Vegetable oil extended high styrene emulsion styrene butadiene rubber for tire tread of high-quality motorcycle

Vegetable oil extended high styrene emulsion styrene butadiene rubber for tire tread of high-quality motorcycle | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Vegetable oil extended high styrene emulsion styrene butadiene rubber for tire tread of high-quality motorcycle Shambhu Lal Agrawal, Pankaj Kumawat, Rajnikant Salvi, Jayveersinh Jhala, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4857530/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Worldwide the quality of motorcycle has undergone revolutionary change over last decade. Technological upgradation, customer demand and road infrastructure has contributed to this revolution. These necessitate higher performance of motorcycle tires as tires being interface between powerful engines and the road. Among the various parameters of motorcycle tire tread performance, dry and wet traction, rolling resistance and mileage, are important as they conform the safety requirement, fuel economy and durability. In general, Oil-extended Styrene Butadiene Rubber (OE-SBR) with high styrene provides better traction and abrasion with little deterioration in rolling resistance properties. In this study, vegetable origin oil extended high styrene (40%) SBR’s were characterized in motorcycle tire tread recipe. The use of vegetable oil results in almost zero polycyclic aromatic (PCA) content and therefore, these OE-SBR’s are environmentally friendly, renewable, and sustainable. SBR grades prepared with vegetable oils were showing less mixing energy (around 10%), better flow behavior (low activation energy by around 5%), lower filler-filler interaction (lower Payne effect by more than 25%) and lower tanδ@60°C (around 5%) as compared to petroleum oil. High quality motorcycle Eco-friendly materials Oil extended styrene butadiene rubber Angle abrasion tester Rolling resistance Traction etc Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Vegetable oils are good alternative to petroleum-based oils as they are renewable, easily available and are having bio-degradability and less toxicity. Most of the vegetable origin oils are rich for oleic and linoleic acid. Coconut oil is the most saturated vegetable oil and do not contain linolenic acid. Palm oil has both saturated and unsaturated carbon chains due to presence of palmitic acid and oleic acid. Ratio of unsaturated to saturated acid content is very high for castor oil and it is very low for coconut oil. Palm oil has this ratio slightly higher with respect to coconut oil. Groundnut, Soybean and Mustard oil has the moderate ratio. [ 1 – 6 ]. Vegetable oils may be modified by various techniques like blending, fractionation, hydrogenation, chemical catalyzed transesterification, enzyme catalyzed transesterification, etc. to achieve desired performance [ 7 ]. Solubility parameter is important factor to decide proper miscibility between rubber matrix and oil. Hansen solubility parameter was used to select suitable vegetable oil as process aid [ 8 – 13 ]. Dasgupta et al. [ 14 – 17 ] have characterized many vegetable oils in rubber compound and observed that few vegetable oils were showing better processing and tire performance properties like mileage, etc. Moringa and Niger oils have shown comparable properties with respect to Naphthenic oil in natural rubber-silica based compound and have also shown better filler dispersion and rolling resistance [ 18 ]. Few researchers found that Palm, Soybean and Sunflower oils can be used as processing aid and activator in Natural Rubber (NR) based recipe [ 19 ]. Mohamed et. al. [ 20 ] found Sunflower and Soybean oil as an alternate process aid for greener tire tread compound development. Double bonds present in Soybean oil can react with active site of rubber molecular chains during the vulcanization, which makes it reactive plasticizer [ 21 ]. Diene modified Soybean oil has improved wet traction in SBR-carbon black filled recipe [ 22 ]. Tire tread compound durability was improved with use of modified Soybean oil with use of sulfur which reduced the amount of double bonds [ 23 ]. Polymerized Soybean oil provided better thermal stability with respect to petroleum oils in NR/SBR based compound [ 24 ]. Natural rubber-based compounds prepared with epoxidized Palm, Sunflower and Soybean oils have also shown better polymer-filler interactions and carbon black dispersions [ 25 ]. Epoxidized palm oil and polymerized soybean oil evaluated against mineral oils in carbon-filled NR/SBR based compound [ 26 ]. Various general-purpose rubber-based compounds prepared with epoxidized Palm oil have shown comparable rheological and mechanical properties and better abrasion resistance with respect to DAE oil due to improved filler dispersion and polymer filler interaction [ 27 – 28 ]. SBR latex is usually extended with aromatic oil (due to good compatibility) which contains approx. 10 to 15 wt % Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)/ Polycyclic aromatics (PCAs) content. However, aromatic oil is toxic and carcinogenic due to high PCA content [ 29 ]. Petroleum oils release aromatic hydrocarbons during automobile tire production, use and recycling and can cause adverse effects on human health and environment [ 30 ]. Abrasion resistance (AR) and rolling resistance (RR) have been improved by using SBR extended with non-carcinogenic low aromatic oils [ 31 ]. So, eco-oils with negligible quantity of aromatic compounds may provide good AR and RR properties in tires. It was investigated that sequence of materials addition during rubber extension with oil has affected the vulcanizate properties [ 32 ]. Bio oil extended SSBR has shown better abrasion resistance due to high plasticization capacity and better filler dispersion [ 33 ]. Various researchers have used vegetable oils for extension of solution and emulsion SBR’s [ 34 – 40 ]. In the present research study, researchers have prepared emulsion SBR’s with extension of various petroleum and vegetable origin oils. These rubber samples were characterized in gum compound and motorcycle tire tread recipe. Experimental 2.1 Materials Materials used for study are given in Tables 1 and 2 . Table 1 Material and suppliers Material Supplier Styrene butadiene rubber latex (40% styrene content) Reliance Ind. Ltd., India Sulfuric acid Labort Fine Chem Pvt. Ltd., India Styrenated phenol (SP) antioxidant National Chemical, India Polybutadiene rubber, Neodymium catalyst (Synteca 44) Synthos S. A., Poland N330 carbon black PCBL, India Zinc oxide Silox India Pvt. Ltd., India Stearic acid Godrej, India Antiozonant MC wax Gujarat Paraffins, India Antioxidant TQ NOCIL, India Antioxidant 6PPD NOCIL, India Soluble sulfur Jain Chemicals, India Accelerator CBS NOCIL, India Accelerator TBBS Yaso Industries, India Table 2 Various oil and their suppliers Sl. No. Source of oils Name of oils Supplier 1 Petroleum Panoil C 160A, Distillate Aromatic Extract (DAE) oil Panama Petrochem Ltd., India 2 Panoil 2500, Treated Distillate Aromatic Extract (TDAE) oil Panama Petrochem Ltd., India 3 Elasto Supreme H, Residual Aromatic Extract (RAE) oil Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd., India 4 RPO, Naphthenic oil Apar Industries Ltd., India 1 Vegetable NO_2 (RQ, DECAS oil) Jayant Agro-Organics Ltd., India 2 NO_6 (RBD Palmolein oil) Satguru Oils Pvt. Ltd., India 3 NO_7 (Ground nut oil) Local market 4 NO_8 (Soybean oil) 5 NO_9 (Mustard oil) 6 NO_10 (Coconut oil) 2.2 Physico-chemical characterization of various oils The detailed characterizations like Flash point, Pour point, Kinematic viscosity, Refractive index, Metal content by ICP-OES, Surface groups by FTIR and Structural groups by NMR for various petroleum and vegetable origin oils were reported in an earlier publication by the same authors [ 41 ]. 2.3 SBR latex preparation and its characterization SBR latex was prepared using emulsion polymerization of styrene and butadiene monomer in 3:4 weight ratio. Free radical polymerization technique was used, and reaction temperature was maintained between 0° to 20°C. Organic peroxide was used as initiator, rosin/fatty acid used as emulsifier, mercaptan as chain modifier to control molecular weight, water was used as emulsifying media and hydroxylamine was used as short stop to achieve desired level of conversion. SBR latex was characterized for Solid content by acid coagulation and drying step. Then, further characterizations like Mooney viscosity using MV2000E from Alpha Technologies (ASTM D1646), Bound styrene content through refractive index checked by Abbemat 300 Refractometer from Anton Paar (ASTM D5775), Degradation study using Thermo Gravimetry Analyzer, TGA-Q50 from TA Instrument (ASTM D6370), Glass transition temperature using Differential Scanning Calorimetry, DSC-Q20 from TA Instrument (ASTM E794), Gel permeation chromatography study for molecular weight and its distribution using GPC1260 Infinity from Agilent Technologies, etc. were done. 2.4 SBR extension with oils at laboratory scale SBR latex was extended with various oils (shown in Table 2 ). For this purpose, oil emulsion was prepared using oil and fatty soap in 1:1 ratio, heated with continuous stirring (250–350 rpm, 60°-90°C). Measured amount of this oil emulsion was mixed with SBR latex with continuous stirring at high speed (700–1200 rpm). Oil content in rubber was maintained as 37.5 phr for all the samples. The latex was then coagulated with sulfuric acid and salt mixture. The coagulated crumbs were washed and dried as per standard procedure. 2.5 Physico-chemical characterization of OE-SBR’s Total extractables (ASTM D5774) was measured using acetone and Bound styrene content was measured using Abbemat 300 Refractometer from Anton Paar (ASTM D5775). OE-SBR’s were characterized for Density using Bulk Density Tester model RD3000 from M/s MonTech, Germany (ASTM D297), Mooney viscosity using MV2000E (ASTM D1646), Moisture content using Halogen Moisture Analyzer, Degradation study using Thermo Gravimetry Analyzer, TGA-Q50 and Glass transition temperature (Tg) using Differential Scanning Calorimetry, DSC-Q20. 2.6 Compound mixing and characterization 2.6.1 ASTM gum compound Mixing was carried out using a two-wing rotor laboratory Miniature internal mixer, MIM (350 cc) from Thermo Fisher Scientific. The formulation used for compound evaluation shown in Table 3 . Single stage mixing was done setting the Temperature Control Unit (TCU) at 60°C and rotor speed at 60 rpm for 9 min. The mixed batches were sheeted out in a laboratory two-roll mill using standard procedure. Table 3 ASTM gum compound recipe Ingredients phr Oil extended styrene butadiene rubber (40% styrene) 137.5 (100 rubber) Zinc oxide 3 Stearic acid 1 Soluble sulfur 1.75 Accelerator TBBS 1.38 2.6.2 Motorcycle tire tread compound Master and final batch mixing was carried out using MIM. The formulation used for compound evaluation shown in Table 4 . Master batch mixing was done setting the Temperature Control Unit (TCU) at 90°C and rotor speed at 60 rpm for 5 min. Final batch mixing was done setting the TCU at 60°C and rotor speed at 30 rpm for 3 min. The master and final batches were sheeted out in a laboratory two-roll mill using standard procedure. Density of the final batch compounds was checked using Compressed Volume Densimeter from Montec (ASTM D297). Table 4 Motorcycle tire tread compound recipe Ingredients phr Oil extended styrene butadiene rubber (40% styrene) 89.375 (65 rubber) Polybutadiene rubber, Neodymium catalyst 35 N330 carbon black 70 Respective process oil 3 Zinc oxide 4 Stearic acid 2 Antiozonant MC wax 1 Antioxidant TQ 1 Antioxidant 6PPD 1 Soluble sulfur 1.7 Accelerator CBS 1.2 2.7 Characterizations of uncured rubber compound 2.7.1 ASTM gum compound Cure characteristics (ASTM D5289) by MDR2000 from M/s Alpha Technologies, USA at 160°C for 45 min. 2.7.2 Motorcycle tire tread compound Bound rubber content was done by chemical method for master batch rubber compounds. Final compounds were characterized for processing parameters like Mooney viscosity (ASTM D1646), Power law index and Activation energy for flow (ASTM D6204). Cure characteristics measured by MDR200 at 160°C for 30 min. Frequency sweep and temperature sweep tests were performed using RPA2000 from M/s Alpha Technologies, USA. RPA test conditions shown in Table 5 . Table 5 RPA test conditions for various tests Parameter Temperature (°C) Strain (%) Frequency (Hz) Flow behavior study (Power law index) Frequency sweep (compounded rubber) 100 14 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.9, 1.8, 3.7, 7.6, 15.6, 30, 31, 32 Activation energy study (Arrhenius equation) Temperature sweep (Shear rate, 5.03 sec − 1 ) for compounded rubber 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130 100 0.8 After cure (@160°C for tC90) properties by RPA Dynamic properties 40 and 70 5 10 Filler-filler interaction study (Payne effect) by strain sweep 70 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 10 2.7.2.1 Bound rubber content test It was measured for master batch (without curatives) rubber compound to check polymer-filler interaction [ 42 – 44 ]. Test method is shown in Fig. 1 . The bound rubber content (%) was calculated using the below mentioned formula : Bound rubber content (%) = {(W d – W f )/ W o } X 100 - - - (1) Where, W d = Final weight of the dried sample in gm W f = Weight of the filler in the sample in gm W o = Weight of the rubber in the sample in gm 2.7.2.2 Mooney viscosity Mooney viscosity of rubber compounds checked as ML(1 + 4)@100°C using Mooney Viscometer MV2000E from M/s Alpha Technologies, USA. 2.7.2.3 Frequency sweep test Rubber compound has shown its flow behavior by measuring power law index in frequency sweep test [ 14 ] as per Newton’s power law. 2.7.2.4 Temperature sweep test Activation energy of the rubber compound can be measured using temperature sweep test in RPA. Complex viscosity (η*) was measured at interval of 10°C between 70°C and 130°C. Activation energy can be calculated using the Arrhenius-Eyring formula [ 14 ]. 