Realization of Thread Level Parallelism on Quantum Devices

Realization of Thread Level Parallelism on Quantum Devices | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Realization of Thread Level Parallelism on Quantum Devices Shi-Yao Hou, Keren Li, Zidong Lin, Zheng An, Guanru Feng, Zipeng Wu, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8707303/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Scaling up quantum devices is a central challenge for realizing practical quantum computation. Modular quantum architectures promise scalability, yet experiments to date have relied on either ≲10 3 -qubit monolithic chips or fragile interconnects with high loss. Here, we introduce a classical linkage scheme that merges multiple independent quantum processing units (QPUs) into a single logical device, enabling thread-level parallelism (TLP). Theoretically, we show that quantum routines with product-state inputs and low-rank entangling layers can be re-expressed in an efficient parallelizable form. Experimentally, we validate this architecture on clusters comprising up to sixteen benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) quantum nodes. A four-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state is partitioned into parallel two-qubit subcircuits, achieving a fidelity of 93.8,% with respect to the ideal state. A non-Hermitian evolution, implemented via a truncated Cauchy integral on Hermitian Hamiltonians, reproduces exact observables with high accuracy. Our results demonstrate that classical links suffice to scale up the logical size of quantum computations and realize general, non-unitary channels on today's hardware, opening an experimentally accessible route toward software-defined, clustered quantum accelerators. Physical sciences/Physics/Quantum physics/Quantum information Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing/Computer science Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8707303","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":592245883,"identity":"3e17b830-47de-4eb9-90ff-5b5d800ebee8","order_by":0,"name":"Shi-Yao Hou","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwYehgNAWo6BGSLA2ECsFmPStIBAIkwlYS3m/GcPHuapsUmf38787DEPg43shgPMzx7g02I5Iy/hMM+xtNwNh9nMjXkY0ow3HGAzN8DrsBs8Bod52A7nbmDmYZPmYTicuOEAD5sEXi3nzwC1/DucLt8M1vKfCC0HcgwO87YdTmA4DNZygAgtN3IMDs7tSzME+sVMco5BsvFMIIOQw4w/vPlmIy/ff/iZxJsKO9m+483P8GoBASYehAlAzExIPRAw/iBC0SgYBaNgFIxgAACivkWO1EISIQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9739-2263","institution":"Sichuan Normal Unviersity","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shi-Yao","middleName":"","lastName":"Hou","suffix":""},{"id":592245884,"identity":"32b033a1-7ff8-455f-80f3-c5164317bfae","order_by":1,"name":"Keren Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shenzhen University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Keren","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":592245885,"identity":"b30cdc15-abdc-4a78-b500-38dae4a92646","order_by":2,"name":"Zidong Lin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shenzhen SpinQ Technology Co., Ltd.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zidong","middleName":"","lastName":"Lin","suffix":""},{"id":592245886,"identity":"1294453e-23b2-471c-89a9-4ad8520e2518","order_by":3,"name":"Zheng An","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Quantum Science Center of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zheng","middleName":"","lastName":"An","suffix":""},{"id":592245887,"identity":"62d2fcf0-e86e-4fdf-9972-bd1f29af6a09","order_by":4,"name":"Guanru Feng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shenzhen SpinQ Technology Co., Ltd.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Guanru","middleName":"","lastName":"Feng","suffix":""},{"id":592245888,"identity":"1ed46649-e344-4a57-a5de-fa6fcccdab43","order_by":5,"name":"Zipeng Wu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shenzhen SpinQ Technology Co., Ltd.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zipeng","middleName":"","lastName":"Wu","suffix":""},{"id":592245889,"identity":"86a7a502-700a-4443-8ee6-3d46302e5e8e","order_by":6,"name":"Jingen Xiang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shenzhen SpinQ Technology Co., Ltd.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jingen","middleName":"","lastName":"Xiang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-27 07:42:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8707303/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8707303/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":107486250,"identity":"a4551f19-1ba4-48a2-a94f-8b0d6ea015c1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-22 02:37:53","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":7370992,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Article File","description":"","filename":"RealizationofThreadLevelParallelismonQuantumDevices7.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8707303/v1_covered_dccf206c-5d50-4f5f-860b-59f54644e873.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"There is \u003cb\u003eNO\u003c/b\u003e Competing Interest.","formattedTitle":"Realization of Thread Level Parallelism on Quantum Devices","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8707303/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8707303/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eScaling up quantum devices is a central challenge for realizing practical quantum computation. Modular quantum architectures promise scalability, yet experiments to date have relied on either ≲10\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e-qubit monolithic chips or fragile interconnects with high loss. Here, we introduce a classical linkage scheme that merges multiple independent quantum processing units (QPUs) into a single logical device, enabling thread-level parallelism (TLP). Theoretically, we show that quantum routines with product-state inputs and low-rank entangling layers can be re-expressed in an efficient parallelizable form. Experimentally, we validate this architecture on clusters comprising up to sixteen benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) quantum nodes. A four-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state is partitioned into parallel two-qubit subcircuits, achieving a fidelity of 93.8,% with respect to the ideal state. A non-Hermitian evolution, implemented via a truncated Cauchy integral on Hermitian Hamiltonians, reproduces exact observables with high accuracy. Our results demonstrate that classical links suffice to scale up the logical size of quantum computations and realize general, non-unitary channels on today's hardware, opening an experimentally accessible route toward software-defined, clustered quantum accelerators.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Realization of Thread Level Parallelism on Quantum Devices","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-18 06:25:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8707303/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"68e187fa-ba67-42f6-ba38-bd4395d25d55","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 18th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":63018373,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics/Quantum physics/Quantum information"},{"id":63018374,"name":"Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing/Computer science"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-20T16:55:56+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-18 06:25:54","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8707303","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8707303","identity":"rs-8707303","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}