Trends, Challenges and Viability in Green Hydrogen Initiatives

This review explores the current status of green hydrogen integration into energy and industrial ecosystems. By considering notable examples of existing and developing green hydrogen initiatives, combined with insights from the relevant scientific literature, this paper illustrates the practical implementation of those systems according to their main end use: power&aheat generation, mobility, industry or their combination. Main patterns are highlighted in terms of sectoral applications, geographical distribution, development scales, storage solutions, electrolyzer technology, grid interaction, financial viability. Open challenges are also addressed, including the high production costs, a underdeveloped transport and distribution infrastructure, and weak business models, with the industrial sector appearing as the most favourable environment where such challenges may first be overcome in the short to medium term.