery, motivational general–arousal, motivational general–mastery, and total imagery score were all positively and significantly correlated with one another (p < .01). The strongest associations were observed between cognitive imagery and total imagery score (r = .91) and between motivational specific imagery and total imagery score (r = .82), indicating that these subdimensions contribute substantially to overall imagery levels. Discussion The present study examined imagery levels among licensed badminton athletes competing in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Türkiye, focusing on age, sport experience, weekly training frequency, parental education level, competitive achievement, and regional differences. Overall, the findings indicate that imagery is not a static psychological characteristic but rather a dynamic mental skill shaped by developmental, experiential, and contextual factors. Athletes aged 16–18 years demonstrated significantly higher cognitive imagery and motivational general–mastery scores compared with those aged 12–15 years. This finding suggests that imagery abilities become more structured and functionally integrated during adolescence. As cognitive control, abstract thinking, and self-regulatory capacities develop with age, athletes may become more capable of generating detailed and goal-directed mental representations of sport-specific actions and mastery experiences. Similar patterns have been reported in badminton research, where higher imagery ability was associated with more consistent and temporally accurate performance profiles in adolescent athletes (Chow & Li, 2021 ). Sport experience and training exposure further reinforced this developmental interpretation. Imagery scores—particularly cognitive imagery, motivational specific imagery, and total imagery score—increased significantly with greater years of sport participation and higher weekly training frequency. Meta-analytic evidence indicates that imagery interventions produce moderate but reliable effects on sport performance, with stronger effects observed when imagery practice is sustained over time (Simonsmeier et al., 2020). The present findings align with this evidence by demonstrating that imagery appears to be sensitive to accumulated practice and experiential learning. In this regard, imagery should not be viewed merely as an auxiliary mental technique but rather as a psychological resource that becomes increasingly functional through repeated engagement with sport-specific tasks. Differences observed according to medal status further highlight the close relationship between imagery and performance outcomes. Athletes who had achieved competitive success reported higher scores in cognitive imagery, motivational specific imagery, and total imagery. This pattern suggests a potentially bidirectional relationship: higher imagery capacity may facilitate performance success, while successful performance experiences may, in turn, strengthen athletes’ ability to generate motivational and mastery-oriented images. This interpretation is consistent with meta-analytic findings demonstrating robust associations between imagery and motivational outcomes in sport (Simonsmeier et al., 2020). Moreover, previous research has shown that motivational specific imagery in badminton athletes is positively associated with attentional control, indicating that imagery may regulate cognitive focus not only before competition but also during performance (Baştuğ et al., 2017 ). Parental education level emerged as another important contextual factor. Athletes whose mothers and fathers had higher educational attainment—particularly at the high school and university levels—displayed higher imagery scores across several subdimensions. This finding suggests that imagery development is influenced not only by individual training variables but also by the broader socio-cultural environment in which athletes are embedded. Families with higher educational backgrounds may provide greater cognitive stimulation, structured goal-setting, and psychological support, indirectly fostering athletes’ mental skill repertoires. Correlation analyses revealed strong and positive relationships among all imagery subdimensions and the total imagery score. These results indicate that imagery operates as an integrated mental system rather than as isolated components. The close associations between cognitive and motivational imagery dimensions support theoretical models emphasizing the interdependence of imagery functions in sport, particularly in learning, performance regulation, and motivational maintenance. From a learning perspective, imagery effects may not always manifest as immediate performance gains but may instead become evident in higher-order outcomes such as retention and transfer. Research on badminton long-serve skills has shown that internal imagery produces stronger effects on learning permanence and skill transfer than on initial acquisition (Parimi et al., 2024 ). The strong interrelations among imagery subdimensions observed in the present study suggest that the combined activation of cognitive and motivational imagery may be especially critical for durable learning and motor memory formation. Finally, accumulating evidence indicates that imagery is a trainable mental skill. Structured imagery programs have been shown to significantly enhance cognitive and motivational imagery levels in adolescent athletes (Yıldız-Çakır et al., 2025 ). Notably, imagery interventions appear to yield stronger effects among athletes with limited prior exposure to psychological skills training, highlighting their developmental relevance (Liu et al., 2025 ). In this context, systematically integrating imagery practices into badminton training programs may offer a holistic approach to strengthening cognitive, motivational, and attentional processes that underpin performance. Conclusion and Recommendation The findings of this study demonstrate that imagery levels among badminton athletes differ significantly according to age, sport experience, and competitive achievement. Higher scores in cognitive imagery and motivational general–mastery among athletes aged 16–18 years suggest that imagery skills become more pronounced with developmental maturation and accumulated