2.8 Characterizations of cured rubber compound Uncured rubber compounds were vulcanized for various tests using compression molding press model LP3000 from M/s MonTech, Germany. Tensile slabs were molded at 160°C for tC90 + 2 min and other specimen were molded at 160°C for tC90 + 5 min as per ASTM D3182. Cured specimen were tested for parameters like Stress-strain (ASTM D412) by UTM Z005 from M/s Zwick, Germany, Hardness (ASTM D2240) by Shore A Durometer from M/s Gibitre, Italy, Abrasion loss (ASTM D5963) using DIN Abrasion tester from M/s Zwick, Germany with 10 N load on specimen and Akron angle abrasion tester GT7012-A from M/s Gotech Testing Machines Inc., Taiwan with 20° slip angle for 4000 cycles, Heat Build Up (HBU) by Goodrich Flexometer EKT-2002GF from M/s Ektrontec, Taiwan (ASTM D623) following chamber temperature as 50°C, test time 30 min and 7 Kg load, Rebound @ 30° and 70°C (ISO4662-2) using Rebound Resilience tester 2108RR-T from M/s Ektrontec, Taiwan, Tg using DSC-Q20 and Volume resistivity (ASTM D257) using High Resistance Meter (model 6517B) and Resistivity test fixture (model 8009) from M/s Keithley (A Tektronix company), US. Dynamic properties and Payne effect (ASTM D6601) were performed using RPA (test conditions shown in Table 5 ). Dynamic mechanical properties of cured rubber specimen were measured using DMA1000 + from M/s Metravib, France (ASTM D5992). 2.8.1 Reinforcement index Reinforcement index was calculated using below formula [ 45 – 47 ] : RI = M300/M100 - - - (2) where M300 is modulus of rubber compound at 300% elongation in MPa M100 is modulus of rubber compound at 100% elongation in MPa 2.8.2 Crosslink density Specimen were kept in toluene for 48 hrs and Swell index was measured using ASTM D3616. It was calculated as the ratio of swollen weight to original specimen weight. Volume fraction was measured by drying the swollen specimen in oven at 100°C for 2 hrs. It was calculated using following formula [ 48 – 49 ] : V r = [(D – FT)/ρ r ]/[(D – FT)/ρ r + A o /ρ s ] - - - (3) where D is the weight of the de-swollen specimen F is the weight fraction of the insoluble non-rubber ingredients T is the original dry weight of the specimen A o is the weight of solvent absorbed; it can be calculated as (S-T) ρ r is the density of the respective raw rubber ρ s is the density of the solvent (0.867 for toluene) The cross-link density X, of the rubber specimen was calculated using the Flory – Rehner relationship as given below [ 50 – 54 ] : X = (-) [ln (1-V r ) + V r + χ(V r ) 2 ] / [2 * ρ r * V s * (V r ) 1/3 ] - - - (4) where X is the cross-link density (mol/ cm 3 ) χ is the rubber-solvent interaction parameter (0.31 for SBR-toluene) V s is the molar volume of solvent (106.3 for toluene) 2.8.3 Strain sweep test In strain sweep test, Payne effect was measured as difference between elastic modulus (G ′ ) at low and high strain. Payne effect (after curing in RPA cavity) through strain sweep (ASTM D6204). 2.8.4 Dynamic mechanical properties by DMA Rectangular specimens (2 mm thickness, 10 mm width) were tested at 10 Hz frequency, 1% dynamic and 2% static strain. Loss factor (tanδ) were measured at 0°, 30° and 60°C temperature, respectively. Results and discussion 3.1 Physico-chemical characterization 3.1.1 SBR latex characterization Test results for physico-chemical properties of SBR latex is given in Table 6 . All the properties of high styrene (40%) SBR latex sample were found within the specified range. This latex was used for oil extension and further study. Table 6 Physico-chemical properties of styrene butadiene rubber latex Parameters Value Solid content (%) 21.0 Mooney Viscosity (MU) 127.7 Refractive index 1.5488 Bound styrene content (%) 39.4 Degradation temperature by TGA (°C) 405.4 Glass transition temperature by DSC (°C) -31.8 Mn by GPC (gm mole -1 ) 2.0 lacs Mw by GPC (gm mole -1 ) 7.7 lacs Polydispersity index by GPC 3.8 3.1.2 OE-SBR’s characterization Physico-chemical properties of rubber samples shown in Table 7 a and 7 b. Acetone extraction for SBR’s prepared with vegetable oils were found to be comparable with petroleum oil-based rubbers which indicates proper oil present in these rubbers, and this may be due to good compatibility of these oils with SBR. Bound styrene content was calculated through refractive index value, and which was found comparable within the specified range for these extracted SBR rubber samples. This indicates comparable composition of monomer for all SBR samples. Table 7 a: Physico-chemical properties of oil extended styrene butadiene rubber Sample id/ Parameters → Total extractables (%) Bound styrene content (%) Density (gm cc -1 ) Mooney viscosity (MU) Moisture content (%) S40_DAE 33.7 40.5 0.979 62.3 0.13 S40_TDAE 32.3 40.4 0.962 61.7 0.14 S40_RAE 33.2 39.7 0.971 63.6 0.17 S40_Naphthenic 33.6 39.5 0.946 52.6 0.12 S40_NO_2 32.8 40.3 0.963 40.2 0.19 S40_NO_6 34.2 40.9 0.961 50.0 0.15 S40_NO_7 33.3 41.0 0.955 52.5 0.17 S40_NO_8 34.3 40.1 0.957 52.0 0.12 S40_NO_9 32.2 39.4 0.956 54.3 0.18 S40_NO_10 31.8 40.4 0.958 56.0 0.14 Table 7 b: Physico-chemical properties of oil extended styrene butadiene rubber cont… Sample id/ Parameters → Degradation temperature (°C) Ash content (%) Tg by DSC (°C) S40_DAE 394.6 0.25 -33.2 S40_TDAE 391.5 0.30 -38.4 S40_RAE 379.2 0.36 -31.5 S40_Naphthenic 386.9 0.37 -39.4 S40_NO_2 405.4 0.30 -48.8 S40_NO_6 413.9 0.28 -43.3 S40_NO_7 420.1 0.27 -47.8 S40_NO_8 416.2 0.31 -56.3 S40_NO_9 423.9 0.29 -49.5 S40_NO_10 389.2 0.24 -38.3 Mooney viscosity was found to be lower for S40_NO_2 and within the range for other samples. Moisture content was found less than 0.2% which means all rubber samples were dried properly. Degradation temperature was found in the range of 380° to 420°C in TGA test for all OE-SBR’s. S40_NO_2, S40_NO_6 to S40_NO_9 have shown lower Tg which may improve the abrasion and rolling resistance properties of the rubber compound based on these OE-SBR’s. 3.2 Compound characterization 3.2.1 Mixing behavior Various mixing parameters including bound rubber content and density shown in Tables 8 and 9 for master and final batches, respectively. Master rubber compound mixed using S40_NO_2 and S40_NO_6 have shown slightly less mixing energy for both master and final stage as compared to compound prepared with petroleum oil based SBR. This may be due to lower Mooney viscosity of these rubber samples. Dump temperature was found comparable for all samples in both master and final stage mixing. Higher the bound rubber content value indicates more polymer-filler interaction. This is desirable to achieve better mechanical and failure properties due to higher reinforcement. Bound rubber was found to be comparable for all masterbatch compounds. Density of all final batches were found in line with the density of respective raw SBR’s. Table 8 Motorcycle tire tread master batch mixing & characterization Sample id/ Parameters → Mixing Energy (kJ) Maximum torque (N-m) Dump temperature (°C) Bound rubber (%) MCT_M_DAE 203.3 186.3 145.7 19.8 MCT_M_TDAE 196.5 174.3 146.1 19.2 MCT_M_RAE 200.7 178.8 146.5 21.2 MCT_M_Naphthenic 198.5 171.2 143.3 19.6 MCT_M_NO_2 178.7 166.3 137.7 18.2 MCT_M_NO_6 178.0 156.3 140.7 20.2 MCT_M_NO_7 189.4 163.2 141.8 18.1 MCT_M_NO_8 183.3 160.7 140.9 18.2 MCT_M_NO_9 185.9 153.6 142.4 18.9 MCT_M_NO_10 184.0 162.7 140.4 19.5 Table 9 Motorcycle tire tread final batch mixing and characterization Sample id/ Parameters → Mixing Energy (kJ) Maximum torque (N-m) Dump temperature (°C) Density (gm cc -1 ) MCT_F_DAE 59.6 116.1 114.0 1.176 MCT_F_TDAE 60.7 126.0 113.0 1.167 MCT_F_RAE 55.8 118.1 113.0 1.169 MCT_F_Naphthenic 57.4 130.2 111.0 1.152 MCT_F_NO_2 46.7 96.7 110.0 1.167 MCT_F_NO_6 50.0 103.7 111.3 1.153 MCT_F_NO_7 56.2 113.0 112.8 1.160 MCT_F_NO_8 53.7 111.4 113.4 1.162 MCT_F_NO_9 57.4 111.0 113.3 1.159 MCT_F_NO_10 53.2 115.7 112.8 1.161 3.2.2 Processing properties 3.2.2.1 ASTM gum compound Test results for rheometric properties are shown in Table 10 . Compounds prepared with S40_NO_6 and S40_NO_10 have shown rheometric properties almost comparable with naphthenic oil. Compounds prepared with S40_NO_2 and S40_NO_7 to S40_NO_9 have shown less delta torque value which may be due to presence of more olefinic content as measured by NMR in these oils. Table 10 ASTM gum compound rheometric properties Sample id/ Parameters → Min TQ (dNm) Max TQ (dNm) tS2 (min) tC10 (min) tC90 (min) Delta TQ (dNm) Cure rate* (sec -1 ) Gum_DAE 0.79 4.68 15.62 11.07 23.28 3.89 8.2 Gum_TDAE 0.78 5.19 14.00 10.83 25.85 4.41 6.7 Gum_RAE 0.81 4.60 18.36 12.75 27.57 3.79 6.7 Gum_Naphthenic 0.67 4.35 21.36 14.68 31.63 3.68 5.9 Gum_NO_2 0.19 2.12 8.67 4.82 17.00 1.93 8.2 Gum_NO_6 0.64 4.00 21.30 13.54 30.54 3.36 5.9 Gum_NO_7 0.46 3.29 23.04 11.12 29.05 2.83 5.6 Gum_NO_8 0.24 2.36 8.43 4.88 19.65 2.12 6.8 Gum_NO_9 0.51 3.28 18.34 8.42 22.72 2.77 7.0 Gum_NO_10 0.56 4.44 18.91 12.80 29.33 3.88 6.0 * Cure rate = 100/(tC90-tC10) 3.2.2.2 Motorcycle tire tread compound Test results for final batch uncured compounds are shown in Tables 11 and 12 . All the compounds have shown Mooney viscosity in line with respective raw OE-SBR’s Mooney viscosity. Power law index (n) close to zero or relative lower value means plastic nature of rubber compound hence better shear thinning (Flow behavior) of rubber compound. Power law index was found to be comparable for all compounds. Higher activation energy means rubber compound need high energy for compound flow, which indicates poor processing. Compounds based on S40_NO_6 to S40_NO_10 have shown lower activation energy as compared to compound prepared with petroleum oil extended SBR. This may be due to absence of aromatic content in these vegetable oils. Refractive index [ 55 ] and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) study indicates the presence of aromatic content in oil samples. Rheometric properties for motorcycle tire tread compounds were found in line with gum compounds. Table 11 Motorcycle tire tread final batch compound processing properties Sample id/ Parameters → Mooney Viscosity (MU) Power law index Activation Energy, Eα (kCal mol -1 gm -1 ) MCT_F_DAE 70 0.187 2444 MCT_F_TDAE 67 0.194 2434 MCT_F_RAE 66 0.191 2550 MCT_F_Naphthenic 60 0.190 2419 MCT_F_NO_2 53 0.198 2596 MCT_F_NO_6 57 0.194 2273 MCT_F_NO_7 64 0.188 2349 MCT_F_NO_8 63 0.185 2201 MCT_F_NO_9 65 0.187 2301 MCT_F_NO_10 64 0.185 2257 Table 12 Motorcycle tire tread compound rheometric properties Sample id/ Parameters → Min TQ (dNm) Max TQ (dNm) tS2 (min) tC10 (min) tC90 (min) Delta TQ (dNm) Cure rate* (sec -1 ) MCT_F_DAE 2.70 13.31 5.08 4.27 10.81 10.61 15.3 MCT_F_TDAE 2.56 13.46 5.45 4.51 12.07 10.90 13.2 MCT_F_RAE 2.55 12.87 5.59 4.67 11.79 10.32 14.0 MCT_F_Naphthenic 2.35 12.37 5.23 4.20 11.50 10.02 13.7 MCT_F_NO_2 2.08 9.67 4.76 3.70 10.69 7.59 14.3 MCT_F_NO_6 2.31 11.37 5.09 3.89 10.41 9.06 15.3 MCT_F_NO_7 2.61 10.73 4.80 3.52 10.82 8.12 13.7 MCT_F_NO_8 2.51 10.67 4.76 3.48 10.54 8.16 14.2 MCT_F_NO_9 2.53 11.04 4.74 3.49 10.75 8.51 13.8 MCT_F_NO_10 2.56 13.19 4.67 3.70 11.18 10.63 13.4 * Cure rate = 100/(tC90-tC10) 3.2.3 Vulcanizate properties 3.2.3.1 ASTM gum vulcanizate Test results for Stress-strain including Hardness and Reinforcement index are shown in Table 13 and Swell index, Volume fraction and Crosslink density data are shown in Table 14 . Vulcanizates prepared with NO_6 and NO_10 vegetable oil-based SBR’s have shown