Dirgantara Indonesia (Persero) and Its Awareness on Environmental in Aerospace Industry Towards Community Empowerment

Dirgantara Indonesia (Persero) and Its Awareness on Environmental in Aerospace Industry Towards Community Empowerment | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Dirgantara Indonesia (Persero) and Its Awareness on Environmental in Aerospace Industry Towards Community Empowerment Dewi Permatasari, Arini Sedawati, Handoko Subawi, Iwan Triana, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6390010/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Purpose: Environmental perspective and community engagement for manufacturing sector in developing countries, such as Indonesia,are becoming globaltrends and concern. Indonesian Aerospace, as one of leading metal processing and manufacturing industry in Asia, has begun their initiative in starting cleaner production based on life cycle of environmental and social thinking. Therefore in this paper discussed about community engagement as a positive impact of cleaner production and life cycle behaviour. Methods: This paper conducted life cycle assessment (LCA) methods for inventory analysis and impact assessment of aircraft components manufacturing process. For life cycle inventory analysis, two different scenarios were applied; consist of Cradle to Gate and Gate to Gate. Moreover, life cycle impact assessment in this study using 10 impact categories from CML-IA version 4.8 as presented in results and discussions. For social life cycle impact assessment approach, interview, questionnaire, and field monitoring were applied during 1 year period. Social analysis of this paper is considered as one of community engagement efforts from the industry to support sustainable development goals. Results: Process towards preliminary life cycle impact assessment on 10 (ten) impact categories have been assessed, resulting climate change (74.9%) and freshwater toxicity (24.45%) as the most contributed potential impacts. To interpretation part, some effort on strategic environmental beyond compliance aspect will also take into account, such as 3R principal of waste management, energy and emission reduction, water efficiency and wastewater management, which looping into one life cycle in business process. Community engagement, as mentioned considered as positive impact ofnon-business process aspects, such as on crops cultivation and local West Java community development. Conclusions: As an impact of cost saving on cleaner production effort, one program has been survived to be maintained throughout a year of implementation, resulting economic improvement up to 15% per annum. It is conclude that industry can maintain their efficiency and effectiveness to the technical operation, the as their care to surrounding environment, including local community. Environmental Perspective Community Engagement Cleaner Production Life Cycle Assessment and Economic Improvement Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 INTRODUCTION Manufacturing Industries are now in trends of starting their life cycle thinking to supports cleaner production efforts. Indonesian Aerospace Industry (Dirgantara Indonesia), is one of metal processing and manufacturing industry in Indonesia, situated in Bandung City, West Java Province (see Fig. 1 ), has begun their life cycle initiative since early of 2019. Aerospace industrial manufacturing concentrated in production area of KP-II and KP-IV, occupying area about 125.4 ha; consist of 79.3 ha of green space and 46.1 ha of buildings. This paper discussed about preliminary life cycle assessment (LCA) hierarchy of Indonesian Aerospace, with energy efficiency and environmental aspects consideration. As part towards implementing cleaner production based on sustainability assessment approaches, LCA become one of methodology to achieve quantification on environmental life cycle around manufacturing process. Analysis and reporting process of LCA in Indonesian Aerospace were conducted by multi-division team member, based on ISO 14040 − 2016 (Anonymous, 2016 ) and ISO 14044 − 2017 (Anonymous, 2017 ). Scopes of LCA used in this paper is gate-to-gate analysis, including detail part production, aircraft components and the airplane manufacture (Achmad, et al., 2019 ). However, LCA team also is in pursuing to analyze cradle-to-gate based on secondary raw material documentation. This preliminary LCA study has deliver important issues for continuous improvement program, particularly in management of energy consumption for KFX (Korean Factor Experiment) Composite and application of process technology of Tartaric Sulfuric Acid Anodizing (TSAA). Besides focus on technological process and its improvement, this paper also discussed positive impacts on cleaner production. Biodiversity conservation and community development somehow is un-direct impact of cost efficiency based on LCA thinking. PROBLEM STATEMENT, RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND OBJECTIVES In this paper, we conducted to analyze some problem in life cycle manufacturing process as Indonesian Aerospace have been initiated cleaner production efforts in internal circle of certain area. During the process of paper writing, research questions mostly about problem in manufacturing industry to do life cycle analysis from cradle to grave with very limited database in raw material supplier, and also after-sales of the aircraft products. Therefore, we determine objective of the research is to trial and analyze possibility of life cycle inventory and impact assessment of cradle to grave of the aircraft manufacturing industry. Moreover, this paper also discussed about other social-life cycle impact outside manufacturing area as a starter for sustainable community development. LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Cleaner production effort in Indonesian Aerospace has been implemented for several years, focusing only to main process and its waste after-process. LCA, in other hand, is in a nowadays trend for manufacturing industry, within main focus to environmental quantification from raw material, the usage in main and supporting process, and delivers as an impact per product. Therefore we believe that LCA can be a tool to measure effectiveness of cleaner production and its continuous improvement. This activity has started with assignment of qualified team member, within multi-division related (mainly production, manufacturing, and technology division), divided into assessment team and reporting team. Based on international standards of LCA, LCA has to be started by defining goals and scopes of assessment. The main goals are to identify Indonesian Aerospace positioning based upon environmental conservation issue, so the source of pollution can be determined and be improved. LCA scopes are focusing on gate-to-gate analysis, conducting activity and process of detail part production, aircraft components, and the airplane itself(Lewis, 2013 ). Functional unit analyzed per m2 of certain aircraft component/product/by-product, clustered into activity of imported main raw material, which is aluminum (and some of titanium, stainless steel, glass, aramid, and carbon); machining detail part process, sheet metal forming, surface treatment, and adhesive bonding; component assembly process (delivers aircraft components), final assembly process (delivers final product of airplane); and some supporting process, as depicted in Fig. 2 . System boundary of analysis divided into two analyses separately, consist of holistic assessment using cradle-to-gate life cycle analysis from raw material purchasing and usage to the gate before process of airplane operation and testing. The other system boundary is gate-to-gate partial analysis, conducting on functional unit of detail parts, components assembly, and final assembly. Machining process, sheet metal forming, and surface treatment are taken into account on functional unit of detail parts manufacturing. Additional concern is also being considered in the assessment such as energy consumption of boiler using industrial diesel oil fuel for chemical heating on surface treatment unit. Since company not generates its own electricity, there is usage of electricity from national electricity company, with assumption of supply composition came from Cirata sub-system, consist of Saguling Hydro-Power (50%) and Muara Tawar Steam-Power Plant 1–2 (50%), all operates under Jawa-Madura-Bali interconnection grid system. Cut-off criteria of the assessment consider some logical assumption, such as non-aluminum material usage considered are not significant, whereas the co-product remain to be utilized as smaller scale product. Overall chips produced are categorized as co-product, which still have potential to be reused (to date, aluminum chips also reuse under hazardous waste management program) (Arini, et.al., 2019 ). METHODOLOGY We conducted life cycle assessment (LCA) methods for inventory analysis and impact assessment of aircraft components manufacturing process. For life cycle inventory analysis, two different scenarios were applied; consist of Cradle to Gate and Gate to Gate. Moreover, life cycle impact assessment in this study using 10 impact categories from CML-IA version 4.8 as presented in results and discussions. For social life cycle impact assessment approach, interview, questionnaire, and field monitoring were applied during 1 year period. Social analysis of this paper is considered as one of community engagement efforts from the industry to support sustainable development goals. RESULT ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS: Life Cycle Inventory Analysis Data inventory of LCA begin with data collection, consist of primary and secondary data, whereas interview of related stakeholders are also taking into account. Unit process of the assessment investigated process of cradle-to-gate and gate-to-gate inventory. Cradle to Gate LCA analysis in Indonesian Aerospace begin with raw material purchasing, aircraft detail parts production process, detail parts assembly to aircraft components, and final assembly to the aircraft. The first step, which is raw material procurement, controlled under software with detail of amount and delivery time. For the second step, detail parts manufacturing, is clustered into 3 technological processes, they are machining process (20% of production capacity), sheet