Seasonal Fluctuation in the Floristic Diversity of Prashar Alpine Pasture, District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh

Seasonal Fluctuation in the Floristic Diversity of Prashar Alpine Pasture, District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Seasonal Fluctuation in the Floristic Diversity of Prashar Alpine Pasture, District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh AKSHAY KUMAR This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2529031/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Seasonal fluctuation in the plant diversity provide basis for devising suitable strategies for management and conservation of the plant resources. Accordingly, a study was conducted to understand the plant diversity of Prashar alpine pasture, District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh during the year 2017 between 2550–2750 m elevation ranges. The study was carried out on seasonal basis. The study was carried out in summer season in May, rainy season in August and winter season in November. A total of 44 plant species belonging to 24 families and 35 genera were recorded in summer season, a total of 72 plant species belonging to 28 families and 58 genera were recorded in rainy season and a total of 13 plant species belonging to 6 families and 10 genera were recorded in winter season from the study area. Dominant families were Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Rosaceae, Poaceae and Polygonaceae. A total of 56 medicinal plant species recorded from the pasture, out of which two species viz; Roscoea alpina and Selinum vaginatum fall in the category of threatened plants. Alpine Dominant family Growth form Medicinal plant Indigenous use Introduction The term “alpine” is derived from the Latin word “albus” which means white (or snow- covered) originally referring to the peaks of Alps (Love, 1970 ). Alpine refers to those lands lying above climatic limit of upright trees i.e. region of open vegetation, above the timberline where general environment and the vegetation are extensively different from that of lowland. These alpine regions are characterized by low atmospheric pressure, low temperature, and intense insulation, rapid and high ultraviolet radiation along with other correlated effects. The Western Himalayan alpines are among the most diverse ecological locations having diverse vegetation and provide a wide range of ecosystem services. Himachal Pradesh, a north Indian state, is located in western part of the Himalayan range. The important alpine regions in Himachal Pradesh are the Dhauladhar and Pir Panjal ranges (Santvan, 1993 ). The alpine plants are generally stunted, spiny, dwarfed and develop a mosaic patch of special plant forms, possessing an early growth initiation with very short vegetative span and life cycle ranging from several days to a few months to develop different plant forms. The alpine pastures are supposed to be the only true grasslands in India and where the grazing intensity is very high. Uncontrolled and unregulated grazing results in a loss pasture degradation. Due to high level of this degradation, the present level of production of these alpine pastures is less than that of their possible potential. The pastures in the alpine zone occupy about 1.52 per cent of the total land area in the country and are chiefly concentrated in the Himalayan states of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir. The Himalayan land in India is enclosed by alpine pastures usually found at an altitude above 2400 m and where climate is not useful for growth of any trees. In Himachal Pradesh alpine pastures cover around 18.1 per cent of the total geographical area of the state. These alpine pastures are locally known as Dhar in Himachal Pradesh. The flora of alpine region represents the total quantity of different types of plants. The floristic study involves periodic observations of the flora of a community for the whole year. Floristic composition is one of the most important components of the community that determines the functioning of an ecosystem. Floristic composition of an area varies from place to place according to habitat heterogeneity of the area itself. A different community occurs in every changed habitat. Floristic studies therefore, provide basic knowledge about the extent of distribution of plant diversity in the pasture. It also helps to assess the plant wealth and its potentiality of any given pastures. Due to lack of proper management practices, a large number of pastures lands have been converted or are in the process of conversion to degraded lands. The present study was carried out to know the status of plant diversity of Prashar alpine pasture, which may provide key devising strategies and action plan for the management of biodiversity rich alpine pastures through generating baseline data. This baseline data generated on flora can serve as a base for its continuous monitoring for future changes in the pasture. Materials And Methods The study was conducted in alpine pasture of Prashar, District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh during the year 2017. The study site lies at 31 0 44’54.61”N to 31 0 44’57.72”N latitude and 77 0 06’32.53” E to 77 0 06’55.14” E longitude and 2550–2750 m elevation range. The present study was conducted to assess the seasonal fluctuation in the plant diversity and growth form of Prashar alpine pasture. The studies of plant diversity in this alpine pasture were done on seasonal basis. The study was carried out in summer season in May, rainy season in August and winter season in November. The size and number of the quadrate was worked out by species area curve method (Misra, 1968 ). The Different plant categories viz; grasses, sedges, leguminous and non-leguminous forbs were recognized and then species were assigned to various growth forms i.e. tall forbs (> 30 cm height), short forbs (< 30 cm height) and cushion & spreading forbs following Santvan ( 1993 ). The plants of medicinal value along with threatened category were also documented from the site. Results During the summer season at Prashar alpine pasture, total number of herb species was 44 belonging to 24 families and 35 genera. Out of which 3 species were grasses, 1 sedges, 2 leguminous and 38 species were non-leguminous forbs. The species present in the alpine pasture were analyzed for four different plant categories viz; grasses, sedges, leguminous and non-leguminous forbs. Tall forbs contributed 20.45% in the present alpine pasture flora. This category comprised of nine species of non-leguminous forbs. Short forbs contributed 63.64% to the present alpine pasture flora and comprised of twenty four species of non-leguminous forbs, one species of sedges and three species of grasses. Grasses comprised in this category were Poa alpina , Poa annua and Polypogon monspeliensis . Cushion and spreading forbs comprised of herbaceous or rosette forming prostrate flora of the alpine pasture. It contributed 15.91% to the total alpine pasture flora. The species comprised of five species of non-leguminous forbs and two species of leguminous forbs. The two species included in the leguminous forbs category were Parochetus communis and Trifolium repens ( Table 1 ) . Table 1 Presence and absence of the species recorded at the Prashar alpine pasture during the study period from Summer Season, 2017 to Winter Season, 2017 S.No. Species 2017 Growth Form SS, 2017 RS, 2017 WS, 2017 Grasses: 1 Agrostis munroana Aitch. & Hemsl. - + - SF 2 Phleum alpinum L. - + - SF 3 Poa alpina L. + + + SF 4 Poa annua L. + + + SF 5 Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. + + - SF 6 Trisetum spicatum (L.) K.Richt. - + - SF Sedges : 1 Carex nubigena D.Don ex Tilloch & Taylor + + - SF 2 Cyperus squarrosus L. - + - SF Leguminous Forb : 1 Lotus corniculatus L. - + - CS 2 Parochetus communis D.Don + + + CS 3 Trifolium pratense L. - + - CS 4 Trifolium repens L. + + + CS Non-Leguminous Forb : 1 Achillea millefolium L. - + - SF 2 Adiantum edgeworthii Hook. + + - SF 3 Ainsliaea latifolia (D.Don) Sch.Bip. + + - SF 4 Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth. + + - SF 5 Anaphalis contorta (D.Don) Hook.f. - + - SF 6 Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook.f. + + + SF 7 Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims) Sims ex C.B.Clarke + + + SF 8 Anemone obtusiloba D.Don + + - SF 9 Arisaema jacquemontii Blume + + - SF 10 Aster himalaicus C.B.Clarke - + - SF 11 Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. + + - SF 12 Chenopodium album L. + + - SF 13 Cirsium falconeri (Hook.f.) Petr. + + + TF 14 Cirsium wallichii DC + + + SF 15 Clinopodium umbrosum (M.Bieb.) Kuntze - + - SF 16 Cynoglossum wallichii G.Don + + - TF 17 Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Vahl) Brand + + - TF 18 Delphinium vestitum Wall. ex Royle - + + TF 19 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. - + - SF 20 Fragaria vesca L. + + + CS 21 Gentiana argentea (Royle ex D.Don) Royle ex D.Don + + - CS 22 Gentiana ornata (D.Don) Wall. ex Griseb. + + - CS 23 Geranium wallichianum D.Don ex Sweet + + - SF 24 Gypsophila cerastoides D.Don + + - SF 25 Hackelia uncinata (Benth.) C.E.C.Fisch. - + - SF 26 Impatiens scabrida DC. - + - TF 27 Impatiens sulcata Wall. - + - TF 28 Lactuca macrorhiza (Royle) Hook.f. - + - SF 29 Mazus surculosus D. Don + + - CS 30 Mentha spicata L. - + - SF 31 Myriactis nepalensis Less - + - SF 32 Nepeta elliptica Royle ex Benth. - + - TF 33 Origanum vulgare L. - + - SF 34 Parnassia nubicola Wall. ex Royle + + - SF 35 Pedicularis hoffmeisteri Klotzsch - + - TF 36 Persicaria amplexicaulis (D.Don) Ronse Decr. + + - TF 37 Persicaria nepalensis (Meisn.) Miyabe + + - SF 38 Phlomis bracteosa Royle ex Benth. - + - SF 39 Plantago depressa Willd. + + - SF 40 Polygonum