similar (within experimental error) static modulus as compared to Naphthenic oil. Higher unsaturated to saturated acid content ratio may affect the crosslink density adversely. Due to this, vulcanizate prepared with NO_2 has shown lowest crosslink density and lowest delta torque. This results in lowest modulus and hardness of this compound. Gum compound study was done to check the effect of various oils (in absence of carbon black) on crosslink density. Table 13 ASTM gum compound stress-strain properties Sample id/ Parameters → M100 (MPa) M300 (MPa) TS (MPa) EB (%) Hardness (Shore A) RI (M300/M100) Gum_DAE 0.6 1.7 2.7 395 31 2.8 Gum_TDAE 0.7 2.2 2.3 309 36 3.1 Gum_RAE 0.6 1.6 3.2 458 32 2.7 Gum_Naphthenic 0.6 1.6 2.5 409 29 2.7 Gum_NO_2 0.3 0.6 1.1 512 19 2.0 Gum_NO_6 0.5 1.4 2.0 444 27 2.8 Gum_NO_7 0.4 1.0 2.1 512 24 2.5 Gum_NO_8 0.3 0.6 1.6 610 20 2.0 Gum_NO_9 0.5 1.1 2.2 494 22 2.2 Gum_NO_10 0.6 1.8 2.3 366 27 3.0 Table 14 ASTM gum compound crosslink density Sample id/ Parameters → Swell index Volume Fraction, Vr Crosslink Density (mol cm -3 ) Gum_DAE 4.33 0.160 5.68*10 − 5 Gum_TDAE 3.83 0.191 8.16*10 − 5 Gum_RAE 4.38 0.161 5.82*10 − 5 Gum_Naphthenic 4.47 0.162 6.05*10 − 5 Gum_NO_2 7.16 0.100 2.36*10 − 5 Gum_NO_6 5.05 0.143 4.64*10 − 5 Gum_NO_7 5.51 0.127 3.72*10 − 5 Gum_NO_8 6.77 0.101 2.44*10 − 5 Gum_NO_9 5.63 0.126 3.68*10 − 5 Gum_NO_10 4.56 0.155 5.43*10 − 5 3.2.3.2 Motorcycle tire tread Test results for Stress-strain including Hardness and Reinforcement index are shown in Table 15 and Swell index, Volume fraction and Crosslink density data are shown in Table 16 . Modulus and hardness values for motorcycle tire tread vulcanizates were found in line with gum vulcanizates. Crosslink density for motorcycle tire tread batches were found in line with crosslink density of respective gum batches. Table 15 Motorcycle tire tread compound stress-strain properties Sample id/ Parameters → M100 (MPa) M300 (MPa) TS (MPa) EB (%) Hardness (Shore A) RI (M300/M100) MCT_F_DAE 2.0 10.1 20.5 530 60 5.1 MCT_F_TDAE 2.0 10.2 20.7 537 60 5.1 MCT_F_RAE 2.0 10.0 20.7 536 59 5.0 MCT_F_Naphthenic 1.9 10.5 19.6 489 58 5.5 MCT_F_NO_2 1.3 6.3 18.9 707 52 4.9 MCT_F_NO_6 1.9 10.1 19.9 549 55 5.3 MCT_F_NO_7 1.6 8.4 18.6 568 53 5.3 MCT_F_NO_8 1.4 7.2 20.4 670 53 5.1 MCT_F_NO_9 1.6 8.4 21.4 640 54 5.3 MCT_F_NO_10 1.9 10.3 19.0 479 57 5.4 Table 16 Motorcycle tire tread vulcanizate crosslink density Sample id/ Parameters → Swell index Volume Fraction, Vr Crosslink Density (mol cm -3 ) MCT_F_DAE 2.43 0.234 1.29*10 − 4 MCT_F_TDAE 2.52 0.233 1.27*10 − 4 MCT_F_RAE 2.46 0.233 1.27*10 − 4 MCT_F_Naphthenic 2.53 0.230 1.24*10 − 4 MCT_F_NO_2 3.20 0.168 0.66*10 − 4 MCT_F_NO_6 2.64 0.209 1.01*10 − 4 MCT_F_NO_7 2.80 0.197 0.90*10 − 4 MCT_F_NO_8 3.03 0.174 0.71*10 − 4 MCT_F_NO_9 3.08 0.172 0.69*10 − 4 MCT_F_NO_10 2.70 0.213 1.05*10 − 4 3.2.4 Performance properties Test results for DIN and Akron Abrasion loss, Heat build-up (HBU) and Rebound resilience @30° and 70°C are shown in Table 17 . DIN abrasion was found to be comparable for all compounds. However, Akron test at high severity condition has shown different observation. Vulcanizates prepared with vegetable oil extended SBR expect S40_NO_6 and S40_NO_10 have shown high abrasion loss and high heat generation. This may be due to low crosslink density of these compounds. Rebound resilience was found comparable for all compounds. Tg results are shown in Fig. 2 . Tg of all the vulcanizates were found in line with raw rubber Tg. Vegetable oil extended SBR based vulcanizates except S40_NO_10 have shown lower Tg. Despite low Tg value, vulcanizates prepared with S40_NO_2, S40_NO_7, S40_NO_8 and S40_NO_9 have shown high abrasion loss due to less crosslink density. Carbon dispersion was checked for cure specimen using volume resistivity measurement. Lower the resistivity indicates better carbon black dispersion in rubber matrix. Test results are shown in Fig. 3 . Volume resistivity for compounds prepared with S40_NO_6 and S40_NO_10 was found comparable with petroleum oil. Poor carbon black dispersion for vulcanizates prepared with vegetable oil extended SBR expect S40_NO_6 and S40_NO_10 may be reason for deterioration in various properties like high abrasion loss, high heat generation and lower modulus. Table 17 Motorcycle tire tread compound performance properties Sample id/ Parameters → DIN Abrasion (mm 3 ) Akron Abrasion (mm 3 ) Heat Build Up (°C) Rebound Resilience (%) Surface Centre @30°C @70°C MCT_F_DAE 72 334 32.0 110 34.0 43.0 MCT_F_TDAE 70 291 29.3 107 35.7 46.2 MCT_F_RAE 73 288 27.1 101 34.9 45.1 MCT_F_Naphthenic 67 565 25.5 99 36.0 47.1 MCT_F_NO_2 72 716 49.1 133 35.9 47.2 MCT_F_NO_6 68 313 32.0 106 38.2 46.5 MCT_F_NO_7 74 528 42.2 116 37.6 47.2 MCT_F_NO_8 72 669 47.2 120 37.8 47.1 MCT_F_NO_9 68 648 36.3 109 38.0 47.1 MCT_F_NO_10 70 266 33.6 104 37.8 46.8 3.2.5 Dynamic properties and filler-filler network by RPA Dynamic properties are shown in Table 18 . Compounds prepared with S40_NO_6 and S40_NO_10 have shown comparable dynamic modulus @ 40° and 70°C with Naphthenic oil. This may be due to comparable maximum torque of these rubber compounds. Payne effect is shown in Fig. 4 . Higher the Payne effect means more filler-filler interaction [ 56 ]. Compounds based on vegetable oil extended SBR have shown lower Payne effect as compared to petroleum oil. Lower filler-filler interaction for these compounds may be due to presence of few additional functional groups in these vegetable oils like triglyceride ester carbonyl, hydrogen bonded C-O, and acyl C-O. These groups may form bonds with surface groups present on carbon black which results in more polymer-filler interaction and less filler-filler interaction. Table 18 Motorcycle tire tread compound dynamic properties by RPA Sample id/ Parameters → G′@40°C (kPa) tanδ @40°C G′@70°C (kPa) tanδ @70°C MCT_F_DAE 2754 0.34 1968 0.29 MCT_F_TDAE 2620 0.31 1873 0.27 MCT_F_RAE 2563 0.32 1828 0.27 MCT_F_Naphthenic 2410 0.29 1725 0.25 MCT_F_NO_2 2127 0.34 1378 0.33 MCT_F_NO_6 2383 0.31 1705 0.29 MCT_F_NO_7 1820 0.29 1291 0.28 MCT_F_NO_8 2113 0.31 1402 0.31 MCT_F_NO_9 2115 0.31 1441 0.30 MCT_F_NO_10 2395 0.28 1735 0.25 3.2.6 Dynamic properties by DMA Test results are shown in Table 19 . Dynamic mechanical properties (tanδ) measured at 0°, 30° and 60°C indicate about wet traction, dry traction and rolling resistance properties of tire respectively. Vulcanizates prepared with S40_NO_6 and S40_NO_10 was showing lower tanδ @60°C as compared to Vulcanizate prepared with S40_DAE. This indicates better rolling resistance for these vulcanizates. This may be due to lower filler-filler interaction in these vulcanizates. Table 19 Motorcycle tire tread compound dynamic mechanical properties measured by DMA Sample id/ Parameters → tan delta @0°C tan delta @30°C tan delta @60°C MCT_F_DAE 0.39 0.37 0.28 MCT_F_TDAE 0.36 0.33 0.24 MCT_F_RAE 0.40 0.35 0.27 MCT_F_Naphthenic 0.35 0.32 0.23 MCT_F_NO_2 0.36 0.33 0.24 MCT_F_NO_6 0.32 0.29 0.23 MCT_F_NO_7 0.33 0.31 0.25 MCT_F_NO_8 0.34 0.31 0.25 MCT_F_NO_9 0.36 0.31 0.25 MCT_F_NO_10 0.34 0.30 0.23 Conclusions In a lab scale, oils derived from vegetables were used to extend high styrene ESBR. For the objective of oil extension, specific vegetable-origin oils with solubility parameters that were close to SBR were employed. The chemical characteristics of these rubbers were examined and found to be consistent with those of mineral oil extended SBR. Because of their light color, rubbers made from vegetable oils may be used in the production of colored goods. Because vegetable-origin oils were used in their preparation, the new SBR grades are environmentally friendly products. Motorcycle tire tread compounds prepared with vegetable oils based SBR rubbers have shown comparable or slightly better processing properties which was confirmed by lower mixing energy, lower activation energy and better rubber-filler interaction in rubber compound. The majority of the properties of the compound made with S40_NO_6 and S40_NO_10 are comparable to those of the extended SBR-based compound naphthalene oil. Therefore, these vegetable origin oil extended SBR rubbers can be used for manufacturing of tire tread compound for high quality motorcycle. Declarations 5.0 Acknowledgement The author would like to acknowledge Reliance Ind. Ltd. India management for giving permission for performing testing activities and for publishing this research work. The author would also acknowledge the Jayant Agro-Organics Ltd. India, and Satguru Oils Pvt. Ltd. India for kindly supplying vegetable oils for testing purpose and Mr. Rajnikant Salvi, Mr. Pankaj Kumawat and Mr. Jayveersinh Jhala for extending various testing support. 6.0 Conflict of interest The author declares that they have no conflict of interest. References G. Appiah, S. K. Tulashie, E. E. A. Akpari, E. R. Rene, D. Dodoo, Int J Energy Res 2021 , https://doi.org/10.1002/er.7453. J. Orsavova, L. Misurcova, J. V. Ambrozova, R. Vicha, J. Mlcek, Int J Mol Sci 2015 , 16, 12871, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160612871. A. N. Annisa, W. 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1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":339298,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest method for Bound Rubber Content (BRC) measurement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4857530/v1/b9495ddf1640e09212d78bef.png"},{"id":63664295,"identity":"114133a6-4643-4a1d-9374-5b458b5909b5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-30 19:06:17","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":81846,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGlass transition temperature measured by DSC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4857530/v1/54771813321ab7aacc854dff.png"},{"id":63664294,"identity":"dcd00e89-30e7-4eb5-a420-b94d3438f0f6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-30 19:06:17","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":97256,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVolume resistivity by High Resistance Meter\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4857530/v1/799cfd17c516698e51068ac5.png"},{"id":63664296,"identity":"c8d947db-777f-40c4-858c-54bf1dd77a96","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-30 19:06:17","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":95213,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRPA strain sweep test for final batch compound @70°C (after cure)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4857530/v1/7f9125055d6237edc4bac1de.png"},{"id":63738229,"identity":"e79a1f32-ffff-47e7-a2fc-7be7c63f89cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-01 18:47:50","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2408532,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4857530/v1/5799fa54-87e1-4162-afba-7772c93ba134.