metal forming process (70% of production capacity), and composite process (10% of production capacity). Diagram flow from material to the final aircraft assembly is depicted in Fig. 3 . Gate to Gate Manufacturing process of Indonesian Aerospace partially simplified into some gate-to-gate conception, such as activity of raw material importation of aluminum, titanium, stainless steel, prepreg glass, aramid, and carbon; detail parts manufacturing process of machining, sheet metal forming, and adhesive bonding (see Fig. 4 ); assembly component stage (see Fig. 5 ); aircraft final assembly stage (see Fig. 6 ); supporting process of production tool manufacturing (see Fig. 7 ); supporting process of process water and wastewater treatment (see Fig. 8 – 9 ); and supporting process of pelletizing aluminum chips for industrial needs (see Fig. 10 ). Based on system boundaries described above, life cycle inventory of the natural resources usage divided into 3 stages, consist of material input, waste, product and co-product. Material input using Characterization Factor (CF) as purchased goods, while waste using CF as waste (based upon CML-IA methods version 4.8 2016 within 10 impact categories). Characterization is also using Equivalent Factor (EF) where resource consumption characterization (kg Al eq.), global warming potential (kg CO2 eq.), acidification (kg SO2 eq.), solid waste and particulate (kg TSP eq.). Hence, characterization value of product assumed as zero. Preliminary life cycle inventory of Indonesian Aerospace is then depicted in Table 1 . DISCUSSION Life Cycle Impact Assessment As mention above, LCIA using 10 impact categories that referred to CML-IA version 4.8 2016, consist of climate change; ozone depletion; human health cancer; human health non-cancer; respiratory inorganic; acidification; eutrophication; fresh water toxicity; abiotic resource depletion; and land use issue (Lauran, 2016 ). According to preliminary calculation and analysis impact potential and its contribution then shown in Table 2 . Table 2 shows that the highest potential impact among the categories is climate change and fresh water toxicity . Impact category of climate change was marked by fossil energy consumption for chemical solution heating in surface treatment shop. Besides that, impact category of fresh water eco-toxicity was an impact of chemical usage, although there has been advanced treatment which meet the quality standard of wastewater. Previous study from Airbus (João, 2010 ) shows that emission caused by aerospace manufacturing are not significant compared to another activity in cradle-to-cradle scheme, such as fossil energy production and transportation. Climate change impact for aircraft manufacturing then compared in Table 3 . Table 3 shows that Indonesian Aerospace product caused less emission than Airbus aircraft product (Lewis, 2013 ). Nevertheless the aircraft manufacturing impact in emission to the atmosphere are still less than transportation sector, such as the operation of aircraft itself. Preventive action to minimize emission released from the source of activity is then a key factor of cleaner production. Interpretation and Discussion: Preliminary of Life Cycle Assessment in Indonesian Aerospace manufacturing has shown some potential environmental impacts based on industrial process. Some hotspot that has been identified which will be discussed based on Indonesian environmental beyond compliance criteria (Anonymous, 2014 ). 3R of Waste Management a. Application of CMS Router to Improve Utilization of Sheet Metal Material. Sheet metal material, mostly dominated by aluminum, will go through preliminary cutting by manual or using CMS Router equipment. Automation CMS usage effectively improved up to 30% of metal usage, compared to manual process. This program also accelerates production time, since cutting process able to be done simultaneously. Flow process diagram of CMS router application is shown in Fig. 11 . About 30,000 kg of sheet metal raw material has been used annually, which deliver metal sheet product about 22 kg. CMS router program has advantage to recycle sheet metal into process for about 9,5 kg. This sheet metal forming processed through stretch forming, rubber press, folding, acentric and hydraulic press. This process resulted detail parts to be delivered in shop of surface treatment and shop of metal bonding (Deni & Arief, 2019 ). b. Reuse of Ex-Machining Aluminum Block for Small Scale Aircraft Part Machining process using aluminum block applied throughout conventional and modern system supported by numeric control operation document (NCOD). As a common practice that machining process of bigger material will remain metal pieces which able to be reused to formed smaller part. Process flow diagram of the program is shown in Fig. 12 . Energy source of the machining operation were using electricity to drive milling machines. Aluminum block raw material for the operation has been used about 190,000 kg, where 34 kg delivered as product. By the reuse of the metal, this program has been saved material usage about 9.6 kg annually(Nunuk et al., 2019 ). After machining process, detail parts then delivered into shop of surface treatment. c. Pelletizing Recycled Waste of Ex-Machining for Industrial Sector Machining process also deliver by product as chips material, this has similar physical character with the parent material contained high pureness of aluminum. Thus, pelletizing unit aimed to reduce chips volume and simplified transport by pressing chips into 1 ton of bag capacity (Viola & Asep, 2019 ). Process flow diagram of the program is then shown in Fig. 13 . d. Sludge Management Sludge in this case was a by-product of wastewater that has been treated in WWTP unit. The sludge itself contained Cr 6+ (toxic and carcinogenic) which has been reduced into Cr 3+ (benign and less harmful, sometimes required as micronutrient for living environment). The sludge then packed into pressed form before it’s transported to the licensed and authorized hazardous transporter (Nellyza & Nurlyta, 2019 ). The process flow diagram of the program shows in Fig. 15 . Energy Efficiency and Emission Reduction a. Fuel Consumption Management for Production Activity of KP-2 Fuel, consumed as High Speed Diesel (HSD) required for boiler operation in order to supply the heat for chemical solutions in surface treatment shop. There is also separated boiler unit to support autoclave operation (Dhimas et al., 2019 ). The autoclave boiler operates within lubricant as media, which aims to heat up the air on it. Schematic diagram of fuel consumption in Production Activity of KP-2 is then shown in Fig. 16 . b. Electricity Consumption Management in Production Area of KP-2 (MACH, SMF, ST) Besides the application of fuel consumption management, electricity consumption management also conducted in production area of KP-2 (Achmad & Budhi, 2019 ). The schematic diagram of program management is then shown in Fig. 17 . Water Efficiency and Wastewater Management a.Recycling of Rinsing Water Process water for surface treatment of detail parts were supplied by groundwater and local water company. As one of water resource efficiency, all water supplied has been reused and recycled as shown in Fig. 18 . Local water processing company supplied water for make-up purpose and has been utilized about 130,000 kg per year. Groundwater consumption per year is about 130,000 kg, both stored in water tank which also covered the recyclable rinsing water. About 153,000 kg amount of water were used as chemical solvent, while the remaining water used for rinsing process ( Hardiyanto & Said, 2019 ) . b. Pollution Load Reduction of WWTP Effluent In aircraft manufacturing process, wastewater produced after the use of chemicals and solvents has been reached saturation point. It is then treated under wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) unit before discharged to the stream (see Fig. 19 ) within batch system. Effluent resulted from WWTP has to fulfill regional environmental standard; therefore reduction of pollutant concentration will increase degree of compliance. Wastewater contained in stabilization and neutralization chamber prior to be treated to the next unit. There is a process of metal wastewater reduction by adding sodium-meta-bisulfide solution (SMB). Besides produced effluent WWTP also resulting by product of sludge which go through belt press unit (Novie et al., 2019 ). c. Application of Process Technology of TSAA Technology of Tartaric Sulfuric Acid Anodizing (TSAA) is a new technology in aluminum anodizing field. It has also been applied by Airbus as one of Indonesian Aerospace customer. Conventional technology of Chromic Acid Anodizing (CAA) required chrome compound solution (Anonymous, 2005 ), while TSAA used tartaric acid and sulfide acid with no heavy metal content which more environmental friendly (Agussalim & Mughni, 2019 ). The flow of the program described in Fig. 20 . As for update, this technology is ongoing in qualification and certification process and the infrastructure with last trial in some specimens has been passed. Further improvement of the program has planned for qualification and certification of TSAA technology itself. Positive Impact on Cleaner Production: Cleaner production effort somehow drives industry to set theirs environmental management pathway. Besides deliver a whole effective and environmental friendly business process, it also has positive impacts economic aspect. Continuous improvement on cleaner production in Indonesian Aerospace does positively impacted to the cost reallocation for another living environment aspect, in this case is biodiversity conservation and for further socio-environmental improvement program possibly integrated to community development. Progress on Biodiversity Improvement Biodiversity conservation that discussed in this paper is a development program based in local community of Bandung area. This program inspired by cooperation to community in utilizing wood of post-packaging materials. Thus, skilled community, located in Jayagiri District, Bandung – West Java, transform the waste-wood into valuable product, such as home furniture, jardinière, vase, etc. Products of jardinière are then becoming media for succulent plants that also cultivated in the same area. Progress of the program is also depicted in Fig. 21 . Implementation of