aviculare L. - + - SF 41 Potentilla argyrophylla Wall. ex Lehm + + - TF 42 Potentilla atrosanguinea G.Lodd. ex D.Don - + - TF 43 Potentilla leschenaultiana Ser. + + - SF 44 Potentilla lineata Trevir. + + - SF 45 Potentilla nepalensis Hook. - + - TF 46 Primula denticulata Sm. + + - SF 47 Prunella vulgaris L. + + - SF 48 Roscoea alpina Royle + + - SF 49 Rosularia rosulata (Edgew.) H. Ohba + + - CS 50 Rumex acetosa L. + + - TF 51 Rumex nepalensis Spreng. + + + TF 52 Saxifraga parnassifolia D. Don - + - SF 53 Selinum vaginatum C.B. Clarke - + - TF 54 Senecio laetus Edgew. + + + TF 55 Sibbaldia cuneata Schouw ex Kunze + + - SF 56 Swertia cordata (Wall. ex G. Don) C.B. Clarke - + - SF 57 Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg. + + + SF 58 Thymus linearis Benth. + + - SF 59 Verbascum thapsus L. + + - TF 60 Viola biflora L. + + - SF Note: + = Presence, - Absence, TF = Tall Forbs, SF = Short Forbs, CS = Cushion and Spreading Forbs, SS = Summer Season, RS = Rainy Season, WS = Winter Season In rainy season total number of herb species was 72 belonging to 28 families and 58 genera. Out of which 6 species were grasses, 2 sedges, 4 leguminous and 60 species were non-leguminous forbs. The species present in the alpine pasture were analyzed for four different plant categories viz; grasses, sedges, leguminous and non-leguminous forbs. Tall forbs contributed 23.61% in the present alpine pasture flora. This category comprised of seventeen species of non-leguminous forbs. Short forbs contributed 63.89% to the present alpine pasture flora and comprised of thirty eight species of non-leguminous forbs, two species of sedges and six species of grasses. Grasses comprised in this category were Agrostis munroana, Phleum alpinum, Poa alpina , Poa annua , Polypogon monspeliensis and Trisetum spicatum. Cushion and spreading forbs comprised of herbaceous or rosette forming prostrate flora of the alpine pasture. It contributed 12.50% to the total alpine pasture flora. The species comprised of five species of non-leguminous forbs and four species of leguminous forbs. The four species included in the leguminous forbs category were Lotus corniculatus, Parochetus communis, Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens ( Table 1 ) . While in winter season, total number of herb species was 13 belonging to 6 families and 10 genera. Out of which 2 species were grasses, 2 leguminous and 9 species were non-leguminous forbs. The species present in the alpine pasture were analyzed for four different plant categories viz; grasses, sedges, leguminous and non-leguminous forbs. Tall forbs contributed 30.77% in the present alpine pasture flora. This category comprised of four species of non-leguminous forbs. Short forbs contributed 46.15% to the present alpine pasture flora and comprised of four species of non-leguminous forbs and two species of grasses. Grasses comprised in this category were Poa alpina and Poa annua. Cushion and spreading forbs comprised of herbaceous or rosette forming prostrate flora of the alpine pasture. It contributed 23.08% to the total alpine pasture flora. The species comprised of one species of non-leguminous forbs and two species of leguminous forbs. The two species included in the leguminous forbs category were Parochetus communis and Trifolium repens ( Table 1 ) . Medicinal And Threatened Plants The important plants of medicinal value found in alpine pasture of Prashar were compiled following Chopra et al., 1956 ; Kirtikar and Basu, 1987 ; Kala, 2002 ; Kala, 2006 ; Samant et al., 2007 ; Singh et al., 2009 ; Devi et al., 2013 ; Kumar and Sharma, 2013 , Kumari et al., 2018 , Devi et al., 2019 ; Kumar and Verma ( 2019a ); Kumar and Verma ( 2019b ) and Verma and Chauhan ( 2022 ). These include; Achillea millefolium, Ainsliaea latifolia, Ajuga bracteosa, Anaphalis contorta, Anaphalis triplinervis, Anemone obtusiloba, Arisaema jacquemontii, Bergenia ciliata, Chenopodium album, Cirsium falconeri, Cirsium wallichii, Clinopodium umbrosum, Cynoglossum wallichii, Cynoglossum zeylanicum, Delphinium vestitum, Diplazium esculentum, Fragaria vesca, Gentiana argentea, Geranium wallichianum, Gypsophila cerastoides, Hackelia uncinata, Impatiens scabrida, Impatiens sulcata, Lactuca macrorhiza, Lotus corniculatus, Mazus surculosus, Mentha spicata, Nepeta elliptica, Origanum vulgare, Parnassia nubicola, Parochetus communis, Pedicularis hoffmeisteri, Persicaria amplexicaulis, Persicaria nepalensis, Phlomis bracteosa, Plantago depressa, Polygonum aviculare, Potentilla argyrophylla, Potentilla atrosanguinea, Primula denticulata, Prunella vulgaris, Roscoea alpina, Rosularia rosulata, Rumex acetosa, Rumex nepalensis, Saxifraga parnassifolia, Selinum vaginatum, Senecio laetus, Sibbaldia cuneata, Swertia cordata, Taraxacum officinale, Thymus linearis, Trifolium pratense Trifolium repens, Verbascum thapsus,Viola biflora ( Table 2 ) . Out of the total plant species recorded from the alpine pasture, two species i.e. Roscoea alpina and Selinum vaginatum fall in the category of threatened species (Goraya et al., 2013 ). Table 2 Diversity and indigenous use of medicinal plants of Prashar alpine pasture Taxa Common Name Part Used Indigenous Uses Amaranthaceae Chenopodium album L. Bathu Lf, Sd To revive taste, skin diseases, Abdominal pain and diuretic, indigestion, urinary problems Apiaceae Selinum vaginatum C.B. Clarke Matosal, Bhutkeshi Rh, AP, Rt Skin disease, hysteria, liquor, nervine sedative swelling muscle Araceae Arisaema jacquemontii Blume Khaprya Rh, Fr Poisonous mushroom, snake bite antidote, rhizome paste mixed with oil is applied in sprains and regains muscular strength. Asteraceae Achillea millefolium L. Chabu, Fye Fl,WP Carminative, toothache, tonic, cough, cold, antipyretic Ainsliaea latifolia (D.Don) Sch.Bip. - Rt Decoction of whole plant is given in Colic pain Anaphalis contorta (D.Don) Hook.f. Telgang Fl, WP Antibacterial, cold, cough, insect repellent Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims) Sims ex C.B.Clarke - WP, Lf Diuretic, eye infection Cirsium falconeri (Hook.f.) Petr. Bhoosh Rt High blood pressure Cirsium wallichii DC Chawag St,Lf Chest pain ,dysentery Lactuca macrorhiza (Royle) Hook.f. - AP Jaundice, headache Senecio laetus Edgew. Parpat WP Fever, abdominal pain, inflammation of mouth Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg. Dudhi, Paranbala WP Cuts, headache, fever, kidney, tonic, blood purifier, antibiotic, food poisoning, migraine Athyriaceae Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Lingadu Frd Boiled vegetable consumed to relieve Constipation Balsaminaceae Impatiens scabrida DC. - Sd, WP The extract is used to treat intestinal worms. Impatiens sulcata Wall. - Sd Pimples Boraginaceae Cynoglossum wallichii G.Don - Rt Root is used in Dyspepsia and digestive disorders Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Vahl) Brand - Lf, Rt Infusion taken in Asthma, cough and vomiting Hackelia uncinata (Benth.) C.E.C.Fisch. - Rt Piles Caryophyllaceae Gypsophila cerastoides D.Don - WP Wounds Celastraceae Parnassia nubicola Wall. ex Royle - Tu Paste of tuber is applied on snake bite Crassulaceae Rosularia rosulata (Edgew.) H. Ohba - Lf Crushed leaves applied to skin ailments for fast healing Fabaceae Lotus corniculatus L. - AP Anti-inflammatory Parochetus communis D.Don - Fl Used to relieve stomach/intestinal pain due to worm Trifolium pratense L. - AP Cough, bronchitis Trifolium repens L. - WP Astringent, health drink, menopause Gentianaceae Gentiana argentea (Royle ex D.Don) Royle ex D.Don Pungen Karpo Lf, Fl Sore throat Swertia cordata (Wall. ex G. Don) C.B. Clarke Charaite WP Appetite, stomachic, blood diseases Geraniaceae Geranium wallichianum D.Don ex Sweet - Rt Astringent, toothache, ear & eye disease Lamiaceae Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth. Neelkanthi Lf, WP Malaria, tonic, astringent Clinopodium umbrosum (M.Bieb.) Kuntze - WP Juice applied to cuts as blood purifier Mentha spicata L. Jangali Pudina Lf Carminative, stomachache, dysentery Nepeta elliptica Royle ex Benth. - Sd, Lf Digestive disorder, cold and fever Origanum vulgare L. Bantulsi WP Antiseptic, cold, mild feverish illness, colic, indigestion, bronchitis, childbirth Phlomis bracteosa Royle ex Benth. - Fl, AP Eye tonic Prunella vulgaris L. Patindu WP The whole plant is boiled and filtered and taken against cerebral problems and also during heavy breathing. Thymus linearis Benth. Ban jira WP Antifungal, antibacterial, cold, whooping cough, toothache, stomachic Mazaceae Mazus surculosus D. Don - WP Cuts and wounds Orobanchaceae Pedicularis hoffmeisteri Klotzsch - Rt Cattle flatulence Plantaginaceae Plantago depressa Willd. Isabgol WP, St Dysentery, wounds, piles Polygonaceae Persicaria amplexicaulis (D.Don) Ronse Decr. - Lf, Rt Paste applied on insect sting Persicaria nepalensis (Meisn.) Miyabe Nalora Lf Paste applied on skin to reduce swelling Polygonum aviculare L. - Sd, Lf, Rt Tonic, dysentery, stomachache, antipyretic, astringent Rumex acetosa L. - Lf, AP, Fr Appetizer, stomach diseases Rumex nepalensis Spreng. Jangali Palak Lf, Rt Cooling, colic, Scurvy, Swelling of muscle, stomach ache, etching Primulaceae Primula denticulata Sm. - AP, Fl, Rt Diabetes, headache, appetizer, muscular pain, pulmonary diseases Ranunculaceae Anemone obtusiloba D.Don - Rt, Sd Cooling, cuts, burns Delphinium vestitum Wall. ex Royle Kelulu WP Extract of whole plant acts as antidote to snake bite, cuts wound, fever Rosaceae Fragaria vesca L. Jangali strawberry Fr, Infl Earache Potentilla argyrophylla Wall. ex Lehm - Rt, Fl Toothache, wound Potentilla atrosanguinea G.Lodd. ex D.Don - Lf Juice used in treating indigestion Sibbaldia cuneata Schouw ex Kunze - Fr, Rt Juice mixed wuth salt and taken orally to get relief from bodyache Saxifragaceae Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. - Rh, Lf, Kidney