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Vegetable oil extended high styrene emulsion styrene butadiene rubber for tire tread of high-quality motorcycle","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eVegetable oils are good alternative to petroleum-based oils as they are renewable, easily available and are having bio-degradability and less toxicity. Most of the vegetable origin oils are rich for oleic and linoleic acid. Coconut oil is the most saturated vegetable oil and do not contain linolenic acid. Palm oil has both saturated and unsaturated carbon chains due to presence of palmitic acid and oleic acid. Ratio of unsaturated to saturated acid content is very high for castor oil and it is very low for coconut oil. Palm oil has this ratio slightly higher with respect to coconut oil. Groundnut, Soybean and Mustard oil has the moderate ratio. [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3 CR4 CR5\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Vegetable oils may be modified by various techniques like blending, fractionation, hydrogenation, chemical catalyzed transesterification, enzyme catalyzed transesterification, etc. to achieve desired performance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Solubility parameter is important factor to decide proper miscibility between rubber matrix and oil. Hansen solubility parameter was used to select suitable vegetable oil as process aid [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR9 CR10 CR11 CR12\" citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDasgupta et al. [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15 CR16\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] have characterized many vegetable oils in rubber compound and observed that few vegetable oils were showing better processing and tire performance properties like mileage, etc. Moringa and Niger oils have shown comparable properties with respect to Naphthenic oil in natural rubber-silica based compound and have also shown better filler dispersion and rolling resistance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Few researchers found that Palm, Soybean and Sunflower oils can be used as processing aid and activator in Natural Rubber (NR) based recipe [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Mohamed et. al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] found Sunflower and Soybean oil as an alternate process aid for greener tire tread compound development. Double bonds present in Soybean oil can react with active site of rubber molecular chains during the vulcanization, which makes it reactive plasticizer [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiene modified Soybean oil has improved wet traction in SBR-carbon black filled recipe [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Tire tread compound durability was improved with use of modified Soybean oil with use of sulfur which reduced the amount of double bonds [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Polymerized Soybean oil provided better thermal stability with respect to petroleum oils in NR/SBR based compound [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Natural rubber-based compounds prepared with epoxidized Palm, Sunflower and Soybean oils have also shown better polymer-filler interactions and carbon black dispersions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Epoxidized palm oil and polymerized soybean oil evaluated against mineral oils in carbon-filled NR/SBR based compound [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Various general-purpose rubber-based compounds prepared with epoxidized Palm oil have shown comparable rheological and mechanical properties and better abrasion resistance with respect to DAE oil due to improved filler dispersion and polymer filler interaction [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSBR latex is usually extended with aromatic oil (due to good compatibility) which contains approx. 10 to 15 wt % Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)/ Polycyclic aromatics (PCAs) content. However, aromatic oil is toxic and carcinogenic due to high PCA content [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Petroleum oils release aromatic hydrocarbons during automobile tire production, use and recycling and can cause adverse effects on human health and environment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Abrasion resistance (AR) and rolling resistance (RR) have been improved by using SBR extended with non-carcinogenic low aromatic oils [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. So, eco-oils with negligible quantity of aromatic compounds may provide good AR and RR properties in tires.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was investigated that sequence of materials addition during rubber extension with oil has affected the vulcanizate properties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Bio oil extended SSBR has shown better abrasion resistance due to high plasticization capacity and better filler dispersion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Various researchers have used vegetable oils for extension of solution and emulsion SBR\u0026rsquo;s [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR35 CR36 CR37 CR38 CR39\" citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present research study, researchers have prepared emulsion SBR\u0026rsquo;s with extension of various petroleum and vegetable origin oils. These rubber samples were characterized in gum compound and motorcycle tire tread recipe.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Experimental","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Materials\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials used for study are given in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterial and suppliers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterial\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupplier\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStyrene butadiene rubber latex (40% styrene content)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReliance Ind. Ltd., India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSulfuric acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabort Fine Chem Pvt. Ltd., India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStyrenated phenol (SP) antioxidant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNational Chemical, India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolybutadiene rubber, Neodymium catalyst (Synteca 44)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynthos S. A., Poland\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN330 carbon black\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePCBL, India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZinc oxide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSilox India Pvt. Ltd., India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStearic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGodrej, India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntiozonant MC wax\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGujarat Paraffins, India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant TQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNOCIL, India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant 6PPD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNOCIL, India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoluble sulfur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJain Chemicals, India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccelerator CBS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNOCIL, India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccelerator TBBS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYaso Industries, India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVarious oil and their suppliers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSl. No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource of oils\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eName of oils\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupplier\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePetroleum\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePanoil C 160A, Distillate Aromatic Extract (DAE) oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePanama Petrochem Ltd., India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePanoil 2500, Treated Distillate Aromatic Extract (TDAE) oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePanama Petrochem Ltd., India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElasto Supreme H, Residual Aromatic Extract (RAE) oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd., India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRPO, Naphthenic oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApar Industries Ltd., India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVegetable\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNO_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(RQ, DECAS oil)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJayant Agro-Organics Ltd., India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNO_6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(RBD Palmolein oil)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSatguru Oils Pvt. Ltd., India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNO_7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Ground nut oil)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal market\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNO_8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Soybean oil)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNO_9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Mustard oil)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNO_10\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Coconut oil)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Physico-chemical characterization of various oils\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe detailed characterizations like Flash point, Pour point, Kinematic viscosity, Refractive index, Metal content by ICP-OES, Surface groups by FTIR and Structural groups by NMR for various petroleum and vegetable origin oils were reported in an earlier publication by the same authors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 SBR latex preparation and its characterization\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSBR latex was prepared using emulsion polymerization of styrene and butadiene monomer in 3:4 weight ratio. Free radical polymerization technique was used, and reaction temperature was maintained between 0\u0026deg; to 20\u0026deg;C. Organic peroxide was used as initiator, rosin/fatty acid used as emulsifier, mercaptan as chain modifier to control molecular weight, water was used as emulsifying media and hydroxylamine was used as short stop to achieve desired level of conversion.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSBR latex was characterized for Solid content by acid coagulation and drying step. Then, further characterizations like Mooney viscosity using MV2000E from Alpha Technologies (ASTM D1646), Bound styrene content through refractive index checked by Abbemat 300 Refractometer from Anton Paar (ASTM D5775), Degradation study using Thermo Gravimetry Analyzer, TGA-Q50 from TA Instrument (ASTM D6370), Glass transition temperature using Differential Scanning Calorimetry, DSC-Q20 from TA Instrument (ASTM E794), Gel permeation chromatography study for molecular weight and its distribution using GPC1260 Infinity from Agilent Technologies, etc. were done.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 SBR extension with oils at laboratory scale\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSBR latex was extended with various oils (shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor this purpose, oil emulsion was prepared using oil and fatty soap in 1:1 ratio, heated with continuous stirring (250\u0026ndash;350 rpm, 60\u0026deg;-90\u0026deg;C). Measured amount of this oil emulsion was mixed with SBR latex with continuous stirring at high speed (700\u0026ndash;1200 rpm). Oil content in rubber was maintained as 37.5 phr for all the samples. The latex was then coagulated with sulfuric acid and salt mixture. The coagulated crumbs were washed and dried as per standard procedure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Physico-chemical characterization of OE-SBR\u0026rsquo;s\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal extractables (ASTM D5774) was measured using acetone and Bound styrene content was measured using Abbemat 300 Refractometer from Anton Paar (ASTM D5775).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOE-SBR\u0026rsquo;s were characterized for Density using Bulk Density Tester model RD3000 from M/s MonTech, Germany (ASTM D297), Mooney viscosity using MV2000E (ASTM D1646), Moisture content using Halogen Moisture Analyzer, Degradation study using Thermo Gravimetry Analyzer, TGA-Q50 and Glass transition temperature (Tg) using Differential Scanning Calorimetry, DSC-Q20.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6 Compound mixing and characterization\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6.1 ASTM gum compound\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMixing was carried out using a two-wing rotor laboratory Miniature internal mixer, MIM (350 cc) from Thermo Fisher Scientific. The formulation used for compound evaluation shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Single stage mixing was done setting the Temperature Control Unit (TCU) at 60\u0026deg;C and rotor speed at 60 rpm for 9 min. The mixed batches were sheeted out in a laboratory two-roll mill using standard procedure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eASTM gum compound recipe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIngredients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ephr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOil extended styrene butadiene rubber\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(40% styrene)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(100 rubber)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZinc oxide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStearic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoluble sulfur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccelerator TBBS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6.2 Motorcycle tire tread compound\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaster and final batch mixing was carried out using MIM. The formulation used for compound evaluation shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Master batch mixing was done setting the Temperature Control Unit (TCU) at 90\u0026deg;C and rotor speed at 60 rpm for 5 min. Final batch mixing was done setting the TCU at 60\u0026deg;C and rotor speed at 30 rpm for 3 min. The master and final batches were sheeted out in a laboratory two-roll mill using standard procedure. Density of the final batch compounds was checked using Compressed Volume Densimeter from Montec (ASTM D297).