Analysis of  226Ra content and 222Rn exhalation rates in soil samples from Wukro, Tigray, using SSNTDs

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Understanding the radium content and radon exhalation rates in soil is crucial for evaluating potential radiological hazards and ensuring environmental safety. Methods Soil samples were collected from twelve different locations in Wukro, Tigray, representing various soil types. The sealed can technique, using LR-115 Type-II plastic track detectors, was employed to measure radium concentrations and radon exhalation rates over a four-month exposure period. Radon mass exhalation rates, surface exhalation rates, and radium concentrations were calculated, and the Alpha Index was also determined to assess radiological risk. Results and Discussion The radon mass exhalation rates ranged from 0.18 × 10−7 Bq.kg−1.d−1 to 0.82 × 10−7 Bq.kg−1.d−1, with a mean of 0.48 × 10−7 Bq.kg−1.d−1. Surface exhalation rates varied from 0.38 × 10−6Bq.m−2.d−1 to 1.72 × 10−6 Bq.m−2.d−1, averaging 1.02 × 10−6 Bq.m−2.d−1. Radium concentrations ranged from 0.33 to 1.47 Bq.kg−1, with an average of 0.87 Bq.kg−1. A significant positive correlation between radium content and radon exhalation rates was observed, indicating a direct relationship between these variables. Clay soils exhibited the highest radium concentrations, while sandy soils had the lowest. All measured values were below the safety limit of 370 Bq.kg−1 recommended by OECD and UNSCEAR, suggesting no significant radiological risk in the study area. Conclusion This study highlights the importance of monitoring natural radiation levels for environmental safety. The findings provide a baseline for future studies and emphasize the need for continuous assessment to detect any long-term changes in soil radioactivity. 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F1000Research 2025, 14 :289 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.160449.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Analysis of 226 Ra content and 222 Rn exhalation rates in soil samples from Wukro, Tigray, using SSNTDs [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] Nigus Alene Assefa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9206-1983 Nigus Alene Assefa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9206-1983 PUBLISHED 13 Mar 2025 Author details Author details Department of Physics, CNCS, Mekelle University, Mek'ele, Tigray, Ethiopia Nigus Alene Assefa Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS Abstract Background Radon gas, a decay product of radium, is a significant environmental health risk due to its radioactive properties. Understanding the radium content and radon exhalation rates in soil is crucial for evaluating potential radiological hazards and ensuring environmental safety. Methods Soil samples were collected from twelve different locations in Wukro, Tigray, representing various soil types. The sealed can technique, using LR-115 Type-II plastic track detectors, was employed to measure radium concentrations and radon exhalation rates over a four-month exposure period. Radon mass exhalation rates, surface exhalation rates, and radium concentrations were calculated, and the Alpha Index was also determined to assess radiological risk. Results and Discussion The radon mass exhalation rates ranged from 0.18 × 10 −7 Bq.kg −1 .d −1 to 0.82 × 10 −7 Bq.kg −1 .d −1 , with a mean of 0.48 × 10 −7 Bq.kg −1 .d −1 . Surface exhalation rates varied from 0.38 × 10 −6 Bq.m −2 .d −1 to 1.72 × 10 −6 Bq.m −2 .d −1 , averaging 1.02 × 10 −6 Bq.m −2 .d −1 . Radium concentrations ranged from 0.33 to 1.47 Bq.kg −1 , with an average of 0.87 Bq.kg −1 . A significant positive correlation between radium content and radon exhalation rates was observed, indicating a direct relationship between these variables. Clay soils exhibited the highest radium concentrations, while sandy soils had the lowest. All measured values were below the safety limit of 370 Bq.kg −1 recommended by OECD and UNSCEAR, suggesting no significant radiological risk in the study area. Conclusion This study highlights the importance of monitoring natural radiation levels for environmental safety. The findings provide a baseline for future studies and emphasize the need for continuous assessment to detect any long-term changes in soil radioactivity. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Rn exhalation rates, effective Ra content, sealed can technique, Alpha index Corresponding Author(s) Nigus Alene Assefa ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Nigus Alene Assefa Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Alene Assefa N. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The author(s) is/are employees of the US Government and therefore domestic copyright protection in USA does not apply to this work. The work may be protected under the copyright laws of other jurisdictions when used in those jurisdictions. How to cite: Alene Assefa N. Analysis of 226 Ra content and 222 Rn exhalation rates in soil samples from Wukro, Tigray, using SSNTDs [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :289 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.160449.1 ) First published: 13 Mar 2025, 14 :289 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.160449.1 ) Latest published: 13 Mar 2025, 14 :289 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.160449.1 ) 1. Introduction Radium ( 226 Ra), a naturally occurring radioactive element that exists as a solid under standard temperature and pressure, is generated as a result of uranium's decay process. As radium undergoes decay within the soil, it produces radon isotopes, which initially diffuse into air-filled pores of the soil matrix. The speed at which radon escapes from the soil into the atmosphere is referred to as the radon exhalation rates. As demonstrated in previous studies by Al-Saadi et al. (2015) , Kumar and Narang (2014) and Elzain (2015) , the exhalation rates can be measured either per unit area or per unit mass of the soil samples. Radon, a colorless and odorless radioactive gas, is constantly being generated by radium present in rock, soil, water and materials derived from rocks. This radioactive gas is found everywhere and cannot be avoided. The extensive prevalence of its parent elements and its prolonged half-life contribute to significant adverse impacts on human health. Radon has been officially recognized as an occupational respiratory carcinogen by an international research agency, being classified as a carcinogenic substance. IARC has classified radon as a carcinogenic agent, officially recognizing it as a major occupational respiratory hazard and regarded as the second leading cause of lung cancer globally, following tobacco smoking ( Kakati et al., 2013 and S. Monica and Jojo, 2017 ). Hence, the assessment of radon levels in the environment, particularly in soil, is essential from a public health standpoint. Accurate measurements of radium contents and exhalation rates in soil samples can provide valuable insights into the potential radiological hazards in a given area. In this study, investigations have been conducted to evaluate the 226 Ra content and 222 Rn exhalation rates in soil samples collected from Wukro town in Tigray regional state, utilizing type II LR-115 plastic detector. The primary objectives of this study were to assess the concentration of radium and determine the mass and surface-based radon exhalation rates. And, it will contribute to a better understanding of radon distribution in the region and its implications for environmental safety and public health. 2. Site description of Wukro town The town is situated at an elevation of approximately 1,972 meters above sea level, offering a unique highland climate. Its geographical coordinates (latitudes and longitudes) are 13°47′N and 39°36′E respectively, placing it in a region characterized by diverse geological formations and varied soil types. 3. Methods 3.1 Sample collection Soil samples were collected from twelve different locations in Wukro town, Tigray, using the grab sampling method to ensure variability across the study area. The study locations were chosen to represent the diversity in geological formations and soil types in the region. The samples were obtained from the upper 30 cm of the soil, which is typically where radium content and radon exhalation rates are most significant. The locations covered different soil types, including silt, clay, and sand, as outlined in Table 1 . Table 1. 226 Ra contents and radon exhalation rates of the study area. Detector code Soil types Corrected track density ρ (tracks.cm −2 ) Effective radium content (Bq.kg −1 ) Exhalation rates Mass exhalation (Bq.kg −1 d −1 ) Ex (M) ×10 −7 Surface exhalation (Bq.m −2 d −1 ) Ex (S) ×10 −6 Alpha index I α SI-1 Silt 90.00 0.99 0.55 1.15 0.009 CL-2 Clay 133.30 1.47 0.82 1.72 0.014 CL-3 Clay 120.00 1.32 0.74 1.55 0.013 SA- 4 Sand 30.00 0.33 0.18 0.38 0.003 SI- 5 Silt 80.00 0.88 0.49 1.03 0.008 SA- 6 Sand 36.70 0.40 0.22 0.46 0.004 SA- 7 Sand 43.30 0.48 0.27 0.57 0.004 SA- 8 Sand 50.00 0.55 0.31 0.65 0.005 CL- 9 Clay 116.70 1.28 0.72 1.51 0.013 CL-10 Clay 110.00 1.21 0.68 1.43 0.012 SI- 11 Silt 73.30 0.81 0.45 0.95 0.008 SI- 12 Silt 66.70 0.73 0.41 0.86 0.007 Min. - 30.00 0.33 0.18 0.38 0.003 Max. - 133.30 1.47 0.82 1.72 0.014 Mean - 79.20 0.87 0.48 1.02 0.008 SD - 33.70 0.37 0.21 0.44 0.004 Figure 1. 226 Racontent variations at different sites. Figure 2. 222 Rn exhalation rate in terms of mass at different locations of the study area. Figure 3. 222 Rn variation in terms of surface. 