experience. Similarly, the higher imagery levels observed in medal-winning athletes indicate that imagery is closely linked to performance-related outcomes rather than representing a purely dispositional trait. The strong positive associations among imagery subdimensions further emphasize that imagery should be conceptualized as a holistic mental system, rather than as a set of independent skills. From an applied perspective, these results suggest that imagery practices in badminton training should not be left to chance or individual preference. Instead, especially during adolescence, imagery should be supported through structured and goal-oriented psychological skill training. For athletes with limited sport experience, imagery represents a particularly promising and developable resource. Incorporating brief but regular cognitive and motivational imagery exercises into routine training sessions may support both skill learning and overall athletic development. Such an approach may enhance not only performance outcomes but also athletes’ self-regulation and attentional control capacities. Future research should employ longitudinal designs to examine changes in imagery abilities over time and experimental studies to directly test the effects of imagery-based interventions on performance, learning, and attention-related variables. These approaches would contribute to a more precise and practice-oriented understanding of the role of imagery in athletic development. Declarations Funding This research recelved no external funding. Author Contribution Concept-PYT,EK-*;Design-PYT,EK*; Supervision-EK*; Resources-PYT,*; Materials-PYT,EK*, Data Collection and/or Processing-PYT*; Analysis and/or Interpretation-PYT,EK*; Literature Search-PYT,*; Writing Manuscript-PYT-EK*; Critical Review-EK* Ethics Committee Approval: Ethics committee approval was received for this study from the ethics committee of Kocaeli University (Date: 19 now. 2024, Decision Number: 38, Protocol No: E-94094268-204.01.07-685391 Informed Consent: Written informed consent was obtained from the parents/guardians of the participants, and verbal informed consent was obtained from the participants prior to participation in the study References Aldemir, Y. G., Biçer, T., & Kale, E. K. (2014). Futbolcularda İmgeleme Çalişmalarinin Problem Çözme Üzerine Etkisi. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi , 5 (2), 37–45. https://doi.org/10.17155/spd.05118 Baştuğ, G., Agilönü, A., & Balkan, N. (2017). 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International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 6 (1), 24–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2008.9671852 Parimi, F., Abdoli, B., Ramezanzade, H., & Aghdaei, M. (2024). The effect of internal and external imagery on learning badminton long serve skill: The role of visual and audiovisual imagery. PLOS ONE , 19 (9), e0309473. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309473 Simonsmeier, B. A., Andronie, M., Buecker, S., & Frank, C. (2021). The effects of imagery interventions in sports: A meta-analysis. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 14 (1), 186–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2020.1780627 Uslu, N., Cihan, B. B., & Ilgar, E. A. (2025). Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin İmgeleme Kavramına Yönelik Metaforik Algılarının İncelenmesi. Uluslararası Bozok Spor Bilimleri Dergisi , 6 (2), 151–163. https://izlik.org/JA22YR69LP Yıldız-Çakır, L., Ülker, İ., Sarı, M. U., Cin, M., & Uludağ-Uyanıker, S. S. (2025). The effects of imagery interventions on track start performance in 14–16-year-old swimmers: A pilot study. Journal of Sport Sciences Research , 10 (1), 109–123. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1614763 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Nonsignificantresults.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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Yağmur TOPRAK","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLADxoYKIMnM3ECUagmIljMgLYykaGlsg+jEq9RcIvnxq5tt9+r4pXsffpw5rzaavx2o5UfFNpxaLGekmVnnthVLSM45biy5cdvx3BmHGRsYe87cxqnF4EaCmXFuW4KEwY00BsmH247lNgC1MDO24dOS/g2mhfnnwznHcucT1pJj/BiqhU1yY0NN7gZCWix73pQx55xLkJw55xib5YxjB3I3ArUcxOcXc/b0zZ9zyhL4+aXbmG/21NTlzjt/+OCDHxV4HCaQwAaOE0jMMBwGkwdwqgdp4T/A/AFJSx0+xaNgFIyCUTBCAQBVB19lfkkojAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Kocaeli University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"P.","middleName":"Yağmur","lastName":"TOPRAK","suffix":""},{"id":617517974,"identity":"2bf424b5-c156-4520-a095-3ff7fc790909","order_by":1,"name":"Prof. Dr. Elif KARAGÜN","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kocaeli University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Prof.","middleName":"Dr. Elif","lastName":"KARAGÜN","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-26 19:38:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9237622/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9237622/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":106256263,"identity":"b9dc29f4-c17d-498d-b79d-4e314bbefbb9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-06 18:55:26","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1523661,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9237622/v1/99bf80c8-c944-452c-9e5b-dc4347e73e7a.pdf"},{"id":106209526,"identity":"981bc827-eb3a-4c68-a1ff-9382b22590fa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-06 06:44:50","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":15579,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Nonsignificantresults.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9237622/v1/dce016c4737f34d550f84f35.