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMotorcycle tire tread compound recipe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIngredients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ephr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOil extended styrene butadiene rubber\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(40% styrene)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.375\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(65 rubber)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolybutadiene rubber, Neodymium catalyst\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN330 carbon black\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespective process oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZinc oxide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStearic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntiozonant MC wax\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant TQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant 6PPD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoluble sulfur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccelerator CBS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.7 Characterizations of uncured rubber compound\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.7.1 ASTM gum compound\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCure characteristics (ASTM D5289) by MDR2000 from M/s Alpha Technologies, USA at 160\u0026deg;C for 45 min.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.7.2 Motorcycle tire tread compound\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBound rubber content was done by chemical method for master batch rubber compounds. Final compounds were characterized for processing parameters like Mooney viscosity (ASTM D1646), Power law index and Activation energy for flow (ASTM D6204). Cure characteristics measured by MDR200 at 160\u0026deg;C for 30 min. Frequency sweep and temperature sweep tests were performed using RPA2000 from M/s Alpha Technologies, USA. RPA test conditions shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRPA test conditions for various tests\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrain\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Hz)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlow behavior study (Power law index)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency sweep\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(compounded rubber)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.9, 1.8, 3.7, 7.6, 15.6, 30, 31, 32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActivation energy study (Arrhenius equation)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature sweep\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Shear rate, 5.03 sec\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) for compounded rubber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter cure (@160\u0026deg;C for tC90) properties by RPA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDynamic properties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 and 70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFiller-filler interaction study (Payne effect) by strain sweep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.7.2.1 Bound rubber content test\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was measured for master batch (without curatives) rubber compound to check polymer-filler interaction [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR43\" citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]. Test method is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The bound rubber content (%) was calculated using the below mentioned formula :\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBound rubber content (%) = {(W\u003csub\u003ed\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash; W\u003csub\u003ef\u003c/sub\u003e)/ W\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e} X 100 - - - (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere, W\u003csub\u003ed\u003c/sub\u003e = Final weight of the dried sample in gm\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003csub\u003ef\u003c/sub\u003e = Weight of the filler in the sample in gm\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e = Weight of the rubber in the sample in gm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.7.2.2 Mooney viscosity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMooney viscosity of rubber compounds checked as ML(1\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;4)@100\u0026deg;C using Mooney Viscometer MV2000E from M/s Alpha Technologies, USA.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.7.2.3 Frequency sweep test\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRubber compound has shown its flow behavior by measuring power law index in frequency sweep test [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] as per Newton\u0026rsquo;s power law.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.7.2.4 Temperature sweep test\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eActivation energy of the rubber compound can be measured using temperature sweep test in RPA. Complex viscosity (η*) was measured at interval of 10\u0026deg;C between 70\u0026deg;C and 130\u0026deg;C. Activation energy can be calculated using the Arrhenius-Eyring formula [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.8 Characterizations of cured rubber compound\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUncured rubber compounds were vulcanized for various tests using compression molding press model LP3000 from M/s MonTech, Germany. Tensile slabs were molded at 160\u0026deg;C for tC90\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2 min and other specimen were molded at 160\u0026deg;C for tC90\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;5 min as per ASTM D3182. Cured specimen were tested for parameters like Stress-strain (ASTM D412) by UTM Z005 from M/s Zwick, Germany, Hardness (ASTM D2240) by Shore A Durometer from M/s Gibitre, Italy, Abrasion loss (ASTM D5963) using DIN Abrasion tester from M/s Zwick, Germany with 10 N load on specimen and Akron angle abrasion tester GT7012-A from M/s Gotech Testing Machines Inc., Taiwan with 20\u0026deg; slip angle for 4000 cycles, Heat Build Up (HBU) by Goodrich Flexometer EKT-2002GF from M/s Ektrontec, Taiwan (ASTM D623) following chamber temperature as 50\u0026deg;C, test time 30 min and 7 Kg load, Rebound @ 30\u0026deg; and 70\u0026deg;C (ISO4662-2) using Rebound Resilience tester 2108RR-T from M/s Ektrontec, Taiwan, Tg using DSC-Q20 and Volume resistivity (ASTM D257) using High Resistance Meter (model 6517B) and Resistivity test fixture (model 8009) from M/s Keithley (A Tektronix company), US. Dynamic properties and Payne effect (ASTM D6601) were performed using RPA (test conditions shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Dynamic mechanical properties of cured rubber specimen were measured using DMA1000\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;from M/s Metravib, France (ASTM D5992).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.8.1 Reinforcement index\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eReinforcement index was calculated using below formula [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR46\" citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e] :\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;M300/M100 - - - (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere M300 is modulus of rubber compound at 300% elongation in MPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eM100 is modulus of rubber compound at 100% elongation in MPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.8.2 Crosslink density\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecimen were kept in toluene for 48 hrs and Swell index was measured using ASTM D3616. It was calculated as the ratio of swollen weight to original specimen weight. Volume fraction was measured by drying the swollen specimen in oven at 100\u0026deg;C for 2 hrs. It was calculated using following formula [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e] :\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e = [(D \u0026ndash; FT)/ρ\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e]/[(D \u0026ndash; FT)/ρ\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;A\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e/ρ\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e] - - - (3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ewhere D is the weight of the de-swollen specimen\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eF is the weight fraction of the insoluble non-rubber ingredients\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eT is the original dry weight of the specimen\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e is the weight of solvent absorbed; it can be calculated as (S-T)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eρ\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e is the density of the respective raw rubber\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eρ\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e is the density of the solvent (0.867 for toluene)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cross-link density X, of the rubber specimen was calculated using the Flory \u0026ndash; Rehner relationship as given below [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR51 CR52 CR53\" citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e] :\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eX = (-) [ln (1-V\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;V\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;χ(V\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e] / [2 * ρ\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e * V\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e * (V\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csup\u003e1/3\u003c/sup\u003e] - - - (4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ewhere X is the cross-link density (mol/ cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eχ is the rubber-solvent interaction parameter (0.31 for SBR-toluene)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eV\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e is the molar volume of solvent (106.3 for toluene)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.8.3 Strain sweep test\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn strain sweep test, Payne effect was measured as difference between elastic modulus (G\u003cb\u003e\u0026prime;\u003c/b\u003e) at low and high strain. Payne effect (after curing in RPA cavity) through strain sweep (ASTM D6204).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.8.4 Dynamic mechanical properties by DMA\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRectangular specimens (2 mm thickness, 10 mm width) were tested at 10 Hz frequency, 1% dynamic and 2% static strain. Loss factor (tanδ) were measured at 0\u0026deg;, 30\u0026deg; and 60\u0026deg;C temperature, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Physico-chemical characterization\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1.1 SBR latex characterization\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTest results for physico-chemical properties of SBR latex is given in Table \u003cspan\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. All the properties of high styrene (40%) SBR latex sample were found within the specified range. This latex was used for oil extension and further study.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysico-chemical properties of styrene butadiene rubber latex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSolid content (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMooney Viscosity (MU)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRefractive index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5488\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBound styrene content (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDegradation temperature by TGA (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e405.