Awareness, uptake and willingness to seek treatment for menopausal symptoms among postmenopausal women in Benue South, Nigeria

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Despite the availability of treatment options, many women remain unaware of them and do not seek medical care. This study aimed to assess awareness, uptake, willingness to seek treatment for menopausal symptoms and their determinants among postmenopausal women in Benue South, Nigeria. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among postmenopausal women aged ≥ 45 years in four randomly selected Local Government Areas of Benue South, Nigeria. Participants were selected using a multistage sampling technique. Menopause Rate Scale (MRS) was used to assess symptom severity. Data were collected using a structured electronic questionnaire (Kobo Toolbox) and analyzed with SPSS Version 20 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corporation). Descriptive statistics were presented as mean and tables, while multivariate logistic regression identified the determinants of treatment awareness, uptake and willingness to seek treatment. Results The mean age of the study participants was 59.74 ± 9.47 years. Most women (61.0%) reported moderate symptoms on the MRS. Treatment awareness (6.4%) and uptake (4.8%) were low, although 71.1% expressed willingness to seek care. Tertiary education (aOR = 3.139, CI = 1.059–9.300) and prior treatment use (aOR = 139.825, CI = 46.171–423.443) were significantly associated with treatment awareness. Age category of 45–49 years (aOR = 189.934, CI = 54.809–658.193) and treatment awareness (aOR = 6.227, CI = 1.358–28.560) were determinants of treatment uptake for menopause. Factors influencing the willingness to seek treatment for menopause included Christianity (aOR = 0.153, CI = 0.035–0.671), Islam (aOR = 0.125, CI = 0.025–0.633), secondary education (aOR = 0.599, CI = 0.384–0.935), mild symptoms (aOR = 0.107, CI = 0.014–0.828), moderate symptoms (aOR = 0.032, CI = 0.004–0.233), and severe symptoms (aOR = 0.052, CI = 0.007–0.402). Conclusions Awareness and uptake of menopausal treatment are low in Benue South, Nigeria. Targeted interventions are needed to improve awareness, accessibility, and care-seeking among postmenopausal women in Nigeria. Menopause awareness treatment uptake postmenopausal women Nigeria Background Menopause is a natural biological process in women that marks the end of menstrual cycles and reproductive years [ 1 ]. It is a physiological event in which there is at least twelve consecutive months of amenorrhea caused by depletion of ovarian function [ 2 ]. Menopause is not a disease but presents with a variety of symptoms which can be challenging [ 2 ]. Despite its universal occurrence, menopause remains a poorly understood and often neglected area of women's health, particularly in relation to education and awareness [ 3 ]. Globally, there is a significant lack of formal education on menopause at all stages of a woman's life, particularly during the reproductive years when proactive awareness and preparation could be most beneficial [ 3 ]. As a result, many women have limited knowledge and low awareness of menopausal symptoms and their implications, which have contributed to wide spread misconceptions and recognition of menopausal symptoms, poor understanding of treatment options, low uptake of available therapies, and a reduced likelihood of seeking medical support for menopause-related issues [ 2 , 3 ]. A recent study in the United Kingdom revealed a sustained increase in the uptake of menopause treatments. This improvement has been attributed to enhanced knowledge, greater awareness, and broader acceptance of menopause management largely driven by health education initiatives and the influence of social media [ 4 ]. In contrast, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) continue to face challenges in this area, with persistently low levels of awareness, limited treatment uptake, and reduced willingness among women to seek help for menopause symptoms [ 5 ]. A variety of hormonal and non-hormonal therapies are available for treatment of menopausal symptoms [ 6 – 8 ]. However, literature have shown poor knowledge and utilization of these available treatment options especially in the developing countries like Nigeria [ 5 ]. This study aimed to assess awareness, uptake, willingness to seek treatment for menopausal symptoms and their determinants among postmenopausal women in Benue South, Nigeria. Methods Study Design This was a cross-sectional descriptive survey conducted in 30 purposefully selected communities in 4 randomly selected Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Benue South, Nigeria. Study Population This comprises of women aged 45 years and above who have stopped menstruating for at least 12 consecutive months. Inclusion Criteria Women aged 45 years and above who have not menstruated for at least 12 consecutive months, a member of the community and she is able to give a written or verbal consent. Exclusion Criteria Any women of artificially induced menopause (medications, radiations or surgical-TAH), any illness that causes amenorrhea, age less than 45 years and women who do not give consent for the study. Sample Size The sample size was determined using the sample size formula for prevalence study [ 9 ]. n \(\:=\) Z 2 P(1-P)/d 2 Using a 51.7% prevalence of menopausal symptom (internal heat) from previous study by Ameh et al [ 10 ] and d of 0.05. n = 384 N = 427 adding 10% of non-response rate. A total 767 study participants were recruited for this study. Sampling Technique A multistage sampling technique was used in this study. The four LGAs was selected based on simple random sampling techniques. The wards and the communities in each of the selected 4 LGA was selected purposively and a systematic random sampling technique was use to select postmenopausal woman/women in every 5th house for the interviewers guided online data collection. In the event there is no postmenopausal women in the 5th house the next house was visited until the total sample size was achieved. Study period The study was conducted from July,2024 to April, 2025. Data Management and Analysis The data was collected using an online questionnaire (KoboToolbox) from each participant. Informed written/verbal consent was obtained from each participant. This was done by the research teams recruited and trained from each community. The data was stored in the cloud (KoboToolbox) designed for the purpose of the study. Data collected from each participant include sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, severity of menopausal symptoms, awareness and uptake of treatment as well as factors hindering the willingness to seek treatment for menopause. Menopause rating scale (MRS) was used to the severity of menopausal symptoms. It consists of 11 items in three domains i.e., psychological, somato-vegetative and urogenital subscales. Depending on the severity, each symptom is scored from 0 to 4 on Likert’s scale with 0 being none and 4 being extremely severe. This total score determines severity of menopausal symptoms in the form of no or little (score 0–4), mild (score 5–8), moderate (score 9–16), and severe (score 17–44) [ 11 – 13 ]. Data Analysis The data was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences version 20.0 for windows ((Armonk, NY: IBM Corporation). Categorical variables were analysed using Chi-Square ( \(\:x\) 2 ) test and Fisher's exact test. Univariate and Bivariate analysis were used to test for evaluation of factors that hinders, awareness, uptake and the willingness to seek treatment for menopause, while logistic regression and linear regression analysis were used to determine the strength of these association. P < 0.05 and CI (if the interval does not include or cross the number one) were considered statistically significant. Ethical and Environmental Considerations Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Research Ethical Committee of the Federal University of Health Sciences Otukpo (FUHSO), Benue State (HREC Approval Number: FUHSO-HREC/02/05/2023-05/07/2024). Results The sociodemographic characteristics of menopausal women are presented in Table 1 . The majority of participants were aged ≥ 60 years (345; 45.0%), while the most prevalent age at menopause category was 45–49 years (521; 67.9%). Most participants belonged to the Idoma ethnic group (689; 89.8%), and a large proportion of these women were Christians (697; 90.9%). A significant number of participants had no formal education (282; 36.8%), whereas their spouses predominantly had secondary-level education (240; 31.3%). A large proportion of both the study participants (392; 51.1%) and their husbands (400; 52.2%) were farmers. Most participants were grand multiparous (605; 78.9%). Additionally, a substantial proportion of the participants were classified as obese (288; 37.6%). Table 1 The sociodemographic characteristics of menopausal women (N = 767) Variable Frequency (n) Percent Age (in years) 45–49 95 12.4 50–54 147 19.1 55–59 180 23.5 >=60 345 45.0 Age at Menopause 45–49 521 67.9 50–54 150 19.6 55–60 96 12.5 Mean age 48.53 ± 4.15 years Ethnic Group Idoma 689 89.8 Igede 20 2.6 Igbo 27 3.5 Tiv 9 1.2 Hausa 9 1.2 Yoruba 7 0.9 Others 6 0.8 Religion Christianity 697 90.9 Islam 33 4.3 African Traditional Religion 37 4.8 Level of Education No formal education 282 36.8 Primary education 203 26.4 Secondary education 167 21.8 Tertiary