Hepatitis B Vaccination Uptake and Associated Factors Among Communities Targeted for Mass Vaccination in Gulu: a Cross-sectional Study

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is associated with several acute and long-term complications and vaccination is the cornerstone of prevention. A recent outbreak in Gulu, Uganda, one of the districts covered by a mass vaccination campaign, suggests low uptake of HBV vaccination. This study aims to determine uptake and completion of HBV vaccination and associated factors among residents of Gulu, Uganda. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Gulu, Northern Uganda, among 434 adults (> 18 years) living in both urban Gulu (Gulu city) and rural Gulu (Gulu District) for at least 5 years. Data was collected on socio-demographics, perceptions, and knowledge of HBV vaccination using a pretested questionnaire. We also assessed the uptake, completion, and associated factors of HBV vaccination. In addition, 10 key informant interviews were conducted and qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Out of the 434 respondents, 41.9% had received at least one dose of the hepatitis B vaccine, 32.5% had received at least 2 doses, and only 20% had completed all 3 doses, with an overall completion rate of 47.8%. Factors associated with vaccine uptake were gender, residence, risk perception of Hepatitis B infection, perceived safety of the vaccine, and awareness of mass vaccination. Factors associated with completion of hepatitis B vaccination were Residence, knowledge, and perception of being at risk of acquiring Hepatitis B. Conclusion Low Hepatitis B vaccine uptake and completion rates were observed in Gulu. To enhance vaccination coverage, future initiatives should prioritize awareness, education, and dispelling of vaccination myths. Additionally, increased government investment in training health workers can serve as a valuable strategy to improve information dissemination and awareness among the population.