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGlass transition temperature by DSC (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-31.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMn by GPC (gm mole\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0 lacs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMw by GPC (gm mole\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.7 lacs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolydispersity index by GPC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1.2 OE-SBR\u0026rsquo;s characterization\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysico-chemical properties of rubber samples shown in Table \u003cspan\u003e7\u003c/span\u003ea and \u003cspan\u003e7\u003c/span\u003eb. Acetone extraction for SBR\u0026rsquo;s prepared with vegetable oils were found to be comparable with petroleum oil-based rubbers which indicates proper oil present in these rubbers, and this may be due to good compatibility of these oils with SBR. Bound styrene content was calculated through refractive index value, and which was found comparable within the specified range for these extracted SBR rubber samples. This indicates comparable composition of monomer for all SBR samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea: Physico-chemical properties of oil extended styrene butadiene rubber\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample id/ Parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal extractables (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBound styrene content (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDensity (gm cc\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMooney viscosity (MU)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMoisture content (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS40_DAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.979\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS40_TDAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.962\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS40_RAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.971\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS40_Naphthenic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.946\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS40_NO_2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.963\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS40_NO_6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.961\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS40_NO_7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.955\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS40_NO_8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.957\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS40_NO_9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.956\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS40_NO_10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.958\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb: Physico-chemical properties of oil extended styrene butadiene rubber cont\u0026hellip;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample id/ Parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDegradation temperature\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003econtent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTg by DSC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS40_DAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e394.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-33.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS40_TDAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e391.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-38.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS40_RAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e379.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-31.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS40_Naphthenic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e386.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-39.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS40_NO_2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e405.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-48.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS40_NO_6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e413.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-43.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS40_NO_7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e420.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-47.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS40_NO_8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e416.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-56.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS40_NO_9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e423.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-49.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS40_NO_10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e389.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-38.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMooney viscosity was found to be lower for S40_NO_2 and within the range for other samples. Moisture content was found less than 0.2% which means all rubber samples were dried properly. Degradation temperature was found in the range of 380\u0026deg; to 420\u0026deg;C in TGA test for all OE-SBR\u0026rsquo;s. S40_NO_2, S40_NO_6 to S40_NO_9 have shown lower Tg which may improve the abrasion and rolling resistance properties of the rubber compound based on these OE-SBR\u0026rsquo;s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Compound characterization\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec28\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2.1 Mixing behavior\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVarious mixing parameters including bound rubber content and density shown in Tables \u003cspan\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e for master and final batches, respectively. Master rubber compound mixed using S40_NO_2 and S40_NO_6 have shown slightly less mixing energy for both master and final stage as compared to compound prepared with petroleum oil based SBR. This may be due to lower Mooney viscosity of these rubber samples. Dump temperature was found comparable for all samples in both master and final stage mixing. Higher the bound rubber content value indicates more polymer-filler interaction. This is desirable to achieve better mechanical and failure properties due to higher reinforcement. Bound rubber was found to be comparable for all masterbatch compounds. Density of all final batches were found in line with the density of respective raw SBR\u0026rsquo;s.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMotorcycle tire tread master batch mixing \u0026amp; characterization\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample id/ Parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMixing Energy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(kJ)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaximum torque\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(N-m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDump temperature (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBound rubber\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_M_DAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e203.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e186.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_M_TDAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e174.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_M_RAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e178.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_M_Naphthenic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e198.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_M_NO_2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e178.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_M_NO_6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e178.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_M_NO_7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e189.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_M_NO_8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e183.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_M_NO_9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e185.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e153.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_M_NO_10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMotorcycle tire tread final batch mixing and characterization\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample id/ Parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMixing Energy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(kJ)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaximum torque\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(N-m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDump temperature (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDensity (gm cc\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_DAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_TDAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_RAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_Naphthenic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.153\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.159\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec29\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2.2 Processing properties\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec30\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2.2.1 ASTM gum compound\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTest results for rheometric properties are shown in Table \u003cspan\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e. Compounds prepared with S40_NO_6 and S40_NO_10 have shown rheometric properties almost comparable with naphthenic oil. Compounds prepared with S40_NO_2 and S40_NO_7 to S40_NO_9 have shown less delta torque value which may be due to presence of more olefinic content as measured by NMR in these oils.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eASTM gum compound rheometric properties\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample id/ Parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMin TQ (dNm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMax TQ (dNm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etS2 (min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etC10 (min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etC90 (min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelta TQ (dNm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCure rate*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(sec\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_DAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_TDAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_RAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_Naphthenic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_NO_2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_NO_6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_NO_7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_NO_8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_NO_9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_NO_10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e* Cure rate\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100/(tC90-tC10)\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec31\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2.2.2 Motorcycle tire tread compound\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTest results for final batch uncured compounds are shown in Tables \u003cspan\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e. All the compounds have shown Mooney viscosity in line with respective raw OE-SBR\u0026rsquo;s Mooney viscosity. Power law index (n) close to zero or relative lower value means plastic nature of rubber compound hence better shear thinning (Flow behavior) of rubber compound. Power law index was found to be comparable for all compounds. Higher activation energy means rubber compound need high energy for compound flow, which indicates poor processing. Compounds based on S40_NO_6 to S40_NO_10 have shown lower activation energy as compared to compound prepared with petroleum oil extended SBR. This may be due to absence of aromatic content in these vegetable oils. Refractive index [\u003cspan\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e] and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) study indicates the presence of aromatic content in oil samples. Rheometric properties for motorcycle tire tread compounds were found in line with gum compounds.