this program has been awarded internally by top leader as pioneer in decorative plants cultivation within community approach. About 150 species of succulent plants has cultivated in the area, and ongoing for further market in the future (Desi et al., 2018 ). Road to Community Empowerment Community empowerment is a new paradigm in Indonesian Aerospace under Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program. It is also a very challenging for non-charity paradigm that has been implemented for years. Thus, the team has initiated fundamental program of community empowerment as part of extended implementation of past charity program (Novika et al., 2018 ). By involving some adaptability concept, at least three years of Bio-digester technology has implemented in Kertawangi Village, Cisarua, Lembang – West Java. Activity of the program is depicted in Fig. 22. The program basically is a charity program of supporting energy independency to the community, but has been modified in the implementation part to be community empowerment concept. Main difference of charity and empowerment program is that charity not monitored progress of the program, while empowerment also focus to the society as an actor and the progress of the program is monitored and evaluated periodically. Empowerment program also supported with exit strategy where the local community should be able to be independent, either economically and/or socially, in the future. To date, this program has driven independency towards urban sustainable energy development by utilizing waste-manure from at least 15 cattle’s into biogas energy. Economic advantage for community obtained from saving of LPG (non-renewable urban gas fuel) expenses, which has been improved community income up to 15% per year. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS We conclude that aircraft manufacturing dominated impact on global warming potential and fresh water toxicity. Though emission released from aircraft industry is lower than oil and transportation in aviation sector itself. Cleaner production effort on optimizing resource consumption plays very important role in manufacturing industry, particularly in this case on aircraft manufacturing sector. This effort has impacted on economic point of view which can support other living environment aspect, such as biodiversity and for further improvement; community empowerment also should be taking into account. We wish for continuous improvement and sustainable thinking on developing cleaner production so that the product is effectively and efficiently processed throughout better environmental point of view. Therefore we recommend that further and detailed Life Cycle Assessment in the future to analyze every impact categories. This will help cleaner production applied effectively and also as part of continuous improvement. Declarations CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Data availability statement has been included in the manuscript. FUNDING DECLARATION No funding was received for this research. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION DECLARATION “All authors contributed equally to the development of this paper, from conceptualization to completion, and ensured effective communication of the report”. Their specific roles are outlined below: Dewi Permatasari . Review of reporting and study results Arini Sedawati and Handoko Subawi . Preparation of reporting and internal communication of study results Iwan Triana . Coordination of data collection Yustiono Dwi Arianto and Eko Daryono . Support for data collection process Sukatwikanto . Approval and responsibility for publication of study results. CLINICAL TRIAL DECLARATION Not Applicable INFORMED CONSENT DECLARATION We confirmed that informed consents (Consent to Participate and Consent to Publish) were obtained from all participants. ETHICS DECLARATION/ COMPLIANCE STATEMENT The Ethics Committee/IRB of Dirgantara Indonesia waived the requirement for ethical approval because this research uses existing secondary data and does not involve human subjects directly. References Achmad, R.M., Agussalim, Asep, K., Dedi, S., Deni, A., Dhimas, R.R., Handoko, S., Hardiyanto, Memet, S., Nellyza, D.Z., Novie, R.S., Nunuk, N., and Viola, Y.D.A.. (2019), Life Cycle Assessment: Cradle to Gate Basic Framework of Indonesian Aerospace Industry (1 st Edition) Unpublished. Bandung – Indonesia, Indonesian Aerospace Report. Achmad, R.M., and Budhi, S. (2019), Electricity Consumption Management in Indonesian Aerospace Production Activity of KP-2: MACH, SMF, ST (1 st Edition) Unpublished. Bandung-Indonesia, Indonesian Aerospace Report. Agussalim, and Mughni, Y. (2019), Internal Report: Application of Technological Process of TSAA for CAA Technological Process Replacement in Indonesian Aerospace (1 st Edition) Unpublished. Bandung-Indonesia, Indonesian Aerospace Report. Anonymous. (2005), Liquid Acidic Material for Deoxidizing and Desmutting Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys, Technical Information F17243-09, New Jersey, Oakite Products Ardrox® 295-G Non-Chromated. Anonymous. (2014), Indonesian Minister of Environment Regulation 03/ 2014 about Environmental Compliance and Beyond: Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia Nomor 03 Tahun 2014 tentang Program Penilaian Kinerja Perusahaan Terhadap Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, Environmental regulation for industrial performance grading system in Indonesia, Jakarta. Anonymous. (2016), SNI ISO 14040 – 2016: Environmental Management – Life Cycle Assessment – Principles and Framework, Indonesian National Standard of Life Cycle Assessment, adopted from International Standard Organization, Jakarta - Indonesia. Anonymous. (2017), SNI ISO 14044 – 2017: Environmental Management – Life Cycle Assessment – Requirements and Guidelines, Indonesian National Standard of Life Cycle Assessment, adopted from International Standard Organization, Jakarta - Indonesia. Arini, S., Handoko, S., Eko, A.W., and Nunuk, N. (2019), Reuse of Chips Aluminum as Co-Product in Indonesian Aerospace. Internal Report, Unpublished. Bandung-Indonesia. Deni, A., and Arief, W. (2019), Application of CMS Router for Improving Utilization Material of Sheet Metal in Indonesian Aerospace. Internal Report, Unpublished. Bandung-Indonesia. Desi, C., Wuyung, Y., and Nellyza, D.Z. (2018), Biodiversity Conservation of Succulent Plant in Jayagiri District, Bandung – West Java. Internal Report, Unpublished. Bandung-Indonesia. Dhimas, R.R., Memet, S., and Adi, S. (2019), Fuel Consumption Management in Indonesian Aerospace Production Activity of KP-2 (MACH, SMF, ST), Internal Report, Unpublished. Bandung-Indonesia. Hardiyanto, and Said, M.K. (2019), Process Application of Rinsing Water Rinsing Process in Indonesian Aerospace. Internal Report, Unpublished. Bandung-Indonesia. João, V.O.F.L. (2010), Life Cycle Assessment of the Airbus A330-200 Aircraft. Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Aeroespacial. Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade Tecnica de Lisboa. Lauran, O. (2016), CML Methods. Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University (CML). Leiden, Netherlands. http://cml.leiden.edu/research/industrialecology/. Lewis, T. (2013), A Life Cycle Assessment of the Passenger Air Transport System Using Three Flight Scenarios. Master Thesis, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Norwegia. Nellyza, D.Z., and Nurlyta, R. (2019), Hazardous Sludge Management from Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent in Indonesian Aerospace, Internal Report, Unpublished. Bandung-Indonesia. Novie, R.S., Aditya, A.N., and Harry, H. (2019), Reduction of Pollutant Concentration of Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent in Indonesian Aerospace. Internal Report, Unpublished. Bandung-Indonesia. Novika, R.B.T., Rizqi, F., and Viola, Y.D.A. (2018), Community Development Monitoring Program of Bio-digester in Kertawangi Village, Cisarua, Lembang – West Java. Internal Report, Unpublished. Bandung-Indonesia. Nunuk, N., Syarah, N., and Agustina, L. (2019), Reuse of Ex-Machining Aluminum Block for MACH in Indonesian Aerospace. Internal Report, Unpublished. Bandung-Indonesia. Viola, Y.D.A., and Asep, K. (2019), Application of Pelletizing Process of Ex-Machining Recycled Waste for Industrial Sector in Indonesian Aerospace. Internal Report, Unpublished. Bandung-Indonesia. Tables Tables 1 to 3 are available in the Supplementary Files section Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Tables.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 28 Jul, 2025 Reviews received at journal 24 Jul, 2025 Reviews received at journal 23 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Jul, 2025 Reviews received at journal 18 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Jul, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 08 Jul, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 18 Jun, 2025 Editor invited by journal 16 Jun, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 09 Jun, 2025 First submitted to journal 09 Jun, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6390010","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":483063187,"identity":"6cc40fa3-200f-4755-a50b-654892353f91","order_by":0,"name":"Dewi Permatasari","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Environmental Professional and Sustainability Practitioner – Jakarta","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dewi","middleName":"","lastName":"Permatasari","suffix":""},{"id":483063188,"identity":"25f50323-bfc1-4406-8d77-63c2be06a3e1","order_by":1,"name":"Arini Sedawati","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Indonesian Aerospace","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Arini","middleName":"","lastName":"Sedawati","suffix":""},{"id":483063189,"identity":"7f3551b7-4473-4807-a43a-d3594d54bd59","order_by":2,"name":"Handoko Subawi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Indonesian Aerospace","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Handoko","middleName":"","lastName":"Subawi","suffix":""},{"id":483063191,"identity":"1d2784fb-1af6-4588-97a0-3e7a1529252e","order_by":3,"name":"Iwan Triana","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Indonesian