Kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic aspects of Cu2+ biosorption onto Rosa damascena leaf as a low-cost biosorbent: Optimization of process variables by Response Surface Methodology

Kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic aspects of Cu2+ biosorption onto Rosa damascena leaf as a low-cost biosorbent: Optimization of process variables by Response Surface Methodology | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic aspects of Cu2+ biosorption onto Rosa damascena leaf as a low-cost biosorbent: Optimization of process variables by Response Surface Methodology Mustafa A. Fawzy, Hatim M. Al-Yasi, Tarek M. Galal, Reham Z. Hamza, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1120602/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this study, the Rosa damascena leaf powder was evaluated as a biosorbent for copper removal from aqueous solutions. Optimized conditions of 4.0 g/L biosorbent dosage, pH of 5.5 and initial copper concentration of 55 mg/L obtained by Response Surface Methodology were employed for Cu2+ biosorption by R. damascena leaves and up to 88.7 % Cu2+ was removed. The biosorption data were well fitted to the pseudo-second order and Elovich kinetic models. The Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models were also best fit the experimental data showing monolayer isotherm with qmax value of 25.13 mg/g obtained at optimum conditions. Thermodynamic parameters showed the spontaneity, feasibility and exothermic nature of adsorption. Scanning electron microscopy, Energy-Dispersive X-Ray, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the biosorbent before and after Cu2+ biosorption, revealing outstanding structural characteristics and high surface functional groups availability. In addition, immobilized R. damascena leaves adsorbed 90.7 % of copper from aqueous solution, which is greater than free biosorbent (85.3 %). It can be concluded that R. damascena might be employed as a low-cost biosorbent for removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Biological sciences/Biotechnology Biological sciences/Plant sciences Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Full Text Tables Table 1. Box-Behnken design factors with coded and un-coded factors, and data of the experimental response Run Factor 1 A: Biosorbent dosage (g/L) Factor 2 B: pH Factor 3 C: initial Cu 2+ conc. (mg/L) Response: Cu 2+ removal percentage Predicted values 1 1(-1) 2(-1) 60(0) 44.25 47.28 2 5(+1) 2(-1) 60(0) 64.03 68.36 3 1(-1) 6(+1) 60(0) 51.67 57.53 4 5(+1) 6(+1) 60(0) 87.68 78.62 5 1(-1) 4(0) 30(-1) 56.80 57.22 6 5(+1) 4(0) 30(-1) 77.90 78.31 7 1(-1) 4(0) 90(+1) 56.90 47.58 8 5(+1) 4(0) 90(+1) 64.34 68.67 9 3(0) 2(-1) 30(-1) 62.97 56.93 10 3(0) 6(+1) 30(-1) 68.43 67.18 11 3(0) 2(-1) 90(+1) 50.91 47.29 12 3(0) 6(+1) 90(+1) 55.39 57.54 13-17 * 3(0) 4(0) 60(0) 60.20 57.24 * mean value of five center point assays Table 2. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) data of the response surface quadratic model for the biosorption of Cu 2+ ions onto R. damascena Source SS df MS F- value p -value Prob > F Model 1423.4 4 355.8 10.26 0.0008* Residual 416.4 12 34.70 - - Lack of Fit 321.4 8 40.18 1.69 0.321** Pure Error 95.0 4 23.74 - - Correlation Total 1839.8 16 - - - R 2 = 0.87 Adj. R 2 = 0.80 Pred. R 2 = 0.70 Adeq. precision = 9.8 CV%= 8.83 Mean= 59.92 Df : Degree of freedom, SS : Squares sum, MS : Mean sum of squares, CV : Coefficient of variation, *Significant at p ˂ 0.05, **Not significant at p > 0.05. Table 3. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the coefficients of quadratic model for the biosorption of Cu 2+ ions onto R. damascena Model term CE df SE F -value p -value Prob > F Intercept 57.24 1 1.96 - - A-Biosorbent dosage 10.54 1 2.08 25.63 0.0003 B-pH 5.13 1 2.08 6.06 0.03 C-initial Cu 2+ conc. -4.82 1 2.08 5.36 0.039 A 2 5.71 1 2.86 3.98 0.069 CE : Coefficient Estimate, df : Degree of freedom, SE : Standard error. Table 4. Kinetic model parameters for the biosorption of Cu 2+ ions onto R. damascena Parameters Values Experimental data q e (exp.) (mg/g) 17.1 Pseudo-first order q e (cal.) (mg/g) 13.4 k 1 (min -1 ) 0.029 R 2 0.980 Pseudo-second order q e (cal.) (mg/g) 18.6 k 2 (g/mg min) 0.005 h (g/mg min) 1.55 R 2 0.983 Elovich α (g/mg min) 1.30 β (g/mg) 0.303 R 2 0.971 Intra-particle diffusion K i (mg/g min 0.5 ) 0.22 C i (mg/g) 6.25 R 2 0.801 Table 5. Isotherm model parameters for the biosorption of Cu 2+ ions onto R. damascena Isotherms Parameters Values Langmuir q max (mg/g) 25.13 b ( L/mg ) 0.095 R L 0.062-0.201 R 2 0.979 Freundlich 1/n 0.313 K f (L/mg) 5.98 R 2 0.735 Temkin A (L/mg) 1.9 b (J/mol) 551.4 R 2 0.807 Dubinin–Radushkevich q o (mg/g) 21.1 β ×10 -6 (mol 2 /J 2 ) 6.0 E (K/J mol) 9.13 R 2 0.926 Table 6. Thermodynamic values for the Cu 2+ ions biosorption onto R. damascena Temperature (K) ΔG (K/Jmol) ΔH (K/Jmol) ΔS (K/Jmol) R 2 298 -1.39 -21.7 0.077 0.982 308 -2.00 318 -2.94 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 20 Dec, 2021 Reviews received at journal 10 Dec, 2021 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Dec, 2021 Reviewers invited by journal 04 Dec, 2021 Editor assigned by journal 03 Dec, 2021 Editor invited by journal 03 Dec, 2021 Submission checks completed at journal 03 Dec, 2021 First submitted to journal 28 Nov, 2021 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1120602","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":67731817,"identity":"125b509d-27a0-4753-8d89-df9aa89a29a1","order_by":0,"name":"Mustafa A. Fawzy","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxgcgUg7M5iFOC7MBiDTmIVlLYg/RWnTbDzN+5vlzOH2/RALjg7dtDPb8DQS0mJ1JZpbm4Tmc2yORwGw4t40hccYBQloO5B+QzpEAa2GT5m1jSGAgqOX8Y+bfOQaH03kkEth/A7XYyxPUciOZTTon4XACUAsbM1AL4wbCWh6zWf85kG7Yc+Zhs+SccxKJGwk7LJn55ow/1vLs7ckHP7wps7GXI6QFCpqBmLEBSEgQpx4I6ohWOQpGwSgYBSMQAACcZz0kXjIXIQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Taif University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mustafa","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Fawzy","suffix":""},{"id":67731818,"identity":"42643782-1eef-43bf-be4b-2dd134c79194","order_by":1,"name":"Hatim M. Al-Yasi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Taif University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hatim","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Al-Yasi","suffix":""},{"id":67731820,"identity":"a983eb6a-e2aa-4f9f-98b6-2268ac55f600","order_by":2,"name":"Tarek M. Galal","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Taif University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tarek","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Galal","suffix":""},{"id":67731822,"identity":"6448a3ed-940a-49bf-ab35-87046b2b46f9","order_by":3,"name":"Reham Z. Hamza","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Taif University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Reham","middleName":"Z.","lastName":"Hamza","suffix":""},{"id":67731824,"identity":"279d683c-8363-47a8-b6bc-0ce67286ef82","order_by":4,"name":"Esmat F. Ali","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Taif University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Esmat","middleName":"F.","lastName":"Ali","suffix":""},{"id":67731825,"identity":"1543b449-8136-4436-99d9-38d391c8fea8","order_by":5,"name":"Tharwat G. Abdelkader","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Taif University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tharwat","middleName":"G.","lastName":"Abdelkader","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2021-11-28 05:59:01","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1120602/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1120602/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":16211572,"identity":"f8fa6e31-ae1b-4817-9e78-77e0fe93f0a9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-12-06 15:21:41","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":64886,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"3-D response surface plots for Cu2+ removal percentage showing the interaction influences of (a) biosorbent dosage and pH, (b) biosorbent dosage and initial copper concentration, and (c) pH and initial copper concentration.","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1120602/v1/9c3adc0258d1c17bf646fc48.png"},{"id":16211827,"identity":"df580b6b-408d-4f74-b2a2-085217e9fa4d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-12-06 15:24:41","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24487,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"(a) Influence of contact time, (b) Pseudo-first order plot, (c) Pseudo-second order plot, (d) Elovich plot, and (e) Intra-particle diffusion plot for the biosorption of Cu2+ ions onto R. damascena leaf.","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1120602/v1/9a3785e0f53cdb9474dc7db5.png"},{"id":16211578,"identity":"464ded3f-f851-455b-936e-3d819eb95940","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-12-06 15:21:42","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22369,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Biosorption