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab12\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMotorcycle tire tread final batch compound processing properties\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample id/ Parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMooney Viscosity (MU)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePower law index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eActivation Energy, E\u0026alpha;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(kCal mol\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e gm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_DAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.187\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2444\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_TDAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.194\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2434\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_RAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.191\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2550\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_Naphthenic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2419\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.198\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2596\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.194\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2273\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2349\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.185\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2201\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.187\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2301\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.185\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2257\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab13\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 12\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMotorcycle tire tread compound rheometric properties\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample id/ Parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMin TQ (dNm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMax TQ (dNm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etS2 (min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etC10 (min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etC90 (min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelta TQ (dNm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCure rate*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(sec\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_DAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_TDAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_RAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_Naphthenic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e* Cure rate\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100/(tC90-tC10)\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec32\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2.3 Vulcanizate properties\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec33\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2.3.1 ASTM gum vulcanizate\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTest results for Stress-strain including Hardness and Reinforcement index are shown in Table \u003cspan\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e and Swell index, Volume fraction and Crosslink density data are shown in Table \u003cspan\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e. Vulcanizates prepared with NO_6 and NO_10 vegetable oil-based SBR\u0026rsquo;s have shown similar (within experimental error) static modulus as compared to Naphthenic oil. Higher unsaturated to saturated acid content ratio may affect the crosslink density adversely. Due to this, vulcanizate prepared with NO_2 has shown lowest crosslink density and lowest delta torque. This results in lowest modulus and hardness of this compound. Gum compound study was done to check the effect of various oils (in absence of carbon black) on crosslink density.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab14\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 13\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eASTM gum compound stress-strain properties\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample id/ Parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM300 (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHardness (Shore A)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRI (M300/M100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_DAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e395\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_TDAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e309\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_RAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e458\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_Naphthenic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e409\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_NO_2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e512\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_NO_6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e444\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_NO_7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e512\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_NO_8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e610\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_NO_9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e494\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_NO_10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab15\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 14\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eASTM gum compound crosslink density\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample id/ Parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSwell\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eindex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVolume\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFraction, Vr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrosslink Density\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mol cm\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_DAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.68*10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_TDAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.191\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.16*10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_RAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.82*10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_Naphthenic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.05*10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_NO_2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.36*10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_NO_6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.64*10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_NO_7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.72*10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_NO_8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.44*10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_NO_9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.68*10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGum_NO_10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.43*10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec34\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2.3.2 Motorcycle tire tread\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTest results for Stress-strain including Hardness and Reinforcement index are shown in Table \u003cspan\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e and Swell index, Volume fraction and Crosslink density data are shown in Table \u003cspan\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e. Modulus and hardness values for motorcycle tire tread vulcanizates were found in line with gum vulcanizates. Crosslink density for motorcycle tire tread batches were found in line with crosslink density of respective gum batches.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab16\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 15\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMotorcycle tire tread compound stress-strain properties\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample id/ Parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM300 (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHardness (Shore A)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRI (M300/M100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_DAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e530\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_TDAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e537\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_RAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e536\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_Naphthenic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e489\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e707\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e549\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e568\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e670\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e640\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e479\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab17\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 16\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMotorcycle tire tread vulcanizate crosslink density\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample id/ Parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSwell\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eindex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVolume\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFraction, Vr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrosslink Density\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mol cm\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_DAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.234\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.29*10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_TDAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.233\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.27*10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_RAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.233\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.27*10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_Naphthenic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.24*10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66*10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.209\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01*10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.90*10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.174\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71*10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69*10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.213\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.05*10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec35\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2.4 Performance properties\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTest results for DIN and Akron Abrasion loss, Heat build-up (HBU) and Rebound resilience @30\u0026deg; and 70\u0026deg;C are shown in Table \u003cspan\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e. DIN abrasion was found to be comparable for all compounds. However, Akron test at high severity condition has shown different observation. Vulcanizates prepared with vegetable oil extended SBR expect S40_NO_6 and S40_NO_10 have shown high abrasion loss and high heat generation. This may be due to low crosslink density of these compounds. Rebound resilience was found comparable for all compounds. Tg results are shown in Fig. \u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Tg of all the vulcanizates were found in line with raw rubber Tg. Vegetable oil extended SBR based vulcanizates except S40_NO_10 have shown lower Tg. Despite low Tg value, vulcanizates prepared with S40_NO_2, S40_NO_7, S40_NO_8 and S40_NO_9 have shown high abrasion loss due to less crosslink density. Carbon dispersion was checked for cure specimen using volume resistivity measurement. Lower the resistivity indicates better carbon black dispersion in rubber matrix. Test results are shown in Fig. \u003cspan\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Volume resistivity for compounds prepared with S40_NO_6 and S40_NO_10 was found comparable with petroleum oil. Poor carbon black dispersion for vulcanizates prepared with vegetable oil extended SBR expect S40_NO_6 and S40_NO_10 may be reason for deterioration in various properties like high abrasion loss, high heat generation and lower modulus.