education 115 15.0 Occupation Farmer 392 51.1 Trader 209 27.2 Artisan 22 2.9 Professional 16 2.1 Teacher 74 9.6 Unemployed 35 4.6 Others 19 2.5 Education of Husband No informal education 149 19.4 Primary education 175 22.8 Secondary education 240 31.3 Tertiary education 203 26.5 Occupation of Husband Farmer 400 52.2 Trader 106 13.8 Artisan 50 6.5 Professional 46 6.0 Teacher 99 12.9 Unemployed 15 2.0 Others 51 6.6 Parity Primipara 17 2.2 Multipara 145 18.9 Grand Multipara 605 78.9 Body Mass Index (BMI) Underweight 14 1.8 Normal weight 227 29.6 Overweight 238 31.0 Obesity 288 37.6 The severity of menopausal symptoms was assessed using the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) is presented in Table 2 . Among the study participants, the majority (468; 61.0%) rated their symptoms as moderate. The mean Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) score was 11.83 ± 5.62. Table 2 Severity of menopausal symptoms using the Menopause Rating Scale (N = 767) Variable Frequency (n) Percent No Symptoms 55 7.2 Mild Symptom 140 18.3 Moderate Symptom 468 61.0 Severe Symptoms 104 13.5 Mean MRS ± SD 11.83 ± 5.62 The awareness, use, and type of treatment, as well as the willingness to seek treatment for menopausal symptoms are presented in Table 3 . Awareness and use of treatment for menopause were very low among the study participants, at 49 (6.4%) and 37 (4.8%), respectively. Among those who used treatment for menopause, the majority opted for orthodox medicine. More than 71.1% (545) of the study participants were willing to seek treatment for their menopausal symptoms. Table 3 Awareness, Use and type of treatment, Willingness seek treatment for Menopausal symptoms(N = 767) Variable Frequency(n) Percent Awareness of Treatment 49 6.4 Yes 718 93.6 No Use of Treatment Yes 37 4.8 No 730 95.2 Type of treatment use *n = 41 Orthodox Medicine 21 51.2 Traditional Medicine 10 24.4 Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) 7 17.1 Others 3 7.3 Willingness to seek treatment for menopause Yes 545 71.1 No 222 28.9 * Multiple responses The evaluation of factors hindering the willingness to seek treatment for their menopausal symptoms on Likert scale is presented in Table 4 . The major hindrances include lack of family support (529, 68.9%), lack of male partner support for treatment (534, 69.5%), inability of women to make treatment decisions without their partner's permission (517, 67.4%), lack of financial resources (431, 56.2%), and the high cost of treatment (388, 50.6%). Table 4 Evaluation of Factors Hindering the Willingness to Seek treatment for Menopausal symptoms (N = 767) Statement Strongly disagree n (%) Disagree n(%) Neutral n(%) Agree n(%) Strongly agree n(%) Lack of awareness of menopausal symptoms 296(38.6) 165(21.5) 6(0.8) 195(25.4) 105(13.7) Lack of awareness of treatment options for menopause 262(34.2) 277(36.1) 10(1.3) 139(18.1) 79(10.3) Lack of family support 76(9.9) 98(12.8) 64(8.3) 376(49.0) 153(19.9) Lack of male partner support for treatment 80(10.4) 103(13.4) 51(6.6) 373(48.5) 161(21.0) Inability of women to take decision for treatment without partners permission 112(14.6) 107(14.0) 31(4.0) 352(45.9) 165(21.5) Unavailability of treatments 124(16.2) 203(26.5) 73(9.5) 194(25.3) 173(22.6) Inadequate specialist to give treatment 147(19.2) 205(26.7) 57(7.4) 161(21.0) 197(25.7) Lack of finance 80(10.4) 182(23.7) 74(9.6) 236(30.8) 195(25.4) Not aware of the place to seek treatment 130(16.9) 239(31.2) 52(6.8) 181(23.6) 165(21.5) The treatment is too expensive 78(10.2) 84(11.0) 217(28.3) 196(25.6) 192(25.0) Lack of health education on menopause and treatment 237(30.9) 170(22.2) 34(4.4) 160(20.9) 166(21.6) The logistic regression analysis of factors determining awareness of treatment, uptake of treatment, and willingness to seek treatment for menopause is presented in Table 5 . Tertiary education (aOR = 3.139, CI = 1.059–9.300, p = 0.039) and use of treatment (aOR = 139.825, CI = 46.171–423.443, p = 0.000) were significantly associated with awareness of treatment. The age category of 45–49 years (aOR = 189.934, CI = 54.809–658.193, p = 0.000) and awareness of treatment (aOR = 6.227, CI = 1.358–28.560, p = 0.019) were determinants of treatment uptake for menopause. Factors influencing the willingness to seek treatment for menopausal symptoms included Christianity (aOR = 0.153, CI = 0.035–0.671, p = 0.013), Islam (aOR = 0.125, CI = 0.025–0.633, p = 0.012), and secondary education (aOR = 0.599, CI = 0.384–0.935, p = 0.024). Symptom severity also played a role, with mild symptoms (aOR = 0.107, CI = 0.014–0.828, p = 0.032), moderate symptoms (aOR = 0.032, CI = 0.004–0.233, p = 0.001), and severe symptoms (aOR = 0.052, CI = 0.007–0.402, p = 0.005) being significant determinants. Table 5 Logistic regression on the factors that determines awareness of treatment, uptake of treatment and willingness to seek treatment for menopause Variable Awareness of Treatment Uptake of Treatment Willingness to seek Treatment N (%) N (%) N (%) aOR(95%CI) P-Value aOR(95%CI) P-value aOR(95%CI) P-value Age (in years) 45–49 6.227(1.358–28.560) 0.019* 50–59 2.196(0.495–9.734) 0.301 55–59 1.044(0.256–4.264) 0.952 ≥ 60 1 Ethnic Group Idoma Igede Igbo Tiv Hausa Yoruba Others 1 Religion Christianity 0.153(0.035–0.671) 0.013* Islam 0.125(0.025-.633) 0.012* African Traditional Religion 1 1 Level of Education No formal education 1 1 1 Primary education 1.733 (0.588–5.107) 0.318 0.656(0.148–2.899) 0.578 1.198(0.773–1.855) 0.419 Secondary education 1.066(0.317–3.592) 0.917 0.994(0.215–4.595) 0.993 0.599(0.384-.935) 0.024* Tertiary education 3.139(1.059-9.300) 0.039* 2.335(0.579–9.423) 0.234 1.179(0.667–2.084) 0.572 BMI Underweight 1 1 Normal weight 0.255(0.053–1.232) 0.089 Overweight 0.451(0.093–2.180) 0.322 Obesity 0.850(0.175–4.127) 0.841 Severity of menopausal symptoms No Symptoms 1 1 Mild Symptom 107711559.301(0.000) 0.997 3400024.931(0.000) 0.998 0.107(0.014-.828) 0.032* Moderate Symptom 42674072.649(.000) 0.997 14839905.564(.000) 0.998 0.032(.004-.233) 0.001* Severe Symptoms 32735101.476(.000) 0.997 82463195.844(.000) 0.997 0.052(.007-.402) 0.005* Awareness of Treatment Yes 189.934(54.809-658.193) 0.000* 1.044(0.386–2.829) 0.932 No 1 1 Use of Treatment Yes 139.825(46.171-423.443) 0.000* 2.637(0.792–8.788) 0.114 No 1 Willingness to seek treatment Yes 1.268(.475-3.381) 0.636 1.898(54.809-658.193) 0.321 No 1 Discussion This study identified low treatment awareness and uptake among the study participants. Among those who sought treatment, most opted for orthodox medicine. However, despite this low level of awareness and uptake of treatment, majority expressed willingness to seek treatment. On evaluation of factors hindering the willingness to seek treatment for menopausal symtoms on the Likert scale, lack of family support, lack of male partner support for treatment, inability of women to make treatment decisions without their partner's permission, lack of financial resources, and the high cost of treatment, were found to be the hinderances for the willingness to seek medical treatment for menopausal symptoms. Corroborating this study, despite the high level of education of the study participants, Memon et al reported only few women were aware of treatment for menopausal symptoms particularly hormone replacement therapy and none knew about the available alternatives [ 14 ]. Also supporting this index study is the findings from the study of Ameh et al, who similarly reported very low level of knowledge of treatment for menopausal symptoms and a fair number of their study participants were willing to seek medical treatment for their symptoms [ 10 ]. The findings in this current study are in congruent with the results of Igwe et al and Richard-Davis in their separate studies reported that majority of their study participants who feel symptoms expressed their willing to seek care for menopausal symptoms [ 15 , 16 ]. In support of the findings of this study, Alsogran et al. reported a high level of knowledge and awareness of menopause, likely reflecting the relatively high educational attainment of their participants. However, their study also revealed limited knowledge regarding treatment options for menopausal symptoms [ 17 ]. In contrast with the findings of our study, Abimbola et al reported that majority of their study participants did not think it was important to get treatment for menopausal symptoms and therefore had not sought help for treatment. The reasons attributed for not seeking help include; I don’t feel it’s important, the treatment is too expensive and no access to any help. They also noted that among those who had treatment, majority resorted to drugs and prayers for menopausal symptom relief [ 18 ]. Also contrary to this study, Ezeome et al, demonstrated fair knowledge of treatment for menopausal symptoms among their participants, with their source of information mainly from their physician. However only few of the participants have ever used treatment for menopausal symptoms. Even though the participants are aware of treatment for menopausal symptom relief, they were afraid to use it due to the perceived misconceptions that it could lead to cancers and heart diseases. However, some proportion of the study participants were willing to seek treatment if adequately informed [ 19 ]. Unlike this index study, Rodrigues et al, reported that most of the participants were aware of treatment for menopausal symptoms and cited hormone replacement therapy as one of the treatments