Aerospace","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Iwan","middleName":"","lastName":"Triana","suffix":""},{"id":483063192,"identity":"cf12d5c4-1afa-48e7-8114-4f3ca3a506bb","order_by":4,"name":"Yustiono Dwi Arianto","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Indonesian Aerospace","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yustiono","middleName":"Dwi","lastName":"Arianto","suffix":""},{"id":483063193,"identity":"9ff11b55-6bf3-47cb-ad9c-740814384d82","order_by":5,"name":"Eko Daryono","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Indonesian Aerospace","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eko","middleName":"","lastName":"Daryono","suffix":""},{"id":483063194,"identity":"6971de3f-bb9d-46ff-b6fb-8b2a5d380654","order_by":6,"name":"Sukatwikanto Sukatwikanto","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Director of Human Resources - Indonesian Aerospace","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sukatwikanto","middleName":"","lastName":"Sukatwikanto","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-07 04:23:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6390010/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6390010/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":86527431,"identity":"186232c2-b6b8-4d65-9e7d-befd21374a15","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-11 16:10:58","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":806798,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLocation of Indonesian Aerospace Manufacturing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Achmad, \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eet al\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e., 2019)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6390010/v1/243c38b6c6a2e3eb740aefff.png"},{"id":86528673,"identity":"d909ef4f-6712-4da1-a3f4-7ce4adc6167c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-11 16:26:58","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":93803,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSchematic of Preliminary Life Cycle Assesment in Indonesian Aerospace (Achmad, \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eet al\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e., 2019)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6390010/v1/04698fc51ea6bfa35ec893f7.png"},{"id":86527888,"identity":"c58bd899-1ba3-4525-80bf-57b01515c3a5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-11 16:18:58","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":87656,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSchematic of Cradle to Gate in Indonesian Aerospace Preliminary LCI (Achmad, \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eet al\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e., 2019)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6390010/v1/1b8fa4ca2c41fc63f8bc99b2.png"},{"id":86527897,"identity":"d5a0c789-71a2-4b2d-ad4c-1b09b2f8002e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-11 16:18:58","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":60197,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSchematic of Gate to Gate Detail Parts Manufacturing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Achmad, \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eet al\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e., 2019)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6390010/v1/dced15b7c1fbb13c342808e7.png"},{"id":86527889,"identity":"205479c7-ad7a-4678-b331-0d2db71465b8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-11 16:18:58","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":54957,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSchematic of Gate to Gate of Component Assembly\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Achmad, \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eet al\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e., 2019)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6390010/v1/dec3dd032a5c3c657d19fabc.png"},{"id":86527434,"identity":"fc210256-333b-428b-b8d6-c62322681b09","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-11 16:10:58","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":55840,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSchematic of Gate to Gate of Final Assembly\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Achmad, \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eet al\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e., 2019)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6390010/v1/1cc39524e14d2d9c395e9fba.png"},{"id":86527433,"identity":"95cff085-d602-4e1f-aa2b-80c931ae54fd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-11 16:10:58","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":30085,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSchematic of Gate to Gate of Production Support\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Achmad, \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eet al\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e., 2019)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6390010/v1/99044855a5f590ac902d08f5.png"},{"id":86527891,"identity":"96a521a7-b938-4690-a3f2-084b149d269a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-11 16:18:58","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":35886,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSchematic of Gate to Gate of Water Treatment Support\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Achmad, \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eet al\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e., 2019)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6390010/v1/557968e24616a192a6d3e55e.png"},{"id":86527451,"identity":"6fb64283-d1b4-4d96-9ec6-0313725865a4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-11 16:10:59","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":19469,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSchematic of Gate to Gate of Wastewater Treatment Support (Achmad, \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eet al\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e., 2019)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6390010/v1/9a02bff47cc980a27ee4fa05.png"},{"id":86527438,"identity":"802ae7b5-143a-4afd-a906-f2ace65e5360","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-11 16:10:58","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":21087,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSchematic of Gate to Gate of Industrial Needs Support\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Achmad, \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eet al\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e., 2019)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6390010/v1/9fc12366ffee6a67f4e94276.png"},{"id":86527903,"identity":"0a62eba6-a9da-4bc4-a091-8cced67564d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-11 16:18:59","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":27004,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlow Process Diagram of CMS Router Application (Deni \u0026amp; Arief, 2019)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6390010/v1/feff68fa4fd1e4065b31096b.png"},{"id":86527449,"identity":"860f8eee-0957-431e-90b3-5746843beb1c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-11 16:10:58","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":27839,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlow Process Diagram of Reuse of Ex-Machining Aluminum Block (Nunuk \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eet al\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e., 2019)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6390010/v1/fc54cf63d4736f6be8eed067.png"},{"id":86527445,"identity":"f85bc33f-9c5f-4bd4-9151-44a3a3316f52","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-11 16:10:58","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25360,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlow Process Diagram of Pelletizing Process of Ex-Machining Recycled Material (Viola \u0026amp; Asep, 2019)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6390010/v1/387aee4782a1a3e0953134ca.png"},{"id":86527912,"identity":"51672577-a938-463a-8186-954ccfa6b0c5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-11 16:18:59","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25628,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlow Process Diagram of Sludge Management\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Nellyza \u0026amp; Nurlyta, 2019)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6390010/v1/b768423893b706a86411ac4d.png"},{"id":86528680,"identity":"eda0104b-ef4c-47d4-9549-b6d84d8a2080","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-11 16:26:59","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":18409,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProcess Flow Diagram of Production Activity of KP-2 Area (Dhimas \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eet al\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e., 2019)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6390010/v1/7c6eee2d565de5508d23718e.png"},{"id":86527901,"identity":"61277588-14ac-4a9a-85a3-e63a07208648","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-11 16:18:59","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"Figure 16","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":17612,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProcess Flow Diagram of Electricity Usage of KP-2 Area \u0026nbsp;(Achmad \u0026amp; Budhi, 2019)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6390010/v1/158782264c81796ee987c42a.png"},{"id":86528681,"identity":"3f0c4e18-e087-4e66-a4a6-d11eca304c46","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-11 16:26:59","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"Figure 17","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":38687,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProcess Flow Diagram of Recycle of Rinsing Water\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Hardiyanto \u0026amp; Said, 2019)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6390010/v1/b608390c7b6725968e688568.png"},{"id":86527456,"identity":"97ee0820-31cd-436e-8194-fe78574f46a8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-11 16:10:59","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"Figure 18","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26181,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProcess Flow Diagram of Reduction of Pollutant Concentration in Effluent WWTP (Novie \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eet al\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e., 2019)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6390010/v1/8649210c6b462281cea5a214.png"},{"id":86527902,"identity":"87eb55cf-be99-40fa-817a-9543beaa13b9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-11 16:18:59","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"Figure 19","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":11862,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProcess Flow Diagram of TSAA Application\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Agussalim \u0026amp; Mughni, 2019)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"19.