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab18\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 17\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMotorcycle tire tread compound performance properties\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample id/ Parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDIN Abrasion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAkron Abrasion (mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeat Build Up\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRebound Resilience (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurface\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCentre\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e@30\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e@70\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_DAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e334\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_TDAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e291\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_RAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e288\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_Naphthenic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e565\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e716\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e313\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e528\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e669\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e648\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e266\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec36\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2.5 Dynamic properties and filler-filler network by RPA\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDynamic properties are shown in Table \u003cspan\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e. Compounds prepared with S40_NO_6 and S40_NO_10 have shown comparable dynamic modulus @ 40\u0026deg; and 70\u0026deg;C with Naphthenic oil. This may be due to comparable maximum torque of these rubber compounds. Payne effect is shown in Fig. \u003cspan\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Higher the Payne effect means more filler-filler interaction [\u003cspan\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e]. Compounds based on vegetable oil extended SBR have shown lower Payne effect as compared to petroleum oil. Lower filler-filler interaction for these compounds may be due to presence of few additional functional groups in these vegetable oils like triglyceride ester carbonyl, hydrogen bonded C-O, and acyl C-O. These groups may form bonds with surface groups present on carbon black which results in more polymer-filler interaction and less filler-filler interaction.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab19\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 18\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMotorcycle tire tread compound dynamic properties by RPA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample id/ Parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG\u0026prime;@40\u0026deg;C (kPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etan\u0026delta;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e@40\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG\u0026prime;@70\u0026deg;C (kPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etan\u0026delta;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e@70\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_DAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2754\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1968\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_TDAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2620\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1873\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_RAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2563\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1828\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_Naphthenic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2410\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1725\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1378\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2383\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1705\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1820\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1291\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1402\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1441\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2395\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1735\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec37\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2.6 Dynamic properties by DMA\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTest results are shown in Table \u003cspan\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e. Dynamic mechanical properties (tan\u0026delta;) measured at 0\u0026deg;, 30\u0026deg; and 60\u0026deg;C indicate about wet traction, dry traction and rolling resistance properties of tire respectively. Vulcanizates prepared with S40_NO_6 and S40_NO_10 was showing lower tan\u0026delta; @60\u0026deg;C as compared to Vulcanizate prepared with S40_DAE. This indicates better rolling resistance for these vulcanizates. This may be due to lower filler-filler interaction in these vulcanizates.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab20\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 19\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMotorcycle tire tread compound dynamic mechanical properties measured by DMA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample id/ Parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etan delta\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e@0\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etan delta\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e@30\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etan delta\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e@60\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_DAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_TDAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_RAE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_Naphthenic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMCT_F_NO_10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn a lab scale, oils derived from vegetables were used to extend high styrene ESBR. For the objective of oil extension, specific vegetable-origin oils with solubility parameters that were close to SBR were employed. The chemical characteristics of these rubbers were examined and found to be consistent with those of mineral oil extended SBR. Because of their light color, rubbers made from vegetable oils may be used in the production of colored goods. Because vegetable-origin oils were used in their preparation, the new SBR grades are environmentally friendly products.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMotorcycle tire tread compounds prepared with vegetable oils based SBR rubbers have shown comparable or slightly better processing properties which was confirmed by lower mixing energy, lower activation energy and better rubber-filler interaction in rubber compound. The majority of the properties of the compound made with S40_NO_6 and S40_NO_10 are comparable to those of the extended SBR-based compound naphthalene oil. Therefore, these vegetable origin oil extended SBR rubbers can be used for manufacturing of tire tread compound for high quality motorcycle.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003e5.0 Acknowledgement\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author would like to acknowledge Reliance Ind. Ltd. India management for giving permission for performing testing activities and for publishing this research work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author would also acknowledge the Jayant Agro-Organics Ltd. India, and Satguru Oils Pvt. Ltd. India for kindly supplying vegetable oils for testing purpose and Mr. Rajnikant Salvi, Mr. Pankaj Kumawat and Mr. Jayveersinh Jhala for extending various testing support.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003e6.0 Conflict of interest\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author declares that they have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eG. Appiah, S. K. Tulashie, E. E. A. Akpari, E. R. Rene, D. Dodoo, Int J Energy Res \u003cstrong\u003e2021\u003c/strong\u003e, https://doi.org/10.1002/er.7453.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJ. Orsavova, L. Misurcova, J. V. Ambrozova, R. Vicha, J. Mlcek, \u003cem\u003eInt J Mol Sci\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e2015\u003c/strong\u003e, 16, 12871, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160612871.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA. N. Annisa, W. 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Quiteria, \u003cem\u003eRubber Chem Technol\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e1995\u003c/strong\u003e, 68, 259.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"High quality motorcycle, Eco-friendly materials, Oil extended styrene butadiene rubber, Angle abrasion tester, Rolling resistance, Traction, etc","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4857530/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4857530/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eWorldwide the quality of motorcycle has undergone revolutionary change over last decade. Technological upgradation, customer demand and road infrastructure has contributed to this revolution. These necessitate higher performance of motorcycle tires as tires being interface between powerful engines and the road. Among the various parameters of motorcycle tire tread performance, dry and wet traction, rolling resistance and mileage, are important as they conform the safety requirement, fuel economy and durability. In general, Oil-extended Styrene Butadiene Rubber (OE-SBR) with high styrene provides better traction and abrasion with little deterioration in rolling resistance properties. In this study, vegetable origin oil extended high styrene (40%) SBR\u0026rsquo;s were characterized in motorcycle tire tread recipe. The use of vegetable oil results in almost zero polycyclic aromatic (PCA) content and therefore, these OE-SBR\u0026rsquo;s are environmentally friendly, renewable, and sustainable. SBR grades prepared with vegetable oils were showing less mixing energy (around 10%), better flow behavior (low activation energy by around 5%), lower filler-filler interaction (lower Payne effect by more than 25%) and lower tanδ@60\u0026deg;C (around 5%) as compared to petroleum oil.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Vegetable oil extended high styrene emulsion styrene butadiene rubber for tire tread of high-quality motorcycle","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-30 19:06:13","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4857530/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0fc3aa1e-483e-40bb-834e-5a06e423212c","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 30th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-09-01T18:39:41+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-30 19:06:13","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4857530","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4857530","identity":"rs-4857530","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}