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eImagery Levels and Associated Factors Among Licensed Badminton Athletes in Eastern Anatolia\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eFor a long time, explanations of athletic performance primarily emphasized physical and technical competencies; however, the role of the athlete\u0026rsquo;s psychological state has gradually become more evident in shaping performance outcomes. Mental processes are known to influence cognitive functioning, problem-solving capacity, and decision-making, and within sport contexts these processes directly affect athletic performance (Din\u0026ccedil;er, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Accordingly, sport cannot be conceptualized solely as a physical activity; rather, it represents a complex system requiring the coordinated interaction of physical, social, and mental components. From this perspective, the psychological dimension constitutes an integral element of sporting success and cannot be considered secondary or peripheral (Ağralı Ermiş \u0026amp; Dereceli, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Din\u0026ccedil;er, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis view necessitates the systematic integration of psychological skills alongside physical training in performance development processes. Mental skills such as relaxation, goal setting, and self-talk have been shown to regulate performance-related processes, with imagery emerging as a central strategy that supports performance at the cognitive level (Kızıldağ \u0026amp; Tiryaki, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Yarayan \u0026amp; Ayan, 2018). Within both training and competition contexts, strategies such as imagery and self-talk facilitate learning, contribute to performance regulation, and support motor skill acquisition, particularly among younger athletes, by providing a more integrated framework for skill development (Hidayat et al., 2023; Kızıldağ \u0026amp; Tiryaki, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe relationship between imagery and athletic performance becomes more comprehensible when considered in conjunction with attentional, perceptual, motivational, and emotional regulation processes. In sport psychology, imagery is widely recognized as a skill employed by athletes during training, competition, and non-training settings, functioning as a complementary psychological resource that supports performance-related factors (Fazlıoğlu \u0026amp; Karadenizli, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003ezıldağ \u0026amp; Tiryaki, 2012). From this standpoint, mental processes should not be understood solely in terms of observable performance outcomes but rather in relation to the athlete\u0026rsquo;s capacity to generate cognitive adaptations to situational demands and manage dynamic performance environments (Din\u0026ccedil;er, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Uslu, Cihan, \u0026amp; Ara\u0026ccedil; Ilgar, 2025).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImagery is described as a mental process that accelerates goal-setting and goal-attainment, strengthens concentration, structures self-confidence, and contributes to emotional regulation (Din\u0026ccedil;er, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). It is conceptualized as the learning or enhancement of a new or existing movement through planned and intensive mental rehearsal without physical execution, representing a form of experience in which visual and sensory images simulate lived experiences at a mental level (Din\u0026ccedil;er, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Aldemir et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Imagery involves the mental representation of targeted actions in the absence of physical execution, whereby experiences are simulated through the integration of multiple sensory modalities under conditions of absent external perception. Accordingly, imagery encompasses the mental reconstruction of objects, situations, or emotions\u0026mdash;either retrospectively or prospectively\u0026mdash;through the combined use of sensory channels and constitutes one of the core applied domains of sport psychology (Ağralı Ermiş \u0026amp; Dereceli, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Fazlıoğlu \u0026amp; Karadenizli, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Hidayat et al., 2023).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin this process, imagery serves both cognitive and motivational functions. Cognitive imagery supports motor skill development and strategy formation, whereas motivational imagery facilitates goal orientation, emotional regulation, and the development of self-confidence (Hidayat et al., 2023; Kumartaşlı et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Imagery is associated with the internal reconstruction of sensory experiences stored in memory and is frequently referred to in sport contexts using terms such as visualization, mental rehearsal, and mental practice. Its effectiveness increases when supported by multisensory engagement (Kızıldağ \u0026amp; Tiryaki, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Yarayan \u0026amp; Ayan, 2018). In this framework, the Sport Imagery Questionnaire comprises cognitive imagery, motivational specific imagery, motivational general arousal, and motivational general mastery subdimensions (Kumartaşlı et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Bastug et al., 2017).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImagery is regarded as a significant psychological effort in enhancing athletic performance and supports multidimensional athlete development when integrated with technical, tactical, and motor training. It contributes to the regulation of psychological processes such as attention, perception, motivation, stress, and pressure, positioning it as a central determinant of performance (Din\u0026ccedil;er, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Ağralı Ermiş \u0026amp; Dereceli, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Research indicates that imagery capacity does not differ significantly by gender, whereas meaningful associations have been identified between sport age and both cognitive imagery and motivational general mastery. Increases in cognitive imagery are accompanied by higher motivational general arousal, while increases in motivational general mastery correspond to higher motivational specific imagery (Bastug et al., 2017; Kumartaşlı et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the same time, the functional role and performance implications of imagery may vary depending on the cognitive demands inherent to the sport. In open-skill sports, athletes are required to rapidly perceive environmental cues, adapt to constantly changing conditions, and anticipate subsequent actions, all