isotherms of copper ions onto R. damascena leaf including (a) Langmuir, (b) Freundlich, (c) Temkin, and (d) Dubinin–Radushkevich models.","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1120602/v1/5bf95c899c46b9909d9429f7.png"},{"id":16211571,"identity":"97173a8b-6cc6-45f5-985d-4e19e1cd166b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-12-06 15:21:41","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":7432,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Plot of 1/T against lnK for copper ions biosorption onto R. damascena.","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1120602/v1/189d7bc6afa362478c0f0612.png"},{"id":16211577,"identity":"d5a40a6b-5da4-4a37-b195-3604a61e34bc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-12-06 15:21:42","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":304542,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"SEM images of R. damascena leaf (a) before, and (b) after Cd2+ biosorption.","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1120602/v1/ff1f40c08c83d63bdc5c20c1.png"},{"id":16211575,"identity":"065a5c6a-63ec-47b1-9b11-af5c0e3cc8e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-12-06 15:21:41","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":313514,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"EDX images of R. damascena leaf (a) before, and (b) after Cd2+ biosorption.","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1120602/v1/2592a2a976ad52804586115e.png"},{"id":16211828,"identity":"a0961ad2-d2da-4d49-bf05-2a406715c6c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-12-06 15:24:42","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":47496,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"FTIR spectra of R. damascena leaf (a) before, and (b) after Cd2+ biosorption.","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1120602/v1/e86b3008678b0b56933978c7.png"},{"id":16211574,"identity":"807dca88-00ce-4f9f-a118-e0408e9ba025","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-12-06 15:21:41","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":33988,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Copper ions removal by Ca-alginate immobilized R. damascena.","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1120602/v1/0a7943a68f2b3158f1fa65c0.png"},{"id":16211830,"identity":"7a56681a-6ff5-4422-a7a5-7c688dfa5108","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-12-06 15:24:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":827897,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1120602/v1_covered.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic aspects of Cu2+ biosorption onto Rosa damascena leaf as a low-cost biosorbent: Optimization of process variables by Response Surface Methodology","fulltext":[{"header":"Full Text","content":"This preprint is available for \u003ca href='/article/rs-1120602/latest.pdf' target='_blank'\u003edownload as a PDF\u003c/a\u003e."},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cdiv dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. Box-Behnken design factors with coded and un-coded factors, and data of the experimental response\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.904761904761905%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRun\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.864468864468865%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactor 1 A: Biosorbent dosage (g/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.91941391941392%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactor 2 B: pH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.23076923076923%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactor 3 C: initial Cu\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e conc. (mg/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.512820512820515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResponse:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCu\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eremoval\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003epercentage\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.567765567765568%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredicted values\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.904761904761905%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"18.864468864468865%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1(-1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.91941391941392%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2(-1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"19.23076923076923%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e60(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"20.512820512820515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e44.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.567765567765568%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e47.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.904761904761905%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"18.864468864468865%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e5(+1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.91941391941392%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2(-1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"19.23076923076923%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e60(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"20.512820512820515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e64.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.567765567765568%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e68.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.904761904761905%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"18.864468864468865%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1(-1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.91941391941392%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6(+1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"19.23076923076923%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e60(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"20.512820512820515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e51.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.567765567765568%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e57.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.904761904761905%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"18.864468864468865%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e5(+1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.91941391941392%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6(+1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"19.23076923076923%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e60(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"20.512820512820515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e87.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.567765567765568%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e78.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.904761904761905%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"18.864468864468865%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1(-1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.91941391941392%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"19.23076923076923%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e30(-1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"20.512820512820515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e56.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.567765567765568%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e57.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.904761904761905%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"18.864468864468865%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e5(+1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.91941391941392%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"19.23076923076923%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e30(-1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"20.512820512820515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e77.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.567765567765568%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e78.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.904761904761905%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"18.864468864468865%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1(-1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.91941391941392%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"19.23076923076923%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e90(+1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"20.512820512820515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e56.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.567765567765568%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e47.