for menopause [ 20 ]. In contrast with this study however, Kahan et al demonstrated that the majority of their participants commonly use traditional/home based treatment for menopausal symptom relief [ 21 ]. Tariq et al in another related study, identified exercise as a common non-pharmacologic intervention used to alleviate menopausal symptoms among their study participants. This contrasts with the findings of the present study [ 22 ]. On logistic regression analysis, Tertiary education and use of treatment were significantly associated with awareness of treatment. This was in keeping with the finding of Alshogran et al who reported education as the determinant of knowledge of menopause among their study participants [ 17 ]. The age category of 45–49 years and awareness of treatment were determinants of treatment uptake for menopause and the actors influencing the willingness to seek for treatment for menopausal symptoms included Christianity, Islam, and secondary education. Symptom severity also played a role, with mild symptoms, moderate symptoms, and severe symptoms being significant determinants. These findings are in congruent with the results of Ameh et al, who reported tribe, education and marital status as the determinants of willingness to seek treatment for menopausal symptoms among their study participants [ 10 ]. Therefore, there is a need for all stakeholders to mobilize resources and take proactive measures to enhance women's awareness and understanding of menopause and available treatment options. This can be achieved through a variety of educational tools and use of media, including internet use. Additionally, clinicians should provide more comprehensive information about menopausal symptoms and therapies to help alleviate symptoms irrespective of the social status of these women. Limitations and strength This study was a cross-sectional design, which limits the ability to establish causal relationships and increase the risk of confounding making, thereby constraining the strength of conclusions drawn. Additionally, there is the potential for recall bias as majority of the study population are in the age category of ≥ 60 years and lacked formal education. Despite these limitations, the strength of the study is in the large sample size which increases the statistical power, improves precision and accuracy and enhances generalizability of findings. Conclusion This baseline study on menopause among postmenopausal women in Benue South reveals a low level of awareness and poor uptake of treatment for menopausal symptoms among participants. Several factors were identified as determinants to awareness, treatment uptake, and willingness to seek treatment for menopausal symptoms among these women. To address these gaps, we recommend that healthcare providers and policymakers should develop targeted interventions aimed at improving to awareness, treatment uptake, and increase willingness to seek care. Educational tools and media campaigns, including online platforms like social media, should be utilized to disseminate accurate information about menopause and available treatment options. Furthermore, healthcare providers should offer a comprehensive and culturally sensitive counseling to ensure that women feel supported throughout the menopausal transition. By addressing these challenges holistically, it is possible to improve health outcomes and quality of life for postmenopausal women in the region. Abbreviations aOR- Adjusted odd ratio BMI-Body Mass Index CI-Confidence Interval LMICs- Low- and middle-Income Countries Declarations Ethical approval and consent to participate Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Health Sciences, Otukpo (FUHSO), Benue State, Nigeria (HREC Approval Number: FUHSO-HREC/02/05/2023-05/07/2024). All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study. To ensure participant protection, ethical principles including autonomy, privacy, non-maleficence, and confidentiality were strictly upheld. All data analyzed were de-identified and fully anonymized to maintain participant confidentiality Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and material The data are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This study was conducted as part of an Institutional Based Research project, supported financially by the Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund). Authors’ contributions OI contributed to the study conception, design, acquisition, analysis, interpretation of the data, drafted and revised the manuscript. IAOU, contributed to the study conception, design, interpretation of data, and revision. PEO contributed to the design, acquisition and interpretation of data, and revision. MAA contributed to the design, acquisition and interpretation of data, and revision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support received from the Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund) through the Institutional Based Research (IBR) Grant. We sincerely thank the communities in which this research was conducted for their cooperation and support. We are especially grateful to all the participants who willingly volunteered to take part in this study. Authors details 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Federal University of Health Sciences Otukpo (FUHSO), P.M.B 145, Otukpo, Benue State, Nigeria. 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Federal University of Health Sciences Otukpo (FUHSO), P.M.B 145, Otukpo, Benue State, Nigeria. 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Federal University of Health Sciences Otukpo (FUHSO), P.M.B 145, Otukpo, Benue State, Nigeria. 4 Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Health Sciences Otukpo (FUHSO), P.M.B 145, Otukpo, Benue State, Nigeria References Ibraheem OM, Oyewole OE, Olaseha IO. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7026363","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":507042323,"identity":"2a4aabc8-520b-455a-9023-ec6f31d8095e","order_by":0,"name":"Omoregie Irowa","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLCCBAYGHjDjA5hNihbGGURrgQFmHmK0mLe3X37xoIJBxry9x/CzbZtdHj97A+OHjzm4tcicOVNmkXCGgQfIMJbObUsuluw5wCw5cxtuLRISOWkGiW0MPBISuRuAWpgTN9xIYGPmxadF/g1Qyz+wls2/LdvqidAiwX74QWIDWMs2aca2w0Ro4clhY0g4BtTCc/6bZc+544kzew424/cL+/HHH3/UMNhLsLcl3/hRVp3Yz9588MNHPFqAkWgmwcDwH8JmZAOTDfjUAwH74w8Izh8CikfBKBgFo2BEAgASZE7lL4wVsAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Health Sciences Otukpo (FUHSO)","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Omoregie","middleName":"","lastName":"Irowa","suffix":""},{"id":507042324,"identity":"d77011b2-2158-4e9c-a35c-68607f182486","order_by":1,"name":"Innocent Achayan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Health Sciences Otukpo (FUHSO)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Innocent","middleName":"","lastName":"Achayan","suffix":""},{"id":507042325,"identity":"0cb150d3-fd87-47ff-b257-eead069a82a7","order_by":2,"name":"Paul Ejeh Ogwuche","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Health Sciences Otukpo (FUHSO)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Paul","middleName":"Ejeh","lastName":"Ogwuche","suffix":""},{"id":507042326,"identity":"f4a06ded-cebc-4f01-a69b-011ff0be52ae","order_by":3,"name":"Mercy Ajehi Adagayi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Health Sciences Otukpo (FUHSO)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mercy","middleName":"Ajehi","lastName":"Adagayi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-02 07:23:34","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7026363/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7026363/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":90619058,"identity":"093c0d5e-8f3f-407b-bf37-e73dfb3f712a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-04 19:36:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1305447,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7026363/v1/a6483f66-e2c1-4401-b4e8-f56ad5abcde7.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Awareness, uptake and willingness to seek treatment for menopausal symptoms among postmenopausal women in Benue South, Nigeria","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eMenopause is a natural biological process in women that marks the end of menstrual cycles and reproductive years [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. It is a physiological event in which there is at least twelve consecutive months of amenorrhea caused by depletion of ovarian function [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Menopause is not a disease but presents with a variety of symptoms which can be challenging [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite its universal occurrence, menopause remains a poorly understood and often neglected area of women's health, particularly in relation to education and awareness [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Globally, there is a significant lack of formal education on menopause at all stages of a woman's life, particularly during the reproductive years when proactive awareness and preparation could be most beneficial [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. As a result, many women have limited knowledge and low awareness of menopausal symptoms and their implications, which have contributed to wide spread misconceptions and recognition of menopausal symptoms, poor understanding of treatment options, low uptake of