of which are critical determinants of performance (Munzert, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). In this regard, badminton\u0026mdash;characterized by high speed, complex coordination, rapid decision-making, and sustained attentional demands\u0026mdash;represents a sporting context in which imagery processes assume particular relevance (Bastug, Agilonu, \u0026amp; Balkan, 2017; Munzert, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmpirical studies conducted in badminton settings indicate that imagery supports motor skill acquisition, contributes to the development of fundamental stroke techniques, and is associated with attentional processes when implemented alongside physical training (Hidayat et al., 2023; Bastug, Agilonu, \u0026amp; Balkan, 2017). During imagery processes, not only postural movements but also dynamic environmental variables such as shuttle trajectory, speed variations, and opponent actions are incorporated into mental representations, reflecting the open-skill nature of the sport (Munzert, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Bastug et al., 2017). Imagery practices accompanying physical training have been shown to enhance attentional capacity, with increases in motivational specific imagery associated with strengthened attention processes and improved self-confidence (Bastug et al., 2017; Hidayat et al., 2023).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin this framework, examining imagery levels among licensed badminton players in relation to age, experience, training exposure, and contextual variables allows for a more nuanced understanding of how mental skills interact with performance demands in open-skill sports. Investigations involving licensed badminton players from the Eastern Anatolia Region are therefore expected to contribute region-specific insights to the sport psychology literature while providing a theoretical basis for structuring mental training practices aligned with the cognitive characteristics of badminton (Bastug, Agilonu, \u0026amp; Balkan, 2017).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Design and Setting\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey design to examine imagery levels among licensed badminton athletes competing in the Eastern Anatolia Region of T\u0026uuml;rkiye. Data were collected from athletes who were actively training in clubs affiliated with the Provincial Directorates of Youth and Sports in the provinces of Kars, Ağrı, and Iğdır. The study was conducted within organized sport club settings during the athletes\u0026rsquo; regular training periods.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eParticipants and Sampling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study population consisted of licensed badminton athletes competing in the Eastern Anatolia Region. The sample comprised 210 licensed athletes who voluntarily participated in the study and were recruited using convenience sampling. All participants were actively registered in badminton clubs operating under the Provincial Directorates of Youth and Sports in Kars, Ağrı, and Iğdır. Participants\u0026rsquo; sociodemographic and sport-related characteristics are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable I.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSocio-Demographic and Sport-Related Characteristics of the Participants\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge (years)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u0026ndash;18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSchool Level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMother\u0026rsquo;s Education Level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFather\u0026rsquo;s Education Level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFamily Monthly Income\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;20,000 TL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20,001\u0026ndash;30,000 TL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30,001\u0026ndash;40,000 TL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40,001\u0026ndash;50,000 TL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;50,000 TL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of Siblings\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYears of Sport Participation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;2 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;4 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;4 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eParticipation in Non-Sport Activities\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWeekly Training Frequency\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2 days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;4 days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;6 days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;6 days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCompetition Achievement (Medal)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProvince\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAğrı\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIğdır\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKars\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMeasures\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003ePersonal Information Form\u003c/em\u003e: Participants\u0026rsquo; sociodemographic and sport-related characteristics were assessed using a 12-item personal information form developed by the researchers. The form included items related to age group, gender, school level, parental education, household income, number of siblings, years of sport participation, weekly training frequency, participation in non-sport activities, medal status, and province of residence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eSport Imagery Inventory\u003c/em\u003e: Imagery levels were assessed using the Sport Imagery Inventory (SII). The original scale was developed by Hall, Mack, Paivio, and Hausenblas, and its Turkish adaptation was conducted by Kızıldağ and Tiryaki. The inventory consists of 21 items rated on a 7-point Likert-type scale and yields four subscale scores: cognitive imagery, motivational specific imagery, motivational general arousal, and motivational general mastery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, the internal consistency of the total scale score was found to be high (Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.89).