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6390010/v1/34f12f968232947b2c5c36ff.png"},{"id":86527914,"identity":"e3eb1545-ee95-4560-b92f-c262d14ecdab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-11 16:18:59","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"Figure 20","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":136408,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUtilization of Wood of Post-Packaging into Wood Handicraft (Desi \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eet al\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e., 2018)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"20.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6390010/v1/57daf46a987753b482d79ef5.png"},{"id":86528684,"identity":"555d3a1f-1306-4423-bf64-28d646c3c8ca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-11 16:27:00","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"Figure 21","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":531828,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBio-digester Program Towards Supporting Community Development (Novika \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eet al\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e., 2018)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"21.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6390010/v1/0b5d7406d6c187836a2731b4.png"},{"id":86529524,"identity":"cc960c83-8b02-4db1-9897-7eaaf80c8aa6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-11 16:43:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3687385,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6390010/v1/92a31937-1175-4ada-93e5-32f9f15587f7.pdf"},{"id":86527427,"identity":"f6a74790-3013-42cc-a5d0-f52faec2de70","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-11 16:10:58","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":250926,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Tables.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6390010/v1/032a86b4c3b0cca7c6d6d7ca.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eDirgantara Indonesia (Persero) and Its Awareness on Environmental in Aerospace Industry Towards Community Empowerment\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eManufacturing Industries are now in trends of starting their life cycle thinking to supports cleaner production efforts. Indonesian Aerospace Industry (Dirgantara Indonesia), is one of metal processing and manufacturing industry in Indonesia, situated in Bandung City, West Java Province (see Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), has begun their life cycle initiative since early of 2019. Aerospace industrial manufacturing concentrated in production area of KP-II and KP-IV, occupying area about 125.4 ha; consist of 79.3 ha of green space and 46.1 ha of buildings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis paper discussed about preliminary life cycle assessment (LCA) hierarchy of Indonesian Aerospace, with energy efficiency and environmental aspects consideration. As part towards implementing cleaner production based on sustainability assessment approaches, LCA become one of methodology to achieve quantification on environmental life cycle around manufacturing process. Analysis and reporting process of LCA in Indonesian Aerospace were conducted by multi-division team member, based on ISO 14040\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2016 (Anonymous, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) and ISO 14044\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2017 (Anonymous, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Scopes of LCA used in this paper is gate-to-gate analysis, including detail part production, aircraft components and the airplane manufacture (Achmad, et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). However, LCA team also is in pursuing to analyze cradle-to-gate based on secondary raw material documentation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis preliminary LCA study has deliver important issues for continuous improvement program, particularly in management of energy consumption for KFX (Korean Factor Experiment) Composite and application of process technology of Tartaric Sulfuric Acid Anodizing (TSAA). Besides focus on technological process and its improvement, this paper also discussed positive impacts on cleaner production. Biodiversity conservation and community development somehow is un-direct impact of cost efficiency based on LCA thinking.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"PROBLEM STATEMENT, RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND OBJECTIVES","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this paper, we conducted to analyze some problem in life cycle manufacturing process as Indonesian Aerospace have been initiated cleaner production efforts in internal circle of certain area. During the process of paper writing, research questions mostly about problem in manufacturing industry to do life cycle analysis from cradle to grave with very limited database in raw material supplier, and also after-sales of the aircraft products. Therefore, we determine objective of the research is to trial and analyze possibility of life cycle inventory and impact assessment of cradle to grave of the aircraft manufacturing industry. Moreover, this paper also discussed about other social-life cycle impact outside manufacturing area as a starter for sustainable community development.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK","content":"\u003cp\u003eCleaner production effort in Indonesian Aerospace has been implemented for several years, focusing only to main process and its waste after-process. LCA, in other hand, is in a nowadays trend for manufacturing industry, within main focus to environmental quantification from raw material, the usage in main and supporting process, and delivers as an impact per product. Therefore we believe that LCA can be a tool to measure effectiveness of cleaner production and its continuous improvement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis activity has started with assignment of qualified team member, within multi-division related (mainly production, manufacturing, and technology division), divided into assessment team and reporting team. Based on international standards of LCA, LCA has to be started by defining goals and scopes of assessment. The main goals are to identify Indonesian Aerospace positioning based upon environmental conservation issue, so the source of pollution can be determined and be improved. LCA scopes are focusing on gate-to-gate analysis, conducting activity and process of detail part production, aircraft components, and the airplane itself(Lewis, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Functional unit analyzed per m2 of certain aircraft component/product/by-product, clustered into activity of imported main raw material, which is aluminum (and some of titanium, stainless steel, glass, aramid, and carbon); machining detail part process, sheet metal forming, surface treatment, and adhesive bonding; component assembly process (delivers aircraft components), final assembly process (delivers final product of airplane); and some supporting process, as depicted in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystem boundary of analysis divided into two analyses separately, consist of holistic assessment using cradle-to-gate life cycle analysis from raw material purchasing and usage to the gate before process of airplane operation and testing. The other system boundary is gate-to-gate partial analysis, conducting on functional unit of detail parts, components assembly, and final assembly. Machining process, sheet metal forming, and surface treatment are taken into account on functional unit of detail parts manufacturing. Additional concern is also being considered in the assessment such as energy consumption of boiler using industrial diesel oil fuel for chemical heating on surface treatment unit. Since company not generates its own electricity, there is usage of electricity from national electricity company, with assumption of supply composition came from Cirata sub-system, consist of Saguling Hydro-Power (50%) and Muara Tawar Steam-Power Plant 1–2 (50%), all operates under Jawa-Madura-Bali interconnection grid system.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCut-off criteria of the assessment consider some logical assumption, such as non-aluminum material usage considered are not significant, whereas the co-product remain to be utilized as smaller scale product. Overall chips produced are categorized as co-product, which still have potential to be reused (to date, aluminum chips also reuse under hazardous waste management program) (Arini, et.al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODOLOGY","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe conducted life cycle assessment (LCA) methods for inventory analysis and impact assessment of aircraft components manufacturing process. For life cycle inventory analysis, two different scenarios were applied; consist of Cradle to Gate and Gate to Gate. Moreover, life cycle impact assessment in this study using 10 impact categories from CML-IA version 4.8 as presented in results and discussions. For social life cycle impact assessment approach, interview, questionnaire, and field monitoring were applied during 1 year period. Social analysis of this paper is considered as one of community engagement efforts from the industry to support sustainable development goals.