available therapies, and a reduced likelihood of seeking medical support for menopause-related issues [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA recent study in the United Kingdom revealed a sustained increase in the uptake of menopause treatments. This improvement has been attributed to enhanced knowledge, greater awareness, and broader acceptance of menopause management largely driven by health education initiatives and the influence of social media [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) continue to face challenges in this area, with persistently low levels of awareness, limited treatment uptake, and reduced willingness among women to seek help for menopause symptoms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA variety of hormonal and non-hormonal therapies are available for treatment of menopausal symptoms [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7\" citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. However, literature have shown poor knowledge and utilization of these available treatment options especially in the developing countries like Nigeria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to assess awareness, uptake, willingness to seek treatment for menopausal symptoms and their determinants among postmenopausal women in Benue South, Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Design\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis was a cross-sectional descriptive survey conducted in 30 purposefully selected communities in 4 randomly selected Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Benue South, Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Population\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis comprises of women aged 45 years and above who have stopped menstruating for at least 12 consecutive months.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInclusion Criteria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e Women aged 45 years and above who have not menstruated for at least 12 consecutive months, a member of the community and she is able to give a written or verbal consent.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExclusion Criteria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAny women of artificially induced menopause (medications, radiations or surgical-TAH), any illness that causes amenorrhea, age less than 45 years and women who do not give consent for the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSample Size\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe sample size was determined using the sample size formula for prevalence study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003en\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:=\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e Z\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eP(1-P)/d\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUsing a 51.7% prevalence of menopausal symptom (internal heat) from previous study by Ameh et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] and d of 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003en = 384\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eN = 427 adding 10% of non-response rate. A total 767 study participants were recruited for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSampling Technique\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA multistage sampling technique was used in this study. The four LGAs was selected based on simple random sampling techniques. The wards and the communities in each of the selected 4 LGA was selected purposively and a systematic random sampling technique was use to select postmenopausal woman/women in every 5th house for the interviewers guided online data collection. In the event there is no postmenopausal women in the 5th house the next house was visited until the total sample size was achieved.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy period\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted from July,2024 to April, 2025.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eData Management and Analysis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data was collected using an online questionnaire (KoboToolbox) from each participant. Informed written/verbal consent was obtained from each participant. This was done by the research teams recruited and trained from each community. The data was stored in the cloud (KoboToolbox) designed for the purpose of the study. Data collected from each participant include sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, severity of menopausal symptoms, awareness and uptake of treatment as well as factors hindering the willingness to seek treatment for menopause.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMenopause rating scale (MRS) was used to the severity of menopausal symptoms. It consists of 11 items in three domains i.e., psychological, somato-vegetative and urogenital subscales. Depending on the severity, each symptom is scored from 0 to 4 on Likert’s scale with 0 being none and 4 being extremely severe. This total score determines severity of menopausal symptoms in the form of no or little (score 0–4), mild (score 5–8), moderate (score 9–16), and severe (score 17–44) [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR12\" citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences version 20.0 for windows ((Armonk, NY: IBM Corporation). Categorical variables were analysed using Chi-Square (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:x\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) test and Fisher's exact test. Univariate and Bivariate analysis were used to test for evaluation of factors that hinders, awareness, uptake and the willingness to seek treatment for menopause, while logistic regression and linear regression analysis were used to determine the strength of these association. P \u0026lt; 0.05 and CI (if the interval does not include or cross the number one) were considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthical and Environmental Considerations\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Research Ethical Committee of the Federal University of Health Sciences Otukpo (FUHSO), Benue State (HREC Approval Number: FUHSO-HREC/02/05/2023-05/07/2024).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe sociodemographic characteristics of menopausal women are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The majority of participants were aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;60 years (345; 45.0%), while the most prevalent age at menopause category was 45\u0026ndash;49 years (521; 67.9%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMost participants belonged to the Idoma ethnic group (689; 89.8%), and a large proportion of these women were Christians (697; 90.9%). A significant number of participants had no formal education (282; 36.8%), whereas their spouses predominantly had secondary-level education (240; 31.3%). A large proportion of both the study participants (392; 51.1%) and their husbands (400; 52.2%) were farmers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMost participants were grand multiparous (605; 78.9%). Additionally, a substantial proportion of the participants were classified as obese (288; 37.6%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe sociodemographic characteristics of menopausal women (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;767)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency (n)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge (in years)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u0026ndash;59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;=60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e345\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge at Menopause\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e521\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean age 48.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.15 years\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthnic Group\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIdoma\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e689\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIgede\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIgbo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiv\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHausa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYoruba\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReligion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChristianity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e697\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIslam\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfrican Traditional Religion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLevel of Education\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e203\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e167\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTertiary education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOccupation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e392\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrader\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e209\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArtisan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProfessional\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTeacher\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation of Husband\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo informal education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e240\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTertiary education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e203\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOccupation of Husband\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrader\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArtisan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProfessional\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTeacher\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eParity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimipara\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultipara\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrand Multipara\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e605\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBody Mass Index (BMI)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnderweight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNormal weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverweight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e238\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eObesity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e288\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe severity of menopausal symptoms was assessed using the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Among the study participants, the majority (468; 61.0%) rated their symptoms as moderate. The mean Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) score was 11.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.62.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeverity of menopausal symptoms using the Menopause Rating Scale (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;767)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency (n)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo Symptoms\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMild Symptom\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModerate Symptom\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e468\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSevere Symptoms\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean MRS\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.62\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe awareness, use, and type of treatment, as well as the willingness to seek treatment for menopausal symptoms are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Awareness and use of treatment for menopause were very low among the study participants, at 49 (6.4%) and 37 (4.8%), respectively. Among those who used treatment for menopause, the majority opted for orthodox medicine. More than 71.1% (545) of the study participants were willing to seek treatment for their menopausal symptoms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAwareness, Use and type of treatment, Willingness seek treatment for Menopausal symptoms(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;767)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency(n)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAwareness of Treatment\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e718\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUse of Treatment\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e730\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eType of treatment use\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e*n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;41\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrthodox Medicine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTraditional Medicine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComplementary and alternative medicine (CAM)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWillingness to seek treatment for menopause\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e545\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e222\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e* Multiple responses\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe evaluation of factors hindering the willingness to seek treatment for their menopausal symptoms on Likert scale is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The major hindrances include lack of family support (529, 68.9%), lack of male partner support for treatment (534, 69.5%), inability of women to make treatment decisions without their partner's permission (517, 67.4%), lack of financial resources (431, 56.2%), and the high cost of treatment (388, 50.6%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvaluation of Factors Hindering the Willingness to Seek treatment for Menopausal symptoms (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;767)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStatement\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrongly disagree\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003en(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003en(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003en(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrongly agree\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003en(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLack of awareness of menopausal symptoms\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e296(38.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e165(21.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6(0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e195(25.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e105(13.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLack of awareness of treatment options for menopause\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e262(34.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e277(36.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10(1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e139(18.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79(10.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLack of family support\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76(9.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98(12.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64(8.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e376(49.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e153(19.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLack of male partner support for treatment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80(10.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103(13.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51(6.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e373(48.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e161(21.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInability of women to take decision for treatment without partners permission\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e112(14.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e107(14.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31(4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e352(45.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e165(21.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnavailability of treatments\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e124(16.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e203(26.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73(9.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e194(25.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e173(22.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInadequate specialist to give treatment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e147(19.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e205(26.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57(7.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e161(21.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e197(25.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLack of finance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80(10.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e182(23.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74(9.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e236(30.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e195(25.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot aware of the place to seek treatment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e130(16.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e239(31.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52(6.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e181(23.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e165(21.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe treatment is too expensive\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78(10.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84(11.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e217(28.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e196(25.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e192(25.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLack of health education on menopause and treatment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e237(30.