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 27) (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, and standard deviation) were calculated for all variables. The assumptions of normality were examined using skewness and kurtosis values. Skewness values ranged from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.45 to \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.15, and kurtosis values ranged from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.76 to \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.21, indicating an approximately normal distribution within the \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1 criterion (Hair et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Accordingly, parametric statistical tests were employed for normally distributed variables. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to examine associations among imagery scores. Independent-samples t-tests were used for comparisons between two groups (e.g., gender). For variables with three or more categories (e.g., parental education level), one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, followed by appropriate post-hoc tests to identify group differences. Because the \u0026ldquo;no siblings\u0026rdquo; category included a small number of participants (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7), comparisons based on number of siblings were conducted using the Kruskal\u0026ndash;Wallis H test. The level of statistical significance was set at α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.05 for all analyses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable II.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDescriptive statistics of imagery scores\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubscale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkewness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKurtosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCognitive Imagery (CI)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMotivational Specific Imagery (MSI)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMotivational General\u0026ndash;Arousal (MG-A)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMotivational General\u0026ndash;Mastery (MG-M)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal Imagery Score\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics for sport imagery dimensions are presented in Table II. The mean scores indicated moderate to moderately high levels across all imagery subdimensions. Cognitive imagery had a mean score of 4.57 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.26), while motivational specific imagery and motivational general mastery demonstrated the highest mean values (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.90). Skewness and kurtosis values for all variables were within the acceptable range of \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1, indicating approximately normal distributions. Accordingly, parametric statistical analyses were deemed appropriate (Hair vd., 2013).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabc\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable III.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eComparisons of sport imagery scores according to sociodemographic variables (significant results)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic variable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubscale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup (code)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirection of difference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCognitive Imagery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;15 (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.017*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u0026ndash;18 (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMotivational General\u0026ndash;Mastery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;15 (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.047*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u0026ndash;18 (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCompetition Achievement (Medal)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCognitive Imagery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.006*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMotivational Specific Imagery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.049*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Imagery Score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.010*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMother\u0026rsquo;s education level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCognitive Imagery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.026*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh school (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMotivational Specific Imagery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.003*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh school (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMotivational General\u0026ndash;Arousal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh school (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Imagery Score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.009*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh school (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFather\u0026rsquo;s education level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCognitive Imagery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.004*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,4\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh school (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMotivational Specific Imagery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.005*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh school (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Imagery