stones, ulcer, constipation, cold, cough Saxifraga parnassifolia D. Don - Rt Root juice used for dissolving stones in the kidney Scrophulariaceae Verbascum thapsus L. Jangali Tamaku Fl, Lf, Sd Smoke of flowers and leaves useful for asthma. Infusion of whole plant is used for snake bite. constipation, cough, dysentery of sheep Violaceae Viola biflora L. Banaksha Lf, Fl Antiseptic, cold, cough, laxative, cure indigestion Zingiberaceae Roscoea alpina Royle - Rt Paste used to heal veterinary cuts and wounds, tonic Abbreviations Used: AP= Aerial part; Bb= Bulb; Fl= Flower; Fr= Fruit; Infl= Inflorescence; Lf=Leaf; Rh= Rhizome; Rt= Root; Sd= Seed; St= Stem; Tu= Tuber; WP= Whole plant; Frd= Frond Discussion Floristic composition is an important component of the community that determines the functioning of an ecosystem and can varies from place to place according to habitat heterogeneity of the area itself. In the present study a distinct changes in plant diversity of Prashar alpine pasture site were recorded in different seasons. In Prashar alpine pasture, the maximum numbers of species recorded were 72 in rainy season, 44 in summer season and 13 were in winter season during the study period respectively. It may also be that rainy season plants were active in favorable season and are controlled by physical conditions. More number of species during rainy season can be attributed to the optimum climatic conditions for the growth and development of different species. However, drastic reduction in number of species in winter season may be due to environmental severeness. Similar findings were observed by Dhaulakhandi et al. ( 2010 ) and Prakash and Paliwal ( 2012 ). In these alpine pastures, the annuals and perennials grow; develop flower and fruits by September/October, thereafter the senescence of aerial parts start, which holds true to the present study sites. This also, accounted for the low number of species in winter season. However, species increase in the summer season as compared to the winter season was recorded during study period because of the availability of water in summer season due to snow melts which support the growth of the plant. However, in these alpine regions the melting of the snow provided a major trigger for the germination of dormant buds and seeds. Germination started from summer season onwards. Mortality in annuals plants is due to their short life period, poor establishment and lack of competitive power. All these factors directly affect the seasonality of species distribution. In the present study, tall forbs varied from 20.45–30.77%, short forbs varied from 46.15–63.89% and cushion spreading forbs varied from 12.50–23.08% were observed during the year in different season. Similar findings were reported by different workers while conducted the study in alpine pasture such as Santvan ( 1993 ) for the alpine pasture near Rahla, reported 22.5% tall forbs, 45.0% short forbs and 32.5% cushion and spreading forbs, Verma et al. ( 2006 ) reported 25.00% tall forbs, 60.52% short forbs and 14.48% cushion and spreading forbs whereas Verma and Chauhan ( 2022 ) reported 41.46% tall forbs, 52.44% short forbs and 6.10% cushion and spreading forbs. The short forbs usually have hairy leaves which protect them against frost condition. The dominant families recorded at Prashar alpine pastures were Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Rosaceae, Poaceae and Polygonaceae during the year in different season. The dominance of these families in the alpine pasture was due to their phytogeographic origin and specific niches adapted for the alpine climates. Similar findings were reported by several workers while conducted study in alpine pastures and other high altitude forest ecosystems such as Gaur et al. ( 2005 ); Singh and Sundriyal, ( 2005 ); Chawla et al. ( 2008 ); Dad and Khan ( 2010 ); Kaur et al. ( 2010 ); Sharma et al. ( 2014 ); Verma and Kapoor ( 2014 ); Rawat et al. ( 2016 ); Kumar and Verma ( 2019a ); Kumar and Verma ( 2019b ) and Verma and Chauhan ( 2022 ). In the present study the occurrence of non leguminous forbs is more than the grasses, sedges and leguminous forbs in all season may be due to heavy grazing pressure. The dominant non leguminous forbs plant species i.e. Anemone obtusiloba , Cynoglossum zeylanicum, Hackelia uncinata, Impatiens scabrida, Impatiens sulcata, Pedicularis hoffmeisteri , Rumex acetosa, Rumex nepalensis, Senecio laetus, Verbascum thapsus etc. are not preferred by the animal to eat. Similar results were reported by Santvan ( 1993 ); Verma et al. ( 2006 ); Verma et al. ( 2008 ); Verma and Chauhan ( 2022 ). The overgrazing does not only alter their botanical compositions but also cause degradation of pasture. Due to higher degradation, the present level of production of these alpine pastures is less than that of their possible potential. If suitable steps are not taken in times, there must be further decline in the floristic composition and potential of the pasture. It is recommended to suitably manage the precious and diverse flora of Prashar alpine pasture by regulating the intensity of grazing pressure and controlling habitat degradation. Conclusion Present paper documented the floristic composition of Prashar alpine pasture and helped to explore the flora of the pasture. The study had documented the highest number of plant species was recording during rainy season followed by summer season and least in winter season with the dominancy of family Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Rosaceae, Poaceae and Polygonaceae. In the present study the occurrence of non leguminous forbs is more than the grasses, sedges and leguminous forbs in all season may be due to heavy grazing pressure. The major threats to floristic diversity, in the Prashar alpine pasture are expansion of overgrazing, uncontrolled and unscientific extraction of important medicinal plant species from their habitats, unregulated tourism and construction of roads. To minimize the impacts on the floristic diversity, there is an urgent need for the conservation of pasture important habitats by implementing scientific conservation measures such as create awareness about the usefulness of the flora, promote community based conservation, in situ and ex situ conservation, cultivation of important medicinal plants, restoration of degraded pasture, controlled and rotational grazing, herb collectors should be educated with the sustainable harvest of these species so that there is a continuous regeneration of flora. Declarations Conflict of interests : The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding: This study did not receive any funding. Acknowledgment This is the part of Ph.D. research work. The author is thankful to the BSI, Deharadun, HFRI, Shimla and YS Parmar Nauni University for their help in the identification of plant species. References Chawla, A.; Rajkumar, S.; Singh, K.N.; Lal, B. and Singh, R.D. 2008. 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Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 6 (5): 45–68. Love, D., 1970. Sub-arctic and subalpine: where and what? Arctic and Alpine Research, 2 : 63–73. Misra, R. 1968. Ecology Work Book . Oxford IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi. 244 pp. Prakash, P. and Paliwal, A. K. 2012. Composition, productivity and impact of grazing on the biodiversity of a grazing land in Almora District. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 4 (1): 104–110. Rawat, D.S.; Tiwari, J.K.; Tiwari, P. and Singh, H. 2016. Floristic diversity of montane zone of Western Ramganga Valley, Uttarakhand, India, Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany, 40(3–4): 104–125. Samant, S.S., Pant,S., Singh, M., Lal, M., Singh, A., Sharma, A. and Bhandari, S. 2007. Medicinal plants in Himachal Pradesh, north western Himalaya, India. International Journal of Biodiversity Science and Management, 3: 234–251. Santvan, V.K., 1993. Ecological studies on alpine vegetation near Rahla, Kullu, Himachal Pradesh. Ph. D. Thesis , Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla (H.P.). 358 p. Sharma, P.; Rana, J.C.; Devi, U.; Randhawa, S.S. and Kumar, R. 2014. Floristic diversity and distribution pattern of plant communities along altitudinal gradient in Sangla Valley, Northwest Himalaya. Sci. World J., 264–878. Singh, Ashok., Lal, Manohar., and Samant, S.S. 2009. Diversity, indigenous uses and conservation prioritization of medicinal plants in Lahul valley, proposed Cold Desert Biosphere reserve, India. International Journal of Biodiversity Science& management, 5 (3): 132–154. Singh, H.B. and Sundriyal, R.C., 2005.Composition, economic use, and nutrient contents of alpine vegetation in the Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve, Sikkim Himalaya, India. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 591–601. Verma, R. K.; Jishtu, V.; Kapoor, K. S. and Kumar, S. 2008. Plant diversity in alpine pasture of Talra Wildlife sanctuary of district Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Forestry, 31(1): 13–18. Verma, R.K. and Chauhan, H. 2022. Floristic diversity in alpine pasture of Mural Danda of district Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. Biological Forum – An International Journal, 14(1): 1641–1646. Verma, R.K. and Kapoor, K.S. 2014. Status of plant diversity in alpine area of Rakchham- Chitkul Wild life Sanctuary of District Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh. Biological Forum – An International Journal, 6(1): 5–12. Verma, R.K., Subramani, S.P., Kapoor, K.S. and Kumar, S. 2006. Plant diversity in alpine pastures of Shikari Devi wildlife sanctuary of district Mandi, Himachal Pradesh. Environment and Ecology, 24 (2): 243–248. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2529031","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":172014156,"identity":"23cbd5fd-a10c-4308-88c0-40fade69bfb7","order_by":0,"name":"AKSHAY KUMAR","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Himalayan Forest Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"AKSHAY","middleName":"","lastName":"KUMAR","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-01-30 09:59:41","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2529031/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2529031/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":32483882,"identity":"b94a47c1-4ef5-4272-9360-ed3ad5a33d5d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-02-05 06:14:26","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":574302,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2529031/v1/e4aaacf0-46a0-4a0d-b60a-81de7963e3de.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eSeasonal Fluctuation in the Floristic Diversity of Prashar Alpine Pasture, District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe term \u0026ldquo;alpine\u0026rdquo; is derived from the Latin word \u0026ldquo;albus\u0026rdquo; which means white (or snow- covered) originally referring to the peaks of Alps (Love, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e). Alpine refers to those lands lying above climatic limit of upright trees i.e. region of open vegetation, above the timberline where general environment and the vegetation are extensively different from that of lowland. These alpine regions are characterized by low atmospheric pressure, low temperature, and intense insulation, rapid and high ultraviolet radiation along with other correlated effects. The Western Himalayan alpines are among the most diverse ecological locations having diverse vegetation and provide a wide range of ecosystem services. Himachal Pradesh, a north Indian state, is located in western part of the Himalayan range. The important alpine regions in Himachal Pradesh are the Dhauladhar and Pir Panjal ranges (Santvan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e). The alpine plants are generally stunted, spiny, dwarfed and develop a mosaic patch of special plant forms, possessing an early growth initiation with very short vegetative span and life cycle ranging from several days to a few months to develop different plant forms. The alpine pastures are supposed to be the only true grasslands in India and where the grazing intensity is very high. Uncontrolled and unregulated grazing results in a loss pasture degradation. Due to high level of this degradation, the present level of production of these alpine pastures is less than that of their possible potential. The pastures in the alpine zone occupy about 1.52 per cent of the total land area in the country and are chiefly concentrated in the Himalayan states of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir. The Himalayan land in India is enclosed by alpine pastures usually found at an altitude above 2400 m and where climate is not useful for growth of any trees. In Himachal Pradesh alpine pastures cover around 18.1 per cent of the total geographical area of the state. These alpine pastures are locally known as \u003cem\u003eDhar\u003c/em\u003e in Himachal Pradesh. The flora of alpine region represents the total quantity of different types of plants. The floristic study involves periodic observations of the flora of a community for the whole year. Floristic composition is one of the most important components of the community that determines the functioning of an ecosystem. Floristic composition of an area varies from place to place according to habitat heterogeneity of the area itself. A different community occurs in every changed habitat. Floristic studies therefore, provide basic knowledge about the extent of distribution of plant diversity in the pasture. It also helps to assess the plant wealth and its potentiality of any given pastures. Due to lack of proper management practices, a large number of pastures lands have been converted or are in the process of conversion to degraded lands. The present study was carried out to know the status of plant diversity of Prashar alpine pasture, which may provide key devising strategies and action plan for the management of biodiversity rich alpine pastures through generating baseline data. This baseline data generated on flora can serve as a base for its continuous monitoring for future changes in the pasture.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials And Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in alpine pasture of Prashar, District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh during the year 2017. The study site lies at 31\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e44\u0026rsquo;54.61\u0026rdquo;N to 31\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e44\u0026rsquo;57.72\u0026rdquo;N latitude and 77\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e06\u0026rsquo;32.53\u0026rdquo; E to 77\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e06\u0026rsquo;55.14\u0026rdquo; E longitude and 2550\u0026ndash;2750 m elevation range. The present study was conducted to assess the seasonal fluctuation in the plant diversity and growth form of Prashar alpine pasture. The studies of plant diversity in this alpine pasture were done on seasonal basis. The study was carried out in summer season in May, rainy season in August and winter season in November. The size and number of the quadrate was worked out by species area curve method (Misra, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1968\u003c/span\u003e). The Different plant categories viz; grasses, sedges, leguminous and non-leguminous forbs were recognized and then species were assigned to various growth forms i.e. tall forbs (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;30 cm height), short forbs (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;30 cm height) and cushion \u0026amp; spreading forbs following Santvan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e). The plants of medicinal value along with threatened category were also documented from the site.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the summer season at Prashar alpine pasture, total number of herb species was 44 belonging to 24 families and 35 genera. Out of which 3 species were grasses, 1 sedges, 2 leguminous and 38 species were non-leguminous forbs. The species present in the alpine pasture were analyzed for four different plant categories viz; grasses, sedges, leguminous and non-leguminous forbs. Tall forbs contributed 20.45% in the present alpine pasture flora. This category comprised of nine species of non-leguminous forbs. Short forbs contributed 63.64% to the present alpine pasture flora and comprised of twenty four species of non-leguminous forbs, one species of sedges and three species of grasses. Grasses comprised in this category were \u003cem\u003ePoa alpina\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePoa annua\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePolypogon monspeliensis\u003c/em\u003e. Cushion and spreading forbs comprised of herbaceous or rosette forming prostrate flora of the alpine pasture. It contributed 15.91% to the total alpine pasture flora. The species comprised of five species of non-leguminous forbs and two species of leguminous forbs. The two species included in the leguminous forbs category were \u003cem\u003eParochetus communis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eTrifolium repens\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePresence and absence of the species recorded at the Prashar alpine pasture during the study period from Summer Season, 2017 to Winter Season, 2017\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth Form\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS, 2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRS, 2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWS, 2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrasses:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAgrostis munroana\u003c/em\u003e Aitch. \u0026amp; Hemsl.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhleum alpinum\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePoa alpina\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePoa annua\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePolypogon monspeliensis\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Desf.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrisetum spicatum\u003c/em\u003e (L.) K.Richt.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSedges\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCarex nubigena\u003c/em\u003e D.Don ex Tilloch \u0026amp; Taylor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCyperus squarrosus\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLeguminous Forb\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLotus corniculatus\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eParochetus communis\u003c/em\u003e D.Don\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrifolium pratense\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrifolium repens\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNon-Leguminous Forb\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchillea millefolium\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAdiantum edgeworthii\u003c/em\u003e Hook.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAinsliaea latifolia\u003c/em\u003e (D.Don) Sch.Bip.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAjuga bracteosa\u003c/em\u003e Wall. ex Benth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnaphalis contorta\u003c/em\u003e (D.Don) Hook.f.