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULT","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eANALYSIS AND FINDINGS: Life Cycle Inventory Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData inventory of LCA begin with data collection, consist of primary and secondary data, whereas interview of related stakeholders are also taking into account. Unit process of the assessment investigated process of cradle-to-gate and gate-to-gate inventory.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCradle to Gate\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLCA analysis in Indonesian Aerospace begin with raw material purchasing, aircraft detail parts production process, detail parts assembly to aircraft components, and final assembly to the aircraft. The first step, which is raw material procurement, controlled under software with detail of amount and delivery time. For the second step, detail parts manufacturing, is clustered into 3 technological processes, they are machining process (20% of production capacity), sheet metal forming process (70% of production capacity), and composite process (10% of production capacity). Diagram flow from material to the final aircraft assembly is depicted in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eGate to Gate\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManufacturing process of Indonesian Aerospace partially simplified into some gate-to-gate conception, such as activity of raw material importation of aluminum, titanium, stainless steel, prepreg glass, aramid, and carbon; detail parts manufacturing process of machining, sheet metal forming, and adhesive bonding (see Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e); assembly component stage (see Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e); aircraft final assembly stage (see Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e); supporting process of production tool manufacturing (see Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e); supporting process of process water and wastewater treatment (see Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e); and supporting process of pelletizing aluminum chips for industrial needs (see Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBased on system boundaries described above, life cycle inventory of the natural resources usage divided into 3 stages, consist of material input, waste, product and co-product. Material input using Characterization Factor (CF) as purchased goods, while waste using CF as waste (based upon CML-IA methods version 4.8 2016 within 10 impact categories). Characterization is also using Equivalent Factor (EF) where resource consumption characterization (kg Al eq.), global warming potential (kg CO2 eq.), acidification (kg SO2 eq.), solid waste and particulate (kg TSP eq.). Hence, characterization value of product assumed as zero. Preliminary life cycle inventory of Indonesian Aerospace is then depicted in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eLife Cycle Impact Assessment\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs mention above, LCIA using 10 impact categories that referred to CML-IA version 4.8 2016, consist of climate change; ozone depletion; human health cancer; human health non-cancer; respiratory inorganic; acidification; eutrophication; fresh water toxicity; abiotic resource depletion; and land use issue (Lauran, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). According to preliminary calculation and analysis impact potential and its contribution then shown in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003eTable \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows that the highest potential impact among the categories is \u003cem\u003eclimate change\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003efresh water toxicity\u003c/em\u003e. Impact category of climate change was marked by fossil energy consumption for chemical solution heating in surface treatment shop. Besides that, impact category of fresh water eco-toxicity was an impact of chemical usage, although there has been advanced treatment which meet the quality standard of wastewater. Previous study from Airbus (Jo\u0026atilde;o, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) shows that emission caused by aerospace manufacturing are not significant compared to another activity in cradle-to-cradle scheme, such as fossil energy production and transportation. Climate change impact for aircraft manufacturing then compared in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003eTable \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows that Indonesian Aerospace product caused less emission than Airbus aircraft product (Lewis, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Nevertheless the aircraft manufacturing impact in emission to the atmosphere are still less than transportation sector, such as the operation of aircraft itself. Preventive action to minimize emission released from the source of activity is then a key factor of cleaner production.\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eInterpretation and Discussion:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePreliminary of Life Cycle Assessment in Indonesian Aerospace manufacturing has shown some potential environmental impacts based on industrial process. Some hotspot that has been identified which will be discussed based on Indonesian environmental beyond compliance criteria (Anonymous, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e3R of Waste Management\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea. Application of CMS Router to Improve Utilization of Sheet Metal Material.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSheet metal material, mostly dominated by aluminum, will go through preliminary cutting by manual or using CMS Router equipment. Automation CMS usage effectively improved up to 30% of metal usage, compared to manual process. This program also accelerates production time, since cutting process able to be done simultaneously. Flow process diagram of CMS router application is shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbout 30,000 kg of sheet metal raw material has been used annually, which deliver metal sheet product about 22 kg. CMS router program has advantage to recycle sheet metal into process for about 9,5 kg. This sheet metal forming processed through stretch forming, rubber press, folding, acentric and hydraulic press. This process resulted detail parts to be delivered in shop of surface treatment and shop of metal bonding (Deni \u0026amp; Arief, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb. Reuse of Ex-Machining Aluminum Block for Small Scale Aircraft Part\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMachining process using aluminum block applied throughout conventional and modern system supported by numeric control operation document (NCOD). As a common practice that machining process of bigger material will remain metal pieces which able to be reused to formed smaller part. Process flow diagram of the program is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnergy source of the machining operation were using electricity to drive milling machines. Aluminum block raw material for the operation has been used about 190,000 kg, where 34 kg delivered as product. By the reuse of the metal, this program has been saved material usage about 9.6 kg annually(Nunuk et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). After machining process, detail parts then delivered into shop of surface treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ec. Pelletizing Recycled Waste of Ex-Machining for Industrial Sector\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMachining process also deliver by product as chips material, this has similar physical character with the parent material contained high pureness of aluminum. Thus, pelletizing unit aimed to reduce chips volume and simplified transport by pressing chips into 1 ton of bag capacity (Viola \u0026amp; Asep, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Process flow diagram of the program is then shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ed. Sludge Management\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSludge in this case was a by-product of wastewater that has been treated in WWTP unit. The sludge itself contained Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e (toxic and carcinogenic) which has been reduced into Cr\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e (benign and less harmful, sometimes required as micronutrient for living environment). The sludge then packed into pressed form before it\u0026rsquo;s transported to the licensed and authorized hazardous transporter (Nellyza \u0026amp; Nurlyta, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The process flow diagram of the program shows in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eEnergy Efficiency and Emission Reduction\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea. Fuel Consumption Management for Production Activity of KP-2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFuel, consumed as High Speed Diesel (HSD) required for boiler operation in order to supply the heat for chemical solutions in surface treatment shop. There is also separated boiler unit to support autoclave operation (Dhimas et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The autoclave boiler operates within lubricant as media, which aims to heat up the air on it. Schematic diagram of fuel consumption in Production Activity of KP-2 is then shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb. Electricity Consumption Management in Production Area of KP-2 (MACH, SMF, ST)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBesides the application of fuel consumption management, electricity consumption management also conducted in production area of KP-2 (Achmad \u0026amp; Budhi, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The schematic diagram of program management is then shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eWater Efficiency and Wastewater Management\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea.Recycling of Rinsing Water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProcess water for surface treatment of detail parts were supplied by groundwater and local water company. As one of water resource efficiency, all water supplied has been reused and recycled as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLocal water processing company supplied water for make-up purpose and has been utilized about 130,000 kg per year. Groundwater consumption per year is about 130,000 kg, both stored in water tank which also covered the recyclable rinsing water. About 153,000 kg amount of water were used as chemical solvent, while the remaining water used for rinsing process \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003eHardiyanto \u0026amp; Said, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb. Pollution Load Reduction of WWTP Effluent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn aircraft manufacturing process, wastewater produced after the use of chemicals and solvents has been reached saturation point. It is then treated under wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) unit before discharged to the stream (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e) within batch system. Effluent resulted from WWTP has to fulfill regional environmental standard; therefore reduction of pollutant concentration will increase degree of compliance.