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.904761904761905%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"18.864468864468865%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e5(+1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.91941391941392%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"19.23076923076923%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e90(+1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"20.512820512820515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e64.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.567765567765568%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e68.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.904761904761905%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"18.864468864468865%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.91941391941392%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2(-1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"19.23076923076923%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e30(-1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"20.512820512820515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e62.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.567765567765568%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e56.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.904761904761905%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"18.864468864468865%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.91941391941392%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6(+1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"19.23076923076923%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e30(-1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"20.512820512820515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e68.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.567765567765568%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e67.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.904761904761905%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"18.864468864468865%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.91941391941392%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2(-1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"19.23076923076923%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e90(+1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"20.512820512820515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e50.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.567765567765568%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e47.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.904761904761905%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"18.864468864468865%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.91941391941392%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6(+1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"19.23076923076923%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e90(+1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"20.512820512820515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e55.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.567765567765568%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e57.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.904761904761905%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e13-17\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"18.864468864468865%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.91941391941392%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"19.23076923076923%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e60(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"20.512820512820515%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e60.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.567765567765568%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e57.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003emean value of five center point assays\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnalysis of variance\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(ANOVA) data of the response surface quadratic model\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efor the biosorption of Cu\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e ions onto\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. damascena\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.5447%;\" width=\"16.608996539792386%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18.0088%;\" width=\"17.993079584775085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.6911%;\" width=\"16.782006920415224%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003edf\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.937%;\" width=\"21.10726643598616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eMS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.8843%;\" width=\"12.802768166089965%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eF-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003evalue\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.9341%;\" width=\"14.705882352941176%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProb \u0026gt; \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.5447%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"16.608996539792386%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModel\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18.0088%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"17.993079584775085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1423.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.6911%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"16.782006920415224%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.937%;\" width=\"21.10726643598616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e355.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.8843%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.802768166089965%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e10.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.9341%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.705882352941176%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.0008*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.5447%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"16.608996539792386%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResidual\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18.0088%;\" width=\"17.993079584775085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e416.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.6911%;\" width=\"16.782006920415224%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.937%;\" width=\"21.10726643598616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e34.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.8843%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.802768166089965%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.9341%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.705882352941176%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e-\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.5447%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"16.608996539792386%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLack of Fit\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18.0088%;\" width=\"17.993079584775085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e321.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.6911%;\" width=\"16.782006920415224%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.937%;\" width=\"21.10726643598616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e40.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.8843%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.802768166089965%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.9341%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.705882352941176%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.321**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.5447%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"16.608996539792386%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePure Error\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18.0088%;\" width=\"17.993079584775085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e95.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.6911%;\" width=\"16.782006920415224%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.937%;\" width=\"21.10726643598616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e23.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.8843%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.802768166089965%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e-\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.9341%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.705882352941176%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.5447%;\" width=\"16.608996539792386%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eCorrelation Total\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18.0088%;\" width=\"17.993079584775085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1839.