3.2 Sample preparation Upon collection, soil samples were dried at room temperature and crushed into fine powder to ensure uniformity and consistency across all samples. The powdered soil was then sieved using a 200-micronmesh to eliminate larger particles and ensure that only fine particles were used for the subsequent measurements. For each measurement, 200 grams of the fine soil powder was placed into a cylindrical can (dimensions: 8 cm height × 12 cm diameter). The can was then sealed tightly to prevent any loss of radon gas and stored in a controlled environment for a period of four months to allow the radon to reach equilibrium with its decay products. 3.3 Detector setup and exposure A piece of LR-115 Type-II plastic track detector (dimensions: 2 cm × 3 cm) was affixed to the inner surface of each cylindrical can, positioned approximately 0.65 meters above the surface of the soil sample. The detectors were exposed to the radon gas released from the soil for a period of four months. This exposure allowed the radon to interact with the detector, creating tracks that could later be analyzed to determine the radon concentration. 3.4 Chemical treatment and track counting After the exposure period, the LR-115 detectors were removed from the cans and chemically etched to reveal the tracks. The detectors were immersed in a solution of 2.5N NaOH at a temperature of 70°C for one and a half hours. This chemical treatment caused the detector material to dissolve along the track paths created by the alpha particles emitted by radon. The etched detectors were then examined under an optical microscope at a magnification of 400× to count the number of tracks, which correspond to the interactions between alpha particles and the detector surface. 3.5 Radium content and radon exhalation rate calculations After closing the can, the concentration of radon within it begins to increase over time, following the relationship: C Rn = C Ra ( 1 − e − λt ) Where, C Ra represents the effective radium content of the sample. The observed track density on the detector can be expressed as: ρ = KC Ra T e Where K (K = 0.0245 tracks cm −2 d −1 per Bqm −3 ) is the sensitivity factor of the detector and Te is the effective exposure time accounts for the decay and can be calculated using the equation expressed by: Te = [ T − 1 / λ Rn ( 1 − e − λRnT ) ] C Ra (effective radium content) of the soil sample can also be determined using the relation: C Ra = ρAh / KT e M Where, ρ is the corrected track density on the detector M represents the weight of sample in kilograms. A is the cross sectional area of the cylindrical can in square meters, and h denotes the vertical distance between the detector and the surface of the sample, measured in meters. Mass exhalation rate and the surface exhalation rate of radon from the soil samples are calculated using the expressions: E x ( M ) = C Ra ( λ Ra / λ Rn ) / T e AndE x ( S ) = E x ( M ) ( M / A ) In these equations: λ Ra Represents the decay constant for Radium ( 226 Ra) and λ Rn for decay constant of Radon ( 222 Rn) Alpha index (I α ) The alpha index (I α ) is a dimensionless parameter defined as I α =C Ra /200 is used to assess the radiological risk associated with radon exhalation from building materials, as discussed by ( Abdalsattar Kareem, 2013 ). The prescribed threshold for exemption of 226Ra concentration in building materials is 100 Bq/kg, whereas the suggested maximum allowable limit is 200 Bq/kg. If the Radium concentration in construction materials exceed 200 Bq/kg, the resulting exhalation rates could lead to indoor radon levels rising above 200 Bq/m 3 potentially creating healthy risks. While, if the radium activity concentration is below 100 Bq/kg, the corresponding radon concentration remains under 200 Bq/m 3 , indicating minimal risk. These considerations are evident in the alpha index. The recommended threshold of 226 Ra is 200 Bq/kg, for which I α is set at 1 ( Rafique M et al., 2011 ). 4. Results and Discussion Effective radium content in the soil samples varies from 0.33 to 1.47 Bq kg −1 , with a mean value of 0.87 Bq kg −1 . Maximum radium concentration was found in clay soils (e.g., CL-2: 1.47 Bq kg −1 ), while the lowest was observed in sandy soils (e.g., SA-4: 0.33 Bq kg −1 ). This value aligns with the general understanding that clay-rich soil types tend to retain more radium content due to their smaller particle sizes and lower permeability, which limit the mobility of radon. While, the sandy type of soils, with their higher permeability and larger particle sizes, allow for easier diffusion of radon, leading to lower radium concentrations ( M. S. A. Khan, 2015 and Nooreldin Fadol et al., 2016 ). Mass exhalation rates varied from 0.18 × 10 −7 Bq. kg −1 .d −1 to 0.82 × 10 −7 Bq. kg −1 .d −1 with average value of 0.48 × 10 −7 Bq. kg −1 .d −1 and the surface exhalation rates varies from 0.38 x10 −6 Bq. kg −1 .d −1 to 1.72 × 10 −6 Bq.m −2 d −1 with a mean value of 1.02 × 10 −6 Bq.m −2 d −1 . Maximum exhalation rates are observed in clay soils, which are likely due to the combination of higher radium concentrations and lower soil porosity, leading to greater radon accumulation in the soil and subsequent release when the radon gas diffuses to the surface. While, sandy soils, despite having lower radium content, show lower exhalation rates, which can be attributed to their higher porosity and more efficient radon escape pathways. A positive correlations supports the principle that radon exhalation is directly influenced by the availability of radium, which decays to produce radon gas ( OECD, 1979 ; UNSCEAR, 1993 ). 