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWastewater contained in stabilization and neutralization chamber prior to be treated to the next unit. There is a process of metal wastewater reduction by adding sodium-meta-bisulfide solution (SMB). Besides produced effluent WWTP also resulting by product of sludge which go through belt press unit (Novie et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ec. Application of Process Technology of TSAA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTechnology of Tartaric Sulfuric Acid Anodizing (TSAA) is a new technology in aluminum anodizing field. It has also been applied by Airbus as one of Indonesian Aerospace customer. Conventional technology of Chromic Acid Anodizing (CAA) required chrome compound solution (Anonymous, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e), while TSAA used tartaric acid and sulfide acid with no heavy metal content which more environmental friendly (Agussalim \u0026amp; Mughni, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The flow of the program described in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs for update, this technology is ongoing in qualification and certification process and the infrastructure with last trial in some specimens has been passed. Further improvement of the program has planned for qualification and certification of TSAA technology itself.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003ePositive Impact on Cleaner Production:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCleaner production effort somehow drives industry to set theirs environmental management pathway. Besides deliver a whole effective and environmental friendly business process, it also has positive impacts economic aspect. Continuous improvement on cleaner production in Indonesian Aerospace does positively impacted to the cost reallocation for another living environment aspect, in this case is biodiversity conservation and for further socio-environmental improvement program possibly integrated to community development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eProgress on Biodiversity Improvement\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBiodiversity conservation that discussed in this paper is a development program based in local community of Bandung area. This program inspired by cooperation to community in utilizing wood of post-packaging materials. Thus, skilled community, located in Jayagiri District, Bandung \u0026ndash; West Java, transform the waste-wood into valuable product, such as home furniture, jardini\u0026egrave;re, vase, etc. Products of jardini\u0026egrave;re are then becoming media for succulent plants that also cultivated in the same area. Progress of the program is also depicted in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImplementation of this program has been awarded internally by top leader as pioneer in decorative plants cultivation within community approach. About 150 species of succulent plants has cultivated in the area, and ongoing for further market in the future (Desi et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eRoad to Community Empowerment\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCommunity empowerment is a new paradigm in Indonesian Aerospace under Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program. It is also a very challenging for non-charity paradigm that has been implemented for years. Thus, the team has initiated fundamental program of community empowerment as part of extended implementation of past charity program (Novika et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). By involving some adaptability concept, at least three years of Bio-digester technology has implemented in Kertawangi Village, Cisarua, Lembang \u0026ndash; West Java. Activity of the program is depicted in Fig. 22.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe program basically is a charity program of supporting energy independency to the community, but has been modified in the implementation part to be community empowerment concept. Main difference of charity and empowerment program is that charity not monitored progress of the program, while empowerment also focus to the society as an actor and the progress of the program is monitored and evaluated periodically. Empowerment program also supported with exit strategy where the local community should be able to be independent, either economically and/or socially, in the future.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo date, this program has driven independency towards urban sustainable energy development by utilizing waste-manure from at least 15 cattle\u0026rsquo;s into biogas energy. Economic advantage for community obtained from saving of LPG (non-renewable urban gas fuel) expenses, which has been improved community income up to 15% per year.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION \u0026 RECOMMENDATIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe conclude that aircraft manufacturing dominated impact on global warming potential and fresh water toxicity. Though emission released from aircraft industry is lower than oil and transportation in aviation sector itself. Cleaner production effort on optimizing resource consumption plays very important role in manufacturing industry, particularly in this case on aircraft manufacturing sector. This effort has impacted on economic point of view which can support other living environment aspect, such as biodiversity and for further improvement; community empowerment also should be taking into account.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe wish for continuous improvement and sustainable thinking on developing cleaner production so that the product is effectively and efficiently processed throughout better environmental point of view. Therefore we recommend that further and detailed Life Cycle Assessment in the future to analyze every impact categories. This will help cleaner production applied effectively and also as part of continuous improvement.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONFLICT OF INTEREST\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;STATEMENT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDATA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;AVAILABILITY STATEMENT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData availability statement has been included in the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFUNDING DECLARATION\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding was received for this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAUTHOR CONTRIBUTION DECLARATION\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e“All authors contributed equally to the development of this paper, from conceptualization to completion, and ensured effective communication of the report”. Their specific roles are outlined below:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDewi Permatasari\u003c/strong\u003e. Review of reporting and study results\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eArini Sedawati\u003c/strong\u003e and\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eHandoko Subawi\u003c/strong\u003e. Preparation of reporting and internal communication of study results\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIwan Triana\u003c/strong\u003e. Coordination of data collection\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYustiono Dwi Arianto\u003c/strong\u003e and\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eEko Daryono\u003c/strong\u003e. Support for data collection process\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSukatwikanto\u003c/strong\u003e. Approval and responsibility for publication of study results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCLINICAL TRIAL DECLARATION\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eINFORMED CONSENT DECLARATION\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe confirmed that informed consents (Consent to Participate and Consent to Publish) were obtained from all participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eETHICS DECLARATION/ COMPLIANCE STATEMENT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Ethics Committee/IRB of Dirgantara Indonesia waived the requirement for ethical approval because this research uses existing secondary data and does not involve human subjects directly.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAchmad, R.M., Agussalim, Asep, K., Dedi, S., Deni, A., Dhimas, R.R., Handoko, S., Hardiyanto, Memet, S., Nellyza, D.Z., Novie, R.S., Nunuk, N., and Viola, Y.D.A.. (2019), Life Cycle Assessment: Cradle to Gate Basic Framework of Indonesian Aerospace Industry (1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e Edition) Unpublished. Bandung \u0026ndash; Indonesia, Indonesian Aerospace Report.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAchmad, R.M., and Budhi, S. (2019), Electricity Consumption Management in Indonesian Aerospace Production Activity of KP-2: MACH, SMF, ST (1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e Edition) Unpublished. Bandung-Indonesia, Indonesian Aerospace Report.