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.6911%;\" width=\"16.782006920415224%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.937%;\" width=\"21.10726643598616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.8843%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.802768166089965%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.9341%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.705882352941176%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.5447%;\" width=\"16.608996539792386%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18.0088%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"17.993079584775085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdj. R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=\u003c/strong\u003e 0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.6911%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"16.782006920415224%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePred. R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=\u003c/strong\u003e 0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20.937%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.10726643598616%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdeq. precision =\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.8843%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.802768166089965%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCV%=\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e8.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.9341%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.705882352941176%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean=\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e59.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eDf\u003c/em\u003e: Degree of freedom,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;SS\u003c/em\u003e: Squares sum, \u003cem\u003eMS\u003c/em\u003e: Mean sum of squares, \u003cem\u003eCV\u003c/em\u003e: Coefficient of variation, *Significant at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e ˂ 0.05, **Not significant at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026gt; 0.05.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the coefficients of quadratic model for the biosorption of Cu\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e ions onto\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. damascena\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.7907%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"31.053604436229204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eModel term\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.4628%;\" width=\"10.166358595194085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eCE\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.499%;\" width=\"16.08133086876155%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003edf\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.0724%;\" width=\"11.829944547134936%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eSE\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.0845%;\" width=\"13.493530499075785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.0905%;\" width=\"14.602587800369685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003ep\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e-value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eProb \u0026gt; \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.7907%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"31.053604436229204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntercept\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.4628%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.166358595194085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e57.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.499%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"16.08133086876155%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.0724%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.829944547134936%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.0845%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.493530499075785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.0905%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.602587800369685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.7907%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"31.053604436229204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA-Biosorbent \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; dosage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.4628%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.166358595194085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e10.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.499%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"16.08133086876155%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.0724%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.829944547134936%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.0845%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.493530499075785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e25.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.0905%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.602587800369685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.7907%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"31.053604436229204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB-pH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.4628%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.166358595194085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e5.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.499%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"16.08133086876155%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.0724%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.829944547134936%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.0845%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.493530499075785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.0905%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.602587800369685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.7907%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"31.053604436229204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC-initial Cu\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e conc.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.4628%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.166358595194085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e-4.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.499%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"16.08133086876155%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.0724%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.829944547134936%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.0845%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.493530499075785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e5.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.0905%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.602587800369685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31.7907%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"31.053604436229204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.4628%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.166358595194085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e5.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.499%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"16.08133086876155%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.0724%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.829944547134936%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.0845%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.493530499075785%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.0905%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.602587800369685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eCE\u003c/em\u003e: Coefficient Estimate, \u003cem\u003edf\u003c/em\u003e: Degree of freedom,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e: Standard error.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4. Kinetic model parameters for the biosorption of Cu\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e ions onto\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. damascena\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 82.9291%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"69.70509383378015%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.7094%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.29490616621984%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eValues\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32.6773%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"34.85254691689008%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExperimental data\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.2517%;\" width=\"34.85254691689008%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eq\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(exp.) (mg/g)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.7094%;\" width=\"30.29490616621984%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e17.