5. Conclusion From the result it reveals that a significant variation in radium concentrations and radon exhalation rates based on the soil type, with clay soils exhibiting higher radium content and radon exhalation rates compared to sandy soils. It is a notable correlation between Ra content and Rn exhalation rates, and revealing that soils with higher radium concentrations tend to release more radon. The Alpha Index values indicating that the radon risk from these soils is minimal, if used in construction. Therefore, it can be inferred that, from a radium-related health perspective, the study area is free from hazards. Ethical statement Ethical approval and consent were not required. This study did not involve human or animal subjects. Soil samples were collected in accordance with local regulations, and necessary permissions were obtained from the relevant authorities prior to sample collection. The research complies with ethical standards for environmental studies. Data availability Underlying data Dryad: Analysis of 226Ra content and 222Rn exhalation rates in soil samples from Wukro, Tigray, using SSNTDs. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.n8pk0p35z ( Alene, 2025 ). The project contains the following underlying data: • README.md • Wukro_Soil_Radium_Radon_Data.xlsx Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal (CC0-1.0 universal) References Abdalsattar Kareem H: Measurement of radium content and radon exhalation rates in soil samples of Al- Hindiyah City. Journal of Kerbala University. 2013; 11 (3). Al-Saadi AJ, et al. : Determination of Radium and Radon Exhalation Rates in Soil Samples Collected from Kerbala Governorate. International Journal of Physics. 2015; 3 (5): 208–212. Alene N: Analysis of 226Ra content and 222Rn exhalation rates in soil samples from Wukro, Tigray, using SSNTDs. [Dataset]. Dryad. 2025. Publisher Full Text Elzain A-EA: Determination of Radium concentration and radon exhalation rate in soil samples using CR-39. Advances in Applied Science Research. 2015; 6 (2): 96–102. Fadol N, et al. : Measurement of Natural radioactivity levels in Rock samples collected from Dallanj Mountains - South Kordofan State, Sudan. Elixir Nuclear & Radiation Physics. 2016; 101 : 43575–43577. Kakati RK, et al. : Measurement of uranium, radium and radon exhalation rate of soil samples from Karbi Anglong district of Assam, India using EDXRF and Can technique method. APCBEE Procedia. 2013; 5 : 186–191. Publisher Full Text Khan MSA: Radon Exhalation Rates and Radium Estimation Studies in Soil Samples Collected from Various Locations in the Environment of Shahjahanpur District of Uttar Pradesh, India. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR). 2015. 2319-7064 Kumar A, Narang S: Estimation of Radon Exhalation Rate and Radium Content in Soil Samples of Pathankot District, Punjab Using LR-115 Plastic Detector.2014. 2348-0033. Monica S, Jojo PJ: Measurment of radium content and radon exhalation rates in soil samples along the coastal regions of karunagapally, kollam district, kerala.2017. 2250-0138 OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development: Report by a group of Experts of the OECD, Nuclear Energy Agency. Paris: OECD; 1979. Rafique M, et al. : Assessment of radiological hazards due to soil and building materials used in Mirpur Azad Kashmir; Pakistan, Iran. Journal of Radiation Research. 2011; 9 (2): 77–78. UNSCEAR: United Nations scientific committee on the effects of atomic radiation sources and effects of ionizing radiation. New York: United Nations; 1993. Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 13 Mar 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details Department of Physics, CNCS, Mekelle University, Mek'ele, Tigray, Ethiopia Nigus Alene Assefa Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 13 Mar 2025, 14:289 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.160449.1 Copyright © 2025 Alene Assefa N. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The author(s) is/are employees of the US Government and therefore domestic copyright protection in USA does not apply to this work. The work may be protected under the copyright laws of other jurisdictions when used in those jurisdictions. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Alene Assefa N. Analysis of 226 Ra content and 222 Rn exhalation rates in soil samples from Wukro, Tigray, using SSNTDs [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :289 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.160449.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 13 Mar 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Al-Naggar TI. Reviewer Report For: Analysis of 226 Ra content and 222 Rn exhalation rates in soil samples from Wukro, Tigray, using SSNTDs [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :289 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.176353.r394575 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-289/v1#referee-response-394575 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 21 Aug 2025 Tayseer I. Al-Naggar , Najran University, Najran, Najran, Saudi Arabia Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.176353.r394575 The scientific value of the study is diminished, and the capacity to contextualize environmental conditions for each site is limited when sample collection sites are not geographically representative. - A comprehensive map with GPS coordinates and obvious marks for ... Continue reading READ ALL The scientific value of the study is diminished, and the capacity to contextualize environmental conditions for each site is limited when sample collection sites are not geographically representative. - A comprehensive map with GPS coordinates and obvious marks for samples with higher concentrations is advised. This will make spatial analysis easier in the future. Methodology and Discussion Section: The methodology section is too brief, which reduces reproducibility and transparency. - Details about analysis methods, detector types (e.g., CR-39 or alpha detectors), and laboratory conditions are missing. Although statistical connections between radon and radium concentrations are essential for comprehending the radiological source and geological context, they are not shown in the discussion. Improve the methodology section by adding a process flow diagram that shows the phases involved in analysis and measurement. For every radionuclide, provide exact results, including range values, averages, and standard deviations. Use graphics and statistics that examine the connection between radium and radon concentrations to bolster the conversation. To provide a more thorough scientific explanation, relate results to the geological characteristics of the sampled areas. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? No Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? No Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? No Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Nuclear and radiation physics I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Al-Naggar TI. Reviewer Report For: Analysis of 226 Ra content and 222 Rn exhalation rates in soil samples from Wukro, Tigray, using SSNTDs [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :289 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.176353.r394575 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-289/v1#referee-response-394575 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Salih NF. Reviewer Report For: Analysis of 226 Ra content and 222 Rn exhalation rates in soil samples from Wukro, Tigray, using SSNTDs [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :289 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.176353.r394569 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-289/v1#referee-response-394569 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 13 Aug 2025 Najeba Farhad Salih , Koya University, Erbil, Iraq Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.176353.r394569 Dear Editor This manuscript is good but need a lot of correction in the every thing, and the text need a lot of references because the number of references are very little, should be more than 25 references, ... Continue reading READ ALL Dear Editor This manuscript is good but need a lot of correction in the every thing, and the text need a lot of references because the number of references are very little, should be more than 25 references, try to check all comments and add new references, and your manuscript need a lot of correction. THANKS https://f1000research-files.f1000.com/linked/737838.160449_attachment.pdf Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? No Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? No Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: My area study is are nuclear physics, medical physics, radiation protection and dosemetry. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Salih NF. Reviewer Report For: Analysis of 226 Ra content and 222 Rn exhalation rates in soil samples from Wukro, Tigray, using SSNTDs [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :289 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.176353.r394569 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-289/v1#referee-response-394569 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Singh B. Reviewer Report For: Analysis of 226 Ra content and 222 Rn exhalation rates in soil samples from Wukro, Tigray, using SSNTDs [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :289 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.176353.r373734 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-289/v1#referee-response-373734 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 15 Apr 2025 Balvinder Singh , Department of Physics, Gurugram University, Gurugram, Haryana, India Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.176353.r373734 General Comments This manuscript presents a relevant and region-specific study on the radiological characteristics of soil, focusing on radium-226 content and radon-222 exhalation rates using solid-state nuclear track detectors (LR-115 Type II). The work addresses public health implications of ... Continue reading READ ALL General Comments This manuscript presents a relevant and region-specific study on the radiological characteristics of soil, focusing on radium-226 content and radon-222 exhalation rates using solid-state nuclear track detectors (LR-115 Type II). The work addresses public health implications of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) and contributes valuable baseline data for Wukro, Tigray—a region with limited prior radiometric investigation. The paper is well-structured, methodologically sound, and aligned with current environmental safety research. However, several improvements are recommended to enhance the scientific clarity, reproducibility, and completeness of the study. Major Comments While the paper states that twelve locations were selected, the exact geographic coordinates of the sampling sites are not provided. Including a table or map with GPS coordinates would greatly enhance transparency and reproducibility. A simple site map showing sample distribution over Wukro town (with soil types annotated) would be beneficial. Area covered in the study can be specified for the justification of the number of the samples. The use of twelve samples is reasonable for a preliminary study. However, a brief justification of sample size—possibly referencing previous studies or variability of soil types—would help affirm its statistical and spatial representativeness. Clarify why a 30 cm depth was selected. Justify the 4-month exposure period. Mention environmental conditions during exposure. Include correlation coefficients between Ra and Rn. Discuss variability more explicitly. Improve figure labeling and table formatting. Highlight min/max values for quick visual reference. Use scientific notation consistently, e.g., 1.02 × 10⁻⁶ Bq·m⁻²·d⁻¹. Improve awkward phrasing like “And, it will contribute…”. While the discussion rightly highlights higher radon exhalation in clayey soils due to lower porosity and higher radium retention, it would be beneficial to explore this variation in the context of the local geological formations. For instance, if certain sampling sites are underlain by radium-rich rocks such as granite or phosphate-bearing formations, this could significantly affect the radium content and subsequent radon release. Providing even brief geological descriptions of the sampled areas could strengthen the interpretation of spatial differences in exhalation rates. The study would be further strengthened by a comparative analysis with similar studies conducted globally. Including a summary table or discussion that compares the measured radium concentrations and radon exhalation rates with reported values from other countries or regions (especially in similar geological settings) would contextualize the significance of the findings and highlight any anomalies or consistencies. Recommendation Minor Revisions Required This is a valuable contribution to regional environmental radiation studies although the number of samples considered are very low. With modest revisions to methodological clarity, data presentation, and the inclusion of recent references and geolocation information, the manuscript will meet high academic standards and be a solid resource for further research. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly References 1. Rani S, Kundu RS, Garg VK, Singh B, et al.: Radon and thoron exhalation rate in the soil of Western Haryana, India. Environ Monit Assess . 2023; 195 (4): 523 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 2. Saini L, Panghal A, Choudhary S, Dhiman R, et al.: Assessment of surface and mass exhalation rate in soil from Diamond City Surat, Gujrat, India. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry . 2024; 333 (8): 4433-4441 Publisher Full Text 3. Chahal K, Kumar S, Budhwar S, Amanjeet, et al.: An assessment of radionuclides level, radon and thoron exhalation rate in hill and field soil of Mahendergarh district in Haryana, India. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry . 2024; 333 (6): 2649-2659 Publisher Full Text 4. Khyalia B, Yadav J, Kumar N, Singh B, et al.: Estimation of radionuclides in the soil samples from the uranium mining zone of Sikar, Rajasthan, India. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry . 2024; 333 (6): 3095-3106 Publisher Full Text Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Environmental Radioactivity, Natural Radioactivity, and Baseline Surveys I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Singh B. Reviewer Report For: Analysis of 226 Ra content and 222 Rn exhalation rates in soil samples from Wukro, Tigray, using SSNTDs [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :289 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.176353.r373734 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-289/v1#referee-response-373734 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 13 Mar 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 3 Version 1 13 Mar 25 read read read Balvinder Singh , Gurugram University, Gurugram, India Najeba Farhad Salih , Koya University, Erbil, Iraq Tayseer I. Al-Naggar , Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Al-Naggar T. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 21 Aug 2025 | for Version 1 Tayseer I. Al-Naggar , Najran University, Najran, Najran, Saudi Arabia 0 Views copyright © 2025 Al-Naggar T. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The scientific value of the study is diminished, and the capacity to contextualize environmental conditions for each site is limited when sample collection sites are not geographically representative. - A comprehensive map with GPS coordinates and obvious marks for samples with higher concentrations is advised. This will make spatial analysis easier in the future. Methodology and Discussion Section: The methodology section is too brief, which reduces reproducibility and transparency. - Details about analysis methods, detector types (e.g., CR-39 or alpha detectors), and laboratory conditions are missing. Although statistical connections between radon and radium concentrations are essential for comprehending the radiological source and geological context, they are not shown in the discussion. Improve the methodology section by adding a process flow diagram that shows the phases involved in analysis and measurement. For every radionuclide, provide exact results, including range values, averages, and standard deviations. Use graphics and statistics that examine the connection between radium and radon concentrations to bolster the conversation. To provide a more thorough scientific explanation, relate results to the geological characteristics of the sampled areas. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? No Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? No Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? No Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Nuclear and radiation physics I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Al-Naggar TI. Peer Review Report For: Analysis of 226 Ra content and 222 Rn exhalation rates in soil samples from Wukro, Tigray, using SSNTDs [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :289 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.176353.r394575) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-289/v1#referee-response-394575 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Salih N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 13 Aug 2025 | for Version 1 Najeba Farhad Salih , Koya University, Erbil, Iraq 0 Views copyright © 2025 Salih N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Dear Editor This manuscript is good but need a lot of correction in the every thing, and the text need a lot of references because the number of references are very little, should be more than 25 references, try to check all comments and add new references, and your manuscript need a lot of correction. THANKS https://f1000research-files.f1000.com/linked/737838.160449_attachment.pdf Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? No Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? No Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise My area study is are nuclear physics, medical physics, radiation protection and dosemetry. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Salih NF. Peer Review Report For: Analysis of 226 Ra content and 222 Rn exhalation rates in soil samples from Wukro, Tigray, using SSNTDs [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :289 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.176353.r394569) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-289/v1#referee-response-394569 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Singh B. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 15 Apr 2025 | for Version 1 Balvinder Singh , Department of Physics, Gurugram University, Gurugram, Haryana, India 0 Views copyright © 2025 Singh B. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions General Comments This manuscript presents a relevant and region-specific study on the radiological characteristics of soil, focusing on radium-226 content and radon-222 exhalation rates using solid-state nuclear track detectors (LR-115 Type II). The work addresses public health implications of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) and contributes valuable baseline data for Wukro, Tigray—a region with limited prior radiometric investigation. The paper is well-structured, methodologically sound, and aligned with current environmental safety research. However, several improvements are recommended to enhance the scientific clarity, reproducibility, and completeness of the study. Major Comments While the paper states that twelve locations were selected, the exact geographic coordinates of the sampling sites are not provided. Including a table or map with GPS coordinates would greatly enhance transparency and reproducibility. A simple site map showing sample distribution over Wukro town (with soil types annotated) would be beneficial. Area covered in the study can be specified for the justification of the number of the samples. The use of twelve samples is reasonable for a preliminary study. However, a brief justification of sample size—possibly referencing previous studies or variability of soil types—would help affirm its statistical and spatial representativeness. Clarify why a 30 cm depth was selected. Justify the 4-month exposure period. Mention environmental conditions during exposure. Include correlation coefficients between Ra and Rn. Discuss variability more explicitly. Improve figure labeling and table formatting. Highlight min/max values for quick visual reference. Use scientific notation consistently, e.g., 1.02 × 10⁻⁶ Bq·m⁻²·d⁻¹. Improve awkward phrasing like “And, it will contribute…”. While the discussion rightly highlights higher radon exhalation in clayey soils due to lower porosity and higher radium retention, it would be beneficial to explore this variation in the context of the local geological formations. For instance, if certain sampling sites are underlain by radium-rich rocks such as granite or phosphate-bearing formations, this could significantly affect the radium content and subsequent radon release. Providing even brief geological descriptions of the sampled areas could strengthen the interpretation of spatial differences in exhalation rates. The study would be further strengthened by a comparative analysis with similar studies conducted globally. Including a summary table or discussion that compares the measured radium concentrations and radon exhalation rates with reported values from other countries or regions (especially in similar geological settings) would contextualize the significance of the findings and highlight any anomalies or consistencies. Recommendation Minor Revisions Required This is a valuable contribution to regional environmental radiation studies although the number of samples considered are very low. With modest revisions to methodological clarity, data presentation, and the inclusion of recent references and geolocation information, the manuscript will meet high academic standards and be a solid resource for further research. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly References 1. Rani S, Kundu RS, Garg VK, Singh B, et al.: Radon and thoron exhalation rate in the soil of Western Haryana, India. Environ Monit Assess . 2023; 195 (4): 523 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 2. Saini L, Panghal A, Choudhary S, Dhiman R, et al.: Assessment of surface and mass exhalation rate in soil from Diamond City Surat, Gujrat, India. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry . 2024; 333 (8): 4433-4441 Publisher Full Text 3. Chahal K, Kumar S, Budhwar S, Amanjeet, et al.: An assessment of radionuclides level, radon and thoron exhalation rate in hill and field soil of Mahendergarh district in Haryana, India. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry . 2024; 333 (6): 2649-2659 Publisher Full Text 4. Khyalia B, Yadav J, Kumar N, Singh B, et al.: Estimation of radionuclides in the soil samples from the uranium mining zone of Sikar, Rajasthan, India. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry . 2024; 333 (6): 3095-3106 Publisher Full Text Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Environmental Radioactivity, Natural Radioactivity, and Baseline Surveys I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Singh B. Peer Review Report For: Analysis of 226 Ra content and 222 Rn exhalation rates in soil samples from Wukro, Tigray, using SSNTDs [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] . 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