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnaphalis margaritacea\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Benth. \u0026amp; Hook.f.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnaphalis triplinervis\u003c/em\u003e (Sims) Sims ex C.B.Clarke\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnemone obtusiloba\u003c/em\u003e D.Don\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArisaema jacquemontii\u003c/em\u003e Blume\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAster himalaicus\u003c/em\u003e C.B.Clarke\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBergenia ciliata\u003c/em\u003e (Haw.) Sternb.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChenopodium album\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCirsium falconeri\u003c/em\u003e (Hook.f.) Petr.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCirsium wallichii\u003c/em\u003e DC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClinopodium umbrosum\u003c/em\u003e (M.Bieb.) Kuntze\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCynoglossum wallichii\u003c/em\u003e G.Don\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCynoglossum zeylanicum\u003c/em\u003e (Vahl) Brand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDelphinium vestitum\u003c/em\u003e Wall. ex Royle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiplazium esculentum\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;(Retz.) Sw.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFragaria vesca\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGentiana argentea\u003c/em\u003e (Royle ex D.Don) Royle ex D.Don\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGentiana ornata\u003c/em\u003e (D.Don) Wall. ex Griseb.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGeranium wallichianum\u003c/em\u003e D.Don ex Sweet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGypsophila cerastoides\u003c/em\u003e D.Don\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHackelia uncinata\u003c/em\u003e (Benth.) C.E.C.Fisch.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eImpatiens scabrida\u003c/em\u003e DC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eImpatiens\u0026nbsp;sulcata\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;Wall.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLactuca macrorhiza\u003c/em\u003e (Royle) Hook.f.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMazus surculosus\u003c/em\u003e D. Don\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMentha spicata\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMyriactis nepalensis\u003c/em\u003e Less\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNepeta elliptica\u003c/em\u003e Royle ex Benth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOriganum vulgare\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eParnassia nubicola\u003c/em\u003e Wall. ex Royle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePedicularis hoffmeisteri\u003c/em\u003e Klotzsch\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePersicaria amplexicaulis\u003c/em\u003e (D.Don) Ronse Decr.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePersicaria nepalensis\u003c/em\u003e (Meisn.) Miyabe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhlomis bracteosa\u003c/em\u003e Royle ex Benth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlantago depressa\u003c/em\u003e Willd.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePolygonum aviculare\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePotentilla argyrophylla\u003c/em\u003e Wall. ex Lehm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePotentilla atrosanguinea\u003c/em\u003e G.Lodd. ex D.Don\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePotentilla leschenaultiana\u003c/em\u003e Ser.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePotentilla lineata\u003c/em\u003e Trevir.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePotentilla nepalensis\u003c/em\u003e Hook.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrimula denticulata\u003c/em\u003e Sm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrunella vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRoscoea alpina\u003c/em\u003e Royle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRosularia rosulata\u003c/em\u003e (Edgew.) H. Ohba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRumex acetosa\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRumex nepalensis\u003c/em\u003e Spreng.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSaxifraga parnassifolia\u003c/em\u003e D. Don\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSelinum vaginatum\u003c/em\u003e C.B. Clarke\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSenecio laetus\u003c/em\u003e Edgew.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSibbaldia cuneata\u003c/em\u003e Schouw ex Kunze\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSwertia cordata\u003c/em\u003e (Wall. ex G. Don) C.B. Clarke\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTaraxacum officinale\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThymus linearis\u003c/em\u003e Benth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVerbascum thapsus\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eViola biflora\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e+\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNote: + = Presence, - Absence, TF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Tall Forbs, SF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Short Forbs, CS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Cushion and Spreading Forbs, SS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Summer Season, RS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Rainy Season, WS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Winter Season\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn rainy season total number of herb species was 72 belonging to 28 families and 58 genera. Out of which 6 species were grasses, 2 sedges, 4 leguminous and 60 species were non-leguminous forbs. The species present in the alpine pasture were analyzed for four different plant categories viz; grasses, sedges, leguminous and non-leguminous forbs. Tall forbs contributed 23.61% in the present alpine pasture flora. This category comprised of seventeen species of non-leguminous forbs. Short forbs contributed 63.89% to the present alpine pasture flora and comprised of thirty eight species of non-leguminous forbs, two species of sedges and six species of grasses. Grasses comprised in this category were \u003cem\u003eAgrostis munroana, Phleum alpinum, Poa alpina\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePoa annua\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePolypogon monspeliensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eTrisetum spicatum.\u003c/em\u003e Cushion and spreading forbs comprised of herbaceous or rosette forming prostrate flora of the alpine pasture. It contributed 12.50% to the total alpine pasture flora. The species comprised of five species of non-leguminous forbs and four species of leguminous forbs. The four species included in the leguminous forbs category were \u003cem\u003eLotus corniculatus, Parochetus communis, Trifolium pratense\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eTrifolium repens\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile in winter season, total number of herb species was 13 belonging to 6 families and 10 genera. Out of which 2 species were grasses, 2 leguminous and 9 species were non-leguminous forbs. The species present in the alpine pasture were analyzed for four different plant categories viz; grasses, sedges, leguminous and non-leguminous forbs. Tall forbs contributed 30.77% in the present alpine pasture flora. This category comprised of four species of non-leguminous forbs. Short forbs contributed 46.15% to the present alpine pasture flora and comprised of four species of non-leguminous forbs and two species of grasses. Grasses comprised in this category were \u003cem\u003ePoa alpina\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePoa annua.\u003c/em\u003e Cushion and spreading forbs comprised of herbaceous or rosette forming prostrate flora of the alpine pasture. It contributed 23.08% to the total alpine pasture flora. The species comprised of one species of non-leguminous forbs and two species of leguminous forbs. The two species included in the leguminous forbs category were \u003cem\u003eParochetus communis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eTrifolium repens\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMedicinal And Threatened Plants\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe important plants of medicinal value found in alpine pasture of Prashar were compiled following Chopra et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1956\u003c/span\u003e; Kirtikar and Basu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e; Kala, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Kala, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Samant et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Singh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Devi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Kumar and Sharma, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e, Kumari et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, Devi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Kumar and Verma (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019a\u003c/span\u003e); Kumar and Verma (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019b\u003c/span\u003e) and Verma and Chauhan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). These include; \u003cem\u003eAchillea millefolium, Ainsliaea latifolia, Ajuga bracteosa, Anaphalis contorta, Anaphalis triplinervis, Anemone