Score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.008*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh school(3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity(4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYears of sport participation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCognitive Imagery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;2 years (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.015*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;4 years (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;4 years (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMotivational Specific Imagery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;2 years (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.046*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;4 years (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;4 years (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Imagery Score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;2 years (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.043*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;4 years (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;4 years (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWeekly training frequency\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCognitive Imagery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2 days (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.014*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,3\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;4 days (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;6 days (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;6 days (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Imagery Score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2 days (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.049*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of siblings\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMotivational Specific Imagery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.041*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProvince\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMotivational General\u0026ndash;Arousal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAğrı (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.009*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIğdır (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKars (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNote\u003c/b\u003e. p \u0026lt; .05. t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;independent-samples t-test, F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;one-way ANOVA, H\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Kruskal\u0026ndash;Wallis test.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs presented in Table X, significant differences in sport imagery scores were observed across several sociodemographic variables. Athletes aged 16\u0026ndash;18 years demonstrated significantly higher cognitive imagery and motivational general\u0026ndash;mastery scores compared with those aged 12\u0026ndash;15 years (p \u0026lt; .05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAthletes who had won medals reported significantly higher scores in cognitive imagery, motivational specific imagery, and total imagery score than non-medalists (p \u0026lt; .05), indicating a positive association between competitive achievement and imagery use.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParental education level was also associated with imagery scores. Athletes whose mothers and fathers had completed high school or university education exhibited significantly higher imagery scores across several subscales, particularly cognitive imagery, motivational specific imagery, motivational general\u0026ndash;arousal, and total imagery score (p \u0026lt; .05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith respect to sport experience, imagery scores increased significantly with longer years of sport participation, with athletes reporting four or more years of experience demonstrating higher cognitive imagery, motivational specific imagery, and total imagery scores compared with those with shorter participation history (p \u0026lt; .05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeekly training frequency was associated with cognitive imagery only, with athletes training two or more days per week reporting higher scores than those training one to two days per week (p \u0026lt; .05). No statistically significant post-hoc differences were detected for the total imagery score.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, athletes residing in Iğdır reported significantly higher motivational general\u0026ndash;arousal scores compared with those living in Kars (p \u0026lt; .05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabd\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable IV.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePearson correlation coefficients among imagery variables\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Cognitive Imagery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Motivational Specific Imagery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.66**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Motivational General\u0026ndash;Arousal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.42**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.44**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Motivational General\u0026ndash;Mastery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.67**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.53**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.45**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. Total Imagery Score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.91**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.82**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.66**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.79**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table III, cognitive imagery, motivational specific imagery, motivational general\u0026ndash;arousal, motivational general\u0026ndash;mastery, and total imagery score were all positively and significantly correlated with one another (p \u0026lt; .01). The strongest associations were observed between cognitive imagery and total imagery score (r = .91) and between motivational specific imagery and total imagery score (r = .82), indicating that these subdimensions contribute substantially to overall imagery levels.