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e170(22.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34(4.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e160(20.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e166(21.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe logistic regression analysis of factors determining awareness of treatment, uptake of treatment, and willingness to seek treatment for menopause is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTertiary education (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.139, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.059\u0026ndash;9.300, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.039) and use of treatment (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;139.825, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;46.171\u0026ndash;423.443, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000) were significantly associated with awareness of treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe age category of 45\u0026ndash;49 years (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;189.934, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;54.809\u0026ndash;658.193, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000) and awareness of treatment (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.227, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.358\u0026ndash;28.560, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.019) were determinants of treatment uptake for menopause.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactors influencing the willingness to seek treatment for menopausal symptoms included Christianity (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.153, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.035\u0026ndash;0.671, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.013), Islam (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.125, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.025\u0026ndash;0.633, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.012), and secondary education (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.599, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.384\u0026ndash;0.935, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.024). Symptom severity also played a role, with mild symptoms (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.107, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.014\u0026ndash;0.828, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.032), moderate symptoms (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.032, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004\u0026ndash;0.233, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), and severe symptoms (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.052, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.007\u0026ndash;0.402, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.005) being significant determinants.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLogistic regression on the factors that determines awareness of treatment, uptake of treatment and willingness to seek treatment for menopause\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAwareness of Treatment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUptake of Treatment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWillingness to seek Treatment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eaOR(95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-Value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eaOR(95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eaOR(95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge (in years)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.227(1.358\u0026ndash;28.560)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.019*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.196(0.495\u0026ndash;9.734)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.301\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u0026ndash;59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.044(0.256\u0026ndash;4.264)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.952\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthnic Group\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIdoma\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIgede\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIgbo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTiv\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHausa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYoruba\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReligion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChristianity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.153(0.035\u0026ndash;0.671)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.013*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIslam\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.125(0.025-.633)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.012*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfrican Traditional Religion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLevel of Education\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.733 (0.588\u0026ndash;5.107)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.318\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.656(0.148\u0026ndash;2.899)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.578\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.198(0.773\u0026ndash;1.855)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.419\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.066(0.317\u0026ndash;3.592)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.917\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.994(0.215\u0026ndash;4.595)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.993\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.599(0.384-.935)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.024*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTertiary education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.139(1.059-9.300)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.039*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.335(0.579\u0026ndash;9.423)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.234\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.179(0.667\u0026ndash;2.084)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.572\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBMI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnderweight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNormal weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.255(0.053\u0026ndash;1.232)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.089\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverweight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.451(0.093\u0026ndash;2.180)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.322\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eObesity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.850(0.175\u0026ndash;4.127)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.841\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSeverity of menopausal symptoms\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo Symptoms\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMild Symptom\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e107711559.301(0.000)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.997\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3400024.931(0.000)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.998\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.107(0.014-.828)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.032*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate Symptom\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42674072.649(.000)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.997\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14839905.564(.000)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.998\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.032(.004-.233)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSevere Symptoms\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32735101.476(.000)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.997\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82463195.844(.000)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.997\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.052(.007-.402)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.005*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAwareness of Treatment\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e189.934(54.809-658.193)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.044(0.386\u0026ndash;2.829)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.932\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUse of Treatment\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e139.825(46.171-423.443)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.637(0.792\u0026ndash;8.788)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.114\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWillingness to seek treatment\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.268(.475-3.381)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.636\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.898(54.809-658.193)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.321\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study