obtusiloba, Arisaema jacquemontii, Bergenia ciliata, Chenopodium album, Cirsium falconeri, Cirsium wallichii, Clinopodium umbrosum, Cynoglossum wallichii, Cynoglossum zeylanicum, Delphinium vestitum, Diplazium esculentum, Fragaria vesca, Gentiana argentea, Geranium wallichianum, Gypsophila cerastoides, Hackelia uncinata, Impatiens scabrida, Impatiens sulcata, Lactuca macrorhiza, Lotus corniculatus, Mazus surculosus, Mentha spicata, Nepeta elliptica, Origanum vulgare, Parnassia nubicola, Parochetus communis, Pedicularis hoffmeisteri, Persicaria amplexicaulis, Persicaria nepalensis, Phlomis bracteosa, Plantago depressa, Polygonum aviculare, Potentilla argyrophylla, Potentilla atrosanguinea, Primula denticulata, Prunella vulgaris, Roscoea alpina, Rosularia rosulata, Rumex acetosa, Rumex nepalensis, Saxifraga parnassifolia, Selinum vaginatum, Senecio laetus, Sibbaldia cuneata, Swertia cordata, Taraxacum officinale, Thymus linearis, Trifolium pratense Trifolium repens, Verbascum thapsus,Viola biflora\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. Out of the total plant species recorded from the alpine pasture, two species i.e. \u003cem\u003eRoscoea alpina\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSelinum vaginatum\u003c/em\u003e fall in the category of threatened species (Goraya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiversity and indigenous use of medicinal plants of Prashar alpine pasture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaxa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommon Name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart Used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Uses\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmaranthaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChenopodium album\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBathu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf, Sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo revive taste, skin diseases, Abdominal pain and diuretic, indigestion, urinary problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eApiaceae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSelinum vaginatum\u003c/em\u003e C.B. Clarke\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMatosal, Bhutkeshi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRh, AP, Rt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin disease, hysteria, liquor, nervine sedative swelling muscle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAraceae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArisaema jacquemontii\u003c/em\u003e Blume\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKhaprya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRh, Fr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoisonous mushroom, snake bite antidote, rhizome paste mixed with oil is applied in sprains and regains muscular strength.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAsteraceae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchillea millefolium\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChabu, Fye\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl,WP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarminative, toothache, tonic, cough, cold, antipyretic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAinsliaea latifolia\u003c/em\u003e (D.Don) Sch.Bip.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecoction of whole plant is given in Colic pain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnaphalis contorta\u003c/em\u003e (D.Don) Hook.f.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTelgang\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl, WP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibacterial, cold, cough, insect repellent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnaphalis triplinervis\u003c/em\u003e (Sims) Sims ex C.B.Clarke\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWP, Lf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiuretic, eye infection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCirsium falconeri\u003c/em\u003e (Hook.f.) Petr.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBhoosh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh blood pressure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCirsium wallichii\u003c/em\u003e DC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChawag\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSt,Lf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChest pain ,dysentery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLactuca macrorhiza\u003c/em\u003e (Royle) Hook.f.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJaundice, headache\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSenecio laetus\u003c/em\u003e Edgew.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParpat\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFever, abdominal pain, inflammation of mouth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTaraxacum officinale\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDudhi, Paranbala\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCuts, headache, fever, kidney, tonic, blood purifier, antibiotic, food poisoning, migraine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAthyriaceae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiplazium esculentum\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;(Retz.) Sw.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLingadu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoiled vegetable consumed to relieve Constipation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBalsaminaceae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eImpatiens scabrida\u003c/em\u003e DC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSd, WP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe extract is used to treat intestinal worms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eImpatiens\u0026nbsp;sulcata\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;Wall.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePimples\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBoraginaceae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCynoglossum wallichii\u003c/em\u003e G.Don\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoot is used in Dyspepsia and digestive disorders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCynoglossum zeylanicum\u003c/em\u003e (Vahl) Brand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf, Rt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfusion taken in Asthma, cough and vomiting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHackelia uncinata\u003c/em\u003e (Benth.) C.E.C.Fisch.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePiles\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCaryophyllaceae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGypsophila cerastoides\u003c/em\u003e D.Don\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWounds\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCelastraceae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eParnassia nubicola\u003c/em\u003e Wall. ex Royle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaste of tuber is applied on snake bite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCrassulaceae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRosularia rosulata\u003c/em\u003e (Edgew.) H. Ohba\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrushed leaves applied to skin ailments for fast healing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFabaceae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLotus corniculatus\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eParochetus communis\u003c/em\u003e D.Don\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed to relieve stomach/intestinal pain due to worm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrifolium pratense\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCough, bronchitis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrifolium repens\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAstringent, health drink, menopause\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGentianaceae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGentiana argentea\u003c/em\u003e (Royle ex D.Don) Royle ex D.Don\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePungen Karpo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf, Fl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSore throat\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSwertia cordata\u003c/em\u003e (Wall. ex G. Don) C.B. Clarke\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharaite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppetite, stomachic, blood diseases\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGeraniaceae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGeranium wallichianum\u003c/em\u003e D.Don ex Sweet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAstringent, toothache, ear \u0026amp; eye disease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAjuga bracteosa\u003c/em\u003e Wall. ex Benth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeelkanthi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf, WP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalaria, tonic, astringent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClinopodium umbrosum\u003c/em\u003e (M.Bieb.) Kuntze\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJuice applied to cuts as blood purifier\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMentha spicata\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJangali Pudina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarminative, stomachache, dysentery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNepeta elliptica\u003c/em\u003e Royle ex Benth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSd, Lf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigestive disorder, cold and fever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOriganum vulgare\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBantulsi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntiseptic, cold, mild feverish illness, colic, indigestion, bronchitis, childbirth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhlomis bracteosa\u003c/em\u003e Royle ex Benth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl, AP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEye tonic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrunella vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatindu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe whole plant is boiled and filtered and taken against cerebral problems and also during heavy breathing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThymus linearis\u003c/em\u003e Benth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBan jira\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntifungal, antibacterial, cold, whooping cough, toothache, stomachic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMazaceae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMazus surculosus\u003c/em\u003e D. Don\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCuts and wounds\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOrobanchaceae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePedicularis hoffmeisteri\u003c/em\u003e Klotzsch\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCattle flatulence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlantaginaceae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlantago depressa\u003c/em\u003e Willd.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsabgol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWP, St\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDysentery, wounds, piles\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePolygonaceae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePersicaria amplexicaulis\u003c/em\u003e (D.Don) Ronse Decr.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf, Rt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaste applied on insect sting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePersicaria nepalensis\u003c/em\u003e (Meisn.) Miyabe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNalora\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaste applied on skin to reduce swelling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePolygonum aviculare\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSd, Lf, Rt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTonic, dysentery, stomachache, antipyretic, astringent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRumex acetosa\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf, AP, Fr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppetizer, stomach diseases\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRumex nepalensis\u003c/em\u003e Spreng.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJangali Palak\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf, Rt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCooling, colic, Scurvy, Swelling of muscle, stomach ache, etching\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePrimulaceae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrimula denticulata\u003c/em\u003e Sm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAP, Fl, Rt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiabetes, headache, appetizer, muscular pain, pulmonary diseases\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRanunculaceae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnemone obtusiloba\u003c/em\u003e D.Don\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt, Sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCooling, cuts, burns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDelphinium vestitum\u003c/em\u003e Wall. ex Royle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKelulu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtract of whole plant acts as antidote to snake bite, cuts wound, fever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRosaceae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFragaria vesca\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJangali strawberry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr, Infl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarache\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePotentilla argyrophylla\u003c/em\u003e Wall. ex Lehm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt, Fl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eToothache, wound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePotentilla atrosanguinea\u003c/em\u003e G.Lodd. ex D.Don\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJuice used in treating indigestion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSibbaldia cuneata\u003c/em\u003e Schouw ex Kunze\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr, Rt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJuice mixed wuth salt and taken orally to get relief from bodyache\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSaxifragaceae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBergenia ciliata\u003c/em\u003e (Haw.) Sternb.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRh, Lf,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKidney stones, ulcer, constipation, cold, cough\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSaxifraga parnassifolia\u003c/em\u003e D. Don\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoot juice used for dissolving stones in the kidney\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eScrophulariaceae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVerbascum thapsus\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJangali Tamaku\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFl, Lf, Sd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmoke of flowers and leaves useful for asthma. Infusion of whole plant is used for snake bite. constipation, cough, dysentery of sheep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eViolaceae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eViola biflora\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBanaksha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf, Fl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntiseptic, cold, cough, laxative, cure indigestion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eZingiberaceae\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRoscoea alpina\u003c/em\u003e Royle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaste used to heal veterinary cuts and wounds, tonic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbbreviations Used:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAP= Aerial part; Bb= Bulb; \u0026nbsp;Fl= Flower; Fr= Fruit; Infl= Inflorescence; Lf=Leaf; Rh= Rhizome; Rt= Root; Sd= Seed; St= Stem; Tu= Tuber; WP= Whole plant; \u0026nbsp;Frd= Frond\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eFloristic composition is an important component of the community that determines the functioning of an ecosystem and can varies from place to place according to habitat heterogeneity of the area itself. In the present study a distinct changes in plant diversity of Prashar alpine pasture site were recorded in different seasons. In Prashar alpine pasture, the maximum numbers of species recorded were 72 in rainy season, 44 in summer season and 13 were in winter season during the study period respectively. It may also be that rainy season plants were active in favorable season and are controlled by physical conditions. More number of species during rainy season can be attributed to the optimum climatic conditions for the growth and development of different species. However, drastic reduction in number of species in winter season may be due to environmental severeness. Similar findings were observed by Dhaulakhandi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) and Prakash and Paliwal (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). In these alpine pastures, the annuals and perennials grow; develop flower and fruits by September/October, thereafter the senescence of aerial parts start, which holds true to the present study sites. This also, accounted for the low number of species in winter season. However, species increase in the summer season as compared to the winter season was recorded during study period because of the availability of water in summer season due to snow melts which support the growth of the plant. However, in these alpine regions the melting of the snow provided a major trigger for the germination of dormant buds and seeds. Germination started from summer season onwards. Mortality in annuals plants is due to their short life period, poor establishment and lack of competitive power. All these factors directly affect the seasonality of species distribution.