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAgussalim, and Mughni, Y. (2019), Internal Report: Application of Technological Process of TSAA for CAA Technological Process Replacement in Indonesian Aerospace (1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e Edition) Unpublished. Bandung-Indonesia, Indonesian Aerospace Report.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAnonymous. (2005), Liquid Acidic Material for Deoxidizing and Desmutting Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys, Technical Information F17243-09, New Jersey, Oakite Products Ardrox\u0026reg; 295-G Non-Chromated.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAnonymous. (2014), Indonesian Minister of Environment Regulation 03/ 2014 about Environmental Compliance and Beyond: Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia Nomor 03 Tahun 2014 tentang Program Penilaian Kinerja Perusahaan Terhadap Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, Environmental regulation for industrial performance grading system in Indonesia, Jakarta.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAnonymous. (2016), SNI ISO 14040 \u0026ndash; 2016: Environmental Management \u0026ndash; Life Cycle Assessment \u0026ndash; Principles and Framework, Indonesian National Standard of Life Cycle Assessment, adopted from International Standard Organization, Jakarta - Indonesia.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAnonymous. (2017), SNI ISO 14044 \u0026ndash; 2017: Environmental Management \u0026ndash; Life Cycle Assessment \u0026ndash; Requirements and Guidelines, Indonesian National Standard of Life Cycle Assessment, adopted from International Standard Organization, Jakarta - Indonesia.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eArini, S., Handoko, S., Eko, A.W., and Nunuk, N. (2019), Reuse of Chips Aluminum as Co-Product in Indonesian Aerospace. Internal Report, Unpublished. Bandung-Indonesia.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDeni, A., and Arief, W. (2019), Application of CMS Router for Improving Utilization Material of Sheet Metal in Indonesian Aerospace. Internal Report, Unpublished. Bandung-Indonesia.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDesi, C., Wuyung, Y., and Nellyza, D.Z. (2018), Biodiversity Conservation of Succulent Plant in Jayagiri District, Bandung \u0026ndash; West Java. Internal Report, Unpublished. Bandung-Indonesia.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDhimas, R.R., Memet, S., and Adi, S. (2019), Fuel Consumption Management in Indonesian Aerospace Production Activity of KP-2 (MACH, SMF, ST), Internal Report, Unpublished. Bandung-Indonesia.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHardiyanto, and Said, M.K. (2019), Process Application of Rinsing Water Rinsing Process in Indonesian Aerospace. Internal Report, Unpublished. Bandung-Indonesia.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJo\u0026atilde;o, V.O.F.L. (2010), Life Cycle Assessment of the Airbus A330-200 Aircraft. Disserta\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o para obten\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Aeroespacial. Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade Tecnica de Lisboa.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLauran, O. (2016), CML Methods. Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University (CML). Leiden, Netherlands. http://cml.leiden.edu/research/industrialecology/.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLewis, T. (2013), A Life Cycle Assessment of the Passenger Air Transport System Using Three Flight Scenarios. Master Thesis, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Norwegia.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNellyza, D.Z., and Nurlyta, R. (2019), Hazardous Sludge Management from Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent in Indonesian Aerospace, Internal Report, Unpublished. Bandung-Indonesia.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNovie, R.S., Aditya, A.N., and Harry, H. (2019), Reduction of Pollutant Concentration of Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent in Indonesian Aerospace. Internal Report, Unpublished. Bandung-Indonesia.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNovika, R.B.T., Rizqi, F., and Viola, Y.D.A. (2018), Community Development Monitoring Program of Bio-digester in Kertawangi Village, Cisarua, Lembang \u0026ndash; West Java. Internal Report, Unpublished. Bandung-Indonesia.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNunuk, N., Syarah, N., and Agustina, L. (2019), Reuse of Ex-Machining Aluminum Block for MACH in Indonesian Aerospace. Internal Report, Unpublished. Bandung-Indonesia.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eViola, Y.D.A., and Asep, K. (2019), Application of Pelletizing Process of Ex-Machining Recycled Waste for Industrial Sector in Indonesian Aerospace. Internal Report, Unpublished. Bandung-Indonesia.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTables 1 to 3 are available in the Supplementary Files section\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-sustainability","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"disu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Sustainability](https://www.springer.com/43621)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Sustainability","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Environmental Perspective, Community Engagement, Cleaner Production, Life Cycle Assessment, and Economic Improvement","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6390010/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6390010/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePurpose:\u003c/strong\u003e Environmental perspective and community engagement for manufacturing sector in developing countries, such as Indonesia,are becoming globaltrends and concern. Indonesian Aerospace, as one of leading metal processing and manufacturing industry in Asia, has begun their initiative in starting cleaner production based on life cycle of environmental and social thinking. Therefore in this paper discussed about community engagement as a positive impact of cleaner production and life cycle behaviour.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003e This paper conducted life cycle assessment (LCA) methods for inventory analysis and impact assessment of aircraft components manufacturing process. For life cycle inventory analysis, two different scenarios were applied; consist of Cradle to Gate and Gate to Gate. Moreover, life cycle impact assessment in this study using 10 impact categories from CML-IA version 4.8 as presented in results and discussions. For social life cycle impact assessment approach, interview, questionnaire, and field monitoring were applied during 1 year period. Social analysis of this paper is considered as one of community engagement efforts from the industry to support sustainable development goals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e Process towards preliminary life cycle impact assessment on 10 (ten) impact categories have been assessed, resulting climate change (74.9%) and freshwater toxicity (24.45%) as the most contributed potential impacts. To interpretation part, some effort on strategic environmental beyond compliance aspect will also take into account, such as 3R principal of waste management, energy and emission reduction, water efficiency and wastewater management, which looping into one life cycle in business process. Community engagement, as mentioned considered as positive impact ofnon-business process aspects, such as on crops cultivation and local West Java community development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions:\u003c/strong\u003e As an impact of cost saving on cleaner production effort, one program has been survived to be maintained throughout a year of implementation, resulting economic improvement up to 15% per annum. It is conclude that industry can maintain their efficiency and effectiveness to the technical operation, the as their care to surrounding environment, including local community.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Dirgantara Indonesia (Persero) and Its Awareness on Environmental in Aerospace Industry Towards Community Empowerment","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-11 16:10:53","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6390010/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-07-28T13:34:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-24T20:02:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-23T21:56:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"16035234349237079893767388918172453673","date":"2025-07-23T20:15:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"178652285544347297139623319888018441848","date":"2025-07-21T14:34:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"255990062969841656350707536622973313144","date":"2025-07-21T14:23:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-18T22:25:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"94150093078363046954096801914687923818","date":"2025-07-11T17:51:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-07-08T08:42:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-06-18T13:41:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-16T10:47:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-06-10T01:54:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Sustainability","date":"2025-06-10T01:51:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-sustainability","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"disu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Sustainability](https://www.springer.com/43621)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Sustainability","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"caff6340-4422-4b6e-adfd-368163de74d4","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 11th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-01T10:23:29+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-11 16:10:53","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6390010","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6390010","identity":"rs-6390010","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}