Social benefits of facial experssion in a cichlid fish: Testing the face concentration hypothesis

The face is a uniquely distinctive stimulus, encapsulating a wealth of information. Among the myriad of social cues conveyed by the face, emotional signals, known as facial expressions, are paramount not only for humans but also for numerous social animals. The evolution of facial expressions in these animals can also manifest in taxa other than mammals, as suggested by various studies highlighting the socio-ecological benefits of facial expressions. In this study, we elucidated the social function of facial coloration, determined by melanophores, in the neotropical social cichlid Symphysodon aequifasciatus . In this species, facial coloration exhibits instantaneous changes in response to varying social contexts. Through behavioral observations and experimental manipulation, we confirmed that facial coloration in S. aequifasciatus serves to attenuate unnecessary aggressive competition among conspecifics. Furthermore, we observed that the facial area subjected to coloration in this species is innervated by the adenosine triphosphate- and noradrenaline-ergic nervous system. These findings indicated that facial expression in S. aequifasciatus depends on the sympathetic nervous system and has evolved independently of mammalian facial expressions. Our study highlights teleost fishes as valuable animal models for exploring the universality of facial expressions and their underlying cognitive mechanisms in vertebrates.