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 32.6773%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"34.85254691689008%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePseudo-first order\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.2517%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"34.85254691689008%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eq\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(cal.) (mg/g)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6705%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.29490616621984%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.2517%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"53.49794238683128%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ek\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(min\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6705%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"46.50205761316872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.2517%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"53.49794238683128%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6705%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"46.50205761316872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.980\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 32.6773%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"34.85254691689008%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePseudo-second order\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.2517%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"34.85254691689008%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eq\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(cal.) (mg/g)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6705%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.29490616621984%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e18.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.2517%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"53.49794238683128%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ek\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(g/mg\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003emin)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6705%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"46.50205761316872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.2517%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"53.49794238683128%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eh\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(g/mg\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003emin)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6705%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"46.50205761316872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.2517%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"53.49794238683128%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6705%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"46.50205761316872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.983\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 32.6773%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"34.85254691689008%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eElovich\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.2517%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"34.85254691689008%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(g/mg min)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6705%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.29490616621984%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.2517%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"53.49794238683128%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(g/mg)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6705%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"46.50205761316872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.303\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.2517%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"53.49794238683128%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6705%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"46.50205761316872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.971\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 32.6773%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"34.85254691689008%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntra-particle diffusion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.2517%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"34.85254691689008%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eK\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(mg/g min\u003csup\u003e0.5\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6705%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30.29490616621984%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.2517%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"53.49794238683128%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eC\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(mg/g)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6705%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"46.50205761316872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.2517%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"53.49794238683128%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6705%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"46.50205761316872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.801\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5. Isotherm model parameters for the\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebiosorption of Cu\u003csup\u003e2+\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eions onto\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. damascena\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"38.25136612021858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIsotherms\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.6069%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"36.0655737704918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27.2917%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.683060109289617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eValues\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" width=\"38.25136612021858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLangmuir\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.6069%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"36.0655737704918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eq\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(mg/g)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27.2917%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.683060109289617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e25.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.6069%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"58.4070796460177%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;L/mg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27.2917%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41.5929203539823%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.095\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.6069%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"58.4070796460177%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27.2917%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41.5929203539823%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.062-0.201\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.6069%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"58.4070796460177%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27.2917%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41.5929203539823%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.979\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" width=\"38.25136612021858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFreundlich\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.6069%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"36.0655737704918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1/n\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27.2917%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.683060109289617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.313\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.6069%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"58.4070796460177%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eK\u003csub\u003ef\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(L/mg)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27.2917%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41.5929203539823%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e5.