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study examined imagery levels among licensed badminton athletes competing in the Eastern Anatolia Region of T\u0026uuml;rkiye, focusing on age, sport experience, weekly training frequency, parental education level, competitive achievement, and regional differences. Overall, the findings indicate that imagery is not a static psychological characteristic but rather a dynamic mental skill shaped by developmental, experiential, and contextual factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAthletes aged 16\u0026ndash;18 years demonstrated significantly higher cognitive imagery and motivational general\u0026ndash;mastery scores compared with those aged 12\u0026ndash;15 years. This finding suggests that imagery abilities become more structured and functionally integrated during adolescence. As cognitive control, abstract thinking, and self-regulatory capacities develop with age, athletes may become more capable of generating detailed and goal-directed mental representations of sport-specific actions and mastery experiences. Similar patterns have been reported in badminton research, where higher imagery ability was associated with more consistent and temporally accurate performance profiles in adolescent athletes (Chow \u0026amp; Li, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSport experience and training exposure further reinforced this developmental interpretation. Imagery scores\u0026mdash;particularly cognitive imagery, motivational specific imagery, and total imagery score\u0026mdash;increased significantly with greater years of sport participation and higher weekly training frequency. Meta-analytic evidence indicates that imagery interventions produce moderate but reliable effects on sport performance, with stronger effects observed when imagery practice is sustained over time (Simonsmeier et al., 2020). The present findings align with this evidence by demonstrating that imagery appears to be sensitive to accumulated practice and experiential learning. In this regard, imagery should not be viewed merely as an auxiliary mental technique but rather as a psychological resource that becomes increasingly functional through repeated engagement with sport-specific tasks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferences observed according to medal status further highlight the close relationship between imagery and performance outcomes. Athletes who had achieved competitive success reported higher scores in cognitive imagery, motivational specific imagery, and total imagery. This pattern suggests a potentially bidirectional relationship: higher imagery capacity may facilitate performance success, while successful performance experiences may, in turn, strengthen athletes\u0026rsquo; ability to generate motivational and mastery-oriented images. This interpretation is consistent with meta-analytic findings demonstrating robust associations between imagery and motivational outcomes in sport (Simonsmeier et al., 2020). Moreover, previous research has shown that motivational specific imagery in badminton athletes is positively associated with attentional control, indicating that imagery may regulate cognitive focus not only before competition but also during performance (Baştuğ et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParental education level emerged as another important contextual factor. Athletes whose mothers and fathers had higher educational attainment\u0026mdash;particularly at the high school and university levels\u0026mdash;displayed higher imagery scores across several subdimensions. This finding suggests that imagery development is influenced not only by individual training variables but also by the broader socio-cultural environment in which athletes are embedded. Families with higher educational backgrounds may provide greater cognitive stimulation, structured goal-setting, and psychological support, indirectly fostering athletes\u0026rsquo; mental skill repertoires.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation analyses revealed strong and positive relationships among all imagery subdimensions and the total imagery score. These results indicate that imagery operates as an integrated mental system rather than as isolated components. The close associations between cognitive and motivational imagery dimensions support theoretical models emphasizing the interdependence of imagery functions in sport, particularly in learning, performance regulation, and motivational maintenance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom a learning perspective, imagery effects may not always manifest as immediate performance gains but may instead become evident in higher-order outcomes such as retention and transfer. Research on badminton long-serve skills has shown that internal imagery produces stronger effects on learning permanence and skill transfer than on initial acquisition (Parimi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The strong interrelations among imagery subdimensions observed in the present study suggest that the combined activation of cognitive and motivational imagery may be especially critical for durable learning and motor memory formation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinally, accumulating evidence indicates that imagery is a trainable mental skill. Structured imagery programs have been shown to significantly enhance cognitive and motivational imagery levels in adolescent athletes (Yıldız-\u0026Ccedil;akır et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Notably, imagery interventions appear to yield stronger effects among athletes with limited prior exposure to psychological skills training, highlighting their developmental relevance (Liu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). In this context, systematically integrating imagery practices into badminton training programs may offer a holistic approach to strengthening cognitive, motivational, and attentional processes that underpin performance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion and Recommendation","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study demonstrate that imagery levels among badminton athletes differ significantly according to age, sport experience, and competitive achievement. Higher scores in cognitive imagery and motivational general\u0026ndash;mastery among athletes aged 16\u0026ndash;18 years suggest that imagery skills become more pronounced with developmental maturation and accumulated experience. Similarly, the higher imagery levels observed in medal-winning athletes indicate that imagery is closely linked to performance-related outcomes rather than representing a purely dispositional trait.