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, tall forbs varied from 20.45\u0026ndash;30.77%, short forbs varied from 46.15\u0026ndash;63.89% and cushion spreading forbs varied from 12.50\u0026ndash;23.08% were observed during the year in different season. Similar findings were reported by different workers while conducted the study in alpine pasture such as Santvan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e) for the alpine pasture near Rahla, reported 22.5% tall forbs, 45.0% short forbs and 32.5% cushion and spreading forbs, Verma et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) reported 25.00% tall forbs, 60.52% short forbs and 14.48% cushion and spreading forbs whereas Verma and Chauhan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) reported 41.46% tall forbs, 52.44% short forbs and 6.10% cushion and spreading forbs. The short forbs usually have hairy leaves which protect them against frost condition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dominant families recorded at Prashar alpine pastures were Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Rosaceae, Poaceae and Polygonaceae during the year in different season. The dominance of these families in the alpine pasture was due to their phytogeographic origin and specific niches adapted for the alpine climates. Similar findings were reported by several workers while conducted study in alpine pastures and other high altitude forest ecosystems such as Gaur et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e); Singh and Sundriyal, (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e); Chawla et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e); Dad and Khan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e); Kaur et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e); Sharma et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e); Verma and Kapoor (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e); Rawat et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e); Kumar and Verma (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019a\u003c/span\u003e); Kumar and Verma (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019b\u003c/span\u003e) and Verma and Chauhan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study the occurrence of non leguminous forbs is more than the grasses, sedges and leguminous forbs in all season may be due to heavy grazing pressure. The dominant non leguminous forbs plant species i.e. \u003cem\u003eAnemone obtusiloba\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCynoglossum zeylanicum, Hackelia uncinata, Impatiens scabrida, Impatiens sulcata, Pedicularis hoffmeisteri\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRumex acetosa, Rumex nepalensis, Senecio laetus, Verbascum thapsus\u003c/em\u003e etc. are not preferred by the animal to eat. Similar results were reported by Santvan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e); Verma et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e); Verma et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e); Verma and Chauhan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The overgrazing does not only alter their botanical compositions but also cause degradation of pasture. Due to higher degradation, the present level of production of these alpine pastures is less than that of their possible potential. If suitable steps are not taken in times, there must be further decline in the floristic composition and potential of the pasture. It is recommended to suitably manage the precious and diverse flora of Prashar alpine pasture by regulating the intensity of grazing pressure and controlling habitat degradation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003ePresent paper documented the floristic composition of Prashar alpine pasture and helped to explore the flora of the pasture. The study had documented the highest number of plant species was recording during rainy season followed by summer season and least in winter season with the dominancy of family Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Rosaceae, Poaceae and Polygonaceae. In the present study the occurrence of non leguminous forbs is more than the grasses, sedges and leguminous forbs in all season may be due to heavy grazing pressure. The major threats to floristic diversity, in the Prashar alpine pasture are expansion of overgrazing, uncontrolled and unscientific extraction of important medicinal plant species from their habitats, unregulated tourism and construction of roads. To minimize the impacts on the floristic diversity, there is an urgent need for the conservation of pasture important habitats by implementing scientific conservation measures such as create awareness about the usefulness of the flora, promote community based conservation, \u003cem\u003ein situ\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eex situ\u003c/em\u003e conservation, cultivation of important medicinal plants, restoration of degraded pasture, controlled and rotational grazing, herb collectors should be educated with the sustainable harvest of these species so that there is a continuous regeneration of flora.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interests\u003c/strong\u003e: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis study did not receive any funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is the part of Ph.D. research work. The author is thankful to the BSI, Deharadun, HFRI, Shimla and YS Parmar Nauni University for their help in the identification of plant species.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChawla, A.; Rajkumar, S.; Singh, K.N.; Lal, B. and Singh, R.D. 2008. Plant species diversity along an altitudinal gradient of Bhabha Valley in Western Himalaya. J. Mt. Sci., 5: 157\u0026ndash;177.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L. and Chopra, I.C. 1956. \u003cem\u003eGlossary of Indian Medicinal Plants\u003c/em\u003e. CSIR, New Delhi. 330 pp.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDad, J. M. and Khan, A. B. 2010. Floristic composition of an alpine grassland in Bandipora, Kashmir. Grassland Science, 56 (2): 87\u0026ndash;94.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDevi, K., Samant, S.S., Puri, S., Paul, S. and Dutt, S. 2019. Diversity, distribution pattern and indigenous uses of medicinal plants in Kanawar Wildlife Sanctuary of Himachal Pradesh, North Western Himalaya, India. Journal of Conservation Biology, 117: 172\u0026ndash;219.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDevi, U., Seth, M.K., Sharma, P. and Rana, J.C. 2013. Study on ethnomedicinal plants of Kibber wildlife sanctuary: A cold desert in Trans Himalaya, India. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, \u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e(47): 3400\u0026ndash;3419.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDhaulakhandi, M., Rajwar, G.S. and Kumar, M. 2010. Ecological status and impact of disturbance in an alpine pasture of Garhwal Himalaya, India. J. Plant Develop., 17: 127\u0026ndash;137.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGaur, U. N.; Raturi, G.P. and Bhatt, A. B. 2005. Current vegetation pattern along glacial landscape in Central (Garhwal) Himalaya, India. Journal of Mountain Science, 3: 255\u0026ndash;264.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGoraya, G. S., Jishtu V., Rawat G. S. and Ved D. K. 2013. \u003cem\u003eWild Medicinal Plants of Himachal Pradesh\u003c/em\u003e: An assessment of their conservation status and management prioritisation. Himachal Pradesh Forest Department, Shimla. 180 p.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKala, C. P. 2002. \u003cem\u003eMedicinal Plants of Indian trans- Himalaya\u003c/em\u003e. Bisen Singh Mehendra Pal Singh, New Connaught Place, Dehradun (India). 200 pp.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKala, C. P. 2006. Medicinal Plants of the high altitude cold desert in India: Diversity, distribution and traditional uses. 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Environment and Ecology, \u003cb\u003e24\u003c/b\u003e(2): 243\u0026ndash;248.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Alpine, Dominant family, Growth form, Medicinal plant, Indigenous use","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2529031/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2529031/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eSeasonal fluctuation in the plant diversity provide basis for devising suitable strategies for management and conservation of the plant resources. Accordingly, a study was conducted to understand the plant diversity of Prashar alpine pasture, District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh during the year 2017 between 2550\u0026ndash;2750 m elevation ranges. The study was carried out on seasonal basis. The study was carried out in summer season in May, rainy season in August and winter season in November. A total of 44 plant species belonging to 24 families and 35 genera were recorded in summer season, a total of 72 plant species belonging to 28 families and 58 genera were recorded in rainy season and a total of 13 plant species belonging to 6 families and 10 genera were recorded in winter season from the study area. Dominant families were Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Rosaceae, Poaceae and Polygonaceae. A total of 56 medicinal plant species recorded from the pasture, out of which two species viz; \u003cem\u003eRoscoea alpina and Selinum vaginatum\u003c/em\u003e fall in the category of threatened plants.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Seasonal Fluctuation in the Floristic Diversity of Prashar Alpine Pasture, District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-02-01 17:50:56","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2529031/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2f10047e-7511-4413-90e2-eb1d524db977","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 1st, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-02-06T01:14:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-02-01 17:50:56","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2529031","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2529031","identity":"rs-2529031","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"wLkW0s4AflPzk-lpfg-fK","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}