identified low treatment awareness and uptake among the study participants. Among those who sought treatment, most opted for orthodox medicine. However, despite this low level of awareness and uptake of treatment, majority expressed willingness to seek treatment. On evaluation of factors hindering the willingness to seek treatment for menopausal symtoms on the Likert scale, lack of family support, lack of male partner support for treatment, inability of women to make treatment decisions without their partner's permission, lack of financial resources, and the high cost of treatment, were found to be the hinderances for the willingness to seek medical treatment for menopausal symptoms. Corroborating this study, despite the high level of education of the study participants, Memon et al reported only few women were aware of treatment for menopausal symptoms particularly hormone replacement therapy and none knew about the available alternatives [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Also supporting this index study is the findings from the study of Ameh et al, who similarly reported very low level of knowledge of treatment for menopausal symptoms and a fair number of their study participants were willing to seek medical treatment for their symptoms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. The findings in this current study are in congruent with the results of Igwe et al and Richard-Davis in their separate studies reported that majority of their study participants who feel symptoms expressed their willing to seek care for menopausal symptoms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn support of the findings of this study, Alsogran et al. reported a high level of knowledge and awareness of menopause, likely reflecting the relatively high educational attainment of their participants. However, their study also revealed limited knowledge regarding treatment options for menopausal symptoms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast with the findings of our study, Abimbola et al reported that majority of their study participants did not think it was important to get treatment for menopausal symptoms and therefore had not sought help for treatment. The reasons attributed for not seeking help include; I don\u0026rsquo;t feel it\u0026rsquo;s important, the treatment is too expensive and no access to any help. They also noted that among those who had treatment, majority resorted to drugs and prayers for menopausal symptom relief [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Also contrary to this study, Ezeome et al, demonstrated fair knowledge of treatment for menopausal symptoms among their participants, with their source of information mainly from their physician. However only few of the participants have ever used treatment for menopausal symptoms. Even though the participants are aware of treatment for menopausal symptom relief, they were afraid to use it due to the perceived misconceptions that it could lead to cancers and heart diseases. However, some proportion of the study participants were willing to seek treatment if adequately informed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnlike this index study, Rodrigues et al, reported that most of the participants were aware of treatment for menopausal symptoms and cited hormone replacement therapy as one of the treatments for menopause [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast with this study however, Kahan et al demonstrated that the majority of their participants commonly use traditional/home based treatment for menopausal symptom relief [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Tariq et al in another related study, identified exercise as a common non-pharmacologic intervention used to alleviate menopausal symptoms among their study participants. This contrasts with the findings of the present study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn logistic regression analysis, Tertiary education and use of treatment were significantly associated with awareness of treatment. This was in keeping with the finding of Alshogran et al who reported education as the determinant of knowledge of menopause among their study participants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe age category of 45\u0026ndash;49 years and awareness of treatment were determinants of treatment uptake for menopause and the actors influencing the willingness to seek for treatment for menopausal symptoms included Christianity, Islam, and secondary education. Symptom severity also played a role, with mild symptoms, moderate symptoms, and severe symptoms being significant determinants. These findings are in congruent with the results of Ameh et al, who reported tribe, education and marital status as the determinants of willingness to seek treatment for menopausal symptoms among their study participants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTherefore, there is a need for all stakeholders to mobilize resources and take proactive measures to enhance women's awareness and understanding of menopause and available treatment options. This can be achieved through a variety of educational tools and use of media, including internet use. Additionally, clinicians should provide more comprehensive information about menopausal symptoms and therapies to help alleviate symptoms irrespective of the social status of these women.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLimitations and strength\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study was a cross-sectional design, which limits the ability to establish causal relationships and increase the risk of confounding making, thereby constraining the strength of conclusions drawn. Additionally, there is the potential for recall bias as majority of the study population are in the age category of \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;60 years and lacked formal education.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite these limitations, the strength of the study is in the large sample size which increases the statistical power, improves precision and accuracy and enhances generalizability of findings.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis baseline study on menopause among postmenopausal women in Benue South reveals a low level of awareness and poor uptake of treatment for menopausal symptoms among participants. Several factors were identified as determinants to awareness, treatment uptake, and willingness to seek treatment for menopausal symptoms among these women.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo address these gaps, we recommend that healthcare providers and policymakers should develop targeted interventions aimed at improving to awareness, treatment uptake, and increase willingness to seek care. Educational tools and media campaigns, including online platforms like social media, should be utilized to disseminate accurate information about menopause and available treatment options.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, healthcare providers should offer a comprehensive and culturally sensitive counseling to ensure that women feel supported throughout the menopausal transition. By addressing these challenges holistically, it is possible to improve health outcomes and quality of life for postmenopausal women in the region.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eaOR- Adjusted odd ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBMI-Body Mass Index\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCI-Confidence Interval\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLMICs- Low- and middle-Income Countries\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Health Sciences, Otukpo (FUHSO), Benue State, Nigeria (HREC Approval Number: FUHSO-HREC/02/05/2023-05/07/2024). All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study. To ensure participant protection, ethical principles including autonomy, privacy, non-maleficence, and confidentiality were strictly upheld. All data analyzed were de-identified and fully anonymized to maintain participant confidentiality\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and material\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted as part of an Institutional Based Research project, supported financially by the Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOI contributed to the study conception, design, acquisition, analysis, interpretation of the data, drafted and revised the manuscript. IAOU, contributed to the study conception, design, interpretation of data, and revision. \u0026nbsp;PEO contributed to the design, acquisition and interpretation of data, and revision. MAA contributed to the design, acquisition and interpretation of data, and revision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support received from the Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund) through the Institutional Based Research (IBR) Grant. We sincerely thank the communities in which this research was conducted for their cooperation and support. We are especially grateful to all the participants who willingly volunteered to take part in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors details\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Federal University of Health Sciences Otukpo (FUHSO),\u0026nbsp;P.M.B 145, Otukpo,\u0026nbsp;Benue State, Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Federal University of Health Sciences Otukpo (FUHSO),\u0026nbsp;P.M.B 145, Otukpo,\u0026nbsp;Benue State, Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Federal University of Health Sciences Otukpo (FUHSO),\u0026nbsp;P.M.B 145, Otukpo,\u0026nbsp;Benue State, Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eDepartment of Chemistry, Federal University of Health Sciences Otukpo (FUHSO), P.M.B 145, Otukpo, Benue State, Nigeria\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIbraheem OM, Oyewole OE, Olaseha IO. 