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.6069%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"58.4070796460177%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27.2917%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41.5929203539823%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.735\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" width=\"38.25136612021858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTemkin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.6069%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"36.0655737704918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(L/mg)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27.2917%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.683060109289617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.6069%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"58.4070796460177%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(J/mol)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27.2917%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41.5929203539823%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e551.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.6069%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"58.4070796460177%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27.2917%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41.5929203539823%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.807\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" width=\"38.25136612021858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDubinin\u0026ndash;Radushkevich\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.6069%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"36.0655737704918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eq\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(mg/g)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27.2917%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.683060109289617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e21.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.6069%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"58.4070796460177%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e-6\u003c/sup\u003e(mol\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/J\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27.2917%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41.5929203539823%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.6069%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"58.4070796460177%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(K/J mol)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27.2917%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41.5929203539823%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e9.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"38.25136612021858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.6069%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"36.0655737704918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27.2917%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.683060109289617%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.926\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6. Thermodynamic values for the Cu\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e ions biosorption onto\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. damascena\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30.6522%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.15686274509804%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eTemperature (K)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.5942%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"20.915032679738562%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026Delta;G\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(K/Jmol)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19.6852%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"20.098039215686274%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026Delta;H\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(K/Jmol)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.751633986928105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026Delta;S\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(K/Jmol)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30.6522%;\" width=\"17.15686274509804%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e298\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.5942%;\" width=\"20.915032679738562%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e-1.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 19.6852%;\" width=\"20.098039215686274%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e-21.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" width=\"20.751633986928105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.077\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" width=\"21.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.982\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30.6522%;\" width=\"45.06437768240343%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e308\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.5942%;\" width=\"54.93562231759657%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e-2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30.6522%;\" width=\"45.06437768240343%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e318\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.5942%;\" width=\"54.93562231759657%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e-2.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1120602/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1120602/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"In this study, the Rosa damascena leaf powder was evaluated as a biosorbent for copper removal from aqueous solutions. Optimized conditions of 4.0 g/L biosorbent dosage, pH of 5.5 and initial copper concentration of 55 mg/L obtained by Response Surface Methodology were employed for Cu2+ biosorption by R. damascena leaves and up to 88.7 % Cu2+ was removed. The biosorption data were well fitted to the pseudo-second order and Elovich kinetic models. The Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models were also best fit the experimental data showing monolayer isotherm with qmax value of 25.13 mg/g obtained at optimum conditions. Thermodynamic parameters showed the spontaneity, feasibility and exothermic nature of adsorption. Scanning electron microscopy, Energy-Dispersive X-Ray, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the biosorbent before and after Cu2+ biosorption, revealing outstanding structural characteristics and high surface functional groups availability. In addition, immobilized R. damascena leaves adsorbed 90.7 % of copper from aqueous solution, which is greater than free biosorbent (85.3 %). It can be concluded that R. damascena might be employed as a low-cost biosorbent for removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions.","manuscriptTitle":"Kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic aspects of Cu2+ biosorption onto Rosa damascena leaf as a low-cost biosorbent: Optimization of process variables by Response Surface Methodology","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-12-06 15:21:40","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1120602/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2021-12-20T05:11:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2021-12-10T14:39:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"fdc8e3f3-e834-4a2e-8817-0452ea4311b9","date":"2021-12-04T09:05:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2021-12-04T08:44:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2021-12-03T12:42:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2021-12-03T12:37:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2021-12-03T12:34:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2021-11-28T05:47:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6b30d338-9a0c-48ba-8706-5e4514e29fb6","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 6th, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":8923555,"name":"Biological sciences/Biotechnology"},{"id":8923556,"name":"Biological sciences/Plant sciences"},{"id":8923557,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-05-03T07:59:18+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2021-12-06 15:21:40","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1120602","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1120602","identity":"rs-1120602","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"rHA-KDH7Qsr4HCuvH75dn","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}