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe strong positive associations among imagery subdimensions further emphasize that imagery should be conceptualized as a holistic mental system, rather than as a set of independent skills. From an applied perspective, these results suggest that imagery practices in badminton training should not be left to chance or individual preference. Instead, especially during adolescence, imagery should be supported through structured and goal-oriented psychological skill training.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor athletes with limited sport experience, imagery represents a particularly promising and developable resource. Incorporating brief but regular cognitive and motivational imagery exercises into routine training sessions may support both skill learning and overall athletic development. Such an approach may enhance not only performance outcomes but also athletes\u0026rsquo; self-regulation and attentional control capacities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture research should employ longitudinal designs to examine changes in imagery abilities over time and experimental studies to directly test the effects of imagery-based interventions on performance, learning, and attention-related variables. These approaches would contribute to a more precise and practice-oriented understanding of the role of imagery in athletic development.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis \u0026nbsp;research recelved no external funding.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eConcept-PYT,EK-*;Design-PYT,EK*; Supervision-EK*; Resources-PYT,*; Materials-PYT,EK*, Data Collection and/or Processing-PYT*; Analysis and/or Interpretation-PYT,EK*; Literature Search-PYT,*; Writing Manuscript-PYT-EK*; Critical Review-EK*\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEthics Committee Approval: Ethics committee approval was received for this study from the ethics committee of Kocaeli University (Date: 19 now. 2024, Decision Number: 38, Protocol No: E-94094268-204.01.07-685391\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformed Consent: Written informed consent was obtained from the parents/guardians of the participants, and verbal informed consent was obtained from the participants prior to participation in the study\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAldemir, Y. 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The effects of imagery interventions on track start performance in 14\u0026ndash;16-year-old swimmers: A pilot study. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Sport Sciences Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e(1), 109\u0026ndash;123. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1614763\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.25307/jssr.1614763\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Imagery, badminton, sport psychology, athletic performance, motivation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9237622/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9237622/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis research examined imagery levels among licensed badminton players competing in Turkey\u0026rsquo;s Eastern Anatolia Region and investigated whether imagery varied according to selected sociodemographic and sport-related characteristics. The sample consisted of 210 licensed athletes actively training and competing in Kars, Ağrı, and Iğdır. Data were collected using the Sport Imagery Questionnaire and a researcher-developed personal information form. Statistical analyses were conducted using both parametric and non-parametric procedures in line with data distribution characteristics. The findings indicated that athletes aged 16\u0026ndash;18 years reported higher levels of cognitive imagery and motivational general mastery compared with younger athletes. In addition, athletes with competitive success demonstrated significantly higher cognitive imagery, motivational specific imagery, and total imagery scores. Higher imagery levels were also observed among athletes with longer sport participation history and higher parental education, particularly in cognitive and motivational specific dimensions. Weekly training frequency was associated with differences in cognitive imagery only. Correlation analyses revealed positive and significant relationships among all imagery subdimensions and the total imagery score. Overall, the results suggest that imagery represents a multidimensional mental skill that develops in relation to age, experience, and competitive exposure, and plays a meaningful role in performance-related processes among badminton athletes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Imagery Levels and Associated Factors Among Licensed Badminton Athletes in Eastern Anatolia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-06 06:44:36","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9237622/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"665ceee8-1379-4810-87fa-61a787addf23","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 6th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-06T18:54:58+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-06 06:44:36","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9237622","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9237622","identity":"rs-9237622","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}
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