Fifth fundamental force and formulation to determine it
preprint
OA: closed
CC-BY-4.0
Abstract
There are four known fundamental forces of nature and there is a need to combine them into a unified theory. Progress has been made toward this goal but gravity remains an issue. However, the four forces are body forces that act on points. They together do not make the universe a closed system. Here, I identify a surface force, which acts outward normal to the surface of the universe. Further, using water drop hanging in a vacuum as a model, I provide a formula to find the magnitude of this force. The fifth force may be generated by surface tension, a property of the quantum vacuum field.
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- europepmc
- last seen: 2026-05-19T01:45:01.086888+00:00
- unpaywall
- last seen: 2026-05-24T02:00:01.246996+00:00
License: CC-BY-4.0