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Women\u0026rsquo;s experience of menopause in rural communities in Orlu, Eastern Nigeria. Int J Gynaecol Obstet Off Organ Int Fed Gynaecol Obstet. 2012;118(1):31\u0026ndash;3. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSantoro N, Epperson CN, Mathews SB. Menopausal Symptoms and Their Management. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2015;44(3):497\u0026ndash;515. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organisation. Menopause. 2022 [cited 2023 Jun 26]; Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/menopause\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJagun OE, Oladapo OT, Olatunji AO. Prevalence of postmenopausal symptoms in gynaecological practice in Nigeria. Trop J Obstet Gynaecol. 2012;29(1):110\u0026ndash;3. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePourhoseingholi MA, Vahedi M, Rahimzadeh M. Sample size calculation in medical studies. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2013;6(1):14\u0026ndash;7. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmeh N, Madugu NH, Onwusulu D, Eleje G, Oyefabi A. 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Knowledge and Help Seeking Behaviors for Menopausal Symptoms among Female Staff Working in a Selected University in Ogun State. Nternational J Public Health Pharm Pharmacol. 2022;7:14\u0026ndash;29. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEzeome IV, Ezugworie JO, Nwankwo TO. Attitude of Postmenopausal Women Toward the Menopause and Hormone Treatment in Enugu, Southeast Nigeria. Int J Womens Health Reprod Sci. 2018;7(3):263\u0026ndash;8. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRodrigues MAH, Reis ZSN, Verona AP de A, Teixeira MC, Pappa GL, Junior JMS, et al. Climacteric Women\u0026rsquo;s Perspectives on Menopause and Hormone Therapy: Knowledge Gaps, Fears, and the Role of Healthcare Advice [Internet]. medRxiv; 2024 [cited 2025 Apr 14]. p. 2024.12.19.24319395. Available from: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.24319395v1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhan S, Shukla M, Priya N, Ansari M. Health seeking behaviour among post-menopausal women: a knowledge, attitude and practices study. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2016;1777\u0026ndash;82. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTariq B, Phillips S, Biswakarma R, Talaulikar V, Harper JC. Women\u0026rsquo;s knowledge and attitudes to the menopause: a comparison of women over 40 who were in the perimenopause, post menopause and those not in the peri or post menopause. BMC Womens Health. 2023 Aug 30;23(1):460. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-womens-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bmwh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Women's Health](http://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bmwh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Women's Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Menopause, awareness, treatment uptake, postmenopausal women, Nigeria","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7026363/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7026363/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMenopause is a natural biological process in women involving various physiological changes that marks the end of menstrual cycles and reproductive years. Despite the availability of treatment options, many women remain unaware of them and do not seek medical care. This study aimed to assess awareness, uptake, willingness to seek treatment for menopausal symptoms and their determinants among postmenopausal women in Benue South, Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among postmenopausal women aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;45 years in four randomly selected Local Government Areas of Benue South, Nigeria. Participants were selected using a multistage sampling technique. Menopause Rate Scale (MRS) was used to assess symptom severity. Data were collected using a structured electronic questionnaire (Kobo Toolbox) and analyzed with SPSS Version 20 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corporation). Descriptive statistics were presented as mean and tables, while multivariate logistic regression identified the determinants of treatment awareness, uptake and willingness to seek treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe mean age of the study participants was 59.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.47 years. Most women (61.0%) reported moderate symptoms on the MRS. Treatment awareness (6.4%) and uptake (4.8%) were low, although 71.1% expressed willingness to seek care. Tertiary education (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.139, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.059\u0026ndash;9.300) and prior treatment use (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;139.825, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;46.171\u0026ndash;423.443) were significantly associated with treatment awareness. Age category of 45\u0026ndash;49 years (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;189.934, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;54.809\u0026ndash;658.193) and treatment awareness (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.227, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.358\u0026ndash;28.560) were determinants of treatment uptake for menopause. Factors influencing the willingness to seek treatment for menopause included Christianity (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.153, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.035\u0026ndash;0.671), Islam (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.125, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.025\u0026ndash;0.633), secondary education (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.599, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.384\u0026ndash;0.935), mild symptoms (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.107, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.014\u0026ndash;0.828), moderate symptoms (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.032, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004\u0026ndash;0.233), and severe symptoms (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.052, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.007\u0026ndash;0.402).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAwareness and uptake of menopausal treatment are low in Benue South, Nigeria. Targeted interventions are needed to improve awareness, accessibility, and care-seeking among postmenopausal women in Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Awareness, uptake and willingness to seek treatment for menopausal symptoms among postmenopausal women in Benue South, Nigeria","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-04 19:20:23","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7026363/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"17192579161960478150342933734532370010","date":"2026-05-20T05:01:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"141356900776930820171145336668606240601","date":"2026-03-25T17:21:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-10T07:24:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"134365325598500695333208216238141836049","date":"2025-09-10T06:14:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"333978386419954100719612395294814978407","date":"2025-09-09T22:25:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-28T15:41:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-07T13:08:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-07-04T00:01:48+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-07-03T23:59:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Women's Health","date":"2025-07-02T07:15:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-womens-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bmwh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Women's Health](http://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bmwh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Women's Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5970ec92-68c8-4d4b-824b-d7e168aa5c3b","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 4th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"17192579161960478150342933734532370010","date":"2026-05-20T05:01:28+00:00","index":108,"fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-04T19:20:23+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-04 19:20:23","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7026363","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7026363","identity":"rs-7026363","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}